SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ON

ALTERNATOR & MOTORS

Submitted for partial fulfillment

for the award of certificate

in

Electrical Engineering (1st year)

2021-2022

Under the guidance of: Submitted by:

Mr. Dharmendra Pathak Gargi Yadav

Mr. Shriom Gautam

Prakash diesels Pvt Ltd

Naraich, Hathras Road, Agra
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me a great pleasure that the report of the summer training has

been undertaken during my first year of Electrical Engineering. I am

especially thankful to my guide Mr. Shriom Gautam Sr. Engineer at

Prakash Diesels, Agra. Their sincerity, thoroughness and

perseverance have a constant source of inspiration for me.

I would also like to acknowledge the contribution of all the workshop

members of the respective department for their kind assistance and

co-operation during the period of my summer training.

Gargi Yadav
(Btech. 1st year)

Signature:

Date:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the summer training report on “Alternator and motors”

which is submitted by Ms. Gargi Yadav in the partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of certificate by the industry, is a record of the

candidate’s own work carried out in the industry by them under the guidance of

Mr. Shriom Gautam. The embodied in the report is original and has not been

submitted for the award of any other degree.

 BASIC INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

1. Vernier caliper: to measure linear dimensions

2. Micrometer: to measure linear dimensions

3. Slip gauge: they are used as standards for precision length measurement

4. Snap gauge: to check the outside dimensions of parts.

5. Thread gauge: to check the dimensions of a specific thread form angle,

pitch and diameter

6. Hardness tester: a device that indicates the hardness of a material

7. Rotor balancing machine: a measuring tool used for balancing rotating

machine parts

8. High voltage tester: to check the high tolerance of voltage of our device

/material of device, so that it operates safely under electrical conditions.

9. Oven: for heat treatment of wire

10.Tensile tester: for tensile testing of wire

11.Feeler gauge: to precisely determine the size of small gaps between two

objects that are in close proximity

12.Bore gauge: to measure the inner diameter of bores in motor engines

13.Resistance tester: to measure electrical resistance in electrical cells.

14.Depth gauge/ height gauge: to measure depth/height from a datum plane.

15.Temperature gun: a laser device to measure temperature

16.Clamp tester: to measure the current a live wire is carrying

Flowchart of the working procedure

purchaser

supplier (approved supplier)

Raw material

store fail

quality department (to check the quality)

pass

assembly

final product fail

testing
pass

stock
 ALTERNATOR

Introduction:

In a power supply system alternating current is supplied to a much greater

extent than direct current supply, because of the following advantages:

 AC power can be generated in bulk quantity without much difficulty.

 AC requirements are cheaper.
 We can easily convert AC to DC according to the requirements.

Principle of an Alternator:

All the alternators work on the principle of ‘Electromagnetic Induction’.

According to this law, for producing the electricity we need a conductor,
magnetic field and mechanical energy. Every machine that rotates and produces
Alternating current. Also, according to the Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
induction, when there is a cutting of magnetic flux by a conductor an emf is
induced in a coil.

The value of emf varies both in magnitude and direction n according to the
instantaneous position of the loop. Sliprings are fixed tot the free ends of the
loop, sliding connections are arranged to bear upon, then the alternating emf
will be obtained,

It will produce an alternating current in a closed external circuit. The current

will vary according to the emf generated.

The standard frequency of the supply will be 50hz according to the norms of
Indian electricity rules.
 Types of Alternators

Brushless Alternator
Semi Brushless Alternator:
Brush type Alternator:
 Components of an Alternator

 Yoke: Different parts of the alternator are responsible for a specific purpose
toward the end goal of the alternator. The Yoke is the outer part of the alternator
that works like a protector to protect the machine. Plus, it provides mechanical
support to the machine as well.

 Rotor: The Rotor is also known as the rotating magnetic core, or Flywheel, of an
Alternator. Rotors are the moving part in an Alternator that have permanent
magnets that move around the Stator's iron plates to generate an Alternating
Current (AC).

 Insulators: Here, H-class insulation material is used as insulation is very

important so that there should not be any current flowing on the body. E.g.: green
sheet slips.
 Winding wires: Three-phase alternators have three sets of windings; they're more
efficient than a single-phase alternator, which produce a single-phase AC current.
When working properly, the three windings produce three currents that make up
the three phases. Adding all three together produces the total AC output of the
stator.

 Cotton tape: Cotton tape is used to make poles on stator. It is also used for
tightening the winding wires.
 Cable tie: Cable tie is used for tightening the cables so that the cables should not
remain in air even after connections have been done.

 Varnish: Varnish is done to fix the winding wires at its position even after
attaining the certain temperature. It is also a part of insulation.
 Slip rings & Bearings: Alternator slip rings act as a band consisting of a
conductive material provided by the shaft. The windings are connected to the
electrical connections and the slip ring connects to the spinning assembly. Bearings
are used to move the rotor easily when coupled with the engines.

 Plastic/ Aluminium fan: This all process is heavy for the alternator and so it gets
heated. To cool it down, alternators have fans, to help the circulation of air. There
are two types of fans which are fixed on the rotor. These are used according to the
kVA ratings of the alternator.

 Carbon holder: These are fixed on the slip rings for taking generated supply.

 Transformer & connection plates: Transformer is also another important part of

the alternator which is used to divide the voltages into 3-phases and used to
 maintain the particular amount of voltages as required. A diode plate and
connection plate is fixed on it.

 Supply indicator: Fixed on the top of the alternator, which shows a kind of signal
or lights up when alternator starts producing electricity .

 AVR (voltage regulator): An automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is an electronic

device, which is fixed up with the transformer that maintains a constant voltage
level to electrical equipment on the same load. The AVR regulates voltage
variations to deliver constant, reliable power supply.
 Diode plate: Diodes are used within the process of rectification, or changing an
AC flow into DC. This is possible because diodes only allow current to flow in one
direction. AC, includes current flowing both forward and backward, creating a full
sine wave.

 HRC fuse: It stands for high rupturing capacity. All the different types of HRC
fuses are designed to protect circuits in specific applications. The main defining
factor of an HRC fuse is its ability to safely stop an over-current in an electrical
circuit and this over-current may be considerably higher than the normal operating
current of the circuit.
 Testing

In the testing section, all the assembled alternators are brought and checked

according to their kVA ratings and phase whether of single phase or of 3-phase.

At testing section frequency, power factor, power, supply voltages, etc. are

checked.

Advantages, disadvantages & applications:

 The advantages of an alternator are:

 Cheap
 Low weight
 Low maintenance
 Construction is simple
 Robust
 More compact

 The disadvantages of an alternator are

 Alternators need transformers

 Alternators will overheat if the current is high

 The applications of an alternator are:

 Automobiles
 Electrical power generator plants
 Marine applications
 Diesel electrical multiple units
 Radiofrequency transmission
 MOTORS
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the
interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire
winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft.
An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates
with a reversed flow of power, converting mechanical energy into electrical
energy.

Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from
batteries, or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power
grid, inverters or electrical generators.

Different Parts of an Electric Motor and Their Function

A simple motor has the following parts:

 A power supply – mostly DC for a simple motor

 Field Magnet – could be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet

  An Armature or rotor

 Commutator

 Brushes

 Axle

1. Power Source: A simple motor usually has a DC power source. It supplies

power to the motor armature or field coils.
2. Commutator: It is the rotating interface of the armature coil with a stationary
circuit.
3. Field Magnet: The magnetic field helps to produce a torque on the rotating
armature coil by virtue of Fleming’s left-hand rule.
4. Armature Core: Holds the armature coil in place and provides mechanical
support.
5. Armature Coil: It helps the motor to run.
6. Brushes: It is a device that conducts current between stationary wires and
moving parts, most commonly the rotating shaft.

The basic principle underlying the functioning of an electrical motor is

Faraday’s Law of induction. That is, that a force is created when an alternating
current interacts with a changing magnetic field.
Ever since the invention of motors, many advancements have taken place in this
field of engineering, and it has become a subject of extreme importance for
modern engineers.

Types of Electric Motors:

DC Motors

The types of dc motors mainly include Series, Shunt, and Compound wound &
PMDC Motor.
1. DC Shunt Motor: DC shunt motor works on DC and the windings of this
electric motor like the armature windings and field windings are linked in
parallel which is known as a shunt. This kind of motor is also called as shunt
wound DC motor, where the winding type is known as a shunt winding.

2. Separately Excited Motor: In separately excited motor, the connection of

stator and rotor can be done using a different power supply. So that the motor
can be controlled from the shunt and the armatures winding can be strengthened
to generate flux.

3. DC Series Motor: In DC series motor, rotor windings are connected in

series. The operation principle of this electric motor mainly depends on a simple
electromagnetic law. This law states that whenever a magnetic field can be
formed around conductor & interacts with an external field to generate the
rotational motion. These motors are mainly used in starter motors which are
used in elevators and cars.

4. PMDC Motor: The term PMDC stands for “Permanent Magnet DC motor”.
It is one kind of DC motor which can be inbuilt with a permanent magnet to
make the magnetic field necessary for the electric motor operation.

5. DC Compound Motor: Generally, DC compound motor is a hybrid

component of DC series and shunt motors. In this type of motor, both the fields
like series and shunt are present. In this type of electric motor, the stator and
rotor can be connected to each other through a series & shunt windings
compound. The series winding can be designed with few windings of wide
copper wires, which gives a small resistance path. The shunt winding can be
designed with multiple windings of copper wire to get the full i/p voltage.
AC Motors

The types of ac motors mainly include synchronous, asynchronous, induction

motor.

1. Synchronous Motor: The working of the synchronous motor mainly

depends on the 3-phase supply. The stator in the electric motor generates the
field current which rotates in a stable speed based on the AC frequency. As well
as the rotor depends on the similar speed of the stator current. There is no air
gap among the speed of stator current and rotor. When the rotation accuracy
level is high, then these motors are applicable in automation, robotics, etc..

2. Induction Motor: The electric motor which runs asynchronous speed is

known as induction motor, and an alternate name of this motor is the
asynchronous motor. Induction motor mainly uses electromagnetic induction for
changing the energy from electric to mechanical. Based on the rotor
construction, these motors are classified into two types namely squirrel cage &
phase wound.

Special Purpose Motors

The special purpose motors mainly include servo motor, stepper motor, linear
induction motor, etc.

1. Stepper Motor: The stepper motor can be used to offer step angle
revolution, as an alternative to stable revolution. We know that for any rotor, the
whole revolution angle is 180degrees. However, in a stepper motor, the
complete revolution angle can be separated in numerous steps like 10-degree X
18 steps. This means, in a total revolution cycle the rotor will go stepwise
eighteen times, every time 10 degree. Stepper motors are applicable in plotters,
circuit fabrication, process control tools, usual movement generators, etc.
2. Brushless DC Motors: The brushless DC motors were first developed for
achieving superior performance within a lesser space than brushed DC motors.
These motors are lesser when compared with AC models. A controller is
embedded into the electric motor to facilitate the process within the lack of a
commutator and a slip ring.

3. Hysteresis Motor: The operation of the hysteresis motor is extremely

unique. The rotor of this motor can be induced hysteresis and eddy current to
generate the required task. The motor working can depend on the construction,
1-phase supply otherwise 3-phase supply. These motors give a very smooth
process with stable speed, similar to other synchronous motors. The noise level
of this motor is quite small, due to this reason they are applicable in numerous
complicated applications wherever the soundproof motor is used such as sound
player, audio recorder, etc.

4. Reluctance Motor: Basically, reluctance motor is a 1-phase synchronous

motor & this motor construction is quite same with induction motor like cage
type. The rotor in the motor is like squirrel cage type & the stator of the motor
include sets of windings such as auxiliary and main winding. The auxiliary
winding is very useful at the beginning time of the motor. As they offer a level
operation at a stable speed. These motors are commonly used in synchronization
applications which include signal generators, recorders, etc.

5. Universal Motor: This is a special kind of motor and this motor works on
single AC supply otherwise DC supply. Universal motors are series wound
where the field and armature windings are connected in series and thus
generates high starting torque. These motors are mainly designed for operating
at high-speed above 3500 rpm. They utilize AC supply at low-speed and DC
supply of similar voltage.