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A Better Brew: COVID-19 and Sustainable Outcomes for Coffee Tourism in Ali
Mountain, Taiwan
Article · February 2021

DOI: 10.47263/JRTM.01-01-06
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JOURNAL OF RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT
e-ISSN: 2773-5796
Journal homepage: https://jrtm.org/
Volume 1, Issue 1, January 2021
DOI: 10.47263/JRTM.01-01-06
Research Paper Open Access
A Better Brew: COVID-19 and Sustainable Outcomes for Coffee Tourism

in Ali Mountain, Taiwan
Emmanuel Kwame Opokua; Sebrina Mei-jung Wangb; Kyrie Eleison Muñoza*

a
The International Master’s Program in Tourism and Hospitality, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality
and Tourism, Taiwan; bInternational College, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism,
Taiwan
*Correspondence: [email protected]
Received 20 December 2020; Revised 4 January 2021; Accepted 8 January 2021
ABSTRACT: COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the global economy in an unprecedented

manner, which includes the coffee industry. This paper seeks to provide insights as to
how coffee farmers on Ali Mountain, Taiwan transitioned to sustainable futures as an
outcome of the pandemic. A case study approach is adopted to explore how COVID-19
influences the coffee business and corresponding tourism implications, along with crisis
management strategies for a post-pandemic era. Through a case study approach, the study
revealed that the current pandemic has conditioned the perception of risk towards all
actors of the coffee estate and thereby causing a shift in consumer preference. Despite the
adaptive strategies employed by the business to establish some form of normality, the
coffee estate operation in Ali Mountain remains reactive to crises and disaster in the
absence of a strategic and holistic plan to deal with situations such as the COVID-19
pandemic. Theoretical and practical suggestions are provided to inspire coffee farm
owners in terms of disaster management scenarios, sustainable anti-pandemic strategies,
as well as the desire and quest for industry resuscitation and activation.
KEYWORDS: sustainable tourism; crisis management; resilience; coffee supply chain;

agritourism
Introduction
Societies around the globe have been seriously affected by the COVID-19 pandemic across
all sectors (del Rio-Chanona et al., 2020). In fact, the current pandemic has been pictured as
one of the deadliest impacts to the global economy after the Great Depression (Guido et al.,
2020). The financial implications of the COVID-19 pandemic are monstrous, far-reaching,
and are likely to affect commodity markets and individual livelihoods. This includes the
agriculture sector with cash crops such as coffee, which are expected to be affected by the
pandemic as well. Coffee, as a commodity, provides livelihood for numerous farmers in over
52 countries (Hiron et al., 2018). Moreover, it yields a multiplier effect in the form of
livelihoods to laborers and other local establishments. According to the ICO (2019), 2017-18
coffee exports were valued at USD 20 billion (only a small fraction) and in the U.S, coffee
retail value reached USD 87 billion (Specialty Coffee Association, 2018). However, the
Published by Sarawak Research Society and 71

Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, UCSI University
Supported by Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Sarawak
Opoku et al. Journal of Responsible Tourism Management, 1(1), 71-87
impact of the COVID-19 has been seriously felt in most countries in terms of agricultural
value chains (Morton, 2020).
Cafés and restaurants who source their materials from these affected sectors are also affected
as they are compelled to strictly follow food and hygiene standards amid the pandemic. In
spite of the absence of cases on COVID-19 transmission through food (Rizou et al., 2020),
cafés and restaurants are directed to follow existing codes and newly developed COVID-19
health protocols to operate across different countries (Woolway, 2020). Complying to these
new requirements have further exacerbated the economic impacts of coffee establishments,
among other food and beverage entities as enunciated by many economists and commentators.
For instance, the French statistical office indicated that the economy is currently around 65%
of its normal level by March 26, 2020 in their analysis of the economy under lockdown
(Baldwin & Mauro 2020). Clearly, the unprecedented impacts of COVID-19 have caused
much distress to major industries such as tourism in the world.
These impacts have also been observed in coffee estates in Ali Mountain in Taiwan. The
coffee industry in this area supports and complements tourism and hospitality businesses.
Such has been significantly affected with risk perception and health protocols with outcomes
such as lower café foot traffic and at-home consumption behaviors. Furthermore, the negative
effects of this pandemic have already been felt globally with disrupted coffee supply chain as
well as fluctuating prices (Hernandez, et al., 2020; Guido et al., 2020) to say the least. Coffee
producers are likewise threatened with looming food insecurity caused by the pandemic
(Hernandez et al., 2020). The presence of the impacts, therefore, warrant the development
and implementation of a post-pandemic crisis management strategy in order to cope with the
COVID-19 pandemic. Guided by the crisis and disaster management framework proposed by
Ritchie (2004), this paper facilitates a case study approach which seeks to provide a proactive
plan on how coffee estate owners can produce sustainable futures as an outcome of COVID-
19. Furthermore, this study attempts to answer the two research questions:
1. How is the COVID-19 pandemic influencing the business model of coffee tourism in
Ali Mountain?
2. How are Ali Mountain coffee estate owners responding to these impacts in terms of
crisis management strategies?
Literature Review
The impact of COVID-19 on the coffee industry
COVID-19 has affected the value chains of agricultural countries such as Ethiopia,
Zimbabwe, and India (Morton, 2020). According to RBN (2020), produce such as tea and
coffee have been affected by low demand in world markets because of restrictions imposed
by the government on public mass gatherings in East Africa. This was true in the case of
Ethiopia where COVID-19 has affected vegetable trade, importation of agricultural inputs
from China because gatherings at hiring points were impeded due to fear of the virus (Tamru,
Hirvonen, & Minten, 2020). Movement restrictions, limited accessibility to agricultural
inputs and closing of agricultural markets were also key issues affecting agricultural chain in
Zimbabwe because of the pandemic (Scoones, 2020). Similarly, Lai (2020) maintained that
the ban on harvesting equipment were a pitfall observed during COVID-19.

Prices of coffee have also felt unprecedented volatility and spikes over the past months,
which is attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic (Hernandez et al., 2020). Coffee growers,
farmworkers, and downstream value chain actors have witnessed an unparallel shock to
supply and demand from the COVID-19 pandemic affecting the global coffee sector. The
COVID-19 is likely to affect the world’s population, of which 25 million are coffee
producers. The pandemic will, therefore, have serious consequences on their livelihoods that
will trigger food insecurity and poverty (Hernandez et al., 2020).
COVID-19 is seen to accentuate the vulnerabilities that characterize the supply chains in
coffee production (Guido et al., 2020). Significantly, since February 2020 the price has been
fluctuating. A look at the ICO Composite Indicator (weighted average of all major coffee
types and origin) price pinpoint to this volatility. For instance, there was an increase
averaging 109.05 US cents/pound in March 2020; 108.91 US cents/pound in April (2019/20
third highest monthly average in the crop year) which is 15.3 percent higher compared to the
previous year (Hernandez, et al., 2020). There have been more disruptions to the supply of
Arabica coffee compared to Robustas. Consequently, Arabica, which constitutes 60 percent
of coffee traded globally, has triggered these changes in spot prices. COVID-19 has equally
affected operations of key infrastructure in the value chain such as warehouses and ports. The
pandemic induced governments to implement measures, such as social distancing, to curtail
the pandemic has also slowed operations at the ports. These disruptions have caused an
incredible increase in trade costs and transaction. Delays have become rampant due to
COVID-19 during post-harvesting and movement of crops especially to various harbors.
Having said this, it is anticipated that income accrued from coffee production by farmers,
state and governments would diminish significantly (Guido et al., 2020). This would
consequently affect farmers who would not be in the appropriate position to manage their
farms and could create a congenial ground for diseases and pests due to the COVID-19. The
pandemic has also triggered labor shortage needed during harvesting of coffee. According to
ICO (2020), labor has become a major concern for coffee exporting countries. This situation
is epitomized by Guatemala and Columbia where is envisaged that about 100,000 and
135,000 people would be needed to facilitate coffee harvesting respectively (Guido et al.,
2020).
Coffee tourism business models before COVID-19
Coffee tourism is defined by Jolliffe (2010) as a form of travel that can be related to activities
concerning the history, production, and culture of coffee, which includes visits to coffee-
producing destinations, experiences of coffee culture places, visits to coffee history sites, and
the like. With the wide array of activities related to the leisurely consumption of coffee,
literature points out several business models that encapsulates coffee tourism. These models
are categorized as customer-based, management-based, and livelihood-based. Customer-
based business models focuses on the demand-side of coffee tourism. These approaches favor
the perspective of consumers in order to deliver quality services that yields positive benefits.
One of which is focused on experiences which introduces an appreciation of both product
offerings and the various methods of coffee roasting to the customers (Ferreira & Ferreira,
2018). This is in line with the third wave of the coffee industry (Manzo, 2010) which
advances the conventional coffee-drinking experience by giving customers the appreciation
of how coffee is produced (Setiyorini, 2019). Another is on branding and marketing which
stimulates the customers’ value perception and engagement of coffee (Kim et al., 2019). This
approach reciprocates the notion of adapting to global connectedness and promoting culture
embedded with coffee drinking (Strizhakova & Coulter, 2015). Similarly, satisfaction is often

given the spotlight when it comes to coffee business models. According to Kim et al. (2018),
happy customers tend to become satisfied and therefore become loyal to the coffee
destination.
The second category is focused on the management practices implemented by the various
stakeholders in coffee destinations. A recurring theme amongst the reviewed business models
were inclusive approaches that tend to engage market actors. This includes the strengthening
of ties with different collaborators such as local communities that can contribute to the
creation of meaningful coffee tourism experiences (Candelo et al., 2019). Developing
linkages between coffee producers and consumers can also mutually benefit one another
through inclusive partnerships (Sedana & Astawa, 2019). In the same light, integrating
innovative and sustainable approaches were likewise an evident business model. Elmo et al.
(2020) underscores the importance of embedding innovation in business strategies in order to
showcase a resilient business model that can derive environmental, economic and
sociocultural sustainability outcomes. In contrast, the use of digital technologies in coffee
destinations have been widely adopted that ushered a more sustainable business model
toward coffee tourism (Ongener & Ozkurt, 2019).
Lastly, livelihood-based business models deal with how the local actors were involved and
empowered to capitalize on coffee tourism initiatives. For one, social entrepreneurship in a
coffee producing destination was seen by Tan et al. (2018) to improve the quality of life of
the local community by not only stimulating economic gains but also by reinforcing the
identity of the community, inducing their participation, and facilitating human capital.
Similarly, investing in human resource training and education is deemed by Battistella et al.
(2017) to be an effective business model in coffee tourism. Sustainable livelihood was also an
important theme. In the case of regional niche coffee tourism destinations, sustainable
models should be applied by local actors in pursuit of conserving the environment so that
future generations can reap the benefits of the coffee tourism development (Woyesa &
Kumar, 2020). This can be achieved with the adoption of organic farming practices that can
stimulate the growth of existing coffee tours (Hernandez-Aguilera et al., 2018).
In another study, Wang et al., (2019) analyzed the tourism experiences offered by coffee
estates in Taiwan. The profiles of Taiwan coffee estates were examined in terms of the
experiences provided to engage visitors and the results showed that they can be categorized
into traditional, educational, and comprehensive coffee estates. Also, employing the
memorable tourism experience scale (MTES) to ascertain visitors experience in selected
coffee estates, the study revealed that Taiwanese visitors are overwhelmingly enthused and
satisfied with the experiential activities and coffee tours offered by these coffee estates.
Coffee tourism business models during COVID-19
The spread of COVID-19 has struck the tourism industry including coffee tourism. In
contrast to other health crises, the current pandemic has reoriented the entire paradigm of
tourism beliefs and practices (Hall et al., 2020). Incidentally, nations have been facing
economic recession, lockdowns, travel restrictions, and unemployment across the world
(Nicola et al., 2020). While the spread of infectious diseases has been observed throughout
history, the tourism industry is challenged with the urgency to respond with health and safety
standards in order to ameliorate the impact this pandemic has brought about within the
industry (Farnazegan et al., 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has also exposed the
vulnerability of the “gig” or sharing economy complementing the tourism industry and the

susceptibility of the labor market within it to succumb to economic pressures amid a global
health crisis (Sigala, 2020). As such, Gossling et al. (2020) argued that despite impeding
financial crises, the tourism industry is given the opportunity to pivot its approach into
transforming the current tourism system into a realm that is more responsive to sustainable
development. According to them, the new focus should focus on recovery, resiliency, climate
change mitigation, and international solidarity.
To mitigate the spread of COVID-19, measures such as social distancing were introduced in
which tourists are challenged (Yezli & Khan, 2020). In order to address this, Sudiartini et al.
(2020) echoed a potential business model for coffee tourism in a COVID world. For these
scholars, strategic innovation and stakeholder cooperation are vital to capture the supply and
demand of coffee tourism amid cut-throat competition. Likewise, this approach can guarantee
an improved system in the distribution of the coffee tourism experience. One innovation can
be through taking advantage of online resources such as website and mobile ordering (Baum
et al., 2020). Another business model is by incentivizing takeaways and discouraging dine-ins
for customers (Sharfuddin, 2020).
Crisis and disaster management in tourism and hospitality research
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been felt tremendously in all facets of human
lives and this lingers on. As Carr (2020) enunciated, “COVID-19 has negatively
democratized health risks and the financial wellbeing of people worldwide - not just the
oppressed, the indigenous nor the poverty-stricken are affected by the inequality of COVID-
19, which does not recognize how powerful or wealthy or poor a person is” (p. 492). This is a
clear call for effective, flexible, and socially acceptable approaches to ensure a restart or
recovery from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism and hospitality
industry. Furthermore, this fact prompts scholars to focus on crisis management frameworks
to make the tourism and hospitality industry resilient amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
In a recent study, Hao, Xiao, and Chon (2020) suggested a COVID-19 management
framework which comprises of anti-pandemic phases, principles, and strategies to address the
Chinese hotel industry that underscores crisis management strategies that underpin phases for
a strategic recovery process. These phases are the pre-event, prodromal, emergency,
intermediate, long-term recovery, and resolution. Interestingly, other scholars have equally
employed different crisis management theories within the field of tourism and hospitality. For
instance, crisis management theory emphasizing information and communication among
stakeholders (Jia et al., 2012), collaborative planning theory in the hotel industry (Nguyen et
al., 2017), and the iceberg model highlighting the impact of belief and psychological factors
on crisis planning (Wang & Wu, 2018). The United Nations (2004) has also designed a
framework for disaster risk management and reduction. The core components comprise
context, risk factors, awareness, risk assessment, knowledge development, public
commitment, preparedness, early warning, response, recovery, and measures (United Nations,
2004). Wenzel et al. (2020) also propounded four crisis response strategies that include
retrenchment (measures taken to reduce costs), persevering (ensuring the ongoing operations
of the firm), innovating (strategic renewal of the business), and exit (possible alternatives if
other strategies are unsuccessful). Kraus et al. (2020) in their application of Wenzel’s et al.
(2020) crisis management framework reiterated in their findings that firms employ different
approaches to address crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic. They observed that firms
employ the three stages by Wenzel et al. except the exit stage. This is perhaps due to the early
stage of the crisis. Their findings show that most firms utilize a combination of various

coping mechanisms to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic with ‘persevering’
used as a solely strategic response to the crisis. Having said this, a synthesis on the reviewed
literature points out that different contextual strategies are employed to target different crises
and disasters encountered in the tourism and hospitality industry.
Conceptual framework
The study adopted the crisis and disaster management framework by Ritchie (2004) as the
theoretical basis for the study. This model (see figure 1) provides public and private sector
managers in the hospitality and tourism industry a proactive, instead of a reactive, approach
in dealing crises. For instance, Fink (1986, p.7) argued that managers should show attitude of
preparedness as chaos is inevitable and succinctly stated that “anytime you (i.e. manager) are
not in crisis, you are instead in pre-crisis or prodromal mode.” Also, the framework was
equally adapted by Hao et al. (2020) from Faulkner (2001) to explore the impact of COVID-
19 pandemic on China’s hotel industry. Moreover, the theory is an appropriate fit to the
context of health-related crisis, as supported by Henderson and Ng (2004).
The framework contends that it is ideal to employ strategic management and planning to
crisis and disaster management (Ritchie, 2004). Significantly, the framework stipulates three
main stages in managing crisis and disaster situations strategically. These stages are
‘prevention and planning, implementation, evaluation and feedback (Ritchie, 2004, p. 673).
The framework explicates the first stage that is crisis and disaster prevention and planning,
where managers need to develop strategies that could limit the impacts of a disaster or crisis.
These strategies are ideal at the pre-event and prodromal stage of the crisis or disaster.
According to Kash and Darling (1998), strategies needed at this include strategic forecasting,
contingency planning, issues analysis and scenario analysis. The second stage deals with
strategic implementation. This is when the crisis has entered the prodromal phase of the its
lifecycle. Essentially, managers should have contingency plans at this stage and can
implement them to mitigate the impact of the disaster or crisis. The final or third stage covers
resolution, evaluation and feedback. At this stage, the destination or organization begins to
recover from the repercussions of the crisis or disaster. The main objective of the
organization or destination at this stage is to mitigate or reduce the severity or to curtail the
crisis or disaster. Studies have shown crisis or disaster can also provide viable opportunities
for destinations and businesses (Faulkner, 2001).
Methods
A qualitative approach was employed for this study to explore the scant literature on coffee
tourism impacts out of COVID-19. This study focused on “understanding the social
phenomenon and the way in which people make sense of and extract meaning from their
experiences” (Jones et al., 2013, p. 3). A qualitative research approach is deemed appropriate
for studies that are under-researched in order to facilitate in-depth understanding (Brown et
al., 2020). Furthermore, a case study design was adopted for this study in order to research
questions and will explore on the coffee tourism context of “樂野鄒築園 Cou Garden.”
This approach is appropriate to uncover and understand the complexity of the phenomenon
while discussing the relationships among the actors in the research context in which the
researchers have no control of (Massaro et al., 2019; Ridder et al., 2014; Yin, 2014). A case
study research design is explained as “a method that uses multiple data sources to develop a
contextualized understanding of the phenomenon with the intention of confronting theory by

comparing it with empirical data” (Hoorani et al., 2019, pp. 286-287). The study employed
the case study research design through the unit of analysis consisting of individuals,
organizations, social communities, and other stakeholders associated with Cou Garden (Flick,
2009; Yin, 2003). With the research question and context in mind, a case study research
method was deemed suitable.
Figure 1. The crisis and disaster management: strategic and holistic framework (Ritchie, 2004)
Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents. This technique was employed
because the researchers handpicked the respondents based on their length of experience and
knowledge on the coffee industry. The use of pre-determined samples that are highly
immersed with the case study is justified, and supported by the work of other scholars, see for
instance Altinay et al. (2016). In this study, Mr. Fang Zhenglun, the owner of Cou Garden,
was selected to be the respondent. A semi-structured interview was used as the data
collection instrument based on the framework developed by Ritchie (2004). The interview
consisted of three sections: pre-event and prodromal stage (disaster prevention and planning),
emergency and intermediate stage (strategic implementation), and demography. An in-depth
interview was conducted to elicit the narrative (Hollway & Jefferson, 1997) on his
experiences managing the coffee estate amid the pandemic.
It is important to note that though the framework has three stages with the last stage being
resolution, evaluation and feedback (long term recovery and resolution), the researchers did
not include the last stage in the instrument because the COVID-19 pandemic is not over yet
and most firms are still dealing and managing its implications. In order to ensure the validity
and reliability of the instruments, three experts in the field of coffee tourism were asked to
check the wording, meanings and verify whether the items could help to address the main
research questions of the study. Related to this, the depth and scope of the interview as well
as the application of laddering technique to elicit deeper responses from the respondents
ensured the trustworthiness of the study (Abeele & Zaman, 2009).

Data was analyzed using thematic analysis (Attride-Stirling, 2001). The researchers
commenced with open coding procedures (Charmaz, 2006) where responses from the
respondent were classified on a spreadsheet. Consequently, this paved way for the second
stage where categories were generated from the codes based on their connections. Themes
were generated based on the literature review to facilitate analysis of the data.
Fang Zhenglun and Cou Garden
Ali Mountain is a popular sightseeing destination located in Chiayi county in the

southwestern part of Taiwan (Figure 2). It is famous for tea production. Its climate and soil
are also perfect for coffee plantation, so in recent deecades, farmers started to devote
themselves to grow coffee. After leaving the army in 2000, Fang Zhenglun returned home to
assist his father in the cultivation of tea and orchids. He commenced the cultivation of coffee
and performed a series of experiments such as roasting beans with frying woks and teapots
after his father obtained 200 coffee seeds. Eventually, the original tea plants were turned into
"Cou Tsingyuan" coffee shop after winning the 2007 Taiwan Specialty Coffee Bean Award.
It consequently became a tourist destination for people, however, was short-lived. The newly
opened "Cou Tsingyuan" after one week was hit by a typhoon in 2009 preventing tourists to
visit the mountain. This natural disaster ironically propelled Fang Zhenglun to promote Ali
Mountain coffee through coffee exhibition activities. The layman became a coffee
competition champion including winning the top honor for farmers in Taiwan in 2017 as well
as international coffee bean competitions.
Figure 2. The location of Cou Garden
He said: “I can tell the differences of the beans from high altitude or low altitude, so people
will send different coffee varieties to me. I try to plant, observe, and then leave the most
suitable ones for this land.” Having 20 varieties of coffee on his farm, these are sent abroad
for genetic identification to determine its source. Though coffee is not an important cash crop
in Taiwan, Fang Zhenglun believes Taiwan’s enviable agricultural reform technology and
biotechnology could be harnessed to improve coffee varieties. The successful development of
coffee beans with Taiwan characteristics and flavor can help Taiwan's specialty coffee in the
international identification and positioning to attract international buyers. With this, he

devoted himself to the development of coffee varieties, trying to hybridize different varieties
and hoping to cultivate a unique flavor belonging to Ali Mountain specialty coffee.
Amazingly, Fang is an enthusiastic and ardent teacher of coffee cultivation and has
encouraged young people to involve in it with unique farming techniques. “I'm going to take
the Yi (Indigenous) people along the coffee path to the world.” Let more people know, where
is the best coffee in Taiwan? Ali Mountain, we Yi people planted it. This is Fang Zhenglun's
wish. He also took over the chairmanship of the Jiayi County Coffee Industry Development
Association in 2019, holding a number of educational training, media meetings, exchange
competitions, cup tests and other activities.
Results and Discussions
The influence of COVID-19 pandemic on the business model of coffee Tourism in Ali
Mountain
The unprecedented impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have conditioned the perception of
risk towards all actors of the coffee business. Such risks are associated with the observed
detrimental impacts on health, mobility, and the economy. As the numbers of confirmed
cases globally continue to increase, Fang Zhenglun commented on the fear of infection for
both the supply and demand side as prime factors in shaping changes to their business models.
Similarly, the fear of transmitting the disease has affected travel behavior and thereby
restricted the inflow of customers in their shops. In economic terms, the detrimental effects of
the pandemic included the sluggish performance from similar industries have trickled down
to their businesses. This was particularly true for the logistical and operational failure in
sourcing raw materials and delivery of finished products. Their supply chain network has
been significantly paralyzed with the risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Needless to say, this has likewise impaired revenue streams and the nation’s gross domestic
product as a whole.
These impacts have also disturbed the customers as a shift in their behavior was noticed. The
pandemic has produced a decline in social interaction among patrons of coffee shops. Prior to
the spread of the virus, customers were noticeably present in physical stores and seen freely
socializing with one another as they enjoy coffee. However, the rise of COVID-19 brought
significant tension and pressure to customers and making them rethink in-person encounters.
This caused them to prefer alternative purchasing channels, particularly through online
platform and home deliveries in order to overcome potential risks. Fang Zhenglun observed:
“Before the outbreak of the epidemic, consumers went to physical stores to buy goods.
After the outbreak, most people chose to shop online…, in order to avoid group
infections, many people reduce dining out and choose delivery service in order to
reduce the likelihood of contracting COVID-19.”
This observation supports Guido’s et al. (2020) assertion that COVID-19 has affected all
facets of human life. Its repercussion is likened to the global economy after the Great
Depresson affecting commodity market and individual livelihood. Analogous to this,
Harnandez et al. (2020) also contended that COVID-19 has had devastating ramifications on
livelihood which could trigger food insecurity and poverty. While the spread of COVID-19
remains, coffee shop owners remain optimistic and bullish to restore business as usual. This

outlook was shaped with the rapid and efficient response of the Taiwan government in
mitigating the spread of the virus within their territory. As such, shop owners have likewise
adapted quick strategies that would ameliorate the impacts mentioned above while
complementing the changing behavior of customers following the outbreak of the pandemic.
One, businesses implemented minimum health standards in order to reinforce confidence and
minimize risk perception of patrons coming to physical stores. Fang Zhenglun decisively
enforced hand sanitizing, wearing face masks, and social distancing in their stores. In the
same manner, promotional activities were also conducted to entice customers to purchase
online so as to generate and maintain revenue. Alternative promotions, such as mountain
coffee tours were made available. This was specifically made to boost domestic tourism as
the usual foreign market are barred from travelling. This focus on local travelers have proven
to be a receptive and steady market that helped stimulate the positive business sentiments
within the coffee shops. It could therefore be deduced that various innovative business
models have been implemented by the coffee estate to survive and sustain their business
during the COVID-19 pandemic. As espoused by scholars (see Elmo et al., 2020; Ongener &
Ozkurt, 2019) integrating innovative and sustainable approaches are evident in business
models in coffee tourism. There is the application of digital technologies in coffee destination
according to Ongener and Ozkurt (2019) to ensure sustainable business and this finding
supports this assertion.
Since foreign tourists are still barred from entering the country, deepening domestic tourists’
understanding of Taiwanese coffee farms is seen as a potential area for expansion. Both the
café operators on the island and general consumers agree that Taiwan has a premium coffee
product and generate confidence in Taiwan’s coffee beans to induce domestic travel to
production areas for sightseeing. Having coffee-professional itineraries, such as teaching
guides, has added unique insights to the tourism industry in these areas. The cafe needs an
understanding of the front-end coffee planting and post-production process and engage highly
interested participants in the respective itineraries. With personalized experiences, each
coffee tour is capable of developing goodwill and confidence in Taiwanese beans. With the
emotional connection, it is easier for the consumer to directly purchase raw beans from
farmers, which increases the reach of Taiwanese beans. After the epidemic subsides, foreign
tourists can be further educated about Taiwanese beans and create new markets. This
observation supports Gossling et al.’s (2020) assertion that crises also provides a great
opportunity for the tourism industry to be resilient and responsive to sustainable development.
Crises management response strategies amid the pandemic
At the pre-event and proactive stages, Fang Zhenglun admitted having no formalized crises
plans and standard procedures toward disaster prevention. In fact, they have remarked that
they handle different disasters as they happen. Findings show that the respondent utilized
previous knowledge and experience on past disasters in an attempt to quickly adapt to the
current pandemic as a result of lacking standard procedures. Their resourceful practices on
mitigating typhoon disasters is an example of this. The owners commented:
“Before a typhoon comes, coffee trees will be pruned. Usually, some iron bars are
used to tie the coffee trees. However, [when] a typhoon comes, iron bars will be
added to [secure] them. Iron pillars will be erected around the coffee trees before the
disaster comes.”

Interestingly, Fang Zhenglun acknowledged the limitation in merely relying on old practices.
This particularly true on the rapid escalation of a health crisis such as the COVID-19
pandemic. They conceded that they have overlooked strategies from previous disasters to
deal with this current pandemic. This can perhaps explain how the impacts of COVID-19 on
economic, social, and health became a major concern for the coffee stakeholders. This
finding vindicates Fink’s (1986, p.7) contention that managers should demonstrate
proactiveness to crises even though they are inevitable and unpredictable. Moreover, the
finding also reveals that the application of crisis and disaster prevention and planning as
enunciated by Ritchie (2004) is non-existent in coffee farm operations.
In the emergency and intermediate stage, the owners have responded to the situation by
learning from different stakeholders, such as the government and the media. They currently
follow precautionary directives communicated by these two stakeholders. This have
significantly influenced their awareness on the current situation and have amended their
response strategy. Fang Zhenglun stated:
“I watched the news and then looked at how to deal with it… it was obvious that the
severity of the epidemic was understood. We just follow the standard instructions
announced by the government, and we are afraid that if there is a case in the coffee
shop, the business of the coffee shop will be severely affected.”
Specifically, the coffee farm business took governmental health protective initiatives on
COVID-19 seriously so as to minimize the risk of infection and the spread of the virus. This
was noticeable in their move to reinforce public health protocols such as physical distancing,
wearing face masks, and hand washing to guests. As they narrate:
“The coffee shops will take body temperature of the customers in accordance with
government policies, perform alcohol disinfection, and strictly enforce the wearing of
masks, including staff and guests to take relevant measures.”
Arguably, this finding reveals that the coffee estate partially implemented some strategies
recommended by Ritchie (2004) in the second stage of the conceptual framework by
collaborating with key stakeholders, such as the government agencies and the media.
Furthermore, coffee owners have implemented their own sanitary and hygienic measures.
They began employing health preventive measures by ensuring that disinfection of the
environment is maintained and monitoring the physical condition of guests. They have also
especially enforced a protocol in their coffee production which was particularly useful during
the cupping process in the coffee farm. To illustrate:
“…hygienic cupping is currently used. The previous method was to [pour] coffee in
the same cup. Everyone took the [same] measuring spoon and scooped the coffee for
cupping. For hygienic cup testing, [one should] use [their own] cup and spoon to
scoop coffee [in] testing to reduce the chance of group infection.”
Strategically implementing these protective measures, complemented with the subsidy policy
of the national government, have reaped economic benefits for coffee farm owners as
domestic tourism in coffee mountains increased.
The operational recovery of the coffee farms post-COVID-19 pandemic remain a top priority
for Fang Zhenglun. Following the measures from the prodromal and intermediate stages,

farm owners are poised to critically respond to the current crisis with long-term recovery and
solutions in mind. However, they are challenged with the restrictive circumstance of the
current health crisis and independently mitigating the negative impact by themselves can only
do so much. As they mention:
“Due to the current epidemic, many of [our plans] cannot be implemented, but now
we have to think about many measures. When the epidemic is over, we can implement
them with peace of mind.”
As they believe that waiting for the pandemic to subside is counter-intuitive, the strategy they
posit is most plausible in achieving long-term recovery is by mixing previously known
experiences and current practices from institutional bodies while collaborating with various
stakeholders. This complements with the theory set forth by Ritchie (2004) in the framework
presented in this paper. For the respondents, unity and close cooperation is crucial for long-
term recovery. Coffee farm owners argue that they can thrive sustainably through the
institutionalization of a disaster prevention mechanism crafted by the combined wisdom of
industry professionals, government, media, and locals.
Theoretical Implications
Literature on disaster and crisis management with special application to the coffee industry
would enable coffee estate and shop owners and tourism stakeholders to be equipped and
resourced to plan well today and live better for tomorrow. As such, this study advances the
framework proposed by Ritchie (2004) by applying the model in the context of the current
COVID-19 pandemic. This paper argues that a strategic and holistic crisis management plan
would equip coffee estate stakeholders the capacity to mitigate crises and disasters in the
foreseeable future. Moreover, having such a targeted strategy is poised to foster crisis-proof
scenarios, sustainable post-pandemic strategies, as well as the desire and quest for industry
resuscitation and activation.
Managerial Implications
There are enormous lessons to be learned from this study by stakeholders in the coffee
industry and tourism. The study unraveled and unpacked that respondents utilized previous
knowledge and experience on past disasters in an attempt to quickly adapt to the current
pandemic as a result of lacking standard procedures. Therefore, stakeholders could localize
their disaster and crisis management practices by learning from previous pandemic peculiar
to their context. There is the need to eschew the ‘all fit all approach’ depending on the nature
of the crisis.
In addition, owners of coffee farms should have formalized crises plans and standard
procedures toward disaster prevention. The non-existence of such a plan have made the
ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic harder to mitigate. There is also the need for
stakeholders' approach to ameliorate crisis and disaster management. In the case of Ali
Mountain coffee farm owners, the role of the media and governmental agencies were
important agents to inform a consistent response during these difficult times. This has
significantly influenced coffee farmers’ awareness of the current situation and has influenced
their response strategy. The study has highlighted the need for a multi-faceted approach to

crisis and disaster management. In this regard, stakeholder’s collaboration, implementing

lessons from the previous disaster, innovative marketing strategies, leveraging on utilizing
online platforms, and among others could help coffee industries to stay in business.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study has emphasized the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on a coffee farm
and its corresponding tourism with specific reference to the case of Cou Garden in Ali
Mountain. The findings revealed that the coffee estate has been struck by risk perception and
shift in consumer behavior brought about by the current pandemic. This is highly attributed to
the observed and felt economic, social, and health impacts across both coffee tourism
suppliers and consumers. Because of this, adaptive measures in the coffee estate were
facilitated as a quick response to the pandemic. It was evidenced that coffee owners were
employing promotional activities to entice customers to transact online to sustain and remain
resilient in their operations. Other innovative measures included mountain coffee tours that
were primarily aimed at restarting tourism at the domestic level. Despite the attempt to offset
the negative impacts of the pandemic, findings of the study showed that Cuo Garden remains
reactive in dealing with crisis and disaster management. This is associated with the lack of
formalized crises plans and standard procedures toward disaster prevention. Having said this,
this paper illuminates theoretical and practical suggestions to grow the current body of
knowledge surrounding coffee tourism.
Limitations and Future Studies
One of the limitations of this study is not having fully applied the framework of Ritchie (2004)
by incorporating the last stage of the framework (i.e. resolution, evaluation, and feedback), an
area that future studies could explore this when the COVID-19 is over. Such would
complement this study and build the knowledge base on crisis and disaster management
strategies for coffee farms and tourism. As this study uses only a single case, it is therefore
suggested that future studies probe the effect of COVID-19 in other locations to advance the
understanding of other coffee farm estates during this pandemic.
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Article · February 2021

Kyrie Eleison Munoz

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Research Paper Open Access

A Better Brew: COVID-19 and Sustainable Outcomes for Coffee Tourism

Emmanuel Kwame Opokua; Sebrina Mei-jung Wangb; Kyrie Eleison Muñoza*

ABSTRACT: COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the global economy in an unprecedented

KEYWORDS: sustainable tourism; crisis management; resilience; coffee supply chain;

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The impact of COVID-19 on the coffee industry

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Coffee tourism business models before COVID-19

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Coffee tourism business models during COVID-19

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Crisis and disaster management in tourism and hospitality research

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Fang Zhenglun and Cou Garden

Ali Mountain is a popular sightseeing destination located in Chiayi county in the

Figure 2. The location of Cou Garden

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Results and Discussions

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Crises management response strategies amid the pandemic

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crisis and disaster management. In this regard, stakeholder’s collaboration, implementing

Limitations and Future Studies

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Manzo, J. (2010). Coffee, connoisseurship, and an ethnomethodologically-informed

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