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o Understanding the elements and devices of
poetry will help you better comprehend the

meanings of poems.
o Remember, often in poetry, the meaning of

the words isn’t literal. It’s FIGURATIVE.
Understanding Internalizing
o As you already know, FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

and SYMBOLISM are very important to poetry.
However, there are other elements that help
create images, rhythm, and meaning.
o The repeating of beginning CONSONANT SOUNDS.
Example:
1. “creamy and crunchy”
2. “nodded nearly napping”
o The repetition of VOWEL SOUNDS. o The repetition of CONSONANT
SOUNDS (differs from alliteration
Example: because the sounds can be
Till the shining scythes went far and anywhere within the word, not
wide, just the beginning).
And cut it down to dry
-“The Hayloft” by R.L Stevenson
Example:
The sailor sings of ropes and things
In ships upon the seas.
- “Singing”
o A pattern of lines that rhyme in poetry.
o There are many different common type schemes:
AABB, ABAB, AAAB.
Example:
The coolness of the night
Refreshes my skin
The stars shine so bright,
Causing me to grin.
o Is the naming of a thing or action by a vocal
imitation of the sound associated with it.
Example:
Buzz, Meow, Swish, Bang, Zip

o A way to add more description to your poem by
giving human characteristics to inanimate objects.
Example:
All the little cornflakes were so excited
They were getting to come out and play
They landed on the milky pool
And began frolicking away
o The repeating of a word or phrase to add rhythm
or to emphasize an idea.
Example:
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came
a tapping,
As of someone gently rapping, rapping at the chamber
door.
o Lines or stanzas repeated throughout the poem.
Example:
The line ‘My Fair Lady’ in the song “London
Bridge is Falling Down”
In the folk songs “Summer Song ” and Ätin Cu Pung Singsing”
can you point out some poetic devices used to express feelings?
Choose a line from any of the songs to illustrate your answer.
Poetic Devices Lines from the Songs
VERBS AND SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Review the other parts that make up a sentence. Refer to the following
sentence;
Noun verb noun verb
The tortoise and the monkey found a banana tree and divided it .
Subject Predicate
WHAT PART OF SPEECH ARE ACTION WORDS?
Verb is word that express time while showing an action, a condition, or

the fact that something exists and make up the predicate of a sentence.
In a sentence, a verb can also be considered either as an action verb

or the linking verb.
o ACTION VERBS tell what action is taking place.
o LINKING VERBS such as is, am, are, was, and were,

join the subject with a word or words in the
predicate.
Examples:
The monkey was frightened.
The tortoise looked tired.
o Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular
or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if
a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
o In present tenses, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways:

nouns ADD an s to the singular form,
verbs REMOVE an s from the singular form
o Indefinite pronouns as subjects.
Singular indefinite pronoun subjects take singular verbs.

each, either, one, no one, nobody. Nothing, anyone,
anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something,
everyone, everybody, everything
o Plural indefinite pronoun subjects take plural verbs.
PLURAL: several, few, both, many
o Some indefinite pronouns may be either singular or
plural: with uncountable, use singular; with countable,
use plural.
EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL: some, any, none, all, most
o Some indefinite pronouns may be either singular or
plural: with uncountable, use singular; with countable,
use plural.
EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL: some, any, none, all, most
Sugar is uncountable; therefore, the sentence has a singular verb.

o However some verbs can be used as either linking or action
words. These verbs include: appear, become, feel, grow,
look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste. Study the
example below;
Linking Verb Action Verb
The rice cakes looked fluffy and soft. Luis looked at the rice cakes on the
plate.
In the sentence, if look is replaced by were, and form of Looked implies an action. If it will be replaced by
the verb be, the sentence still makes sense. were the sentence would not make sense.
The rice cakes were fluffy and soft. Luis were at the rice cakes on the plate.
o Compound subjects joined by and are always plural.

o With compound subjects joined by or/nor, the verb
agrees with the subject nearer to it.
In the above example, the plural verb are agrees with the
nearer subject actors.
In this example, the singular verb is agrees with the

nearer subject director.
DIRECTIONS: Write the correct form of the verb for each
sentence.
1. (be) No one______________ allowed to enter the premises.
2. (plan) Mrs. Santos and her husband ___________ to
attend.
3. (live) The poor in the cities _______ in slums.
4. (be) A number of people_______planning to attend the
conference.
5. (discuss) The book of animals ___________the very real
danger of extinction.
6. (contain) The collection ________ a brief survey’s of
Rizal’s work.
7. (be) The northernmost town in Luzon __________ Paoy.
8. (be) Virtually nothing _________ known about how
folktales came about.
9. (approve) The teachers and students ________ of the
new rule on uniforms.
10. (attend) Several students _______reading at the library
every Saturday.

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o Understanding the elements and devices of

poetry will help you better comprehend the

o Remember, often in poetry, the meaning of

o As you already know, FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

Buzz, Meow, Swish, Bang, Zip

WHAT PART OF SPEECH ARE ACTION WORDS?

Verb is word that express time while showing an action, a condition, or

In a sentence, a verb can also be considered either as an action verb

o LINKING VERBS such as is, am, are, was, and were,

o In present tenses, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways:

Singular indefinite pronoun subjects take singular verbs.

Sugar is uncountable; therefore, the sentence has a singular verb.

o Compound subjects joined by and are always plural.

In this example, the singular verb is agrees with the

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