Lab Report in Electrical Machines

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
“MAGNETISM”
Submitted by:
John Lloyd B. Comia

EE - 2203
21-02284
Submitted to:
Engr. Ma. Angela Therese G. Roxas

Instructor
Date of Submission
March 2, 2023
I. INTRODUCTION
Modern technology is highly dependent on magnetism. In the present, magnets are

employed for data storage in computers, imaging of bodily organs, and research into the
workings of the human brain. In addition, magnetism enables us to investigate the cosmological
structure, the atomic structure of substances, and the quark structure of elementary particles. A
material that can create a magnetic field is called a magnet. The reason magnets could attract and
repel other magnets is due to the magnetic field. The north and south magnetic poles are found in
every magnet. If a huge magnet is divided into two portions, both magnet components shall have
their own separate poles. Identical magnetic poles repel one another while different poles attract.
If a magnet is dropped from a certain height, heated to the Curie temperature, or hammered, it
might just lose its magnetic property.
Magnetic fields are a concept in magnetism that can be used to detect the presence of a
field when it is created in a volume of space. The most well-known characteristic of magnetic
fields is the torque on a compass needle, which is a type of magnetic dipole. The natural magnet
and the artificial magnet are two different types of magnets. Natural magnets are iron ores that
are mined due to their ability to draw iron fragments to themselves. Magnets made artificially
belong to the second category, called artificial magnets. The two types of this type are temporary
magnets and permanent magnets. Temporary magnets are magnets that only display their
magnetic properties when they are surrounded by a strong magnetic field, while permanent
magnets are those that continue to be magnetic even in the absence of a magnetic field. The
refrigerator magnets are the most common type of permanent magnet.
In this experiment, the members of the group performed three ways of investigation and
drawed the magnetic field created by several different combinations of bar magnets.
II. OBJECTIVES
The objectives for Experiment Number 1: Magnetism are as follows:
1. Determine the direction of magnetic lines of magnetic field.
2. Distinguish the differences of magnetic field between like and unlike poles.
III. MATERIALS
Here is the list of materials used for this experiment.
Figure 1: Two sets of magnetic bars
Figure 2: Two oz of iron powder/dust
Figure 3: Clear Plastics

Figure 4: Long Bond Papers
IV. PROCEDURE
The procedures to be followed to make the experiment are divided into three parts
and are listed below.
Part I
1. Place one bar magnet on top of the clear plastic and then place one long bond
paper on top of the bar magnet.
2. Lightly sprinkle the iron power uniformly over the long bond paper and then give
it some gentle taps to make the power align with the magnetic field.
3. Observe what happens.
Part II
1. Repeat Part I but with two magnets placed in parallel position, keeping opposite
poles on one side. Keep a 3-5 inches distance between magnets.
Part III
1. Repeat Part I but with two magnets arranged in one straight line. Position North
pole of each magnet in the middle making the pole facing each other. Keep an inch
distance between magnets.
V. DATA AND RESULTS

To present the data and results obtained from the experiment, it will be presented in a
question-and-answer format together with the proof and evidence found.
1. What do you notice about the interaction of the bar magnets?
Figure 5: Part I of the experiment using 1 bar magnet
As the experiment progresses, there are various phenomena to be observed and noticed
and as for the first part of the experiment only involves a single bar magnet, the only interaction
that was observed is between the bar magnet and the iron powder.
Figure 6: Part II of the experiment using two bar magnets parallel to each other
Then for the second part of the experiment, two bar magnets were used and placed in a
parallel position with the poles placed opposite from each other. With this positioning of the
magnets, the north pole and south pole of bar magnets should show signs of attraction the more
these poles will be in proximity to each other, however as the bar magnet is relatively older, the
attraction between the unlike poles of the magnets are also relatively weaker.
Figure 7: Part III of the experiment using bar magnets in a straight line
Then for the third part of the experiment, two bar magnets were also used however this
time, they are in a straight line position with the two north poles facing each other which showed
signs of repulsion and this repulsion also occurred in each magnet's south pole.
Lastly, the magnetism occurring in bar magnets in this experiment shows that the like poles tend
to repel each other and will continue to do so even if force is applied. On the other hand, the
opposite or unlike poles of these magnets also tend to attract and will pull each other once they
are close in vicinity. Moreover, this connection between the magnets is much more further
explained as the experiment progresses.
2. What materials interact with the magnets and how do they interact? What do all
the materials that interact with the magnets have in common?
In this experiment, the only material that was used and has made an interaction with the
magnet is the iron powder. Although the iron used is turned into powder, it is ultimately still an
iron which implies that those countless iron powders are ferromagnetic in nature, resulting in the
electrically uncharged bar magnets and iron powder to have a strong attraction towards each
other, however it is under the premise that it is within a certain temperature and other specific
conditions.
Additionally, another common thing about the material and how they interact with the
magnet is that it is able to show the invisible magnetic field to the naked eye. Since iron powder
or iron filings are ferromagnetic, they have the tendency to align themselves in the magnetic
field. The north seeking poles atom will align themselves in the same direction and likewise for
the south seeking poles atom. This will create an image of array curves and waves demonstrating
the magnetic field of each pole of the magnets it interacted with. Moreover as the experiment
progresses, the iron filings that are scattered along the surface of the bond paper create a much
more observable form and shape more commonly known as the magnetic field map. When the
iron filings have aligned themselves, even if the magnet is removed, the magnetic field map
formed will still remain unless it was disturbed by an external force.
3. What did you observe when you sprinkled the iron powder over the clear plastic
covering the bar magnet? the parallel magnet? the one-line magnets? Draw what
you observed.
After sprinkling the iron powder filings at the top of the bond paper that is covering the
magnet, the group has observed that the iron filings take up a definite pattern or curved lines all
around the paper. With the first part of the experiment needing only one magnet, we noticed that
the direction of the iron filings that act or serve as the magnetic field formed a magnetic field
map that shows curved movement from north pole to south pole as shown in Figure 8:
Figure 8: First experiment’s illustration of observation

Furthermore, the second part of the experiment consists of two parallel bar magnets
placed with opposite polarities from each other. As the members of the group used and sprinkled
the iron fillings just like in the first experiment, aside from the direction of the magnetic field
lines of each bar magnets from north to south pole, it can also be gleaned that there is a joining
of the lines of force coming from the north pole of the left bar magnet going to the south pole of
the right bar magnet and vice versa as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9: Second experiment’s illustration of observation
And finally for the third part of the experiment still needing two bar magnets, it was
arranged to be placed in a single line, putting each magnet’s north pole facing each other in the
middle. After the iron filings are sprinkled and are slightly tapped afterwards, the lines of force
encircling the two north poles have been found to be repelling each other as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Third experiment’s illustration of observation

4. Explain why the iron powder behaved that way. Explain for each part.
To perform the first part of the experiment, a single bar magnet is needed. When the
iron powders were sprinkled on the long bond paper that was placed atop the bar magnet, it
slowly revealed the magnetic field map as more and more iron filings were put on it. This is
because the Iron filings can be considered as ferromagnetic substances that have their own
magnetic field that consist of the north and south poles. We all know that like poles repel and
unlike poles attract that is why we can say that when the iron filings meet the magnet, the like
poles of magnet and iron filings will repel each other and at the same time, the iron filings will
scatter around the paper atop the magnet but will still remain within the magnetic field. On the
other hand, the opposite poles will attract each other, which is witnessed from the photo below:
Figure 11: A Magnetic field formed using 1 bar magnet
After that, the second part of the experiment is done using two magnets that are placed
parallel to each other with a three inches distance between them, and the position of the poles
have also been taken into account. Moreover just like the first part of the experiment, when the
iron powders were sprinkled on the top of the long bond paper, it also formed a magnetic field
however as we all know already, the iron powders also have a north and south pole that is it will
also perform a like pole-repel and unlike pole-attract phenomenon. Since the north pole and
south pole of the two magnets were placed parallel to each other, the magnetic field formed
shows a map of magnetic lines coming from the north pole towards the south pole of the
magnets.
Figure 12: A magnetic field formed from using two bar magnets
Finally unto the last part of the experiment, we will still be using two magnets but this
time, the magnets are placed in a straight line with one inch distance and the north pole of each
magnet are facing each other. With this formation of the magnet, it was obvious that the two
magnets will be repelling each other and thus, each magnet’s force field moves away and since
the iron filings are aligned with the force field, they also tend to move away from the center of
the two magnets thus creating a magnetic field with magnetic lines repelling each other while the
rest of the magnetic map formed was just like the first part of the experiment.
Figure 13: Magnetic field formed from using two magnets in straight line
VI. CONCLUSION
To wrap things up, magnets with opposite poles repel one another whereas those with
opposite sides attract. One on the north pole and one on the south pole, magnets have two
magnetic poles. The direction and intensity of a magnetic field are represented by magnetic lines
of force, which appear to be imaginary. This experiment uses magnets to determine the direction
of magnetic lines in a magnetic field, which is partly determined by several factors. As has been
demonstrated in this paper, items constructed of particular types of metal are attracted by
magnets. In this experiment, we used an iron powder. The north pole and south pole of a magnet
are its two opposite ends. We were able to demonstrate through this experiment that despite not
interacting with the field, two magnets on opposite sides will attract one another.
As the first part of the experiment only required one magnet, we discovered that the
magnetic field map produced by the iron filings acting as the magnetic field showed curving
movement from the north pole to the south pole. The second phase of the experiment also entails
the placement of two parallel bar magnets with different polarities from one another. Along with
the magnetic field lines of each bar magnet pointing from north to south pole, it was also
recognizable that there was a joining of the lines of force originating from the north pole of the
left bar magnet going to the south pole of the right bar magnet and vice versa. Finally, two bar
magnets were still necessary for the third stage of the experiment, and they were organized to be
positioned in a single line with the north poles of each magnet facing one another in the middle.
The lines of force encircling the two north poles have been observed to be repelling one another
when the iron filings are sprinkled and then lightly tapped.
In addition, iron powder is significant, as we can see from the experiment. Due to the
fact that it enables us to observe the magnetic line within the bar magnet at various positions.
Between the magnetic fields of similar poles and unlike poles, there are very big discrepancies.
When two like poles are facing each other in the last phase of the experiment, the larger
magnetic field contained within its own boundaries reacts negatively to them. The magnetic
attraction will cause them to split even while they repel one another. We can see in the second
section that each magnet displays attraction into the other when two dissimilar poles are placed
next to one another. The more powerful magnetic field that exists close to the opposing pole.
DOCUMENTATION (Done on February 16, 2023)
Comprehending the instructions Discussing the work that must be

of the experiment done
Attempting to ascertain what needs to be done. Executing the procedures outlined in the
experiment’s instructions
Capturing images of the outcomes to be Analyzing the results of every part

utilized for documentation of the experiment
REFERENCES
Angela. 2021. How to use iron fillings to see magnetic field. Retrieved February 20,2023 from
https://gosciencegirls.com/how-to-use-iron-filings-to-see-magnetic-field/#:~:text=Iron%20filling
s%2C%20very%20small%20particles%20of%20iron%20exhibits,the%20like%20poles%20repel
%20and%20opposite%20poles%20attract.
Helmenstine, A. M. 2019. Not all iron is magnetic (magnetic elements). Retrieved February 22,
2023 from https://www.thoughtco.com/not-all-iron-is-magnetic-3976017
Techie Scientist. 2023. Is iron magnetic? Retrieved February 22, 2023 from
https://techiescientist.com/is-iron-magnetic/.

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

John Lloyd B. Comia

Engr. Ma. Angela Therese G. Roxas

Modern technology is highly dependent on magnetism. In the present, magnets are

Figure 1: Two sets of magnetic bars

Figure 2: Two oz of iron powder/dust

Figure 3: Clear Plastics

Figure 4: Long Bond Papers

V. DATA AND RESULTS

1. What do you notice about the interaction of the bar magnets?

Figure 5: Part I of the experiment using 1 bar magnet

Figure 8: First experiment’s illustration of observation

Figure 9: Second experiment’s illustration of observation

Figure 10: Third experiment’s illustration of observation

Figure 11: A Magnetic field formed using 1 bar magnet

DOCUMENTATION (Done on February 16, 2023)

Comprehending the instructions Discussing the work that must be

Capturing images of the outcomes to be Analyzing the results of every part

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