11 - Chem Coordination and Integration PDF

GRADE XI
SUBJECT- BIOLOGY
LESSON-22
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION
• LEARNING OBJECTIVES-
• To recall and learn about the locations, structure and functions of
various Endocrine glands and their hormones
• LEARNING OUTCOMES-
• Able to analyse and evaluate the role of various Endocrine glands in
chemical regulation
RECALL
• RECALL THE POSITION

• OF VARIOUS ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• IN OUR BODY………………..
Properties of hormones
• (a) These are secreted by endocrine gland (biogenic in origin).
• (b) Their secretions is released directly into blood (except local hormones e.g. gastrin).
• (c) These are carried to distantly locate specific organs, called target organ.
• (d) These have specific physiological action (excitatory or inhibitory). These co-ordinate
different physical, mental and metabolic activities and maintain homeostasis.
• (e) The hormones have low molecular weight.
• (f) These act in very low concentration
• (g) Hormones are non antigenic.
• (h) These are mostly short-lived. So have a no cumulative effect.
• (i) Some hormones are quick acting e.g. Adrenalin, while some acting slowly e.g.
Oestrogen of ovary.
• (j) Some hormones secreted in inactive form called Prohormone e.g. Pro-insulin.
• (k) Hormones are specific. They are carriers of specific information to their specific target
organ. Only those target cell respond to a particular hormone for which they have
receptors.
Origin of diﬀerent endocrine glands
Endocrine glands Origin

Pituitary Ectoderm
Pineal Ectoderm
Thymus (up to 12 Mesoderm
yrs.)
Thyroid Endoderm
Parathyroid Endoderm
Adrenal cortex Mesoderm
Adrenal medulla Ectoderm
Testes Mesoderm
Ovary Mesoderm
Pancrease Endoderm
Hypothalamus
• (i) Position and Structure: Hypothalamus is the
floor of diencephalon. It is formed of masses of grey
matter, called Hypothalmic nuclei, containing
Neurosecretory cells. It is connected with Anterior
Pituitary lobe by blood capillaries of Hypophyseal
portal system and with the Posterior Pituitary lobe
by axons of its Neurons, both passing through the
Pituitary stalk.
• (ii) Hormones of hypothalamus:
Neurosecretory cells of Hypothalamus secrete
Neurohormones called Releasing factors (RF) or
Inhibiting factors (IF). These Neurohormones are
carried by Hypophyseal portal system to
Adenohypophysis (Primary target organ) and stimulate
or inhibit the release of Trophic hormones from
Adenohypophysis. These Neurohormones are
proteinous in nature and formed of 3 – 20 amino acids.
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
• 1) Pituitary gland is known as hypophysis cerebri,
its name pituitary was given by Vesalius.
• (2) Muller’s gland of Amphioxus and Subneural gland
of Herdmania is homologous to pituitary of vertebrates.
• Parts and componentS-
• (1) Adenohypophysis (Anterior lobe)
• (i) Pars distalis
• (ii) Pars tuberalis
• (iii) Pars intermedia
• (2) Neurohypophysis (Posterior lobe)
• (i) Pars nervosa
• (ii) Infundibulum
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Neurohormones of Adenohypophysis
Neurohormones Physiological eﬀects
(1) TSH-RF
(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – Releasing Factor) Increased ACTH secretion from Adenohypophysis.
(2) ACTH-RF
(Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone-Releasing Factor) Increased ACTH secretion from Adenohypophysis.
(3) STH-RF
(Somatotrophic Hormone-Releasing Factor) Increased STH secretion from Adenohypophysis
(4) SOMATOSTATIN (GROWTH INHIBITING HORMONE) Decreased STH secretion from Adenohypophysis.
(5) GTH-RF
(Gonadotrophic Hormone-Releasing Factor)
(i) FSH-RF
(Follicular Stimulating Hormone-Releasing Factor) Increased FSH secretion from Adenohypophysis.
(ii) LH-RH (In female)
(Luteinising Hormone – Releasing Factor) Increased LH secretion from Adenohypophysis.
or ICSH-RF (In male)
(Interstitial Cells stimulating Hormone-Releasing Factor)
(6) Prolactin-Releasing hormone (P-RH) Increased secretion of prolactin.
(7) Prolactin-Inhibiting hormone (P-IH) Increased secretion of prolactin
(8) MSH-RF
(Melanophore Stimulating Hormone-Releasing Factor) Increased MSH secretion from intermediate pituitary lobe.
(9) MIF
(Melanophore Inhibiting Factor) Decreased MSH secretion from intermediate pituitary lobe.
Thyroid gland
Location: This is the largest endocrine gland of our body. It is located in our neck
upon the ventral aspect of larynx (sound box or Adam's apple) and a few anterior most
tracheal rings. It is a dark brown and H-shaped bilobed gland.
Hormones of thyroid:
Thyroid gland secretes two Iodinated hormones.
(a) Thyroxine: It is an Iodine containing (6% Iodine) Amine hormone which is
derived from tyrosine amino acid. Chemically Thyroxine is Tetraidothyronine-T4
though also found as Tri-iodothyronine-T3. Secretion of thyroxine is inversely
proportional to the blood level of Thyroxine (feedback mechanism).
(b) Thyrocalcitonin (TCT): It is a long peptide hormone secreted by
parafollicular by cells mechanism. of thyroid gland (C-cells). It secretion is
regulated by increased plasma level of Calcium by feedback
Irregularities of thyroid gland
(a) Hypothyroidism: (Decreased section of thyroxine from thyroid gland).
(b) Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones (Hyperthyroidism or
thyrotoxicosis) : This may also be a genetic defect, but usually it is provided by
chronic infections (influenza, rheumatism, tonsilitis, tuberculosis, measles, whooping
cough, etc.) pregnancy, intake of large doses of iodine, over-eating, etc. It results into a
considerable increase in glucose and oxygen consumption by cells and the rate of
oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria.
PARATHYROID GLANDS
Parathyroid gland
• Hormones of parathyroid:
• Active hormone secreted by Parathyroids is
Parathormone (PTH), also called Collip's
Hormone
• Irregularities of parathormones
• (a) Hypoparathyroidism (Hyposecretion of
Parathormone)
• (b) Hyperparathyroidism (Hypersecretion of
Parathormone)
ADRENAL GLAND
Pancreas
• Hormones of pancreas and their role:
• (a) Insulin: Insulin regulates how the body uses and stores
glucose and fat.
• (b) Glucagon: This is secreted by the alpha cells of islets
of Langerhans. Its function is to elevate glucose level in
blood when glucose is deficient.
• (c) Somatostatin and Pancreatic polypeptide:
Modern physiologists have postulated that the d and F (PP)
cells of pancreas respectively secrete Somatostatin (SS)
and Pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Somatostatin resembles
the Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) secreted
by Hypothalamus.
Graph Interpretation- Influence of Glucagon
and Insulin on Blood glucose
EXTENDED LEARNING-
• Artificial Pancreas improves glycemic control for
older adults with type 1 diabetes
• https://www.healio.com/news/endocrinology/202112
15/artificial-pancreas-improves-glycemic-control-for-
older-adults-with-type-1-diabetes
Thymus gland
• (a) Thymus is haemopoietic, as well as,

an endocrine gland.
• (b) The major function of thymus is to

secrete Thymosin hormone, Thymic
humoral factor (THF), thymic factor
(TF), Thymopoietin.
• (c) Thymus is essential in neonatal

(newly born) infant and postnatal child
for normal development of lymphoid
organs and cellular immunity.
Gonads
• The gonads are the sex glands, the testes and the ovary.
• (i) Testes
• The testis form part of the male reproductive system, and
is the gland where sperm and testosterone are produced.
• Functions of Testes-
• (a) It stimulates the male reproductive system to grow to
full size and become functional.
• (b) It stimulates the formation of sperms
(spermatogenesis) in the seminiferous tubules.
• (c) It also determines the male sexual behaviour sex urge,
aggressive behaviour.
• (d) Under its effect protein anabolism increases.
• (ii) Ovary-
• The ovary is a ductless reproductive gland in which the
female reproductive cells are produced.
REAL LIFE APPLICATION
• Types and causes of scrotal cysts
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cyst-of-s
crotum#definition
MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION
MECHANISM OF WORKING OF A PROTEIN HORMONE ( eg.
FSH)
MECHANISM OF WORKING OF A STEROID HORMONE ( eg.
Estrogen)

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GRADE XI

• RECALL THE POSITION

Endocrine glands Origin

• Hormones of pancreas and their role:

• (a) Thymus is haemopoietic, as well as,

• (b) The major function of thymus is to

• (c) Thymus is essential in neonatal

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