Company Law Revision Notes June 2022 PDF

CS Praveen Choudhary Introduction of Company
Introduction of Company
Structure of Co. Act 2013

❖ New Company Law has been framed on Skelton Approach
❖ It consist of 29 chapters, 470 Sections, 7 schedules, 95 definitions.
Definition
• Section 2(20) of the Companies Act, 2013, provides that a 'company' means
a company incorporated under this Act or under any previous company law.
CHARACTERISTICS/ FEATURES OF A COMPANY

1. Incorporated Association
2. Artificial Person
3. Separate Legal Entity
4. Separate property
5. Capacity to sue and to be sued
6. Separate Ownership & Management
7. Common Seal
8. Transferability Shares
9. Perpetual Succession
10. Limited Liability
11. One-man Company
12. Experience of a Shareholder as Experience of a Company
13. Contractual Rights
14. Limitation of Action
15. Voluntary Association for Profit
16. Termination of Existence
Advantages of Company
1. A company is a legal entity, distinct and independent of those persons who from
time to time are called its members.
2. The liability of the company's members are limited to the extent they have agreed
to contribute towards the capital of the company with reference to the number of
shares and/or the amount of guarantee respectively undertaken by them.
pg.1. 1
3. As the company is having an independent personality of its own, its members are not
personally liable for any act or omission on the part of the company, unless the law
expressly provides otherwise.
4. The company being a juristic person, distinct from the members constituting it, a
company can acquire, own, enjoy and alienate property in its own name. As such the
property would be that of the company and no member can make any claim upon it
so long as the company is a going concern.
5. The company being a legal entity can sue and also be sued in its own name.
6. The continuity of the company and its functioning-is not effected by the death,
disability or retirement of any of its members. The company continues to exist,
irrespective of change in its membership. It is commonly referred to as "perpetual
succession"
7. Transfer of member's interest in the company can be readily attained without in any
way adversely affecting its property, business, or existence.
8. Transferability of the company's shares provides an element of liquidity to the
investors in respect of their investment in the shares of the company and thus
facilitates increased investment in the company's funds without, in any way, adversely
affecting its economic stability.
9. The members of the company equitably share the profit by way of dividend and the
company's assets in the event of its winding up distributed in proportion of its capital
respectively contributed by them.
10. Shares of small denomination afford an opportunity to the small investors to invest
according to their capacity.
Disadvantages of Company
1. Formalities and expenses: Incorporation of Company is coupled with many complexes
and legal formalities. Even after the Company is incorporated, it has to comply with
the various legal provisions. Various documents and returns have to be filed with
various government agencies from time to time, which lead to heavy expenditure.
2. Corporate disclosure: Various corporate information has to be disclosed from time to
time to the members of the Company, hence no secrecy.
3. Separation of control from ownership: Members of the Company do not have the
control over the Company. Although they have interested in money and are the owner
of the Company but still they do not have active control over the Company.
4. Greater social responsibility: The Companies have the great impact on the society,
due to this reason the Companies are called to show greater social responsibility in
their working.
pg.1. 2
5. Greater tax burden: Tax burden in case of the Company is more than any other form
of business organisation. A Company is liable to pay tax without any minimum taxable
limit and it has to pay tax on its whole income in other words Basic exemption limit
for Companies is Nil.
6. Detailed winding-up procedure: The Act provides for a very detailed and lengthy
procedure to wind up the Company, which is more expensive and time consuming.
Body Corporate (or) Corporation (or) Corporation [Sec

2(11)]
Body corporate or corporation includes a company incorporated outside India, but
does not include-
i. A co-operative society registered under any law relating to co-operative societies;
and
ii. Any other body corporate (not being a company as defined in this Act), which the
CG may, by notification, specify in this behalf.
Body corporate includes a private company, public company, one person company, small
company, limited liability partnership, foreign company etc.
Note: A company is a body corporate but all bodies corporate need not be
a company
ILLEGAL ASSOCIATION
Sec 464 read with Rule 10 of Co. (Miscellaneous) Rules 2014
No association or partnership consisting of more than such number of persons as may be
prescribed (i.e. 100 as per the Sec 464 but 50 as per Rules, (Rules shall be prevailed
here) shall be formed for the purpose of carrying on any business that has for its object
the acquisition of gain by the association or partnership or by the Individual members
thereof, unless it is registered as a company under this Act or is formed under any other
law for the time being in force.
However the restrictions shall not apply to
➢ Hindu Undivided Family carrying any business OR

➢ An Association or Partnership formed by professionals who are governed by special
Acts.
pg.1. 3
LIABILITY OF MEMBERS
Every member of an illegal association is:
a) Personally liable for all liabilities incurred in carrying on the business of, or by, the
illegal association; and
b) Punishable with fine up to Rs.1,00,000/-
LIFTING OR PIERCING CORPORATE VEIL

A company is formed by the members and managed by the Board of Directors
with the assistance of officers and employees. On incorporation, law gives separate
legal entity to the company. Thus, a fiction is created by law by which the rights,
powers, duties, functions, liabilities and property of a company is differentiated
from the rights, powers, duties, functions, liabilities and property of the members,
Directors, officers and employees of the company. This fiction of law is called Veil
of Incorporation or Corporate Veil.
Or
“Lifting of Corporate Veil” means ignoring the separate legal entity of the company
and looking behind the company to identify the real persons who controls the
company.
Effect of Corporate Veil

The effect of this Corporate Veil is that only Company can be held liable for the
acts and defaults done in the name of the company, even though members,
Directors, officers or employees had acted on behalf of the company.
Lifting of Corporate Veil under Companies Act

Corporate veil can be ignored under:
A. Statutory provisions
B. Judicial Pronouncements
A. STATUTORY PROVISIONS UNDER WHICH CORPORATE VEIL IS

REMOVED.
1. Reduction of membership
2. Misrepresentation in Prospectus
3. Failure to refund Application money
pg.1. 4
4. Mis-description of Company’s name

5. Holding and Subsidiary
6. Fraudulent Conduct
7. Liability under other Statues
8. Ultra Vires Act
B. Lifting of Corporate Veil under Judicial interpretation

1. Protection of Revenue
Case Law Sir Dinshaw Maneckjee Petit
2. Determination of enemy character of the Company

Case Law Daimler Co. Ltd. Vs. Continental Tyre & Rubber Co. Ltd
3. Prevention of fraud
Case Law Gilford Motor Company vs. Horne
4. Avoidance of Welfare Legislation

Case Law Workmen of Associated Rubber Industry Ltd. Vs. Associated
Rubber Industry Ltd.
5. To punish for contempt of Court
6. Subsidiary to act as an agent.
pg.1. 5
Applicable Rules
Chapter Rules Forms

I Co. (specification of definition details) Rules 2014
II Co. (incorporation) Rules 2014 INC 1 (RUN) – INC
34
III Co. (prospectus & allotment of securities) rules PAS 1 – PAS 5
2014
III Co. (Issue of GDR) Rules 2014
IV Co. (Share capital & Debenture) Rules 2014 SH 1 – SH 15
RSC 1 – RSC 7
IV NCLT (procedure for reduction of share capital of
co.) Rules 2016
V Co. (acceptance of deposit) Rules 2014 DPT 1 – DPT 4
VI Co. (registration of charge) Rules 2014 CHG 1 – CHG 9
VII Co. (management & administration) Rules 2014 MGT 1 – MGT 15
VIII Co. (Declaration & payment of Dividend) Rules IEPF 1 – IEPF 6
2014
VIII IEPFA (appointment of chairperson & members
holding of meeting & provision for offices and
officers) Rules 2016
IX Co. (accounts) Rules 2014 AOC 1 – AOC 5
IX Co. (corporate social responsibility policy) Rules
2014
IX Co. (Indian Accounting Standard) Rules 2015
IX NFRA (composition & manner of selection of
chairperson & member) rules 2014
X Co. (audit and auditors) Rules 2014 ADT1 – ADT4
X Co. (cost records and audit) Rules 2014 CRA 1 – CRA 4
XI Co. (appointment and qualification of directors) DIR 2 – DIR 12
Rules 2014
XII Co. (meeting of board and its powers) Rules 2014 MBP1 – MBP 4
XIII Co. (appointment & remuneration of Managerial MR1 – MR3
person) Rules 2014
XIV Co. (inspection, Investigation & Inquiry) Rules
2014
pg.1. 6
XV Co. (compromise, arrangement &amalgamation ) CAA 1 – CAA15

Rules 2016
XVI Companies (winding up) rules 2014
XXI Co. (authorized to register) Rules 2014 URC1-URC2
XXII Co. (Registration of foreign co.) Rules 2014 FC1 – FC5
XXIV Co. (Registration offices and fees) Rules 2014 GNL1- GNL 4
XXIV Co. (filing of documents and forms in XBRL) Rules
2014
XXVI Nidhi Rules 2014 NDH 1 – NDH 3
XXVII NCLT (Salary, allowances & other terms and
conditions of services of president & other
members) Rules 2015
XXVII NCLAT (Salary, allowances & other terms and
conditions of services of president & other
members) Rules 2015
XXVII NCLT Rules 2016 NCLT 1 – NCLT 18
NCLAT 1 – NCLAT
9
XXVII Co. (transfer of pending proceedings) Rules 2016
XXVIII Co. (mediation and conciliation) Rules 2016 MDC 1 – MDC 2
XXIX Co. (Miscellaneous) Rules 2014 MSC1- MSC 5
Co. (adjudication & penalties) Rules 2014 ADJ
Draft rules of prevention of oppression and
mismanagement rules
Draft rules for registered valuer
Draft rules for removal of name from the register
of companies
Draft rules for rehabilitation and revival of sick
companies
Categories of Forms to be filed with ROC and other authorities of

MCA
Form Description
SPICE+ Application for Name Reservation and Incorporation of company
AGILE Application for GSTIN, ESIC, EPFO numbers.
CG 1 Form for filing application or documents with Central Govt.
pg.1. 7
INC 1 Application to Reserve of Unique Name

(RUN)
INC 3 OPC – Nominee consent form
INC 4 OPC – Change in member/ nominee
INC 5 OPC – Intimation of exceeding threshold
INC 6 OPC – application for conversion
INC-12 Application for grant of License under section 8
INC – 18 Application to regional director for conversion of sec 8 company into
company of any other kind
INC 20 Intimation to ROC of revocation/ surrender of license issued under sec
8
INC 21 Declaration prior to the commencement of business or exercising
borrowing power
INC 22 Notice of situation or change of situation of registered office
INC 22A Active Compliant Form “ACTIVE”
INC 23 Application to RD for approval to shift the Registered office from one
state to another state or from jurisdiction of one ROC to another ROC
within the same state.
INC 24 Application for approval of CG for change of name
INC 27 Conversion of public company into private company or private co. into
public company
INC 28 Notice of order to the court or any other competent authority
RD 1 Application to RD
RD 2 Form for filing application to CG (RD)
MSC 1 Application to ROC for obtaining the status of dormant company
MSC 4 Application for seeking status of active company
GNL 1 Application made to ROC
GNL 2 ROC document – schedule IV, Schedule II, MOA and AOA
GNL 3 Details of persons/ directors/ charged/ specified.
GNL 4 Addendum for rectification of defects or incompleteness.
FTE Application for striking off the name of company under the Fast track
exit mode
FC 2 Return of alteration in the documents filed for registration by foreign
company
FC 3 Annual accounts along with the list of all principal places of business in
India established by foreign company
Form 14 Form for intimating to ROC of conversion of the co. into LLP
pg.1. 8
CHG 1 Application for registration of creation, modification of charge (other

than those related to debentures)
CHG 4 Particulars for satisfaction of charge thereof
CHG 6 Notice of appointment or cessation for receiver or manager
CHG 8 Application to CG for extension of time for filling particulars of
registration of creation of creation / modification/ satisfaction of charge
Or
For rectification of omission or misstatement/ of any particular in
respect of creation/ modification / satisfaction of charge.
CHG 9 Application for registration of creation or modification of charge for
debentures or rectification of particulars filed in respect of creation or
modification o charge for debentures
SH 7 Consolidation, diversion, increases in share capital or members.
SH 8 Letter of offer
SH 9 Declaration of Solvency
SH 11 Return in respect of buy back of securities
DIR 3 Application for allotment of director identification number
DIR 3 Application for Active DIN of Directors.
KYC Web
DIR-3C Intimation of Director Identification Number by the company to the Registrar
DIN services
DIR 5 Application for surrender of DIN
DIR 6 Intimation of change in particulars of directors to be given to the CG
DIR-9 A Report by a company to ROC for intimating the disqualification of the
director
DIR 10 Application for removal of disqualification of director
DIR 11 Notice of resignation of a director to the ROC
DIR 12 Particulars of appointment of directors and the KMP and the changes
among them
URC 1 Application by company for registration u/s 366
FC 1 Information to be filed by foreign company
FC-2 Return of alteration in the documents filed for registration by foreign
company
FC 3 Annual accounts along with the list of all principal places of business in India
established by foreign company
FC 4 Annual Return of a foreign company
1 INV Statement of amounts credited to IEPF a/c
PAS 2 Information Memorandum
pg.1. 9
PAS 3 Return of allotment

PAS 4 Private Placement Offer Letter
MGT 3 Notice of situation or change of situation or discontinuation of situation of
place where foreign register shall be kept
MGT 6 Persons not holding beneficial interest in shares
MGT 7 Form for filing annual return by a company
MGT 14 Filing of resolution and agreements to ROC
MGT 15 Form for filing Report on Annual General Meeting
MGT 10 Changes in shareholding position of promoters and top ten shareholders
AOC 5 Notice of address at which books of account are maintained
MR 1 Return of appointment of MD or WTD or Manager
MR 2 Form of application to the CG for approval of appointment or re
appointment and remuneration or increase in remuneration or waiver for
excess or over payment to MD or WTD or Manager and commission or
remuneration to directors.
MSC-1 Application to Registrar for obtaining the status of dormant company
MSC 3 Return of dormant companies
MSC-4 Application for seeking status of active company
ADT-1 Information to the Registrar by Company for appointment of Auditor
ADT 2 Application for removal of auditor(s) from his/their office before expiry of
term
ADT-3 Notice of Resignation by the Auditor
5 INV Statement of unclaimed and unpaid amounts
DPT 1 Circular or circular in the form of advertisement inviting deposits
DPT-3 Return of deposits
DPT-4 Statement regarding deposits existing on the commencement of the Act
22 Statutory report
CRA 2 Form of intimation of appointment of cost auditor by the company to
Central Government.
CRA-4 Form for filing Cost Audit Report with the Central Government.
I- XBRL Form for filing XBRL document in respect of cost audit report and other
document with the CG
A-XBRL Form for filing XBRL document in respect of compliance report and
other documents with the CG
35A Information to be furnished in relation to any offer of a scheme or
contract involving the transfer of shares or any class of shares in the
transferor company to the transferee company
ICP Investor Complaint Form
pg.1. 10
Form for filing complaint against the company

ADJ Memorandum of appeal
SCP SERIOUS COMPLAINT FORM
AOC 4 Form for filing XBRL document in respect of financial statement and other
(XBRL) documents with the Registrar
AOC 4 Form for filing financial statement and other documents with the Registrar
AOC 4 Form for filing consolidated financial statements and other documents with
(CFS) the Registrar
Refund Application for requesting refund of fees paid.

23C Form of application to the Central Government for appointment of cost
auditor.
23D Information by cost auditor to Central Government
23AC Form for filing XBRL document in respect of balance sheet and other
documents with the Registrar.
23 ACA Form for filing XBRL document in respect of Profit and Loss account and
other documents with the Registrar.
20B Filing annual return by a company having a share capital with the Registrar.
21A Particulars of annual return for the company not having share capital
66 Form for submission of compliance certificate with the Registrar
NDH 1 Return of Statutory Compliances
NDH 2 Application for extension of Time
NDH 3 Half Yearly Return
Schedules
Schedule Formant of MOA and AOA

1
Schedule Useful life to compute depreciation
2
Schedule General instruction for preparation of balance sheet and statement of
3 profit and loss of a company
Schedule Code for independent directors
4
Schedule Conditions to be fulfilled for the appointment of a MD, WTD or a
5 Manager without the approval of the central Govt.
Schedule Infrastructural projects or infrastructural facilities
6
pg.1. 11
Schedule Activities which may be included in CSR policy.

7
pg.1. 12
CS Praveen Choudhary General Meetings
General Meetings
Ram Ban –
Sec 96 to Sec 122 of Companies Act 2013
Companies (Management and Administration) Rules 2014
Requisites of Valid General

Meeting
1) Properly called
2) Properly conveyed
3) Properly conducted
MEANING OF MEETING:
There must be at least 2 persons to constitute a meeting. Therefore, one shareholder usually cannot
constitute a company meeting even if he holds proxies for other shareholders subject to certain
exceptions.
Type of share-holders meeting or General Meeting

1) Annual General Meeting
2) Extra ordinary General Meeting (EOGM/EGM)
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (Sec 96):
Annual General Meeting is a regular meeting of the members of the company held annually for
the purpose of transacting mainly ordinary business of the company.
Every company other than a OPC shall in each year hold in addition to any other meetings, a
general meeting as its general meeting and shall specify the meeting as such in the notices
calling it.
Time for 1. The 1st AGM can be held within 9 months from the closing of FY.
holding GM 2. For subsequent AGM’s there are 2 requirements:
i. Company must hold AGM every year.
ii. The gap between 2 AGM’s cannot be more than 15 months.
3. AGM must not be held later than 6 months from the date of closing
of FY.
The notice should state the place where the general meeting is scheduled to be
Place of GM held.
place -
i. Registered Office or
ii. Some other place within the City, town or village in which the registered
office of the company is situated.
Day of GM Day - one that is not a National Holiday (26th Jan, 15th Aug, 2nd Oct)
Time of GM An annual general meeting can be called during business hours only ( between
9 a.m. to 6 p.m.)
Extra Ordinary General Meeting sec 100

The BOD may, whenever it deems fit, call an EGM of the co. and such EGM shall be held
at a place within India only.
Exception: WOS incorporated outside India.
Such EGM can be called by BOD or can also be called on requisition of members.
Notice of GM Sec 101

A meeting cannot be validly held unless a proper notice of it has been given. 3 things in connection
with the notice have to be considered namely: -
i. Length of notice;
ii. Entitlement of notice and
iii. What should be its contents
Length of Notice (Sec101(1))

Not less than clear 21 days’ notice in writing.
However, a company may, by its AOA, provide a longer period.
Provided that a GM may be called after giving shorter notice, if consent, in writing or by E-mode,
is accorded thereto—
i) in the case of an AGM, by not less than 95% of the members entitled to vote thereat; and
ii) in the case of any other GM, by members of the company —
a) If the company has a share capital, holding majority in number of members entitled to vote
and who represent not less than 95%. of such part of the PSC of the company as gives a right
to vote at the meeting; or
b) If the company has no share capital, having not less than 95% of the total voting power
exercisable at that meeting:
Entitlement of Notice [Section 101 (3)]

Notice of every general meeting of the company shall be given
i. To every member of the company;
ii. To the persons (legal representative or receiver) entitled to share in consequence of the death
or insolvency of a member;
iii. To the auditor or auditors for the time being of the company;
iv. To every director of company
Note: Preference shareholders are also entitled to notice.
Contents of the Notice [Section 101 (2)]

Every notice of the meeting of a company shall specify the
i. Place
ii. Day
iii. Date and
iv. Hour of the meeting
v. Business to be transacted (ordinary or special)
Special Business means all business except the following ordinary business -
• The consideration of the account, balance sheet and the reports of the board of directors and
auditors.
• The declaration of dividend.
• The appointment of directors in the places of those retiring.
• The appointment of and the fixing of remuneration of the auditors.
Explanatory Statement to be annexed to Notice [Section 102]

In case of special business items to be transacted at a general meeting, a statement setting out the
following material facts, shall be annexed to the notice calling the meeting:
Material facts to be given in the explanatory statement

The nature of concern or interest, financial or otherwise, if any, in respect of each item of:
• Every director and the manager, if any;
• Every other KMP; and
• Relatives of above persons;
Penalty
If any default is made in complying with the provisions of this section, every promoter, director,
manager or other key managerial personnel who is in default shall be punishable with penalty which
may extend to Rs. 50,000 or five times the amount of benefit accruing to the promoter, director,
manager or other KMP or any of his relatives, whichever is more.
Quorum of General Meeting Sec 103
Quorum Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be personally

present at a general meeting of the company to validly transact any business.
Main For various categories of companies.

Provisions (Sec a) In the case of public company:
103) A. 5 members if the number of members not more than 1000;
B. 15 members if the number of members more than 1000 but up to
5000;
C. 30 members if the number of members exceeds 5000.
b) In case of Private company:
2 members personally present, shall be the quorum for a meeting of the
company.
Note: AOA may provide for larger number of quorum
Important to note:
1. Presence of preference shareholders shall not be count for quorum.
2. Legal Representative in the general meeting shall be considered for quorum.
3. Joint shareholders will be regarded as one member for the purpose of quorum.
Consequences of absence of quorum

If within half an hour from the time appointed or holding a meeting of the company, a quorum
is not present, the meeting, if called up on the requisition of members, shall stand dissolved. In
any other case, the meeting shall stand adjourned to the same day in the next week, at the same
time and place, or to such other day and at such other time and place, as the Board may
determine.
Adjourned meeting
In case of an adjourned meeting or of a change of day, time or place of meeting, the company
shall give not less than 3 days’ notice to the members either individually or by publishing
an advertisement in the newspapers (one in English and one in vernacular language) which is
in circulation at the place where the registered office of the company is situated. If at the
adjourned meeting also, a quorum is not present within half-an-hour from the time appointed for
holding meeting, the members present shall be the quorum subject to the minimum 2.
Chairman of Meeting [Sec 104]
Appointment Table F
of Chairman Regulation 45:
under Articles Chairman, if any, of the Board.
Regulation 46:
If no Chairman or he is not present within 15 minutes or is unwilling to
act as Chairman, the directors present shall elect one among themselves
Regulation 47
If in any meeting, no director is willing to act as chairman or if no director is
present within 15 minutes after the appointed time of the meeting, the
members present should choose one among themselves to be chairman of
the meeting.
Appointment If the AOA of a company do not contain any provision for the appointment of
u/s 104 chairman, such appointments shall be made by the members personally
present at the meeting who shall elect one of themselves to be the chairman
thereof on a show of hands. If a poll is demanded on the election of the
Chairman, it shall be taken immediately. If some other person is elected as
a result of poll, he shall be the Chairman for the rest of the meeting
Appointment Where the NCLT u/s 97 or 98 directs the calling of general meeting of a
of Chairman company, it may give directions regarding it's calling holding and
by NCLT conducting. It may appoint any person as its Chairman.
Position and He has to carry out the following duties:
responsibility • With the permission of chairman, each item of business will be moved for the
of Chairman consideration of the members.
• He will give enough time to members to discuss and express their opinion and
views on each of the proposal under consideration.
• He has powers to close the discussion if sufficient time has been spent.
• He has the powers to admit or reject an amendment to a resolution.

• Where there is a serious disorder, he has an inherent power to adjourn the
meeting. However, he cannot arbitrarily close or adjourn a meeting.
• He shall arrange for voting on every resolution and declare the result.
If the AOA give authority to the chairman to exercise a casting vote, he can cast
a second vote in case of a tie as he consider appropriate.
Declaration of A declaration by the chairman that on a show of hands, a resolution has or has
result by the not been carried unanimously or by a particular majority and an entry to that
Chairman effect set in the minutes book, shall be conclusive evidence of the fact without
proof of the number or proportion of the votes cast in favour of or against the
resolution.
Discretion of The chairman has the power to exclude from the minutes any matter, which, in
chairman for his opinion-
recording ➢ Is regarded as defamatory of any person;
proceedings of ➢ Is irrelevant or immaterial to the proceeding or
the meeting ➢ Is detrimental to the interest of the company.
Proxies [Sec 105]

Meaning
The word "proxy" has 2 different meanings.
i. Firstly it means the agent appointed by the member of a company to attend and vote on his
behalf at a meeting of members, and
ii. Secondly, it means the document by which such an agent is appointed.
The relation between the member appointing proxy and the proxy so appointed is that of principal
and agent and thus this relationship is governed by the relevant provisions of Indian Contract Act,
1872.
Who has right to appoint proxy

In the case of a company, having a share capital every members of the company who is entitled to
attend and vote at the meeting can appoint a proxy. In the case of a company not having share
capital, this right is available only if the AOA make a specific provision for it. A proxy need not to
be member of the company.
Generally, the preference shareholders are not entitled to appoint a proxy as they are not entitled to
vote at the meeting.
Notice for GM should mention right to appoint proxy

In every notice calling a general meeting of the company, there should appear with reasonable
prominence a statement that a member, entitled to attend and vote, is entitled to appoint a proxy to
attend and vote instead of himself and a proxy need not be a member of the company.
In case of default, every officer in default, shall be punishable with fine, which may extend to
Rs.5,000/-.
The note may be given in the following manner:

"MEMBERS ENTITLED TO ATTEND AND VOTE MAY APPOINT ONE OR MORE PROXIES TO ATTEND
AND VOTE INSTEAD OF THEMSELVES AND A PROXY NEED NOT BE A MEMBER. PROXIES TO BE
VALID MUST BE RECEIVED AT THE REGISTERED OFFICE OF THE COMPANY NOT LESS THAN
FORTY- EIGHT HOURS BEFORE THE APPOINTED TIME OF THE MEETING:’’
Maximum Number of proxies to be held by an individual

The member of a public company can appoint more than one proxy. This will be possible only
if he is entitled to cast more than 1(one) vote. A member of a private company cannot appoint
more than one proxy to attend on the same occasion.
A person appointed as proxy shall not act as proxy on behalf of more than 50 members and members
holding in the aggregate more than 10% of the total share capital of the company carrying voting
rights.
Who can appoint proxy for the General Meeting?

1. Members of a company having a share capital.
2. Members of a company not having a share capital, if AOA provides so.
3. Representatives of body corporate appointed u/s 113.
4. Representatives of the President and the Governors of the State appointed u/s112.
5. Power of Attorney holder of a member may vote by proxy, if authorised by such power of
attorney.
Note: A member of Sec 8 Company i.e. NPC shall not be entitled to appoint any other person as proxy unless
such other person is also a member of such company.
Who cannot appoint proxy for a meeting?

The following persons cannot appoint proxy to attend a general meeting of the company:-
1. A proxy cannot appoint a proxy.
2. A member of a company not having a share capital cannot appoint a proxy if the AOA does
not authorise.
3. Members of an independent private company unless the AOA provide otherwise.
Only individual can be appointed as a proxy

A proxy may be signed by the following persons:
i. In the case of joint holders, all of them;
ii. By the individual sole member of a company;
iii. Power of attorney holder of a member of a company;
iv. Authorised representative of a body corporate;
v. By receivers/liquidators and/ or executors of a member
Limitations of proxy
1. A proxy has no right to speak at the meeting.
2. A proxy shall not be entitled to vote except on poll.
3. He cannot take part in any discussion.
4. A proxy is not counted for quorum.
5. A proxy cannot inspect the proxies list with the company and the minute’s book of the GM.
Period for deposit of proxy:

A proxy instrument should be deposited at registered office at least 48 hours before the time
fixed for a meeting. Any provision contained in the AOA, requiring a longer period than48 hours
shall have effect as if a period of 48 hours had been specified.
Note: Sunday shall form part of 48 hours.
Requirements of instrument of proxy

The instrument appointing a proxy must be in Form no. MGT11 as per Rule 19(3).
It should be in writing and be signed by the appointer or on his behalf.
A proxy must put revenue stamp of appropriate value and stamp should be cancelled either by
signature or by some other means.
Canvassing for appointment of Proxy Sec 105(5):

In the case of default, every officer who knowingly issued the invitation shall be punishable with
fine, which may extent to Rs.1, 00,000/-.
Revocation of proxies:
A proxy can be revoked in any of the following ways:-
i. By deposit of a new proxy within the time stipulated for deposit of proxies;
ii. By the member himself attending and voting before the proxy has voted; and
iii. By the death or insanity of the appointer or by revocation of proxy or transfer of shares by
the appointer
Provided that the company has received intimation in writing of such death, insanity, revocation or
transfer before the commencement of the meeting.
Voting by Show of Hands [Section 107]

At any general meeting, a resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall in the first instance be
decided on a show of hands, unless a poll is demanded before or immediately on declaration by
Chairman.
Methods of Voting
VOTING THROUGH ELECTRONIC MEANS :( SECTION 108)

➢ Every listed company OR
➢ A company having 1,000 or more shareholders
May provide to its members, facility to exercise their right to vote at general meetings by electronic
means.
A member may exercise his right to vote at any GM by electronic means and company may pass any
resolution by electronic voting system.
Procedure for E-Voting:

i. The notices of the meeting shall be sent to all the members/auditors.
ii. The notice of the meeting shall clearly mention that the business may be transacted through E
voting system and the company is providing facility for voting by electronic means.
iii. The company shall cause an advertisement to be published, not less than 5 days before the date
of beginning of the voting period,
iv. E-voting shall remain open for not less than 1 day and not more than 3 days.
Provided that in all such cases, such voting period shall be completed 3 days prior to the date of
the general meeting;
v. During the e-voting period, shareholders of the company, holding shares either in physical form
or in dematerialized form, as on the record date, may cast their vote electronically. Provided that
once the vote on a resolution is cast by the shareholder, he shall not be allowed to change it
subsequently.
vi. At the end of the voting period, the portal where votes are cast shall forthwith be blocked.
vii. The BOD shall appoint one scrutinizer who can be assisted by 2 other persons.
viii. The scrutinizer shall, within 3 working days from the date of conclusion of e-voting period,
unblock the votes in the presence of at least 2 witnesses not in the employment of the company
and make a scrutinizer's report of the votes cast in favour or against, if any, forthwith to the
Chairman.
ix. The scrutinizer shall maintain a register either manually or electronically to record the assent or
dissent, received, mentioning the particulars of name, address, folio number or client ID of the
shareholders, number of shares held by them, nominal value of such shares and whether the
shares have differential voting rights.
x. The register and all other papers relating to electronic voting shall remain in the safe custody of
the scrutinizer until the chairman considers, approves and signs the minutes. Thereafter, the
scrutinizer shall return the register and other related papers to the company.
xi. The results declared along with the scrutinizer's report shall be placed on the website of the
company and on the website of the agency within 2 days of passing of the resolution at the
relevant general meeting of members.
Subject to receipt of sufficient votes, the resolution shall be deemed to be passed on the date of the
relevant general meeting of members.
Demand for Poll [Section 109]:

A poll can be demanded at any time before or after the declaration of the result on the voting of any
resolution by show of hands.
A poll can be demanded by any of the following persons
➢ Chairman himself;
➢ Members and proxies.
The Chairman shall order a poll to be taken, if any demand is made in this behalf:-
➢ in the case of a company having a share capital, by any member or members present in person
or by proxy and holding shares in the company-
➢ Which confer a power to the vote on the resolution not being less than 1/10thof the total
voting power in respect of the resolution; OR
➢ Holding shares on which an aggregate sum of at least Rs.5, 00,000 has been paid up.
➢ in the case of any other company, by any member or members present in person or by proxy
and having not less than 1/10thof the total voting power in respect of the resolution.
The demand for a poll may be withdrawn at any time by the person or persons who made the
demand.
Procedure for conduct of poll:

As per Rule 21(1) of the Companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014 provides
that the chairman of a meeting shall ensure that -
➢ The Scrutinizers are provided with the Register of Members, specimen signatures of the
members, Attendance Register and Register of Proxies.
➢ The Scrutinizers are provided with all the documents received by the Company.
➢ The Scrutinizers initial the Polling papers and distribute them to the members and proxies present
at the meeting. In case of joint shareholders, the polling paper shall be given to the first named
holder or in his absence to the joint holder attending the meeting as appearing in the
chronological order in the folio. The Polling paper shall be in Form No. MGT.12.
➢ The Scrutinizers keep a record of the polling papers issued.
➢ The Scrutinizers lock and seal an empty polling box in the presence of the members and
proxies.
➢ The Scrutinizers open the Polling box in the presence of two persons as witnesses after the
voting process is over.
➢ In case of ambiguity about the validity of a proxy, the Scrutinizers decide the validity in
consultation with the Chairman.
➢ The Scrutinizers shall ensure that if a member who has appointed a proxy has voted in person,
the proxy's vote shall be disregarded.
➢ The Scrutinizers count the votes cast on poll and prepare a report thereon addressed to the
Chairman.
➢ Where voting is conducted by electronic means, the company shall provide all the necessary
support, technical and otherwise, to the Scrutinizers in orderly conduct of the voting and counting
the result thereof.
➢ The Scrutinizers' report state total votes cast, valid votes, votes in favour and against the
resolution including the details of invalid polling papers and votes comprised therein.
➢ The Scrutinizers submit the Report to the Chairman who shall counter-sign the same.
➢ The Chairman declare the result of Voting on poll. The result may either be announced by him
or a person authorized by him in writing.
i. The Scrutinizer/s Appointed for the poll, shall submit a report to the Chairman of the meeting in
Form No. MGT No. 13. The report shall be signed by the scrutinizer / all the scrutinizers, in
case there is more than one scrutinizer, and be submitted by them to the Chairman of the meeting
within 7 days from the date the poll is taken.
ADJOURNMENT OF MEETING:
Meaning
Adjournment means suspending a meeting after it has been duly commenced to be resumed at a later
date and time fixed in that meeting itself at the time of adjournment or to be decided later on.
Methods
A meeting may be adjourned in anyone of the following ways:-
ii. By passing a resolution at the meeting;
iii. By the act of chairman;
iv. By lack of quo
v. rum at the meeting.
By passing a resolution at the meeting: According to common law, the power to adjourn a meeting
lies in the hands of those constituting it.
By the act of Chairman: In case of disorder, etc. at the meeting, the Chairman is authorized to
adjourn the meeting for a short period say an hour or so with a view to restore the order.
By lack of quorum at the meeting: If within half an hour from the time appointed for holding a
meeting of the company, a quorum is not present, the meeting (other than called upon at the request
of the members) shall adjourned to the same day in the next week, at the same time and place, or to
such other day and at such other time and place as the Board may determine.
No business shall be transacted at an adjourned meeting other than the business left uncompleted of
the meeting at which the adjournment took place.
Postponement of a Meeting
Postponement of a meeting implies putting off commencement of the properly convened meeting.
Such postponement takes place before the time fixed for the commencement of the meeting. On
many occasions, it becomes necessary not to have the scheduled meeting for which a notice has
already been issued. This may be for various reasons, which are beyond the control of management.
However postponement of a general meeting must be exercised objectively on valid and cogent
grounds and a decision to do so must be bona fide.
Where there is a change of day, time and place of meeting, the company is required to give not less
than 3 days’ notice to the members, either individually or by publishing an advertisement in the
newspapers (English &Vernacular) in the state of registered office of company.
Cancellation of a meeting:
Cancellation of a meeting refers to the situation where meeting no longer exists as such. Its
proceedings are not merely suspended but exhausted.
Passing of Resolution by Postal Ballot [Section 110]

Rule 22(16) of the Companies (Management and Administration), Rules, 2014, provides as
under with regard to conducting business through postal ballot.
➢ Alteration in the Object Clause of MOA.
➢ Alteration of AOA in relation to insertion of provisions which, u/s 2(68), are required to be
included in the AOA of a company in order to constitute it a private company;
➢ Buy-Back of own shares by the company u/s 68(5).
➢ Issue of shares with differential rights as to voting dividend or otherwise u/s 43(a) (ii).
➢ Change in place of Registered office outside local limits of any city, town or village as specified
u/ s 12(5)
➢ Sale of whole or substantially the whole of undertaking of a company as specified.
➢ Giving loans or extending guarantee or providing securities in excess of the limit prescribed u/s
186(3).
➢ Election of Director' u/s 151 of the act.

➢ Variation of rights attached to a class of shares or debentures or other securities as specified u/s
48.
➢ Section 110(1)(b) further provides that a company may pass any item of business, other than
ordinary business and any business in respect of which director or auditors have a right to be
heard
Proviso to Rule 22 of the Companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014 provides that
OPC and other companies having members up to 200 are not required to transact any business
through postal ballot.
Procedure
(1) Company shall send a notice to all the shareholders, along with a draft resolution explaining the
reasons there for and requesting them to send their assent or dissent in writing on a postal ballot
or by electronic means within 30 days from the date of dispatch of the notice.
(2) An advertisement shall be published at least once in a vernacular newspaper in the principal
vernacular language of the district in which the registered office of the company is situated, and
having a wide circulation in that district, and at least once in English language in an English
newspaper having a wide circulation in that district, about having dispatched the ballot papers
and specifying therein, inter alia, the following matters:
(3) The BOD shall appoint one scrutinizer.
(4) The scrutinizer shall be willing to be appointed and be available for the purpose of ascertaining
the requisite majority.
(5) If a resolution is assented to by the requisite majority of the shareholders by means of postal
ballot including voting by electronic means, it shall be deemed to have been duly passed at a
general meeting convened in that behalf.
(6) Postal ballot received back from the shareholders shall be kept in the safe custody of the
scrutinizer. After the receipt of assent or dissent of the shareholder in writing on a postal ballot,
no person shall deface or destroy the ballot paper or declare the identity of the shareholder.
(7) The scrutinizer shall submit his report as soon as possible after the last date of receipt of postal
ballots but not later than 7 days thereof;
(8) The Scrutinizer's Report must be addressed to the Chairman and should contain details of the
complete process of scrutiny.
(9) The postal ballot and all other papers relating to postal ballot including voting by electronic
means, shall be under the safe custody of the scrutinizer till the chairman considers, approves and
signs the minutes. Thereafter, the scrutinizer shall return the ballot papers and other related
papers/register to the company who shall preserve such ballot papers and other related
papers/register safely;
(10) The assent or dissent received after thirty days from the date of issue of notice shall be treated as
if reply from the member has not been received;
(11) The results shall be declared by placing it, along with the scrutinizer's report, on the website of
the company;
(12) The resolution shall be deemed to be passed on the date of declaration of its result;
(13) The provisions regarding voting by electronic means shall apply, as far as applicable, mutatis
mutandis in respect of the voting by Postal ballot.
Circulation of Member’s Resolution [Sec 111]

Section 111 enables members to avail of the administrative machinery of the Company to put
resolutions at their expense, in the AGM and make other members aware of the purpose behind
submission of such resolutions. In the case of a company having a share capital, such number of
members who hold, on the date of the receipt of the requisition, not less than 1/10thof such PSC of
the company as on that date carries the right of voting;
In the case of a company not having a share capital, such number of members who have, on the date
of receipt of the requisition, not less than 1/10thof the total voting power of all the members having
on the said date a right to vote.
Circumstances in which a company is not required to circulate Members'

Resolution
A company shall not be bound to give notice of any resolution or to circulate any statement unless:
A. A copy of the requisition signed by the requisitionists is deposited at the registered office of the
company -
i. in the case of requisition requiring notice of resolution not less than 6 weeks before the
meeting;
ii. in the case of any other requisition, not less than 2 weeks before the meeting; and
B. This is deposited or tendered with the requisition a sum reasonably sufficient to meet the
company's expenses in giving effect thereto:
Provided that if, after a copy of a requisition requiring notice of a resolution has been deposited at
the registered office of the company, an AGM is called for a date 6 weeks or less after the copy has
been deposited, the copy although not deposited within the time required by this sub-section, shall be
deemed to have been properly deposited for the purposes thereof.
Penalty
The company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be liable to a penalty of Rs.
25,000.
Resolutions [Sec 114 to 18]

The term 'resolution' has not been defined in the Companies Act, 2013. Taking the dictionary
meaning, which should therefore hold good, resolution means a formal decision of the meeting. A
motion when decided at a meeting becomes a resolution.
Motion Vs. Resolution:

“Motions" and “Resolutions” are the terms generally used interchangeably but are different. The
submission of Proposal for discussion is Motion whereas adoption of decision is by the mean of
resolution.
➢ A motion is a proposal and a resolution is the adoption of such motion duly made.
➢ A motion becomes a resolution only after the requisite majority decides on it.
➢ A motion should be in writing and signed by the mover and put to the vote at the meeting by the
chairman.
In case of GM, only such motions are proposed which are covered by the agenda.
Types of Resolutions [Section 114]

The resolutions passed at a GM of a company can be of 2 types, namely:
➢ Ordinary Resolution and
➢ Special Resolution
Resolution requiring Special Notice [Section 115]

Section 115 provides that where, by any provision contained in this Act or in the AOA of a
company, special notice is required of any resolution, notice of the intention to move such resolution
shall be given to the company by such number of members holding not less than 1 % of total voting
power or holding shares on which such aggregate sum not exceeding Rs.5,00,000/ - as may be
prescribed has been paid-up and the company shall give its members notice of the resolution in the
following manner as prescribed in Rules.
CS Praveen Choudhary Prospectus and Allotment
Prospectus and Allotment
INTRODUCTION
Section 23 provides the methods of issue of securities by a public company
and a private company.
A. Public company may issue securities in the following modes:

1. Public Offer:
2. Private Placement:
3. Right or Bonus Issue:
B. A private company may issue securities in the following modes:
1. Private placement;
2. Rights or bonus issue.
Basic concepts and Provisions of Prospectus
Definition: Sec 2(70)
"Any document described or issued as a prospectus and includes a red herring
prospectus, shelf prospectus or any notice, circular, advertisement or other
document inviting offers from the public for the subscription or purchase of
any securities of a body corporate".
Ingredients of Prospectus:
a) There must be an invitation offering to the public; (General Public)
b) The invitation must be made "by or on behalf of the company or in relation
to an intended company";
c) The invitation must be "to subscribe or purchase";
d) The invitation must relate to shares or debentures or such other
instrument.
Note: Prospectus is Invitation to make offer
Case law Immugan Vs. Ranga Ram

In essence, it means that a prospectus is an invitation issued to the public
to offer for purchase / subscribe shares or debentures of the company.
Case law Nash Vs. Lande

But to be a prospectus, it must be 'issued to the public. A single private
communication does not satisfy the term "issue".
When prospectus is not required to be issued:

1. When shares/debentures are issued to existing shareholders /debenture
holders.
2. When issue relates to shares or debentures uniform in all respect with in or
quoted in a RSE.
3. When person is bonafide invitee to enter an underwriting agreement.
4. Where shares are not offered to public.
Abridged Prospectus Section 2(1)

A memorandum containing such salient features of the prospectus as may be
specified by SEBI by making regulation in this behalf.
Section 33➔ No application forms can be issued by a company inviting subscription

for any securities unless it is accompanied by an 'abridged prospectus'.
Exceptions:
a) application to the existing security holders of the company, by way of Rights
Issue;
b) Form to Underwriters; and
c) shares not offered to the public (private placement cases).
Shelf Prospectus [Section 31]

Meaning: A prospectus in respect of which the securities or class of securities
included therein are issued for subscription in one or more issues over a certain
period without the issue of a further prospectus.
A company filing a shelf prospectus, however, is also required to file

information memorandum containing all material facts of new charges created,

and changes in financial position of the company with the Registrar which
occurred within 1 month prior to the issue of a 2nd or subsequent offer under
shelf prospectus.
Red Herring Prospectus [Section 32]

A company can issue red-herring prospectus prior to issue of a prospectus. The
expression “red-herring prospectus” means a prospectus which does not include
complete particulars of the quantum or price of the securities included therein.
A company proposing to issue a red herring prospectus shall file the same with
the ROC at least 3 days prior to the opening of the subscription list and the
offer. Upon the closing of the offer of securities, the company is required to
file with the ROC of Companies and the SEBI, prospectus stating therein the
total capital raised, and the closing price of the securities and any other
details as are not included in the red herring prospectus.
Remedies for Misrepresentation in the Prospectus
(a) Remedies against the Company

➢ The 1stremedy against the company is to rescind the contract.
➢ The 2nd remedy against the company is to sue the company for damages for
deceit.
(b) Remedies against Directors/ Promoters/Expert

Where a mis-statement or untrue statement occurs in a prospectus, there
may arise civil as well criminal liability for the directors, promoters, expert,
etc.
Section 447 ➔ Penalty for fraud

If the fraud involves an amount less than Rs. 10 lakh or less than 1% of T.O.
of the co, (w.i.l) and does not involve public interest → imprisonment up-to 5
years OR with Fine up-to Rs. 20 Lakhs OR with both.
If fraud involve an amount of at least Rs. 10 Lakh or 1% of the T.O. of the
company (w.i.l)→Imprisonment →Minimum 6 months up-to 10 yrs. AND Fine

→Minimum Amt involved in the fraud, up to 3 times the amount involved in
the fraud.
If fraud involves public interest ➔ the term of imprisonment → Minimum 3

years and Maximum 10 years.
Civil Liability for Mis-statement in Prospectus

Section 35 makes the following persons liable to pay compensation for loss or
damage sustained by reason of mis-statement/untrue statement or inclusion or
omission of any matter in the prospectus:
1. Director of company;
2. Proposed Directors;
3. Promoter
4. Every person who has authorized the issue of the prospectus; and
5. Every person who is named in the prospectus as an expert.
Case law Peek Vs. Gurney

A subsequent purchase of shares in the open market has no remedy against
the company or the directors or promoters.
Punishment for Impersonation [Section 38]

This section provides punishment for those persons who apply in fictitious
name or make multiple applications in different names or different combination
of surnames or otherwise induces companies to allot shares in fictitious name.
Such persons will be held guilty of fraud u/s 447, an offence which is non-
compoundable.
Allotment of securities
General Principles Regarding Allotment

1. The allotment should be made by proper authority i.e., BOD, or an
authorised committee. Otherwise it will be invalid.
2. Allotment must be made within a reasonable time.

3. The allotment should be absolute and unconditional.
4. The allotment must be communicated. Posting of letter of allotment will be
taken as a valid communication even if the letter is lost in transit or delayed
in transit.
Statutory Provisions Regarding Allotment [Sections 39 & 40]

The Companies Act, 2013 lays down the following conditions to be fulfilled
before a company proceeds to allot securities:
1. Application Money:
2. Minimum Subscription:
3. Listing Permission:
Return of Allotment (Sec 39)

Within 30 days of the allotment of securities, a company must send to the
ROC, a report in e-Form No. PAS.3, containing the following particulars/
documents:
1. A list of allottees stating their names, address, occupation and number of
securities allotted to each of the allottees.
2. Contracts in writing, under which securities have been allotted for any
consideration other than cash, must be produced for examination of the
ROC.
3. Where bonus securities have been allotted, a copy of the resolution of the
shareholders.
UNDEWRITING COMMISSION (Sec 40)

The conditions, which must be fulfilled for the payment of underwriting
commission, are as follows:
a) The payment of the commission must be authorized by the AOA of the
company.
b) The rate of the commission must not exceed 5% of the price at which the
securities have been issued or any lesser amount prescribed by articles. In
the case of debentures, the rate of the commission must not exceed 2.5%
or any lesser amount prescribed by articles;

c) Underwriting commission shall not be paid on those securities which are
not offered to the public for subscription;
d) Commission may be paid out of the proceeds of issue or profits of the
company or both;
e) The name of the underwriter and rate of commission must be disclosed
in the prospectus;
f) The prospectus should also indicate the number of securities or
debentures which have been underwritten; and
g) A copy of underwriting agreement should be delivered to the Registrar
along with the prospectus.
Private Placement (Sec 42)

1. A company may, subject to the provisions of this section, make a private
placement of securities.
2. A private placement shall be made only to a select group of persons who have
been identified by the Board whose number shall not exceed 50 or such higher
number as may be prescribed [excluding the QIB and employees being offered
securities under a scheme of ESOP], in a FY however the proposal has been
previously approved by the shareholders of the company, by a special resolution
for each of the offers or invitations.
3. A company making private placement shall issue private placement offer and
application in Form PAS 4 serially numbered and addressed specifically to the
person to whom the offer is made and shall be sent to him, either in writing or
in electronic mode, within 30 days of recording the name of such person.
Provided further that No other person shall be allowed to apply through such
application form and any application not conforming to this condition shall be
treated as invalid.
Provided that the private placement offer and application shall not carry any
right of renunciation.
4. Every identified person willing to subscribe to the private placement issue shall
apply in the private placement and application issued to such person along with
subscription money paid either by cheque or demand draft or other banking
channel and not by cash:

Provided that a company shall not utilize monies raised through private
placement unless allotment is made and the return of allotment is filed with the
ROC.
5. The payment to be made for subscription to securities shall be made from the
bank account of the person subscribing to such securities and the company shall
keep the record of the bank account from where such payment for subscription
has been received
Provided that monies payable on subscription to securities to be held by joint
holders shall be paid from the bank account of the person whose name appears
first in the application
Provided further that the provisions of this sub-rule shall not apply in case of
issue of shares for consideration other than cash.
6. No fresh offer or invitation under this section shall be made unless the
allotments with respect to any offer or invitation made earlier have been
completed or that offer or invitation has been withdrawn or abandoned by the
company:
Provided that, subject to the maximum number of identified persons, a company
may, at any time, make more than one issue of securities to such class of
identified persons as may be prescribed.
7. A company making an offer or invitation under this section shall allot its
securities within 60 days from the date of receipt of the application money for
such securities and if the company is not able to allot the securities within that
period, it shall repay the application money to the subscribers within 15 days
from the expiry of 60 days and if the company fails to repay the application
money within the aforesaid period, it shall be liable to repay that money with
interest at the rate of 12% p.a. from the expiry of the 60th day:
Provided that monies received on application under this section shall be kept in a
separate bank account in a scheduled bank and shall not be utilized for any
purpose other than—
a) For adjustment against allotment of securities; or
b) For the repayment of monies where the company is unable to allot securities.
8. No company issuing securities under this section shall release any public
advertisements or utilize any media, marketing or distribution channels or agents

to inform the public at large about such an issue.
9. A company making any allotment of securities under this section, shall file with
the ROC a return of allotment within 15 days from the date of the allotment
in PAS 3 + Fees, including a complete list of all allottees, with their full names,
addresses, number of securities allotted and such other relevant information as
may be prescribed.
10. If a company defaults in filing the return of allotment, the company, its
promoters and directors shall be liable to a penalty for each default of Rs.
1,000/- for each day during which such default continues but not exceeding Rs.
25 lakhs.
11. If a company makes an offer or accepts monies in contravention of this section,
the company, its promoters and directors shall be liable for a penalty which may
extend to the amount raised through the private placement or Rs. 2 Cr,
whichever is lower, and the company shall also refund all monies with interest to
subscribers within 30 days of the order imposing the penalty.
12. The company shall maintain a complete record of private placement offers in
Form PAS-5.
Issue of securities in Dematerialised Form (Rule 9A of PAS amendment

rules)
1. Every unlisted public co. shall issue securities only in demat form and facilitate
dematerialisation of all its existing securities as per depositories act 1996 and
regulations made thereunder.
2. Every unlisted public co. making any offer for issue of any securities or buyback
of securities or issue of bonus shares or right offer shall ensure that before
making such offer, entire holding of securities of its promoters, directors, KMP
has been dematerialised.
3. Every security holder of unlisted public co. –
a. Who intends to transfer such securities on or after 2nd Oct 2018, shall get
such securities dematerialised before the transfer. OR
b. Who subscribes to any securities of an unlisted public company (whether by
way of pvt. Placement or bonus shares or right offer) on or after 2 nd Oct,
2018 shall ensure that all his existing securities are held in Demat form
before such subscription.
4. Every unlisted public co. shall facilitate dematerialisation of all its existing
securities by making necessary application to a depository and shall secure
international security Identification Number (ISIN) for each type of security and
shall inform all its existing security holders about such facility.
5. Every Unlisted public company shall ensure that –
a. It makes timely payment of fees (admission as well as annual) to the
depository and RTA as per the agreement executed between parties;
b. It maintains security deposit, at all times, of not less than 2 years’ fees
with the depository and RTA, in such form as may be agreed between the
parties;
c. It complies with the regulations or directions or guidelines or circulars, if any,
issued by the SEBI or Depository from time to time with respect to
dematerialisation of shares of unlisted public companies and matters incidental
or related thereto;
6. No unlisted public company which has defaulted in sub rule 5 shall make offer to
any securities or buyback its securities or issue any bonus or right shares till the
payments to depositories or RTA are made.
7. The provisions of Depository act 1996, SEBI (Depositories and partcipants)
Regulations, 1996 and SEBI( RTA) Regulations, 1993 shall apply mutatis
mutandis to dematerialisation of securities of unlisted public companies.
8. Every unlisted public company governed by this rule shall submit PAS 6 to the
ROC with prescribed fees within 60 days from conclusion of each half year duly
certified by a PCS/ PCA.
9. The company shall immediately bring to the notice of the depositories any
difference observed in its issued capital and the capital held in demat form.
10. The grievances, if any, of security holders of unlisted public companies under this
rule shall be filed before the IEPF authority.
11. This rule shall not apply to an unlisted public company which is: a Nidhi, a
Govt. co., or a WOS.
CS Praveen Choudhary Share Capital of a Company
Share Capital of a Company
In Company Law, the "Capital" is the share capital of a company, which is classified as:
a) Nominal, Authorised or Registered Capital

b) Issued Capital:
c) Subscribed Capital:
d) Called up Capital:
e) Paid-up Share Capital:
Reserve Capital
This is that part of uncalled capital of the company, which can be called up, only in the event of
its winding up.
A limited company may, by a special resolution, determine that a portion of its uncalled capital
shall be called up.
• In the event of winding up
• For the purpose of winding up only.
Reserve capital cannot be turned into uncalled capital without the leave of the tribunal.it is
available only for the creditors on the winding up of the company. The company can neither
charge reserve capital nor cancel it in a reduction of capital. (Midland Rly Carriage Co.)
Difference between Reserve Capital and Capital Reserve
Reserve capital Capital Reserve

It is that part of the uncalled capital It is created by the accumulation of profits out of
which the company cannot demand capital profit or earning.
except company being wound up.
Creation of reserve capital is not It is mandatory to create capital reserve in case
mandatory. of profit.
Disclosure of reserve capital is not Capital reserve is disclosed under the head
entertained in the balance sheet of the reserve and surplus on the liabilities side of
company. balance sheet.
Reserve capital cannot be used to write Capital reserve can be used to write off capital
off capital losses. losses or for the issue of bonus shares.
Kinds of Shares (Section 43)

There are 2 types of shares:
1. Preference share and
2. Equity share.
Preference Share: A preference share is a share which fulfils the following 2 conditions:
• That in respect of dividends, in addition to the preferential rights to the amounts with respect
to dividend, it has a right to participate, whether fully or to a limited extent, with capital not
entitled to the preferential right aforesaid;
• That in respect of capital, in addition to the preferential right to the repayment, on a winding
up, of the amounts aforesaid, it has a right to participate, whether fully or to a limited extent,
with capital not entitled to that preferential right in any surplus which may remain after the
entire capital has been repaid.
Kinds of Preference share Capital
1. Cumulative/ Non-Cumulative Preference shares:

2. Participating / Non-participating preference shares
3. Redeemable /Irredeemable preference shares (Sec 55)
If so authorized by its AOA, may issue redeemable preference shares, subject to the
following conditions:
a) special resolution;
b) no subsisting default, in the redemption of preference shares issued either before or
after the commencement of this Act or in payment of dividend due on any preference
shares; and
c) The company cannot issue preference shares which is redeemable after the expiry of
20 years from the date of its issue.
However, a company engaged in the setting up and dealing with of infra structural
projects, as defined in Schedule VI to this Act, may issue preference shares for a period
exceeding 20 years but not exceeding 30 years, subject to the redemption of a
minimum 10% of such preference shares per year from the 21st year onwards or earlier,
on proportionate basis, at the option of the preference shareholders.
Note: →A company cannot issue irredeemable preference shares.
Conditions for redemption of Preference share capital:

i. Shares should be fully paid-up;
ii. Share may be redeemed only out of the distributable profits;
iii. Where the shares are redeemed out of the profits available for distribution as dividend, a
sum equal to the nominal amount of the shares redeemed shall be transferred out of
profits to the CRR Account, which can be utilized only for the purpose of issuing fully-
paid bonus shares, otherwise it shall be deemed to be reduction of share capital; and
iv. If premium is payable on redemption, it must have been provided for out of profits or
out of company's security premium account.
If a company is unable to redeem its preference shares, it may redeem unredeemed
preference shares by issue of further preference shares with consent of holders of 75%
in value of such preference shares and the approval of the NCLT.
The NCLT shall while giving, such approval, and order the redemption forthwith of
preference shares of such person who have not consented to the issue of further
redeemable preference shares.
It may further be noted the fact of redemption of preference shares is required to be

intimated to the ROC by filing Form SH.7 within 30 days.
4. Convertible/ Non-Convertible preference shares

Equity Share
Equity share means share which is not preference share. Following are the important features of
equity shares:
• Availability of voting rights.
• No fixed dividend.
• No priority in distribution of surplus assets.
Voting Rights
Every member of a company limited by shares and holding equity share capital therein, shall have a
right to vote on every resolution placed before the company; and his voting right on a poll shall be in
proportion to his share in the paid-up equity share capital of the company.
Preference share holder shall have a right to vote only on -
• Resolutions placed before the company which directly affect the rights attached to his preference
shares and,
• Any resolution for the winding up of the company or for the repayment or reduction of its share
capital.
Preference shareholders are entitled to vote on every resolution placed before the company at any
meeting, if the dividend due on such class of preference shares are in arrears for a period of 2 years
or more.
Further, equity share capital is of 2 types:

• Ordinary Shares with equal rights
• Shares with Differential Rights
Equity Shares with Differential Rights [Sec 43(a)]

A DVR share is like an ordinary equity share, but it provides fewer voting rights to the
shareholder. The difference in voting rights can be achieved by reducing the degree of voting
power. It is ideal for long term investors, typically small investors who seek higher dividend
and are not necessarily interested in taking a voting position.
Rule 4 of The Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014 provide that no
company whether it is unlisted, listed or a public company limited by shares shall issue
equity shares with differential rights as to dividend, voting or otherwise, unless it
complies with the following conditions:
1. There must be an authority in the AOA of the company;
2. ordinary resolution shall be passed. However, in case of Listed company such OR shall
be passed by way of Postal Ballot.
3. The voting power in respect of shares with differential rights of the company shall not
exceed 74% of total voting power including voting power in respect of equity shares with
differential rights issued at any point of time.
4. The Company has not defaulted in filing of annual accounts and annual returns for 3 years;
in repaying deposits or paying interest thereon; in redeeming debentures or paying interest
there on; or redemption of preference share or paying dividend thereon; or re payment of
any term loan or payment of interest thereon to a bank or financial institution; and paying
dividend after declaration; and
5. The company has-not been convicted, during the last three years, of any offence under
SCRA, 1956; SEBI Act, 1992; and FEMA Act, 1999; RBI Act, 1934 or any other special
Act, under which such companies being regulated by sectorial regulators.
6. It may be noted that a company cannot convert its equity shares with equal rights into
equity shares with differential rights and vice-versa.
Issue of Shares at a Premium [Section 52]

A company may issue shares at a premium when it is able to sell them at a price above par or
nominal value, irrespective of the fact whether the shares are listed on Stock Exchange or not.
The rate of premium will be decided by the BOD.
Section 52 deals with the concept of share or securities premium.

• It cannot be treated as Free Reserve or profit and shall not available for distribution as
dividend.
• The amount of premium, whether received in cash or in kind must be kept in a separate
account, known as the "Securities Premium Account'
• The amount of share premium is to be maintained with the same sanctity as the share
capital.
Section 52(1) The securities premium can be utilized only for the following purposes: -
• Issuing fully-paid bonus shares to members.
• Write-off the preliminary expenses of the company.
• Write-off commission paid or discount allowed, or the expenses incurred on issue of shares
or debentures of the company.
• For providing for the premium payable on redemption of any redeemable preference shares
or debentures of the Company.
• For the purpose of buy-back of shares or securities u/s 68.
Issue of Shares at Discount is prohibited [Section 53]

A company u/s 53 of the Act has been prohibited to issue shares at discount, except in case of
issue of sweat equity shares. Any share issued by a company at a discount shall be void.
However, a company may issue shares at a discount to its creditors when its debt is converted
into shares in pursuance of any statutory resolution plan or debt restructuring scheme as per
any guidelines or directions or regulations specified by the RBI under RBI Act 1934 or the
banking regulation act 1949.
In case of contravention, the company shall be punishable with Penalty which shall not be less
than Rs. 1 Lakh but which may extend to Rs. 5 Lakh and every officer who is in default shall be
punishable with imprisonment for a term up to 6 months OR with fine Rs. 1 Lakh – Rs. 5
Lakh OR with both.
Sweat Equity Shares [Section 54]

A company may issue sweat equity shares subject to the following conditions: -
1. The shares must be of class already issued.
2. The issue must be authorized by a Special Resolution passed by the Company in GM.
3. The resolution must specify number of shares; their current market price; consideration (if
any); and the class or classes of directors or employees to whom they are to be issued.
Note: Sweat equity share-holders shall be ranked pari passu with other equity shareholders.
Section 53 states that no shares to be issued at discount whereas Section 54 states that sweat
equity shares can be issued at discount. It means that Section 54 shall override Section 53.
The rules for the purposes of sweat equity has defined 'Employee' so as to mean
1. A permanent employee of the company who has been working in India or outside India.
2. A director of the company, whether a whole time director or not.
3. An employee or a director as defined in sub-clauses (a) or (b) above of a subsidiary, in India
or outside India, or of a holding company of the company.
Provided further that A start-up company may issue sweat equity shares not exceeding
50% of its PSC up to 10 years from the date of its incorporation.
Alteration of Share (Sec 61)

A limited co. having a share capital may, if so authorized by its AOA, Alter its share capital in the
following manner
✓ By increasing the share capital by issuing new shares
✓ By consolidating the shares into shares of larger amount.
✓ By converting fully paid up shares into stock and vice versa.
✓ By sub dividing shares into shares of smaller amount
✓ By cancelling shares not taken up
This can be done by an ordinary resolution at a general meeting
The ROC has to be notified of the type of alteration made within 30 days of such alteration to enable
him to make changes in the co.’s MOA and AOA
Where any company fails to comply with the above provisions, such company and
every officer who is in default shall be liable to a penalty of Rs. 500 for each day
during which default continues or subject to a maximum of Rs. 5,00,000 in case
of a company and Rs. 1,00,000 in case of an officer who is in default.
Reduction of share capital (Sec 66)

A co. limited by share or a co. limited by guarantee and having a share capital may reduce its share
capital, subject to confirmation by NCLT, in any of following 3 ways -
1. Reduction in unpaid capital

2. Cancellation of lost paid up capital
3. Paying off excess paid up capital
Procedure for reduction

➔ There shall be provision in the AOA for reduction of capital
➔ A special resolution shall be passed in General meeting
➔ Confirmation of court is also required before affecting the reduction of capital
➔ Along with NCLT, co. has to make application CG before reduction of capital.
➔ Similarly, Company has to make application to SEBI before reduction of capital.
➔ Every creditors of the company shall be entitled to object to the reduction
➔ The tribunal shall settle a list of the creditors of the company
➔ The tribunal shall ensure that the creditors objections to reduction-
✓ Have given their consent ; or
✓ Have been discharge ; or
✓ Have been given sufficient security.
➔ The Tribunal has the discretion to confirm or reject the reduction
➔ Before sanctioning the reduction, the Tribunal shall satisfy itself that-
✓ The reduction will be fair considering the interest of all the classes of shareholder.
✓ The reduction will not be prejudicial to the interest of creditors.
➔ The Tribunal may confirms the reduction of capital on such terms as it thinks fit.
➔ The Tribunal may direct the company to add the word ‘and reduction’ at the end of the name
of the company.
➔ The company shall delivers to ROC for registration:-
✓ A certified copy of the order of the Tribunal ; &
✓ A certificate copy of the minute approved by the Tribunal
➔ The registration shall register the order & minute procedure before him. He shall issue a
certificate of registration to the company.
➔ The certificate shall be conclusive evidence that all the requirement of this act with, &respect
to the reduction of share capital have been complied with, & that the share capital of the
company is such as is started in the minute.
➔ Reductions shall become effective only on registration of the order & minute of the Tribunal.
➔ The order of the Tribunal shall be punishable in such manner as may be directed by the court.
Reduction of share capital without Sanction of NCLT
Surrender of Shares
Buy-Back of Shares and securities
A company would opt for buy - back for the following reasons: -
i. To improve shareholder value - Buy back generally results in higher Earning per share (E.P.S.)
ii. As a defence mechanism - Buy back provides a safeguard against hostile take - overs by
increasing promoters' holding,
iii. To provide an additional exit route to shareholders when shares are undervalued or
thinly traded.
iv. To return surplus cash to shareholders.
Important Provisions [Section 68]

Following are the important provisions of Section 68:

1. Company may purchase its own shares or other specified securities out of;
(i) Its free reserves;
(ii) The Securities premium account; or
(iii) The proceeds of an earlier issue of shares or other specified securities. However, no buy -
back can be done out of proceeds of an earlier issue of same kind of shares/ securities.
2. For buy - back purpose, the following conditions must be fulfilled-
Transfer to and Application of Capital Redemption Reserve Account [Section 69]
Circumstances Prohibits Buy-Back [Section 70]

No company shall directly or indirectly purchase its own shares or other specified securities-
• Through any subsidiary company including its own subsidiary companies;
• Through any investment company or group of investment companies; or
• If a default, is made by the company, in the repayment of deposits accepted either before or
after the commencement of this Act, interest payment thereon, redemption of debentures or
preference shares or payment of dividend to any shareholder, or repayment of any term loan
or interest payable there on to any financial institution or banking company: However, the
buy-back is not prohibited, if the default is remedied and a period of three years has lapsed
after such default ceased to subsist.
• No company shall, directly or indirectly, purchase its own shares or other specified
securities in case such company has not complied with the provisions of sec 92Annual
Return), Sec 123(Declaration of Dividend), Sec 127 (punishment for failure to distribute
dividend) and sec 129(Financial Statement).
Further Issue of Capital [Section 62]

Rights Issue of Shares [Section 62(1) (a)]
A rights issue is an offer of a company's shares to its existing shareholders. It gives them the
first opportunity to purchase a new issue of shares.
Notice period shall be min 7 days and maximum 30 days as per Rule 12A.
Note: Right issue is also known as Right of First Refusal or Pre-emptive Right of Existing
Shareholders.
EMPLOYEES STOCK OPTION SCHEME SEC 62 (1) (b)

Company may at any time issue shares to its employees under a scheme of employees' stock option,
subject to Special resolution (OR in Pvt. Co.) passed by company and subject to such conditions as
may be prescribed.
Preferential Allotment or Allotment of Shares Section 62(1)(c)

To any person , if it is authorised by SR, whether or not those persons covered under clause a) or b)
above, either for cash or for a consideration other than cash, if the price of such shares is determined
by the valuation report of registered valuer and subject to other conditions as may be prescribed.
Bonus Share [Section 63]
A company may issue fully paid-up bonus shares to its members, in any manner whatsoever,
out of-
• Its free reserves;
• The securities premium account; or
• The capital redemption reserve account:
The following conditions must be satisfied before issuing bonus shares:

• Bonus issue must be authorized by the AOA of the company.
• It has, on the recommendation of the Board, been authorized in the GM of the company;
• It has not defaulted in respect of the payment of statutory dues of the employees, such as,
contribution to provident fund, gratuity and bonus;
• The partly paid-up shares, if any outstanding on the date of allotment, are made fully paid-up;
• It complies with such conditions as may be prescribed.
• Under the rules no company which has once announced the decision of its Board recommending
a bonus issue, can subsequently withdraw the same.
Return of Bonus Issue

When a company having a share capital makes any allotment of bonus shares, it must within 30 days
in E-form SH-3, thereafter file with the ROC a return stating the number and nominal amount of
such shares comprised in the allotment and the names, addresses and occupations of the allottees and
a copy of the resolution authorising the issue of such shares.
CS Praveen Choudhary Share Certificate
Share Certificate
SHARE CERTIFICATE [SEC 46]:
• A share certificate is a certificate issued under the common seal, if any, of
the co. or signed by 2 directors or by a director and the CS (if any) specifying
the number of shares held by him and the amount paid on each share.
• The certificate is a statement as against the company that the person, whose
name appears on it, is the registered holder of the shares.
• No share certificate is to be issued to member of the company holding shares
in electronic form i.e. this section does not apply to shares held by a person
as a beneficial owner in depository.
Delivery of Share Certificate

• within 2 months from the date of incorporation, in the case of subscribers to
the memorandum;
• within 2 months from the date of allotment, in the case of any allotment of
any of its shares.
Form of Share Certificate

Rule 5(2) of Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014
Every share certificate shall be in Form No. SH-1 or as near thereto as possible
and shall specify the name(s) of the person(s) in whose favour the certificate is
issued, the shares to which it relates and the amount paid-up thereon.
Sealing and Signing of Share Certificate [Rule 5(3)]

Every certificate shall specify the shares to which it relates and the amount paid-up
thereon and shall be signed by 2 directors or by a director and the CS, wherever the
company has appointed company secretary or by Affixing a common seal (if any).
Explanation. – For the purposes of this sub-rule, it is hereby clarified that -
a) in case of an OPC, it shall be sufficient if the certificate is signed by a director

and the CS or any other person authorised by the Board for the purpose.
b) a director or company secretary shall be deemed to have signed the share certificate
if his signature is printed thereon as facsimile signature.
Issue of Share Certificates-

Authorisation:
• In pursuance of a Board resolution; and
• On surrender to the company of its letter of allotment.
Legal Effect of Share Certificates [Section 46(1)]

It states that share certificate issued under the common seal of the company,
specifying any shares held by any person, shall be prima facie evidence of the title
of the person to such shares. A share certificate once issued binds the company
in 2 ways:
• Estoppel as to payment: If the certificate states that on each of the shares

full amount has been paid, the company is stopped from alleging that they are
not fully paid.
• Estoppel as to title: It is a declaration by the company to all the world that

the person in whose name the certificate is made out and to whom it is given,
is a bona fide shareholder of the company. In other words, the company is
stopped from denying his title to the shares.
Issue of Duplicate Share Certificate [Sec 46 & Rule 6]

The same may be issued, if original certificate-
a) Is proved to have been lost or destroyed; or
b) Has been defaced, mutilated or torn and is surrendered to the company.
• The consent of the Board is given (in case of loss or destruction of certificate.
• The certificate in lieu of which it is being issued is surrendered to the company
and is cancelled.
• Fees = Max Rs. 50 per share certificate.
• Proper evidence and indemnity to the satisfaction of the company is furnished.
Time Period for issue of Duplicate Share Certificate

The Duplicate Share Certificates shall be issued:
• In case unlisted companies, within 3 months.
• In case of listed companies, within 15 days,
Register of duplicate Certificate

Form No. SH-2 indicating against the name of the person to whom the certificate
is issued, at the registered office of the company or at such other place where
the Register of Members is kept & shall be preserved permanently and shall be
kept in the custody of the CS of the company or any other person authorized by
the Board for the purpose.
Punishment for personation of Shareholder [Section 57]
If any person deceitfully personates as an owner of any security or interest in a

company and thereby obtains or attempts to obtain any such security or interest
or receives or attempts to receive any money due to such owner, he shall be
punishable with imprisonment for 1 year to 3 years and Fine Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 5
Lakh.
www.cscartinadia.com CS Praveen Choudhary
Transfer and Transmission
Transfer and Transmission of Shares
Transfer of Shares [Section 56]
The transfer shares will be governed by the general law relating to transfer of
movable property. In private company, this right must always be restricted.
All the securities and the interest of a member in the company can be transferred.
Procedure for Transfer of Shares
A proper instrument of transfer in form SH-4. Such form shall be -

• duly stamped,
• dated and executed by or on behalf of the transferor and the transferee, and
• Specify the name, address and occupation, if any, of the transferee.
• shall be delivered to the company within 60 days from the date of such
execution.
Blank Transfer:
When a shareholder signs a transfer deed without filing in the transferee name and
hands it over with the share certificate.
Void and Forged Transfer:
If a shareholder transfers his shares, and the transfer turns out to be invalid, he
remains liable for calls in the shares.
Transfers made during winding up of the company are void, unless sanctioned by the
Court, or by liquidator in case of voluntary liquidation.
An instrument on which the signature of the transferor is forged, is called a forged
transfer. A forged document or transfer never has any legal effect.
Loss of Instrument with Share Certificates:
Where the instrument of transfer has been lost or the instrument of transfer has
not been delivered within 60 days from date of execution, the company may register
the transfer on such terms as to indemnity as the Board may think fit.
Where Signature of Transferor Differs:
Then it is suggested that the company should send a notice by registered post to
the transferor with a copy to the transferee. If the transferor does not respond
within 15 days of the date of notice, the company shall take necessary action in this
regard.
Partly-paid Shares:
The company shall give a notice in Form No. SH.5 by registered post to the
transferee and shall register the transfer only when no objection is received from the
transferee within 2 weeks from the date of receipt of notice.
Joint Holding:
Where shares are held in the names of 2 or more persons, they are deemed to
be held jointly. Generally, the articles of a company may allow joint holding in
the names of up to 4 persons.
It may be noted that transposition of names is not a transfer and does not need
an instrument.
Circumstances under which a Private Company can refuse to register the

Transfer of Shares [Section 58]
The BOD of a private company can refuse to register transfer of shares in favour
of any person in terms of the provisions of AOA of the Company for bonafide
purpose.
And it shall within 30 days from the date of delivery of instrument to the
company, send notice of the refusal to both the parties along with reason.
The transferee is entitled to appeal to the NCLT against any refusal of the
company within 30 days from receipt of notice or within 60 days from delivery
of instrument to company.
Circumstances in which a Public Company can refuse to register the

Transfer Shares [Section 58]
The shares or debentures and any interest therein of a company shall be freely
transferable subject to the provision that any contract or arrangement between
2 or more persons in respect of transfer of securities shall be enforceable as a
contract.
Provided that if a company, without sufficient cause, refuse to register transfer

of shares, within 30 days from the date on which the instrument of transfer is
delivered to the company, the transferee may within 60 days of such refusal or
where no intimation has been received from the company, within 90 days of the
delivery of the instrument of transfer or intimation of transmission, appeal to
the Tribunal.
Power of NCLT
The NCLT, while dealing with an appeal may, after hearing the parties, either
dismiss the appeal, or by order-
a) Direct to registered by the company and the company shall comply with such
order within 10 days of the receipt of the order; or
b) Direct rectification of the register and also direct the company to pay damages,
if any, sustained by any party aggrieved.
Time limit for Issue of Certificates Section 56(4)
Within 2 months in case of unlisted companies
Every company, unless prohibited by any provision of law or of any order of any
Court, Tribunal or other authority, shall deliver the certificates of all securities
allotted, transferred or transmitted-
• Within 2 months from the DOI, → for subscribers to MOA;
• Within 2 months from the date of allotment, → For allotment of shares;
• Within 1 month → For transfer or transmission of securities;

• Within 6 months → For allotment of debenture.
Mode of Approval of Transfers:
The instrument of transfer is considered by the Share Transfer Committee (STC)

appointed by the Board consists of:
1. Min 2 directors, if the strength of the Board is less than or equal to 6 directors
and,
2. Min 3 directors, if the strength of the Board is more than 6 directors.
Transmission of shares
• Transmission of shares takes place when a registered shareholder dies or becomes

lunatic or is adjudicated insolvent or if the shareholder, being a company, goes into
liquidation i.e., which is known as a transfer of shares by operation of law.
• On the death or lunacy of the original shareholder, his shares vest in his legal
representative and his estate remains liable for the unpaid amount.
• On the insolvency of a shareholder, his shares vest in the Official Assignee, who
may get himself registered as holder of these shares, or dispose them of.
• No formal instrument is required for registration of transmission of shares.
Generally, the following documents are required for transmission of shares:-

• An application for transmission of shares;
• A letter of indemnity;
• A probate(attested copy of will) or letter of administration;
• No-objection certificate, in case of more than one claimants.
Distinction between Transfer and Transmission
Transfer Transmission
By operation of Parties By operation of law
Transfer deed in SH - 4 No transfer deed
Stamp duty required No stamp duty
Consideration may or may not No consideration
be there
In favour of any person In favour of nominee only
CS Praveen Choudhary Membership
Membership
Member Sec 2 (55)
1) The subscribers of the MOA of a company, who shall be deemed to have

agreed to become members of the company, and on its registration, shall
be entered as members in its register of members.
2) Every other person who agrees in writing to become a member of a company
and whose name is entered in its register of members shall, be a member
of the company.
• By making an application to the company for allotment of shares; or
• By executing an instrument of transfer of shares as transferee; or
• By consenting to transfer of shares of a deceased member in his name;
or
• By acquiescence or estoppels,
3) Every person holding equity shares of a company and whose name is entered
as beneficial owner in the records of the depository shall be deemed to be
member of the concerned company:
Who can become a Member?
Subject to the MOA and AOA of a company, any sui juris (a person who is
competent to contract) can become a member of a company.
1. Company as a member of another company:
A company can become a member of any other company if it authorized by its
MOA.
2. Partnership firm as a member: A partnership firm is not a legal person and so
much it cannot, in its own name, become member of a company. However, it
can become a member of Section 8 Company but on dissolution of firm, its
membership in such company ceases.
3. Foreigners as members: A foreigner (Except Alien Enemy) may take shares in an
Indian company and become a member with the general or special permission of the
RBI under the FEMA, 1999.
4. Minors as members: A minor cannot become a member of a company since he is
not competent to enter into a contract. Consequently, an agreement by a minor

to take shares is void ab - initio.
5. Pawnee: A pawnee cannot be treated as the holder of the shares pledged in his
favour, and the pawner continues to be a member and can exercise the rights of a
member.
6. Receiver: A receiver whose name is not entered in the register of members cannot
exercise any of the membership rights attached to a share unless in a proceeding
to which company is a party, an order is made therein. Mere appointment of a
receiver in respect of certain shares of a company without more right cannot,
deprive the holder of the shares, whose name is entered in the register of members
of the company of the right to vote at the meeting of the company.
7. Bankrupt/ Insolvent: A bankrupt may be a member of a company as long as he is
on the register of members. He is entitled to vote.
8. Trade union: A trade union registered under the trade union act 1926 can be
registered as a member and can hold shares in the company in its own corporate
name.
9. Person taking shares in fictitious name: He becomes liable as a member besides
incurring criminal liability u/s 38 of the Act.
Cessation of Membership
When his name is removed from its register of members, in any of the
following situations:
• He transfers his shares to another person.
• His shares are forfeited.
• He makes a valid surrender of his shares.
• His shares are sold by the company to enforce a lien.
• He dies or is adjudged insolvent.
• His redeemable preference shares are redeemed.
• His shares are bought-back.
• His shares are attached by the Court in satisfaction of a decree.
Expulsion of a Member
The AOA of a company cannot provide for expulsion of a member, as it is
opposed to the fundamental principle of the Company Jurisprudence and,
therefore, ultra vires the company.
Rights of Members
• Not to have his financial obligation increased by the company without his
consent.
• To transfer his shares.
• To have a share certificate issued to him in respect of his shares.
• To vote on resolutions at meetings of the company.
• To take inspection of the various registers of the company.
• To requisition an EGM of the company.
• To receive notice of general meetings and to attend and speak at general
meetings.
• To appoint proxy and inspect proxy registers.
• To demand for poll.
• To appoint the representative to attend and vote at general meetings of the
company on its behalf, if the member is a body corporate.
• To require the company to circulate his resolution.
• To enjoy the profits of the company in the shape of dividend.
• To elect directors and thus to participate in the management through them.
• To apply to the NCLT for relief in case of oppression, mismanagement,
winding up.
• To share in the surplus on winding up.
Liability of Members
• To pay for the outstanding calls on shares only.
• To pay the amount guaranteed, in the event of winding up, if assets of the
company fall short of the liabilities.
• In case of Unlimited Company, the members are personally liable to pay for
the debts of the company as in the case of Partnership Firm by partners.
Register Prima Facie Evidence

A register of members is prima facie evidence of the truth of its contents.
Accordingly, if a person’s name, to his knowledge, is there in the register of
members of a company, he shall be deemed to be member and onus lies on him
to prove that he is not a member.
Registration of shares in the name of public office

There is no provision in the Companies Act, 2013 that the shares in a company
may be held in the name of a public office. The Collector of Central Excise or
the Secretary to the Government of India, as such, is not a legal entity. Shares
cannot, therefore, be held in the name of such office. Hence, shares in a company
cannot be registered in the name of a Public Office, which is not a corporation
sole as understood in law.
CS Praveen Choudhary Debentures
Debenture
Definition Sec 2 (30):
The term "debenture" includes debenture stock, bonds and any other securities of a company, whether
constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not.
Provided that –
a) Instruments referred to in chapter III D of RBI Act 1934 and
b) Such other instrument, as may be prescribed by CG in consultation with RBI, issued by a
company.
Shall not be treated as debenture
SALIENT FEATURES OF
DEBENTURES
• A debenture is usually in the form of a certificate (like a share certificate) issued under the common
seal of the company.
• The certificate is an acknowledgement by the company of indebtedness to a holder.
• A debenture usually provides for the payment of a specified sum at a specified date.
• A debenture usually provides for payment of interest until the principal sum is paid back. Interest
may be made payable subject to contingencies of uncertain nature.
• Even zero rate of interest debentures can be issued.
• Debenture holders do not have any right to vote at any meeting of the company.
There is no prohibition to issue debentures at a discount unlike the restrictions contained in Section 54
of the Companies Act, 2013 for the issue of shares at a discount.
CLASSIFICATION OF
DEBENTURES:
1. Redeemable Debentures
2. Perpetual Or Irredeemable Debentures
3. Registered And Bearer Debentures:
Note: Debenture Certificates must be issued within 6 months of Allotment
4. Secured and Unsecured Or Naked Debentures:
Conditions to issue secured

debentures (Rule 18)
No company shall issue secured debentures unless it complies with the following conditions:
• Maximum Maturity Period shall not exceed 10 years from the date of issue.
However, A company engaged in the setting up of infrastructure projects may issue secured
debentures for a period exceeding 10 years but not exceeding 30 years.
• The company shall appoint a debenture trustee before the issue of prospectus or letter of offer
for subscription of its debentures and within 60 days after the allotment of the debentures,
execute a debenture trust deed to protect the interest of the debenture holders.
• Security for the debentures by way of a charge or mortgage shall be created in favour of the
debenture trustee only.
5. CONVERTIBLE AND NON-CONVERTIBLE DEBENTURES:
• Fully convertible debentures (FCDs)

• Partly convertible debentures {PCDs)
• Non-convertible debentures (NCDs)
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
DEBENTURES AND SHARES
Debenture Shares
Debenture constitute a loan Shares are part of capital of company
Debenture holders are creditors of company Shareholders are owners/members of company
Debenture holders get fixed interest which gets Shareholders get dividend with varying rights
priority over dividend
Debentures generally have charge on the assets Shares do not carry any such charge
of company
Debentures can be issued at discount without Shares cannot be issued at discount
restriction.
In case of debentures, interest rates are fixed. In case of equity shares, dividend varies from
year to year depending on profit of company and
decision of BOD to declare dividend or not.
Debenture holders do not have any voting rights Generally Shareholders enjoy Voting Rights
Interest on debenture is payable even if there is Dividend to shareholder can only be paid out of
no profit in company profits of company and not otherwise.
Interest paid on debenture is a business Dividend is not allowable deduction as business
expenditure and allowable deduction from expenditure.
profits.
Return of allotment is not required for allotment Return of allotment in PAS 3 is to be filed for
of debentures allotment of shares.
Issue of Debentures:
• The power to issue debentures is usually set out in the MOA.
• Unlike shares, they can be issued at a discount without any restriction, if AOA so authorize,
the reason being that they do not form part of the capital of the company.
• They can also be issued at a premium.
• Interest payable on them is a debt and can be paid out of capital.
• There is no ceiling, minimum or maximum, for the rate of interest payable on debentures. Any
rate of interest, though justifiable, can be paid on the debentures.
• In the case of unsecured debentures which amounts to be deposits, the rate of interest should
be within the maximum limit prescribed by the rules.
• All sums allowed by way of discount must be stated in every balance sheet of the company
until written-off.
REDEMPTION OF DEBENTURES
(SECTION 71):
Debenture Redemption Reserve (DRR)
Creation of DRR
Rule 18 (7) of the Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014
The company shall create a DRR for the purpose of redemption of debentures, as per following
conditions:
a) DRR shall be created out of the profits of the company available for payment of dividend;
b) The limits with respect to adequacy of DRR & investment of deposit shall be as under:
i. For AIFI & Banking Co., No DRR is required.
ii. For other FI, DRR shall be as applicable to NBCF registered with RBI.
iii. For listed companies (other than AIFI & Banking Co.’s), DRR is not required in
following cases –
I. In case of public issue of debentures –
A. For NBFC & for Housing Finance companies.
B. For other listed companies.
II. In case of privately placed debentures, for companies specified in A & B above.
iv. For unlisted companies, (other than AIFI & Banking co.) –
A) For NBFCs & Housing Finance companies, DRR is not required in case of privately placed
debentures.
B) For other Unlisted companies, the adequacy of DRR shall be 10% of value of outstanding
debentures.
v. In case of companies covered in item A or B of point iii or item B of point iv, it shall on
or before the 30th day of April in each year, invest or deposit a sum which shall not be less
than 15% of amount of debenture maturing during the year, ending on 31st day of March
of next year in any one or more methods of investments or deposits.
Provided that the amount remaining invested or deposited, shall not at any time fall below
15% of the amount of debenture maturing during the year ending on 31st day of March of
that year.
vi. The methods of investments or deposits are as follows:
a. In deposit with SCB, free from any charge or lien.
b. In unencumbered securities of CG or SG.
c. In unencumbered securities specified in Indian Trust Act 1882
Note: the amount so invested or deposited shall not be used for any purpose other than
for redemption of debentures maturing during the year referred above.
c) In case of partly convertible debentures, DRR shall be created in case of non convertible
portion of debenture.
d) The amount credited to DRR shall not be utilised by co., except for the purpose of redemption
of debentures.
DEBENTURE TRUST DEED (Sec

71))
Rule 18(5) of the Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014 provides that for the
purposes of Sec 71 (13) and sub-rule (1) a trust deed in Form SH-12 or as near thereto as possible
shall be executed by the company issuing debentures in favour of the debenture trustees within 60
days of allotment of debentures.
Advantages of a Trust Deed

• The trustees hold the title deeds of the mortgaged property, which prevents the company from
misusing the property for any purpose.
• The trustees are given power under the trust deed so that the property mortgaged is kept insured
and is maintained in proper condition.
• The company can, with the consent of the trustees, enjoy a number of powers over the property
charged, e.g., by way of sale, exchange or lease, thus enabling the company to put the property to
advantageous use without jeopardizing the interest of debenture holders.
• In case of default by the company, the trustees can take necessary steps to realize the security
without the aid of the Court.
Appointment of Debenture
Trustee
The company shall not issue prospectus to more than 500 persons without appointing debenture
trustee.
Conditions for appointment

of Debenture trustees [Rule
18(2)]
• The names of the debenture trustees shall be stated in letter of offer inviting subscription for
debentures.
• A written consent shall be obtained from such debenture trustee or trustees proposed to be
appointed and a statement to that effect shall appear in the letter of offer issued for inviting
the subscription of the debentures.
Disqualification from being

appointed as Debenture
Trustee.
1. A person shall not be appointed as a debenture trustee, if he-
✓ Beneficially holds shares in the company;
✓ Is a promoter, director or KMP or any other officer or an employee of the company or its
holding, subsidiary or associate company;
✓ Is beneficially entitled to money which are to be paid by the company otherwise than as
remuneration payable to the debenture trustee;
✓ Is indebted to the company, or its subsidiary or its holding or associate company or a
subsidiary of such holding company;
✓ Has furnished any guarantee in respect of the principal debts secured by the debentures or
interest thereon;
✓ Has any pecuniary relationship with the company amounting to 2% or more of its gross
turnover or total income or Rs. 50 lakh or such higher amount as may be prescribed,
whichever is lower, during the 2 immediately preceding financial years or during the current
financial year;
✓ Is relative of any promoter or any person who is in the employment of the company as a
director or KMP
2. Casual Vacancy of Debenture Trustee

The Board may fill any casual vacancy in the office of the trustee but while any such vacancy
continues, the remaining trustee or trustees, if any, may act:
Provided that where such vacancy is caused by the resignation of the debenture trustee, the
vacancy shall only be filled with the written consent of the majority of the debenture holders.
3. Removal of Debenture Trustee

Any debenture trustee may be removed from office before the expiry of his term only if it is
approved by the holders of not less than 3/4th in value of the debentures outstanding, at their
meeting.
Duties and functions of

debenture trustee
The functions of the debenture trustee to protect the interest of debenture holders shall generally:
✓ To protect the interest of holders of debentures.
✓ To redress the grievances of holders of debentures effectively.
MEETING OF DEBENTURE
HOLDERS: Rule18(4)
The meeting of all the debenture holders shall be convened by the debenture trustee on-
• Requisition in writing signed by debenture holders holding at least 1/10th in value of the
debentures for the time being outstanding.
• The happening of any event, which constitutes a breach, default or which in the opinion of
the debenture trustees affects the interest of the debenture holders.
LIABILITY OF TRUSTEE TO
DEBENTURE HOLDERS: SECTION
71(7)
In general, a debenture trustee is liable to debenture holders for any type of breach of trust. However,
he may escape the liability in the following cases:
• Where the trustee can show that he took such care and diligence as required of him as a trustee
having regard to the powers, authorities and discretions conferred on him by the trust deed.
• Where a majority of, not less than 3/4th in value, debenture holders, present and voting in person
or by proxy agree, at a meeting summoned for the purpose, with respect to specific acts or omissions
of the trustee.
Pari Passu Clause in case of

Debentures
a) Debentures are usually issued in a series with a pari passu clause and it follows that they would
be on an equal footing as to security and should the security be enforced, the amount realised
shall be divided pro-rata, i.e. they are to be discharged rateably. In the event of deficiency of
assets, they will abate proportionately.
CS Praveen Choudhary Deposits
Deposits
KINDS OF DEPOSITS:
Prohibition on acceptance of deposits from public: Sec 73(1)

No company shall invite, accept or renew deposits under this Act from the public except in a
manner provided under Chapter V.
Exceptions:
• A banking company
• NBFC as defined in RBI Act, 1934 and
• To such other company as the CG may, after consultation with the RBI, specify in this
behalf.
Conditions for acceptance of deposits from members:

Section 73(2) states that a company may, subject to
• The passing of a resolution in GM and
• Subject to such rules as may be prescribed in consultation with the RBI, accept the
deposits from its members on such terms and conditions, including the provisions of
security, if any, on such repayment of such deposits with interest, as may be agreed upon
between the company and its members,
Subject to the fulfilment of the following conditions, namely-
a) Issuance of a circular to its members including therein a statement showing the
financial position of the company, the credit rating obtained, the total number of
depositors and the amount due towards deposits in respect of any previous deposits
accepted by the company and such other particulars in such manner as may be
prescribed.
b) Filing a copy of the circular along with such statement with the ROC 30 days before
the date of issue of the circular.
c) Depositing sum not less than 20% of the amount of its deposits maturing during a
FY and the FY next following, and kept in a scheduled bank in a separate bank
account to be called as Deposit Repayment Reserve Account.
d) Certifying that the company has not committed any default in the repayment of
deposits accepted either before or after the commencement of this act or payment of
interest on such deposits and where such default has occurred, the company
made good the default and a period of 5 years had lapsed since the date of
making good the default.
e) Providing security, if any for the due repayment of the amount of deposit or the
interest thereon including the creation if such charge on the property or assets of the
company. In case when a company does not secure the deposits or secures such
deposits partially, then, the deposits shall be termed as “unsecured Deposits” and
shall be so quoted in every circular, form, advertisement or in any document related
to invitation or acceptance of deposits.
Clauses (a) to (e) of section 73(2) Shall not apply to a private company
A. which accepts from its members’ monies not exceeding 100 % of aggregate of the PSC,
FR and securities premium account; or
B. which is a start-up, for 5 years from the DOI; or
C. which fulfils all of the following conditions, namely:
a) which is not an associate or a subsidiary company of any other company;
b) if the borrowings of such a company from banks or financial institutions or anybody
corporate is less than twice of its PSC or Rs. 50 Cr., whichever is lower; and
c) such a company has not defaulted in the repayment of such borrowings subsisting at
the time of accepting deposits under this section:
Provided that the company referred to in clauses (A), (B) or (C) shall file the details of
monies accepted to the ROC in prescribed manner (2018)
Applicable Rules [Rule 3]

• Periods of Acceptance of Deposits
Shall not be repayable on demand; or on notice; or after minimum 6 months or more
than 36 months from the date of acceptance or renewal of such deposits, as the case
maybe.
However, a company may, for meeting short-term requirements of funds, accept or

renew short-term deposits for repayment earlier than 6 months from the date of
deposit or renewal;
Provided that such deposits do not exceed 10% of the aggregate of the PSC and FR of
the company and such deposits are not repayable earlier than 3 months from the date
of acceptance or renewal, as the case may be.
Ceiling on Rate of Interest and Brokerage [Rule 3(6)]

No company shall accept/renew deposits at a rate of interest exceeding the maximum
rate of interest prescribed by RBI that the NBFCs can pay on their public deposits.
Who is eligible to receive brokerage?

Only the person who is authorized, in writing, by a company to solicit deposits on its
behalf and through whom deposits are actually procured will be entitled to the brokerage
and payment of brokerage to any other person for procuring deposits shall be deemed to
be in violation of these Rules.
Form and Particulars of Advertisements or Circulars [Rule 4]

Every company, other than an Eligible Company, intending to invite deposit from its
members shall issue a circular to all its members by registered post with acknowledgement
due or speed post or by electronic mode in Form DPT-1. It may be noted that in addition to
this, the circular may be published in English language in an English newspaper and in
vernacular language in a vernacular newspaper having wide circulation in the State in which
the registered office of the company is situated.
Every Eligible Company intending to invite deposits shall issue a circular in the form of an
advertisement in Form DPT-1 for the purpose in English language in an English newspaper
and in vernacular language in one vernacular newspaper having wide circulation in the State
in which the registered office of the company is situated. Every company inviting deposits
from the public shall upload a copy of the circular on its website, if any.
APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEE FOR DEPOSITORS, ETC. (RULE 7,8,&

9):
Every company, inviting secured deposits shall appoint one or more trustees for
depositors for creating security for the deposits. The company shall execute a deposit
trust deed in Form DPT-2 at least 7 days before issuing the circular or circular in the
form of advertisement.
Certain Persons not to be appointed as Deposit Trustees

No person including a company that is in the business of providing trusteeship services
shall be appointed as a trustee for the deposit holders, if the proposed trustee -
a) Is a director, KMP or any other officer or an employee of the company or of its
holding, subsidiary or associate company or a depositor in the company;
b) Is indebted to the company, or its subsidiary or its holding or associate company or
a subsidiary of such holding company;
c) Has any material pecuniary relationship with the company;
d) Has entered into any guarantee arrangement in respect of principal debts secured by
the deposits or interest thereon;
e) Is related to any person specified in clause (a) above.
REMOVAL OF DEPOSIT TRUSTEES:

With consent of all the directors including Independent Director if company have one.
The duties and functions of deposit trustee shall generally be -

➢ To protect the interest of holders of depositors (including creation of securities within
the stipulated time); and
➢ To redress the grievances of holders of depositors effectively.
Premature Surrender of Deposits [Rule 15]

If a company makes repayment of any deposit after the expiry of 6 months from the date of
such deposit but before, the maturity date of deposit, it should, reduce the interest on such
deposit by 1% from the rate which the company would have paid, had the deposit been
accepted for the period for which such deposit had run; and the company should not pay
interest at a rate higher than the rate so reduced.
Where the period for which the deposit had run contains any part of year, then if such part is
6 months or more, it should be reckoned as one year for the purpose of this Rule.
Return of Deposits [Rule 16]

Every company shall file a return of deposits, in Form DPT-3, with the ROC on or before
30th June of every year. This return shall contain information as on 31st March and shall
be duly certified by the Auditors of the Company.
Penal Rate of Interest [Rule 17]

A penal rate of interest of 18% per annum shall be paid for the overdue period, in case of
public deposits, whether secured or unsecured, matured and claimed but remaining unpaid.
Penalty for Violation of the Provisions of Deposits [Section 76A]

If a company fails to repay the deposits or part thereof or any interest thereon within
the specified time the company shall, in addition to the payment of the amount of
deposit or part thereof and the interest due, be punishable with minimum fine of Rs. 1
Cr or twice the amount of deposit accepted by the company (w.i.l) and maximum
fine of Rs. 10 Cr and every officer in default shall be punishable with imprisonment
which may extend to 7 years AND with minimum fine of Rs.25 Lakh and a maximum
fine of Rs.2 Cr.
www.cscartindia.com CS Praveen Choudhary
Registration of Charges
Charges
Definition Sec 2(16)
An interest or lien created on the property or assets of a company or any of its
undertakings or both as security and includes a mortgage.
1. There should be 2 parties to the transaction, the creator of the charge and
the charge holder.
2. The subject-matter of charge, which may be current or future assets and other
properties of the borrower.
A charge is a security, given for securing loans or debentures. The security may
be provided either by way of mortgage, hypothecation, pledge or lien.
Thus, charge is a general concept and it covers each and every mode of creating
the security on the assets of a company, for the purpose of securing the
repayment of any debt due by a company.
Kind of Charges
A charge on the property of the company as security for creditors may be of the
following kinds, namely:
1. Fixed or specific charge.
2. Floating charge.
Fixed or A fixed charge is against security of certain specific property,

Specific and the company loses the right to dispose off that property
Charge: as unencumbered.
Floating A floating charge is a charge on a class of assets present and
Charge: future, which in the ordinary course of business is changing from
time to time and leaves the company free to deal with the
property as it sees fit until the holders of charge take steps to
enforce their security.
Crystallisation of Floating Charge

A floating charge crystallizes and the security becomes fixed in the following cases-
• When the company goes into liquidation.
• When the company ceases to carry on the business.
• When the creditors take steps to enforce their security.
• On the happening of the specified event.
On crystallization, the floating charge converts itself into a fixed charge on the
property of the company. It has priority over any subsequent equitable charge
and other unsecured creditors
1. A charge created by a company is required to be registered with the ROC
within 30 days of its creation in CHG-1 (for other than debentures) and CHG-
9 (for Debentures).
Provided that the ROC may, allow delay of such registration —
a) If created before 2019 → 300 days from date of creation & 6 months more
can be given.
b) If created after 2019 → 60 days from date of creation & 60 more days can
be given.
On satisfaction, ROC shall issue a certificate of registration of charge in CHG-

2 to the company and to the person in whose favour the charge is created
and shall be conclusive evidence.
All types of charges are required under the Act to be registered whether
created within or outside India Except charges as may be prescribed in
consultation with the RBI.
2. Application for Registration of Charge by the Charge-holder
Where a company fails to register the charge within 30 days, charge holder
may apply to the ROC for registration of the charge and shall be allowed to
recover the expenses made.
The ROC may, on such application, give notice to the company about such
application. The company may either itself register the charge or shows
sufficient cause that why such charge should not be registered. On failure on
part of the company, the ROC may allow registration of such charge within
14 days after giving notice to the company shall allow such registration fees
paid by him to the ROC for the purpose of registration of charge.
Modification of charges [Section 79]

The requirement of registering the charge shall also apply to a company acquiring
any property subject to charge or any modification in terms and conditions of
any charge already registered.
The provisions relating to Condonation of delay shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to
the registration of charge on any property acquired.
Amendments
Relaxation of time for filing forms related to creation or modification of Charges
under the Companies Act, 2013
This is applicable in respect of filing of Form No.CHG-1 and CHG-9 by a company
or a charge holder, where the date of creation/modification of charge:
1. Is before 01.04.2021, but the timeline for filing form has not expired as on
01.04.2021
• Relaxation of Time: The period beginning from 01.04.2021 and ending
31.05.2021, shall not be counted towards the number of days under section 77
or 78 of the Act.
• Applicable Fees: If the form is filed before 31.05.2021, the fees as on
31.03.2021 as per fees rules shall be charged, but if form is filed after
01.06.2021, the fees shall be leviable as per fee rules after counting the number
of days elapsed after 01.6.2021 till form is filed.
2. Falls on any date between 01.04.2021 to 31.05.2021(both days inclusive)
• Relaxation of Time: The period beginning from 01.04.2021 and ending
31.05.2021, shall not be counted towards the number of days under section 77
or 78 of the Act and period will start from 01.06.2021.
• Applicable Fees: If the form is filed before 31.05.2021, the fees as per fees
rules shall be charged, but if form is filed after 01.06.2021, the fees shall be
leviable as per fee rules after counting the number of days elapsed after
01.6.2021 till form is filed.
Verification of Instruments
1. Property situated outside India →
✓ Either under the seal of the company, or
✓ Under the hand of any director or CS or
✓ an authorised officer of the charge holder or
✓ under the hand of interested person;
2. property wholly or partly, to the situated in India →

✓ under the hand of any director or CS of the company or
✓ an authorized officer of the charge holder.
Section 80 – Effect of registration of charges

Whene any charge is registered u/s 77, any person acquiring such property, assets,
undertakings or part thereof or any share or interest therein shall be deemed to
have notice of the charge from the date of such registration.
Consequences of Non-Registration
✓ Void against the liquidator means that the liquidator on winding up of the
company can ignore the charge and can treat the concerned creditor as
unsecured creditor. The property will be treated as free of charge i.e. the
creditor cannot sell the property to recover its dues.
✓ Void against any creditor of the company means that if any subsequent charge
is created on the same property and the earlier charge is not registered, the
earlier charge would have no consequence and the latter charge if registered
would enjoy priority. In other words, the latter charge holder can have the
property sold in order to recover its money.
Thus, non-filing of particulars of a charge does not invalidate the charge against
the company as a going concern. It is void only against the liquidator and the
creditors at the time of liquidation.
Satisfaction of Charges [Sec 82]

A company shall give intimation to the ROC in CHG-4, of the payment or
satisfaction in full of any charge registered within 30 days from date of such
payment of satisfaction.
Provided that the ROC may, allow delay for 300 days of payment or satisfaction
on payment of such additional fees as may be prescribed.
On receipt of such intimation, the ROC shall issue a notice to the holder of the
charge calling a show cause within not exceeding 14 days, as to why payment or
satisfaction in full should not be recorded as intimated to the ROC. If no cause
is shown, by such holder of the charge, the ROC shall order that a memorandum
of satisfaction shall be entered in the register of charges maintained by the ROC
u/s 81 and shall inform the company. If the cause is shown to the ROC shall
record a note to that effect in the register of charges and shall inform the
company accordingly and shall issue a certificate of registration of satisfaction of
charge in Form No. CHG-5.
Company's Register of Charges [Sec 85]

Every company shall keep at its registered office a register of charges in Form
No. CHG.7 which shall include details of all charges created, modified and satisfied.
The register of charges shall be preserved permanently and the instrument

creating a charge or modification there on shall be preserved for 8 years from
the date of satisfaction of charge by the company.
Inspection of the Register and instruments shall be allowed only during the
business hours to any member or creditor (without fees) of the Company or

any other person subject to reasonable restriction.
Penalty for Non-Registration of Charge [Section 86]

The company shall be liable to a penalty of Rs. 5,00,000 and
Every officer in default shall be liable to a penalty of Rs. 25,000.
For wilfully furnishing any false or incorrect information or knowingly suppresses any
material information → shall be liable for action u/s 447.
Rectification by Central Government in register of charges [Sec 87]

The CG on being satisfied that —
a. The omission to give intimation to the ROC of the payment or satisfaction of a

charge, within the time limit OR;
b. The omission or misstatement of any particulars with respect to any such charge
or modification or with respect to any memorandum of satisfaction;
was accidental or due to inadvertence or some other sufficient cause or it is not of

a nature to prejudice the position of creditors or shareholders of the company,
Then
CG may, on the application of the company or any person interested and on prescribed
terms and conditions, direct that the time for the giving of intimation of payment
or satisfaction shall be extended or, as the case may require, that the omission or
misstatement shall be rectified.”.
Intimation of Appointment of Receiver or Manager [Section 84]

If any person obtains an order for the appointment of a receiver of, or of a
person to manage, the property, subject to a charge, of a company or if any
person appoints such receiver or person under any power contained in any
instrument, he shall, within 30 days from the date of the passing of the order
or of the making of the appointment, give notice of such appointment to the
company and the ROC along with a copy of the order or instrument and the
ROC shall, on payment of the prescribed fees, register particulars of the receiver,
person or instrument in the register of charges.
Any person so appointed shall, on ceasing to hold such appointment, give to the
company and the ROC a notice to that effect and the ROC shall register such
notice.
Divisible Profits and Dividend
Definition and Meaning of Dividend
Dividends are sums of money to be paid to the members of the Company in

proportion to the amount paid - up on the shares held by them out of the profits
made by the Company. Dividend is paid.
Difference between Dividend and Interest:
✓ Dividend is paid on shares whereas interest is paid on borrowings of company.
✓ Interest is a debt which like all debts is paid out of the company's assets
generally. A dividend however becomes a debt only after it has been declared
by the company.
✓ Dividend cannot be paid out of the assets of the company, generally it can be
declared only out of the profit available for the purpose. Interest is a charge on
profits while dividend is an appropriation of profits.
Right to claim dividend will only arise after a dividend is declared by the company in
General Meeting and until and unless it is so declared, the shareholder has no claim
against the company in respect of it.
Kinds of dividend:
Final Dividend:
✓ Dividend declared at the AGM of the company is called as Final Dividend.
✓ Final dividend once declared becomes a debt enforceable against the company.
✓ Final Dividend can be declared only if it is recommended by the BOD of the
Company.
✓ BOD must state in the Board's Report the amount of dividend, if any, which it
recommends to be paid.
Interim Dividend
1) Dividend is said to be an interim dividend, if it is declared by the Board between

2 AGM of the company.
2) The BOD may declare out of surplus in the P & L a/c or out of profits of
the FY in which such interim dividend is sought to be declared or out of
profits generated in the FY till the quarter preceding the date of declaration
of the interim dividend:
Provided that in case the co. has incurred loss during the current financial
year up to the end of the quarter immediately preceding the date of
declaration of interim dividend, such interim dividend shall not be declared at
a rate higher than the avg. dividends declared by the co. during immediately
preceding 3 FY.
Dividend on Preference Shares:
It could either be a fixed amount or an amount calculated at a fixed rate. It may be

cumulative or non-cumulative. If there are 2 or more classes of preference shares, the
shareholders of the class which has priority are similarly entitled to their preferential
dividend before any dividend is paid in respect of the other class.
Dividend on Equity Shares:
Dividend on equity shares are to be paid as per rights of the respective classes of
shares and only after all dividends on preference shares have been paid to date. But
they may enjoy a privilege of a higher dividend as the preference dividend is fixed and
cannot be increased.
Dividend Warrant:
An order to its banker to pay the amount specified therein to the shareholder whose
name is written therein. The shareholder may, at his discretion thereafter draw the
amount of the warrant from his account with the bank and with whom he deposits
the warrant for collection.
Ascertainment of Divisible Profits and Dividends (Sec 123)
Declaration of dividend at annual general meeting
• No dividend shall be payable except in cash.

• Dividend is to be declared at an AGM but it has no power to declare a dividend
exceeding the amount recommended by the Board.
• On declaration, dividend becomes a debt payable by the company to the registered
shareholders, who are entitled to sue the company for the non-payment of declared
dividend.
• A company cannot pass a resolution for the declaration of dividend without passing
a resolution for the adoption of annual accounts u/s 129.
• It is beyond the powers of a company to declare a further dividend after the
declaration of a dividend at the AGM. However, a company, which could not declare
a dividend at an AGM, may do so at a subsequent EGM.
• A company which does not comply with the provisions relating to acceptance
and repayment of deposits as provided under sec 73 & 74 would be barred
to declare dividend.
Sources of Dividend
The payment of dividend is bound by two fundamental principles, which are: -

a) Dividend must never be paid out of the capital (Assets); and
b) Dividend shall be declared only out of the profits.
The Companies Act allows dividend to be paid out of the following sources:-
a) Profits of the company for the year for which the dividend is to be paid; OR
b) Undistributed profits of the previous financial years OR
c) Both OR
d) Out of money provided by CG or SG for the payment of dividend by the co. as
per guarantee given by that govt.
Mode of Payment of Dividend
First of all, the amount of declared dividend shall be deposited in a separate

bank account in a scheduled Bank within 5 days from the date of declaration
and shall be utilized for the payment of dividend only and shall be distributed
within 30 days.
Inadequacy of Profits (2nd Proviso to Sec 123(1))
A company can declare dividend in case of absence or inadequacy of profits for a

financial year out of the surplus of the previous years. But for such a declaration, the
following conditions are to be fulfilled simultaneously:-
1. Rate of Dividend
The rate of dividend declared shall not exceed the average of the rates at which
dividend was declared by it in the 3 years immediately preceding that year. It
may be noted that the aforesaid provision shall not apply to a company, which
has not declared any dividend in each of the three preceding FY.
2. Total amount to be drawn

The total amount to be drawn from the accumulated profits shall not-exceed an
amount equal to 1/10th of of its paid-up capital and free reserves and the amount
so drawn shall first be utilized to set off the losses incurred in the financial year
before any dividend is declared.
3. Balance of Reserves
The balance of reserves after such withdrawal shall not fall below 15% of its paid
- up share capital.
4. Set-off of Unabsorbed Depreciation

In case a company has incurred a loss in previous financial years, the amount of
loss or an amount, which is equal to the amount, provided for depreciation for
these previous financial years, whichever is less, shall be set off against the profits
of the company for the year for which dividend is to be paid.
Unpaid and unclaimed Dividend and its Payment (Sec 124)
1) Where a dividend has been declared by a company but has not been paid or
claimed within 30 days from the date of the declaration, the company shall,
within next 7 days, transfer the total amount of dividend which remains
unpaid or unclaimed, to a special account to be opened by the company in
that behalf in any SCB to be called 'Unpaid Dividend Account of ........
Company Limited / Company (Private) Limited;
2) Otherwise the company shall pay, from the date of such default, interest at
the rate of 12% per annum and the interest accruing on such amount shall
ensure to the benefit of the members of the company in proportion to the
amount remaining unpaid to them.
3) Any person claiming to be entitled to any money transferred to the Unpaid
Dividend Account of the company may apply to the company for payment of
the money claimed.
4) If Any money transferred remains unpaid or unclaimed for 7 years then shall
be transferred to the IEPF and the company shall intimate to the authority
which administers the Fund and that authority shall issue a receipt to the
company as evidence of such transfer.
Details of unpaid dividend to be placed on the website
The company shall, within 90 days of making any transfer of an amount to the
Unpaid Dividend Account,
1. Prepare a statement containing
➢ the names,
➢ their last known addresses and
➢ the unpaid dividend to be paid to each person and
2. Place it on the website of the company, if any, and
3. Also on any other web site approved by the Central Government for this
purpose,
In such form, manner and other particulars as may be prescribed.
If company fails to comply,
Such company shall be liable to a penalty of Rs. 1 Lakh and in case of continuing
failure, with a further penalty of Rs. 500 for each day after the first during
which such failure continues, subject to a maximum of Rs. 10 Lakh And
Every officer of the company who is in default shall be liable to a penalty of
Rs. 25,000 and in case of continuing failure, with a further penalty of Rs. 100
for each day after the first during which such failure continues, subject to a
maximum of Rs. 2 lakh.
Investor Education and Protection Fund [IEPF] (Sec 125).
The CG has established a Fund to be known as 'IEPF' in which following amounts

shall be credited -
a. Unpaid Dividend;
b. Unpaid application money received by companies for allotment of securities
and due for refund;
c. Unpaid matured deposits;
d. Unpaid matured debentures;
e. Interest thereon;
f. Grants and donations given to IEPF by the C/G, S/G, companies or any other
institutions for the purposes of IEPF;
g. Interest or other income received out of the investments made from the
IEPF;
h. Sale proceeds of fractional shares arising out of issuance of bonus shares,
merger and Amalgamation for 7 or more years;
i. Redemption amount of preference shares remaining unpaid or unclaimed for
7 or more years; and such other amount as may be prescribed
The Fund shall be utilised for:
a) The refund in respect of unclaimed dividends, matured deposits, matured

debentures, the application money due for refund and interest there on;
b) Promotion of investors' education, awareness and protection;
c) Distribution of any disgorged amount among eligible and identifiable applicants
for shares or debentures, shareholders, debenture-holders or depositors who have
suffered losses due to wrong actions by any person, in accordance with the orders
made by the Court which had ordered disgorgement;
d) Reimbursement of legal expenses incurred in pursuing class action suits; and
e) Any other purpose incidental thereto, in accordance with such rules as may be
prescribed.
Right to Dividend on Pending Registration of Shares (Sec 126)
In such case, the dividend is required to be paid to the transferee if the transferor
has given a mandate to that effect. otherwise, the dividend in respect of the shares
should be transferred to the Unpaid Dividend Account.
Further, the company shall keep in abeyance (suspend) the rights shares and bonus
shares, to be issued in respect of transferred shares but not registered.
Punishment for Failure to Distribution Dividends (Sec 127)
Every director of the company shall, if he is knowingly a party to the default,

be punishable with simple imprisonment which may extend to 2 years and shall
also be liable to fine of Rs.1,000 for every day during which such default
continues.
Further, company shall be liable to pay simple interest @ 18% p.a. for the period
of default.
CSR
Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate Social Responsibility
According to 'CSR Voluntary Guidelines, 2009' in December, 2009, each business

entity should formulate a CSR policy to guide its strategic planning and provide
a roadmap for its CSR initiatives, which should be an integral part of overall
business policy and aligned with its business goals.
Benefits of CSR
The benefits of CSR could be listed as follows:
• Strengthened brand positioning
• Enhanced corporate image and reputation
• Satisfaction of economic and social contribution to society
• Contribution to the surrounding society
• Increased ability to attract, motivate and retain employees
• Enhanced sales and market share
• Increased appeals to investors and financial analysts
• Local economy gains in all dimensions.
Requirement (Sec 135)

Every company having -
• Net worth of Rs. 500 Cr or more; or
• Turnover of Rs. 1,000 Cr or more; or
• Net profit of Rs. 5 Cr or more
• During immediately preceding FY shall constitute a CSR Committee.
• The Board shall ensure that at-least 2% of average net profits of the company
made during 3 immediately preceding FY OR where the company has not completed
the period of 3 financial years since its incorporation, during such immediately
preceding FY, shall be spent on such policy every year.
• Any amount remaining unspent, shall be transferred by the company within 30
days from the end of the FY to a special account called as Unspent CSR Account,
CSR
and shall be spent within 3 FY from the date of such transfer for CSR activity
only, otherwise the company shall transfer the same amount to a Fund specified
in Schedule VII, within next 30 days.
• Where the amount to be spent by a company does not exceed Rs. 50 lakhs, no
need to constitution of the CSR Committee and the functions of such Committee
shall, in such cases, be discharged by the BOD of such company. (Amendment)
Composition of CSR Committee

➢ The CSR committee shall consist of 3 or more directors, out which one director
shall be an Independent Director. The composition of such CSR Committee shall
have to be disclosed in the Board's Report as required u/s134(4).
➢ An unlisted public company or a private company which is not required to
appoint an independent director shall have in its CSR Committee 2 or more
directors.
➢ With respect of foreign company, the CSR Committee shall comprise of at least
2 persons of which one-person resident in India and another person shall be
nominated by the foreign company.
CSR Policy
The CSR Policy of the company shall, inter alia includes the following, namely:
a) A list of CSR projects or programs which a company plans to undertake falling
within the purview of the Schedule VII of the Act, specifying modalities of
execution of such project or programs and implementation schedule for the same;
and
b) Monitoring process of such projects or programs. But the activity should not be
undertaken in pursuance of normal course of business of a company.
c) The Board shall ensure that the activities included by the company in its CSR
Policy are related to the activities mentioned in Schedule VII of the Act.
Functions of the CSR Committee (Sec 135(3))

1. The Committee shall formulate and recommend to the Board, a CSR Policy which
shall indicate the activities to be undertaken by the company (in areas or subject)
CSR
as specified in Schedule VII of the Act.

2. The Committee shall also stipulate how, where, and when they want to invest
their funds with respect to this requirement.
CSR Activities
The CSR activities may be undertaken by way of the following methods:
a) By Charity
b) By Contract
c) By Itself
In the Companies (CSR Policy) Rules, 2014, in rule 2(1)(e), the following proviso
shall be inserted, namely: -
Provided that any company engaged in research and development activity of new
vaccine, drugs and medical devices in their normal course of business may undertake
research and development activity of new vaccine, drugs and medical devices related
to COVID-19 for financial years 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23 subject to the
conditions that:
(i) such research and development activities shall be carried out in collaboration
with any of the institutes or organisations mentioned in item (ix) of Schedule
VII of the Companies Act, 2013.
(ii) details of such activity shall be disclosed separately in the Annual Report on
CSR included in the Board’s Report.
Role of Board (Sec 135(4))

The Board of every company shall -
1. After receiving recommendation and policy made by the CSR Committee, approve
and take steps to implement / execute the CSR policy for the company and
disclose such policy –
a. in the Board's Report; and
b. Also place the contents of policy on its Company's web site, if any, in form
prescribed under Companies (CSR Policy) Rules, 2014.
CSR
Ensure that the activities which formulate by CSR Committee in the Policy are duly
undertaken by the company
Consequences of not complying with provisions of CSR

If a company is in default in complying with the provisions, the company shall be
liable to a penalty of twice the amount required to be transferred by the company
to the Fund specified in Schedule VII or the Unspent CSR Account, as the case may
be, or Rs. 1 Cr., (w.i.l), and
Every officer in default shall be liable to a penalty of 1/10th of the amount required
to be transferred by the company to such Fund specified in Schedule VII, or the
Unspent CSR Account, as the case may be, or Rs. 2 Lakhs, (w.i.l).
Companies (CSR Policy) Amendment Rules, 2021 effective from 01.04.2021

• Every entity who intends to undertake any CSR activity, shall register itself
with the Central Government by filing the Form CSR-1 electronically with the
Registrar w.e.f. 01.04.2021 to be certified by CA/CS/CMA in practice.
• On submission, a unique CSR number will be generated.
• Transfer of unspent CSR amount to any fund included in schedule VII of the
Act”.
• If the entity spends more than the prescribed amount, such excess amount can
be set off against the requirement to spend up to immediate succeeding 3 FY
subject to condition that excess amount is not arising from CSR activities and
resolution has been passed to this effect by Board.
• CSR amount may be spent by a company for creation or acquisition of a capital
asset which shall be held by a company specified for this purpose.
• Any surplus arising out of CSR activities shall not form part of Business profits
and shall be ploughed back into the same project or transfer to the Unspent
CSR Amount and spent in pursuance of CSR policy and annual action plan of the
company or fund specified in Scheduled VII of the companies act, 2013 within 6
months from the end of financial year.
• Every Company having average CSR obligation of Rs. 10 crore or more in the 3
immediately preceding FY shall undertake impact assessment, through an
CSR
independent agency, of their CSR projects having outlays of Rs. 1 crore or more,
and which have been completed not less than 1 year before undertaking the
impact study and impact assessment reports shall be placed before the Board
and shall be annexed to the annual report on CSR and the Company undertaking
impact assessment may book the expenditure towards CSR for that FY, which
shall not exceed 5% of the total CSR expenditure for that financial year or Rs.
50 lakhs, whichever is less. ”
• Administrative overhead expenditure shall not exceed 5% of total CSR
expenditure for a financial year.
Accounts
ACCOUNTS
Books of Account (Sec 128)

For preparation of annual accounts, the maintenance of proper books of account
is must.
Place of keeping books of accounts → at its registered office.
However, all or any of the books of accounts may be kept at such other place in India
as the BOD and within 7 days shall file with the ROC in Form AOC-5 a notice in
writing giving full address of that other place. ()
Mandatory use of Accounting Software having Audit Trail with effect from
01.04.2021
From FY commencing on 01.04.2021, every Company shall use Accounting Software
having feature to record audit trail of each transaction, creating the edit log of
changes made & ensuring that the audit trail cannot be disabled. (Amendment)
Inspection of Books of Account by Directors

1. Books shall be open for inspection by any director during business hours.
2. Such inspection may be done by any type of director- nominee, independent,
promoter or whole time.
3. A director of the Company can inspect the books of accounts of the subsidiary,
only on authorisation by way of BR.
4. The said information shall be provided to director within 15 days of receipt
of request.
5. The director can seek the information only individually and not by or through
his attorney holder or agent or representative.
Period of Preservation (Sec 128(5))

➢ Not less than 8 years or entire period immediately preceding the relevant financial
year (whichever is less)
Accounts
➢ However, the CG may direct that the books of account may be kept for longer
than 8 years, as it may deem fit and give directions to that effect.
Person responsible for keeping the books of accounts(Sec 128(6))

i. MD,
ii. WTD, in charge of finance
iii. CFO, or
iv. Any other Authorised person.
Maintenance of Books of Accounts in Electronic form → permitted and is

optional.
Branch Office Accounts

"Branch Office" means any establishment described as a branch by the company.
The branches of the company, if any, in India or outside India shall also keep the
books of account in the same manner, for the transaction effected at the branch
office. Further the branch' offices are required to send the proper summarized
return at quarterly intervals to the company at its registered office.
Financial Statement (Sec 129)

Meaning of "Financial year” [Sec 2(41)]
In relation to any company or body corporate to mean the period ending on the 31st
March every year, and where it has been incorporated on or after the 1stJanuary of
a year, financial year means the period ending on 31st March of the following year, in
respect whereof the financial statement is made up.
Exception for different financial year

Exception is given to companies which are holding/subsidiary or associate co. of a
company incorporated outside India and requiring consolidation outside India, who
can have a different financial year with the approval of Tribunal. If the NCLT is
satisfied, it may allow the company to follow a different period as its financial year.
Accounts
Financial Statement Section 2 (40)

It include -
➢ Balance Sheet
➢ P& L account or Income and Expenditure account
➢ Cash flow Statement
➢ Statement of change in equity, if applicable
➢ Any explanatory notes annexed to or forming part of financial statements,
giving information required to be given and allowed to be given in the form of
notes.
However, the financial statement with respect to OPC, small company and dormant
company, and private company (start-up) may not include the cash flow statement.
Financial statements should be prepared for financial year and shall be in form as
per Schedule III.
The financial statements shall give a true and fair view of the state of affairs
of the company or companies, comply with the accounting standards and shall
be in form or forms as may be provided for different class or classes of companies
in Schedule III.
According to amended Rules the Companies which are required to comply with
Companies (IndAS) Rules, 2015 shall forward their statement in Form AOC-3A.
Consolidated Financial Statements

All companies including:
➢ Unlisted companies and
➢ Private companies having one or more subsidiary company or associate company
Is required to prepare consolidated financial statements of all the subsidiary and

associated companies and shall be filed with ROC in Form AOC-l.
Periodical financial results (Sec 129A)

The CG may require such class of unlisted companies as may be prescribed –
a) to prepare the financial results of the company on such periodical basis and
Accounts
in prescribed form;
b) to obtain approval of the BOD and complete audit or limited review of such
periodical financial results in prescribed manner; and
c) file a copy with the ROC within 30 days of completion of the relevant
period with prescribed fees.
Re-Opening of Accounts on Court's or Tribunal's Orders (Sec 130)

i. A company shall not re-open its books of accounts and shall not recast its financial
statements, unless an application in this regard is made by anyone or more of
the following -
a) the Central Government, or
b) the Income-tax authorities, or
c) the SEBI, or
d) any other statutory regulatory body or authority or any person concerned, and
e) An order in this regard is made by a court of competent jurisdiction or the
NCLT.
ii.The re-opening and recasting of financial statements is permitted only for the
following reasons -
a) the relevant earlier accounts were prepared in a fraudulent manner; or
b) The affairs of the company were mismanaged during the relevant period, casting
a doubt on the reliability of financial statements.
iii.The Court or the Tribunal, as the case may be, shall give the notice to the
authorities mentioned above.
Note: The accounts so revised or re-cast under this section shall be final.
BUT No order shall be made in respect of re-opening of books of account relating to
a period earlier than 8 FY immediately preceding the current financial year:
Voluntary Revision of Financial Statements or Board's Report (Sec 131)

1. This provision allows the directors to prepare revised financial statement or a
revised Board's report if it appears to them that the company's financial
Accounts
statement or the Board's Report did not comply with the requirements of
Section 129 or Section 134, after obtaining approval of the NCLT.
2. The application to the NCLT shall be made within 2weeks of the decision taken
by the Board and the company shall disclose in the application if the majority
of directors and auditors have been changed immediately before such decision.
The Tribunal will issue notice and hear the auditor of original financial
statement.
3. Tribunal shall give notice and take into account the representations, if any,
of the CG and of the Income Tax Department.
4. A certified copy of the order of the Tribunal shall be filed with the ROC within
30 days of the date of receipt of the certified copy.
5. The detailed reasons for revision of such financial statements or report shall be
disclosed in the Board's report in the relevant financial year in which such
revision is being made.
6. On receipt of approval from Tribunal a GM may be called. Notice of such GM
along with reasons for change in Financial Statements may be published in
Newspaper in English and in vernacular language.
7. In such GM, the said revised financial statements, statement of directors and
the statement of auditors may be put up for consideration before a decision
is taken on adoption of the revised financial statements.
8. On approval of the General Meeting, the revised financial statements along
with the statement of auditors or revised Board report, as the case may be
shall be filed with the ROC within 30 days of the date of approval by the
general meeting.
It may also be noted that while the present section sets out a 3 year’s limit for
voluntary revision of financial statements or Board's Report, but no such time limit
has been prescribed for re-appointment of accounts due to order of Court or NCLT
u/s 130.
National financial Reporting Authority (Sec 132)

The CG has introduced a new regulatory authority named as NFRA with wide
powers to recommend, enforce and monitor the compliance of accounting and auditing
Accounts
standards. The Companies Act, 2013 empowers the Central Government to form
a Committee for recommendations on Accounting Standards which is National
Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards (NACAS). This is now being renamed
with enhanced independent oversight powers and authority as NFRA.
➢ NFRA shall be responsible for monitoring and enforcing compliance of auditing
and accounting standards and for that purpose, oversee the quality of
professions associated with ensuring such compliances.
➢ The Authority shall investigate professional and other misconducts which may be
committed by Chartered Accountancy members and firms. There is also a
provision for appellate authority.
➢ The NFRA shall be a quasi - judicial body to regulate matters related to
accounting and auditing.
➢ NFRA shall give its recommendations on accounting standards and auditing
standards.
Constitution of NFRA
The constitution of NFRA shall be as follows:
i. A chairperson, to be nominated by CG, and such other prescribed members not
exceeding 15.
ii. The chairperson and all members shall make a declaration about no conflict of
interest or lack of independence in respect of their appointment.
iii. The chairperson and all full - time members shall not be associated with any
audit firm or related consultancy firm during course of their appointment and
2 years after ceasing to hold such appointment.
iv. The head office of NFRA shall be at New Delhi and it may, meet at such
other places in India, as it deems fit.
v. Its accounts shall be audited by Comptroller & Auditor General of India (CAGI)
and such accounts as certified by CAGI, together with audit report, shall be
forwarded annually to the CG.
CG to prescribe Accounting Standards

[Section 133 Read with Rule 7 of Companies (Accounts) Rules 2014]
Accounts
The CG may prescribe the standards of accounting or any addendum thereto,

as recommended by the ICAI, in consultation with and after examination of the
recommendations made by the NFRA.
Authentication of Financial Statement, Board's Report Etc. (Sec 134)

1) The FS shall be approved by the BOD before being signed by chairperson on
behalf of BOD for submission to auditor for his audit report thereon.
2) Auditor’s report shall be attached to every FS.
3) Board Report shall also be attached to such FS which shall include -
a) The web address, where annual return has been placed;
b) No. of Board Meetings.
c) Director’s responsibility statement.
d) Statement of declaration by Independent Directors.
3A) CG may prescribe an abridged BR for OPC or small co.
Every listed company shall disclose in its Board Report the following:
a. The ratio of the remuneration if each director to the median remuneration if the
employees of the company for the financial year;
b. Percentage increase in remuneration of each director and CEO;
c. Percentage increase in the median remuneration of employees;
d. Number of permanent employees on the rolls of company;
e. Explanation on the relationship between average increase in remuneration and
company performance;
f. Comparison of the remuneration of the KMP against the performance of the
company;
g. The key parameters for any variable component of remuneration availed by the
directors;
h. Affirmation that the remuneration is as per the remuneration policy of the
company.
Right of Member to Copies of Audited Financial Statement (Sec 136)

This section seeks to provide that a copy of FS including CFS, if any, auditor's
Accounts
report along with annexures I attachments shall be sent to every member, every
trustee for the debenture holder and all other persons who are so entitled, at
least 21 days before the date of general meeting Otherwise they shall be approved
by 95% of members entitled to vote at the GM.
Right to Inspect
Every member or trustee of debenture holder shall have right to inspect the FS
and documents to be attached thereto, at its registered office during business
hours. However, this right is not available to debenture holders.
Obligation of Listed Company

Listed company may make available the copies of the documents for inspection
at its registered office during working hours 21 days before the date of the
meeting and a statement containing the salient features of such documents in
Form AOC-3 prescribed by the CG or the documents and sent the same to every
stake holder.
Rule 11 of Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014,
All listed companies and
public companies having *net worth of more than Rs.1 Cr. and
*turnover of more than Rs. 10 Cr.,
may send the financial statements:
a. By E- mode also to such members whose shareholding is in De-mat form and
whose email Ids are registered with Depository for communication purposes;
Filing of Financial Statement with ROC [Sec 137]

If for any reason, the AGM does not adopt the FS or is adjourned without
adopting the FS or if the AGM of a company for any year has not been held, a
statement of the fact and of the reasons therefore must also be annexed to
the FS and to the copies thereof to be filed with the ROC within 30 days from
the last date on which AGM should have been held.
The ROC shall take them in his record as provisional, until the adoption at AGM.
Accounts
The OPC shall file the copy of financial statements duly adopted by its members
within 180 days from the closure of FY.
➢ Every company have to file the FS including CFS together with Form AOC- 4
with the ROC within 30 days from the day on which the AGM held and
adopted the FS with prescribed fees.
Maintenance of Costing and stock records (Sec 138)

A company engaged in production, processing, manufacturing or mining activity,
is also required to maintain particulars relating to utilization of material, labour
or other items of cost.
Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)

Extensible Business Reporting Language" means a standardised language for
communication in electronic form to express, report or file financial information
by companies.
XBRL is a data rich dialect of XML (Extensible Mark-up Language), the

universally preferred language for transmitting information via the internet. It
was developed specifically to communicate information between business and other
users of financial information, such as analysts, investors and regulators. XBRL
provides a common, electronic format for business reporting.
Mandatory Requirement
As per Companies (Filing of documents and forms in XBRL) Rules, 2015
• Every Indian Listed Company &their Indian subsidiaries;
• Every Company having PSC of Rs. 5 Cr. or more;
• Every company having T.O of Rs. 100 Cr. or more
• All companies which are required to prepare their financial statements in accordance
with Companies (Ind AS) Rules, 2015.
www.CSCARTINDIA.com CS Praveen Choudhary
Auditors
Auditors
Introduction
Audit is an examination of accounting records undertaken with a view to establish
the correctness or otherwise of the transactions reflected therein. It involves the
intelligent scrutiny of the books of accounts of a company with reference to
documents, vouchers and other relevant records. The main object of audit is to
ensure that the statement of accounts of the relevant financial year, truly and
fairly, reflect the state of affairs of the company.
Qualification of Auditors sec 141 (1) and (2)

Only a CA (individual) or a Firm, where majority of partners practicing in India
are CA, can be appointed as auditor of any company, whether public or private.
Disqualification of Auditors Sec 141 (3)

None of the following persons shall be qualified for appointment as auditor of a
company:
a) A body corporate, except LLP;
b) An officer or employee of the company;
c) Any partner/ employee of officer or employee of company;
d) A Person who or his partner or relative –
i. Is holding any security of or interest in the co., H.C, S.C, A.C. Provided
that his relative may hold the security or interest in co. of FV not
exceeding Rs. 1 Lakh. OR
ii. Is indebted to co., H.C, S.C, A.C. or subsidiary of such holding co. in
excess of Rs. 5 Lakh. OR
iii. Has given a guarantee or provided security for any indebtness of any 3 rd
party to co. H.C, S.C, A.C. or subsidiary co. of such holding co. for Rs.
1 Lakh.
e) A person or a firm who, whether directly or indirectly, has business relation
with co. H.C, S.C, A.C. or subsidiary co. of such holding co. of such nature
as may be prescribed.
f) A person whose relative is a director or is in the employment of the co. as
a director or KMP.
8. 16
Auditors
g) A person who is in full time employment elsewhere or a person or a partner

of a firm holding appointment as its auditor, if such person or partner is at
the date of such appointment or reappointment holding appointment as
auditor of more than 20 companies.
h) A person who has been convicted by a court of an offence involving fraud and
a period of 10 years has not elapsed from the date of such conviction;
i) A person who, directly or indirectly, renders any service referred u/s 144 to
the co. or its holding co. or its subsidiary co.
Further, an internal auditor cannot act as statutory auditor.
Appointment of First Auditor (Sec 139(6)

The 1stauditor of a company, other than a Government Company, is to be
appointed by the Board of Directors:
➢ Within 30 days of the date of the registration (incorporation) of the
company.
➢ If the Board of Directors fails, the company in GM within 90 days of the
date of the registration (Incorporation) of the company, may appoint the
first auditor.
The first auditor so appointed is to hold office until the conclusion of the AGM
of the company.
Subsequent Appointment of Auditors (Sec 139 (1))

It is necessary for every company, before making an appointment at any AGM
of an auditor, to obtain from the auditor proposed to be appointed his written
consent and a certificate to the following effect:
a) The individual is eligible for appointment and is not disqualified for
appointment under the Act, the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 and the
rules of regulations made there under;
b) The proposed appointment is as per the term provided under the Act;
c) The proposed appointment is within the limits laid down by or under the
authority of the Act;
d) The list of proceedings against the auditor or audit firm or any partner of
the audit firm pending with respect to professional matters of conduct, as
8. 17
Auditors
disclosed in the certificate, is true and correct.
The Company shall inform the auditor concerned of his or its appointment and
also file a notice of such appointment with the registrar in Form ADT-1 within
15 days of the meeting in which the auditor is appointed.
Term of Auditor
a) A listed company
b) An unlisted Public Company having a paid up share capital of Rs. 10 Cr. or more.
c) A private Limited Company having a paid up share capital of Rs. 50 Cr. or
more;
d) All Companies having public borrowings from Banks, Financial Institutions or
Public deposit of Rs. 50 Cr. or more.
shall not appoint or re – appoint an individual as auditor for more than 1 term of 5
consecutive year; and an audit firm as auditor for more than 2 terms of 5 consecutive
years:
Further, no audit firm shall be appointed as auditor of the company for a period
of 5 years, if same firm presently having a common partner to the previous
audit firm, whose tenure has expired in a company immediately preceding the
financial year.
It may be noted that these auditor (either individual/audit firm) can be re-
appointed after cooling off period of 5years.
Appointment of Auditors in a Government Company (Sec 139(5))

The First auditor shall be appointed by the C&AG within 60 days from the
date of incorporation and in case of failure to do so, the Board shall appoint
auditor within next 30 days and on failure to do so by BOD, it shall inform
the members, who shall appoint the auditor within 60 days at an extraordinary
general meeting (EGM), such auditor shall hold office till conclusion of 1st AGM.
In case of subsequent auditor for existing government companies, the C&AG of
8. 18
Auditors
India shall appoint within 180 days from the commencement of the financial
year and the auditor so appointment shall hold his position till the conclusion
of the AGM.
Re-appointment of Auditors (Sec 139(9)

A retiring auditor shall be reappointed unless:
a) He is not qualified for re-appointment; or

b) He has given to the company notice in writing of his unwillingness to re-
appointed; or
c) A special resolution has been passed at that meeting appointing somebody
instead of him or expressly providing that he shall not be appointed.
If at any AGM, no auditor is appointed or reappointed, the existing auditor

shall continue to be the auditor of the company.
Appointment of Auditor by filling Casual Vacancy

The casual vacancy in the office of auditor may be filled by the Board. But
where the vacancy is caused by resignation of auditor, such vacancy shall only be
filled by the company in general meeting within 3 months of the recommendation
of the Board. The auditor so appointed shall hold the office until the conclusion
of the next AGM.
The casual vacancy in the office of an auditor of a Government Company or

government controlled (directly/ indirectly) company shall be filled by the C&AG
within 30 days from the date of vacancy and in case of failure to do so, Board
shall fill up the same within next 30 days.
Appointment of Auditor other than Retiring Auditor

The procedure for appointing an auditor, who is not the retiring auditor, is as
follows:
1. A special notice of minimum 14 clear days is required for appointing as auditor
a person other than the retiring auditor shall not be reappointed. However,
special notice is not required if the retiring auditor has completed the term
8. 19
Auditors
of 5 or 10 years as the case may be.

2. On receipt of notice is received of such a resolution, the company can
conveniently send a copy of the same to the retiring auditor.
3. Where the notice is received well in advance, the company can conveniently
send the notice of the resolution to the members including the same in the
notice of the AGM. Where it is received just 14 days before the meeting and
it is not feasible for the company to send notice of the same to members,
the company has to notify the same in English and Vernacular language
newspapers at least 7 days before the meeting.
4. The retiring auditor can make a representation and request for the
notification to members. The company should do so unless the representation
is received too late, then representations shall be read out at the meeting.
It may be noted that if a copy of the representation is not sent as aforesaid,
a copy thereof shall be filled with the ROC.
5. If on the application of the company or any other person who claims to be
aggrieved, the NCLT; on being satisfied that the rights are being abused to
secure needless publicity for defamatory matter, the company need not send
a copy or read out the representations.
6. At AGM, the appointment will be considered and the necessary resolution to
be passed.
7. After the appointment, the company shall inform the auditor concerned of
his or its appointment and also file a notice of such appointment with the
Registrar in FormADT-1within 15 days of the meeting in which the auditor
is appointed.
Rotation of Auditors
Member of a company can provide for following by passing a resolution:
a) If the audit firm appointed by it, the auditing partner and his team shall be
rotated at such intervals as may be resolved by members; or
b) The audit shall be conducted by more than one auditor.
Remuneration of Auditors (Sec 142)

The remuneration of the auditor of a company shall be determined by the
shareholders or in such manner as the shareholders may determine. Board may fix
8. 20
Auditors
the remuneration of the first auditor appointed by it.
In general, the authority appointing the auditor has to fix the remuneration.
However, in the case of government Company, auditor is appointed by C&AG but
remuneration is determined by the shareholders or in such manner as the
shareholders may determine.
Resignation by an Auditor
The auditor who has resigned from the company shall file a statement in Form
ADT-3 indicating the reasons and other facts as may be relevant with regard
to his resignation as follows:
1) In case of other than Government Company, the auditor shall within 30
days from the date of resignation, file such statement to the company and
ROC.
2) In case of Government Company or government controlled company, auditor
shall within 30 days from the resignation, file such statement to the
company and the registrar and also file the statement with the C&AG.
Removal of Auditors:
By the Shareholders
The auditor appointment u/s 139 may be removed from his office before the
expiry of the term only by-
I. Obtaining the prior approval of the Central Government by filling an
application in Form ADT-2 within 30 days of Board resolutions.
II. The company shall hold the general meeting within 60 days of receipt of
approval of the Central Government for passing the special resolution.
III. The auditor concerned shall be given a reasonable opportunity of being heard.
By the National Company Law Tribunal

National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) can either-
i. Suo moto; or
ii. On an application from Central Government, or
iii. on an application from person concerned,
8. 21
Auditors
In the case of application being made by the CG and the NCLT being satisfied
that change of auditor is required, it shall within 15 days of the receipt of such
application, make an order that the Auditor shall not function as an auditor of
the company and the CG may appoint another auditor in his place. This will
happen only when an application is made by the CG and not any other person.
Where the auditor, whether individual or firm, against whom the final order as
aforementioned is passed by the NCLT under this section, he shall not be eligible
to be appointed as an auditor of any' company for 5 years from the date of
passing of such order. Further, the auditor shall also be liable for action u/s
447 which provides for punishments for frauds.
Duties of Auditors (Sec 143)

Following are the important of Auditors:
1.Duty to make and audit report
2.Duty to make adequate disclosures in the audit report
3.Duty to give reasons for qualifications
4.Duty to sign the audit report
5.Duty to attend the meetings of Audit Committee of Directors.
If an auditor of Co. in the course of the performance of his duties as

auditor, has reason to believe that a fraud involving prescribed amount is
being or has been committed by the officers or employees of Co., the
auditor shall report the matter to CG within prescribed time and manner.
But if amount involved in fraud is lesser than specified amount, the auditor
shall report the matter to audit committee of Co. constituted u/s 177 or
to the BOD and such companies shall disclose the details about such fraud
in Board’s Report in prescribed manner.
Audit of Branch Accounts (Sec 143)

If a company has branch offices, the accounts of every branch office must be
audited by the company's auditor or the company may appoint another qualified
auditor for the purpose. If any branch office of the company is outside India,
the accounts shall be audited by a person qualified to audit accounts according
to laws of that country or the company's auditor or a person qualified for
appointment as auditor under the companies Act, 2013.
8. 22
Auditors
The branch shall prepare a report on the accounts of the branch office examined
by him and forward the same to the company's auditor who shall in preparing
the auditor's report, deal with the same in such manner as he considers
necessary.
Auditor not to do Certain Services (Sec 144)

An auditor shall provide to the company only such other services as are approved
by the Board of Directors/ the audit committee, but which shall not include any
of the following services (whether such services are rendered directly or indirectly)
to the company or its holding company or subsidiary company, namely:
(a) Accounting and book keeping services;
(b) Internal audit;
(c) Design and implementation of any financial information system;
(d) Actuarial services;
(e) Investment advisory services;
(f) Investment banking services;
(g) Rendering of outsourced financial services;
(h) Management services; and
(i) Any other kind of services as may be prescribed.
The MCA vide order dated December 17, 2020 has issued the Companies (Auditor’s
Report) Second Amendment Order, 2020. The order has further deferred the
applicability of the Companies (Auditor’s Report) Order (CARO) 2020, by one
year.
So, Companies (Auditor’s Report) Order, 2020 (CARO 2020) will be applicable
from the financial years commencing on or after the 1st April, 2021
In the Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules, 2014, in rule 11-
The scope of reporting has been broadened by inserting the clause which defines
‘Other Matters to be included in the Audit Report’.
As per the amendment following Additional Disclosures are also required:
(a) Reporting regarding advances loans & Investment other than disclosed in notes
to accounts
(b) Receiving of funds for further lending or investing other than disclosed in notes
to accounts.
(c) Comment upon above 2 points whether representation made contains any
material
(d) Dividend declared or paid is in compliance of section 123 of CA,2013.
8. 23
Auditors
(e) Comment of use of Accounting Software having Audit Trail & other rules
Signing and Reading Out of Auditors Report [Sec 145]

As per Section 145 of the Companies Act, 2013, only the person appointed as
auditor of the company, or where a firm is so appointed, only a partner in the
firm who are chartered accountants may sign the auditor's report on behalf of the
firm.
Further, any qualifications, observations or comments on financial transactions

matters, which have an adverse effect on the functioning of the company
mentioned in the auditor's report shall be read out before the company in general
meeting and shall be open to inspection by any member of the company.
Cost Audit
[Section 148 Read with Rule 14]
Cost audit is the verification of cost accounts and a test on the compliances to
the cost accounting plan.
At the outset, cost audit involves:
➢ The verification of the record of cost accounts like the accuracy of the cost
accounts, cost technique and cost reports;
➢ Scrutinizing these records to make sure that they adhere to the cost
accounting principles and objectives'
The audit shall be conducted by a cost Accountant, who shall be appointed by

the BOD on such remuneration as may be determined by the members.
The audit conducted under this section be in addition to the audit conducted
u/s 143.
The qualifications, disqualifications, rights, duties and obligations applicable to

auditors under this chapter shall, so far as may be applicable, apply to a cost
auditor appointed under this section and it shall be duty of the company to
give all assistance and facilities to the cost auditor appointed under this section
for auditing the cost records of the company.
Further the report on the audit of cost records shall be submitted by the cost
accountant in practice to the Board of Directors of the Company.
8. 24
Auditors
A company shall within 30 days from the date of receipt of a copy of the cost
audit report, furnish the CG with such report along with full information and
explanation on every reservation or qualification contained therein.
Internal Audit
[Sec 138 read with Rule 13 of Companies (Accounts)Rules 2014]
Classes of companies requiring Internal Audit
The following class of companies shall be required to appoint an internal auditor
or a firm of internal auditors: -
a) every listed company;
b) Every unlisted public company having -
i. paid up share capital of Rs. 50 Cr. or more during the preceding
financial year; OR
ii. Turnover of Rs. 200 Cr. or more during the preceding financial year;
OR
iii. Outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial
institutions exceeding Rs. 100 Cr. or more at any point of time during
the preceding financial year; OR
iv. Outstanding deposits of Rs. 25 Cr. or more at any point of time during
the preceding financial year; and
c) Every private company having -
i. turnover of Rs. 200 cr. or more during the preceding financial year;
OR
ii. Outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial
institutions exceeding Rs. 100 cr. or more at any point of time during
the preceding financial year.
The company board shall be free to appoint any practicing Chartered Accountant
or a Cost Accountant or any other person whom it deems fit to be appointed
as its internal auditor.
8. 25
www.CSCARTINDIA.com CS PRAVEEN CHOUDHARY
TRANSPARENCY & DISCLOSURES
Transparency and Disclosures

BOARD REPORT (Section 134(3))
Section 134(3) of the Act provides that there shall be attached to statements
laid before a company in general meeting, a report by its Board of Directors, which
shall include –
a. the Web address, if any, where annual return has been placed
b. Board report shall report on the highlights of performance of subsidiaries,
associates and joint venture companies and their contribution to the
overall performance of the company during the period.
c. Number of board meetings.
d. Director’s responsibility statement.
e. details in respect of frauds reported by auditors other than those which
are reportable to the CG.
f. Statement on declaration given by independent director.
g. Particulars of loan, guarantees or investments.
h. The state of company’s affairs
i. Particulars of contracts and arrangements with related parties
j. Statement relating to risk management policy
k. Statement on corporate social responsibility
l. The amount proposed to carry to any reserve conservation of energy,
m. technology absorption,
n. foreign exchange earnings and outgo.
134 (3A) The CG may prescribe an abridged Board's report, for the purpose of
compliance with this section by OPC or small company.
134(4) The board report to be attached to financial statement under this section
shall, in case of OPC, mean a report containing explanations or comments by board
9. 1
on every qualification, reservation or adverse remarks or disclaimer made by auditor

in his report.
Disclosure in Board’s report by listed company
Companies (Appointment and Remuneration of Managerial Personnel) Rules, 2014
Every listed company shall disclose in board report a statement showing the names
of the top 10 employees in terms of remuneration drawn and the name of every
employee who –
if employed throughout the FY, was in receipt of remuneration-for that year

which, in the aggregate, was not less than Rs. 1 Cr and Rs. 2 Lakhs.
if employed for a part of the FY, was in receipt of remuneration for any part of
that year, at a rate which, in the aggregate, was not less than Rs.8,50,000 per
month.
Signing of Board's Case (a) Case (b)

report (Sec. The chairperson of the board is In any other case -
134(6)) authorized by the Board to sign The Board's report shall
the Board’s report be signed by 2 directors
(one of whom shall be
The Board’s report shall be MD, if there is one)
signed by the chairman of the The Board's report shall
Board. be signed by 1 director, if
only 1 director is for the
time being in India.
DIRECTORS’ RESPONSIBILITY STATEMENT (Section 134(5))
The Directors’ Responsibility Statement referred to in Section 134 (3)(c) shall

state that -
a) In the preparation of the annual accounts, the applicable accounting standards
had been followed along with proper explanation relating to material departures;
9. 2
b) The directors had selected such accounting policies and applied them consistently
and made judgments and estimates that are reasonable and prudent so as to
give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company at the end of
the financial year and of the profit and loss of the company for that period;
c) The directors had taken proper and sufficient care for the maintenance of
adequate accounting records in accordance with the provisions of this Act for
safeguarding the assets of the company and for preventing and detecting fraud
and other irregularities;
d) The directors had prepared the annual accounts on a going concern basis; and
e) The directors, in the case of a listed company, had laid down internal financial
controls to be followed by the company and that such internal financial controls
are adequate and were operating effectively.
f) The directors had devised proper systems to ensure compliance with the
provisions of all applicable laws and that such systems were adequate and
operating effectively.
REPORTING OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)
According to Rule 8 of the Companies (Corporate social Responsibility Policy) Rules

2014 the Board’s Report of a company covered under these rules pertaining to
any financial year shall include an annual report on CSR containing particulars
specified in Annexure to these rules.
Other Disclosures
Private Limited Company
i. The notice of the general meeting of the company shall be simultaneously

placed on the website of the company, if any.
ii. Detail of unpaid Dividend: The company shall, within a period of 90 days of
making any transfer of an amount to the Unpaid Dividend Account, prepare
a statement containing the names, their last known addresses and the unpaid
dividend to be paid to each person and place it on the website of the
company,
9. 3
iii. Corporate Social Responsibility Policy: The Board of every company shall
disclose contents of such Policy in its report and also place it on the
company’s website.
iv. Audited Account: Every company having a subsidiary or subsidiaries shall place
separate audited accounts in respect of each of its subsidiary on its website.
v. Resignation of Director: The Company shall within 30 days from the date
of receipt of notice of resignation from a director post the information on
its website.
Public Limited Company:
In addition to the disclosures mentioned above, a public company required to

publish following details on its website:
i. Change of objects for which money is raised through prospectus. The notice
of the same shall also be placed on the website of the company.
ii. Every company inviting deposits from the public shall upload a copy of the
circular on its website.
iii. The notice of the postal ballot shall also be placed on the website of the
company.
iv. The results of postal ballot shall be declared by placing it, along with the
scrutinizer‘s report, on the website of the company
v. Vigil Mechanism: details of establishment of such mechanism shall be disclosed
by the company on its website, if any.
vi. Terms of Appointment of Independent Director: The terms and conditions
of appointment of independent directors shall also be posted on the
company‘s website.
9. 4
Registers and Returns
REGISTERS:
• The Companies Act, 2013 lays down that every company incorporated
under this Act must maintain and keep at its registered office certain
books, registers and copies of certain returns, documents etc. These
books are known as Statutory Books.
• To give certain notices, file certain returns, forms, reports, documents

etc. with the Registrar of Companies within certain specified time
limits and with the prescribed filing fees, such returns are called Casual
and Periodic Returns.
All the books or registers may be broadly divided into 2 categories:

• Statutory Books or Registers
• Optional or Statistical Books or Registers.
Statutory Every company incorporated under the Act is required

Books or to keep at its registered office, inter-alia, the following
Registers statutory books and registers -
1. Register of Sweat Equity Shares.
2. Register of Securities bought back.
3. Register of deposits.
4. Register of charges.
5. Register of members
6. Index of members.
7. Register of debenture holders.
8. Index of debenture holders.
9. Register and index of beneficial owners.
10. Foreign register of security holders.
11. Register of Postal Ballot.
12. Minutes of General Meetings and Board Meetings.
13. Books of accounts.
14. Register of Directors and Key Managerial
11. 1
Personnel.
15. Register of Loans, Guarantee, Security
Investment.
16. Register of Investment in securities not held in
Company's name.
17. Register of Contracts with companies or firms in
which directors are interested.
Optional book With a view of keeping proper records, companies
or register invariably maintain some other books in addition to
statutory books. These are called optional books. These
are:
1. Register of transfer of shares.
2. Register of documents sealed.
3. Register of share application and allotment.
4. Director's Attendance Books.
5. Register of attendance of shareholders, etc.
6. Register of proxies for general meeting.
Register of Members or Debenture Holders or other security

holders
Register of 1.Every company shall keep and maintain the following

Members, etc. registers in such form and in such manner as may be
[Section 88] prescribed, namely:
(a) Register of members, indicating separately for each
class of equity and preference shares held by each
member residing in or outside India;
(b) Register of debenture - holders; and
(c) Register of any other security holders.
Every co. shall keep in one or more books, a register of its

members, and enter therein the following particulars:
a. The name, address and the occupation, of each
11. 2
member
b. Shares held by each member, distinguishing each share
by its no. except where such shares are held with a
depository and the amt paid or agreed to be
considered as paid on those shares
c. The date at which each person was entered in the
register as a member
d. The date at which any person ceases to be a member
[Rules 3(1) of
1. Every company shall, from the date of its
Companies
registration, keep and maintain a register of its
(Management
members in one or more books in Form No. MGT-1
and
2. Every register shall maintain shall include an index of
Administration)
names entered in the respective registers.
Rules, 2014.
3. The index shall, in respect of each folio, contain
sufficient indication to enable the entries relating to
that folio, in the register to be readily found.
4. The maintenance of index is not necessary in case the
no. of members is less than 50.
2.A company may, if so authorised by its articles, keep

in any country outside India, in such manner as may be
prescribed, a part of the register mentioned above,
called" foreign register" containing the names and
particulars of the members, debenture - holder, other
security holder or beneficial owners residing outside
India.
3.If a company does so, then the company shall inform

the ROC about the foreign address within 30 days
from the date of opening the foreign register in Form
MGT-3.
11. 3
1. Every Individual (acting alone or together or through

Register of one or more person or trust) including trust &
Significant person resident outside India, who hold beneficial
Beneficial Interest of at-least 25% or other prescribed
Owners in a co. percentage in shares of co. OR right to exercise OR
(Section 90) the actual exercise of significant influence or control
(called as Significant Beneficial Owner) over a
Read with co.
company shall make a declaration in form BEN 1
(beneficial
within 90 days from the date of notification and
Interest & SBO
within 30 days from date of becoming SBO,
interest) Rules
subsequently.
2018
2. Every co. shall maintain a register of SBO in BEN –
13/06/2018 3, which shall be open for inspection for at-least 2
hours during business hours on every working day, by
any member of co. on payment of fees specified by
co. but not more than Rs. 50.
3. Co. shall file a return of SBO, in form no. BEN 2,
with ROC within 30 days from date of receipt of
declaration along with prescribed fees.
Note: In case of default w.r.t. point 2 and 3,
4. Co. shall give notice in form BEN – 4 to person, who
company knows –
a. To be SBO, OR
b. To be having knowledge of SBO, OR
c. To have been SBO at any time during last 3 yrs.
But not registered with co. as such.
5. Such person shall reply to company within 30 days,
and if he fails, co. shall apply to NCLT within 15
days from an order restricting the transfer of
shares/ interest and suspension of all rights attached.
NCLT may pass appropriate order within 60 days
from the date of application and aggrieved party may
within 1 year apply for relaxation or lifting of
restriction.
Provided that if no such application has been filed
11. 4
within 1 year from the date of the NCLT order, such

shares shall be transferred to the authority
constituted u/s 125(5);
Explanation – As per sec 2(27) – Significant

influence or control shall include
a. Right to appoint majority of directors
b. To control management
c. Policy decision exercisable by person or person
acting in concert etc.
The register of members of a company may be closed,

Closing the after giving not less than 7 days' previous notice, by
Register of advertisement in English Newspaper and also in some
Members or vernacular language newspaper circulating in the district
Debenture in which the registered office of the company is
holders or Other situated. The register can be closed for any period not
Security holder exceeding in the aggregate 45 days in each year but not
[Section 91] exceeding 30 days at any one time.
The register of members can be closed for the following
purposes:
• To finalize the list of shareholders to whom to notice
of general meeting is to be sent;
• To determine the entitlement of dividend;
• To determine the entitlement of corporate benefits
i.e., when right share or bonus share are to be
issued.
It may be noted that Section 91 also applies to closing
of register of debenture holders and register of other
security holder.
Note: In the case of Listed Company, closure of books is

only at the time of AGM. At any other time, if the
books are closed; it is called record date.
Record date is a date fixed by a company for taking a
11. 5
record of its shareholders or debenture holders for

declaration of dividends, issue of right or bonus shares or
conversion of debenture into shares.
Place of keeping The register of members, debenture - holders and any

the Registers other security-holders and copies of annual returns shall
and Returns be kept at the registered office.
[Sections 94]
However, a company may also keep the said registers
and returns at any other place in India other than the
registered office where more than 1/10thof total number
of members reside, if:
• Such other place has been approved for this purpose
by a special resolution passed by the company in
general meeting
• The Registrar has been given in advance a copy of the
proposed resolution.(Omitted)
Inspection,
Extract and The registers and their indices, except when they are
Copy of closed under the provisions of this Act, and the copies
Registers and of all the returns shall be open for inspection by any
Returns member, debenture - holder, other security holder or
[Section 94] beneficial owner, during business hours, without payment
of any fees and by any other person on payment of
such fees as may be specified in the AOA of a company
subject to a maximum of Rs.50/- for each inspection.
Further, the Central Government may also, by order,

direct an immediate inspection of the document, or
direct that the extract required shall forth with be
allowed to be taken by the person requiring it.
Rectification of The register of members is only prima facie evidence of

register of membership and any person can say either
members a) That his name should no longer appear or should
11. 6
Section 59 never have been place in the register at all;

b) That his name has wrongfully been removed from
the register; or
c) That his name should be entered as a member.
That aggrieved person may apply to the NCLT or to a

Competent Court outside India in respect of foreign
members, for rectification of the register. The NCLT
has full powers to decide any question relating to the
title of any person entered or omitted from the
register of members.
Returns:
The returns can be classified into 2 categories namely:
Casual returns are those returns, which are required to
Casual
be filed as, and when contingency arises. The important
Returns
casual returns are the creation of charge, return of
allotment, change of directors, change in the registered
office, special resolution, etc.
Periodical returns are those returns, which are required

Periodical
to be filed after a specified period. There are these
Returns
important periodical returns. These are:
i. Annual Return under Section 92.
ii. Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account under
Section 137.
Annual 1. Every company shall, within 60 days from the day on

Return which each of the annual general meeting is held,
[Section 92] prepare and file the Registrar, an annual return in
Form No MGT.7, containing particulars as required.
11. 7
Every co. shall place a copy of AR on the website of

co., if any, and the web link of such annual returns shall
be disclosed in the Board report.
Companies (Management and Administration) Amendment

Rules, 2021 effective from 05.03.2021
• Every company shall file its annual return in Form No.
MGT-7 except One Person Company (OPC) and Small
Company.
• One Person Company and Small Company shall file
annual return from the financial year 2020-2021
onwards in Form No.MGT-7A.
Note 1: It may be noted that where AGM is not held for

a year, annual return should be filed within 60 days from
the last day on which the AGM should have been held
together with the statement specifying the reasons for
not holding the AGM, with prescribed fees or additional
fees.
Note 2: An extract of the annual return in Form No MGT
9 shall form part of the Board's report.
Annual return is required to be signed by one director

Signing of and CS of the company and where there is no CS them
Annual by a PCS.
Return • In case of listed company; And
• A company having paid-up share capital of Rs.
10Cr.'or'
• A company having turnover of Rs. 50 Cr. or more,
The annual return shall also be certified by a PCS, in
Form No MGT-8, stating that the annual return
disclosed the facts correctly and adequately and that
11. 8
the company has complied with all the provisions of

this Act.
Section 93 provides that every listed company shall

file a return in the prescribed form MGT-10 with the
registrar with the fee with respect to changes relating
to either increase or decrease of 2% or more than in
the shareholding position of promoters and top ten
shareholders of the company in each case either value
or volume of shares, within 15 days of such change.
11. 9
Compromise & Arrangement
Compromise and Arrangement
INTRODUCTION
A company may decide to accelerate its growth by developing into new business
areas, which may or may not be connected with its traditional business areas, or by
exploiting some competitive advantage that it may have.
For Obtaining Growth & development basically there are three Alternatives:
➢ Form New Company
➢ Takeover
➢ Merger & Amalgamation
The Biggest Question.........
What is the difference between MERGER &

AMALGAMATION?
The term “Amalgamation” and “Merger” are not defined

anywhere in the co. Act 2013 and in many cases these are used interchangeably.
However Two Concepts give quite similar definition of amalgamation i.e. Accounting
Standard -14 and Income tax Act 1961 (but for their respective purposes)
As per Sec 2(1B) of Income tax Act 1961

“Amalgamation” in relation to companies, means the merger of one or more
companies with another company or the merger of two or more companies to form
one company such a manner that—
1. All the property of the amalgamating company or companies immediately before
the amalgamation becomes the property of the amalgamated company by virtue
of the amalgamation;
2. All the liabilities of the amalgamating company or companies immediately before
the amalgamation become the liabilities of the amalgamated company by virtue
of the amalgamation;
12. 1
www.pcbaba.in CS PRAVEEN CHOUDHARY
Merger & Amalgamation
3. Shareholders holding not less than 3/4th in value of the shares in the
amalgamating company or companies (other than shares already held therein
immediately before the amalgamation by, or by a nominee for, the amalgamated
company or its subsidiary) become shareholders of the amalgamated company by
virtue of the amalgamation.
Thus, for a merger to be qualified as an ‘amalgamation’ for the purpose of the
Income Tax Act, the above 3 conditions have to be satisfied.
However,
Accounting Standard (AS)-14 recognizes two types of amalgamation:
1. Amalgamation in the nature of merger.
2. Amalgamation in the nature of purchase.
An amalgamation should be considered to be an amalgamation in the nature of

merger when all the following conditions are satisfied:
1. All the assets and liabilities of the transferor company shall become, after
amalgamation, the assets and liabilities of the transferee company.
2. Such assets and liabilities shall be transferred at Book Value.
3. Shareholders holding not less than 90% of the face value of the equity shares of
the transferor company shall become equity shareholders of the transferee
company by virtue of the amalgamation.(Except the equity shares already held
therein, immediately before the amalgamation, by the transferee company or its
subsidiaries or their nominees)
4. The consideration for the amalgamation receivable by those equity shareholders of
the transferor company who agree to become equity shareholders of the
transferee company is discharged by the transferee company wholly by the issue
of equity shares in the transferee company, except that cash may be paid in
respect of any fractional shares.
5. The transfer shall be on going on concern basis.
An amalgamation should be considered to be an amalgamation in the nature of

purchase, when any one or more of the conditions specified above is not satisfied.
12. 2
REASONS / PURPOSE / MOTIVATION / RATIONALE /OBJECTIVES

BEHIND MERGERS AND AMALGAMATIONS:
❖ Synergistic operational advantages

❖ Economies of scale (scale effect)
❖ Reduction in production, administrative, selling,
legal and professional expenses.
❖ Benefits of integration
❖ Optimum use of capacities and factors of
production.
❖ Tax advantages
❖ Financial constraints for expansion
❖ Strengthening financial position
❖ Advantage of brand-equity
❖ Loss of objectives with which several companies were set up as independent
entities.
❖ Survival.
❖ Competitive advantage
❖ Eliminating or weakening competition
❖ Revival of a weak or sick company
❖ Accelerating company’s market power and reducing the severity of competition.
AMALGAMATION CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN ANY OF FOLLOWING
WAYS:
❖ Transfer of undertaking by order of NCLT (Sec 231)

❖ Purchase of shares of one company by another company (Sec 235)
❖ Amalgamation of companies in National Interest (sec 237)
TYPES OF MERGER
12. 3
Co generic Merger Conglomerate Others

(in same Industry or Merger
atthe same level (Different Industry, not related
ofeconomic activity) to each other by any mean) ❖ Cash Merger
❖ De-facto
Merger
❖ Down Stream
❖ Upstream
Horizontal merger ❖ Short form
Vertical merger
(Merger with ❖ Triangular
(Between co.’s, complementary
Competitor) to each other) ❖ Reverse
Co-generic Mergers:
Co-generic merger means merger within same industry and taking place at the same
level of economic activity.
Co-generic mergers are of 2 types:
Horizontal Mergers:
A merger is horizontal if it involved the merger of 2
or more companies which are producing or rendering
essentially the same products of services, or products
and / or services which compete directly with each
other. For e.g. sugar and artificial sweeteners
Vertical Merger:
In a vertical merger, 2 or more companies which are

complementary to each other join together. For
12. 4
instance, in a vertical merger, the two companies, out of which one is engaged in
the manufacture of a particular and the other company Is established and expert in
the marketing of that product or is engaged in the production of raw material, can
merger together. Vertical merger may take the form of forward or backward
merger. When a company combines with the supplier of materials, it is called
backward merger and when it combined with the customer, it is known as forward
merger.
Conglomerate Mergers:
Conglomerate merger means merger between unrelated businesses. This type of
merger involves coming together of two or more companies engaged in different
industries and / or services. Their business or services are, neither horizontally nor
vertically, related to each other. They lack any commonality either in end product
or in the rendering of specific type of service to society. This is type of merger of
companies which are neither competitors, nor complementariness, nor suppliers of a
particular raw materials nor consumers of a particular product.
Power to compromise or make arrangements with creditors and

members [Sec 230]
(1) Where a compromise or arrangement is proposed –

• between a co. and its creditors or any class of them; or
• between a co. and its members or any class of them
The NCLT may on application in of
⬧ Company
⬧ Creditor/member
⬧ Liquidator (in case of winding up)(appointed under Co. Act or IBC)
Order a meeting to be called, held and conducted in such manner as the NCLT
directs
Note: -
1. Application to be filed in NCLT 1 along with
2. A notice of admission in Form No. NCLT-2
3. An affidavit in Form No. NCLT-6
12. 5
4. A copy of scheme
5. Disclosure related to basis on which each class of members or creditors has
been identified for the purposes of approval of the scheme.
6. Fee as prescribed in the Schedule of Fees in Rules.
If applicant is more than one company, they may file Joint application.
(2) Disclosure to be made along with application in Affidavit.

a. all material facts relating to the company, such as the latest financial position of
the company, the latest auditor‘s report on the accounts of the company and
the pendency of any investigation or proceedings against the company;
b. Reduction of share capital if any, included in the compromise or arrangement
(C&A);
c. Any scheme of corporate debt restructuring (CDR) consented to by at least
75% of the secured creditors in value, including—
i. A Creditor‘s Responsibility Statement (CRS) in the Form CAA 1;
ii. Safeguards for the protection of other secured and unsecured creditors;
iii. Report by the auditor that the fund requirements of the company after the
CDR as approved shall conform to the liquidity test based upon the estimates
provided to them by the BOD;
iv. If company proposes to adopt the CDR guidelines specified by the RBI, a
statement to that effect; and
v. A valuation report in respect of the shares and the property and all assets,
tangible and intangible, movable and immovable, of the company by a registered
valuer.
Note: Here CDR means a scheme that restructures or varies the debt obligations of
a company towards its creditors.
Directions at hearing of the application

Rule 5 of Co. (CAA) Rules 2016
Upon hearing the application u/s 230, the NCLT shall, unless it thinks fit for any
reason to dismiss the application, give such directions as it may think necessary in
respect of the following matters:-
a) Determining the class or classes of creditors or of members whose meeting or
meetings have to be held for considering the proposed compromise or
arrangement; or dispensing with the meeting or meetings for any class or classes
of creditors in terms Sec 230(9);
12. 6
b) Fixing the time and place of the meeting or meetings;

c) Appointing a Chairperson and scrutinizer for the meeting or meetings to be
held, as the case may be and fixing the terms of his appointment including
remuneration;
d) Fixing the quorum and the procedure to be followed at the meeting or
meetings, including voting in person or by proxy or by postal ballot or by voting
through electronic means;
e) Determining the values of the creditors or the members, or the creditors or
members of any class, as the case may be, whose meetings have to be held;
f) Such other matters as the NCLT may deem necessary.
(3) A notice of meeting shall be sent in Form No. CAA.2 by the chairman of
meeting or other authorised person to
i. all the creditors or class of creditors and
ii. to all the members or class of members and
iii. the debenture-holders of the company,
Individually at the registered address by registered post or speed post or by courier
or by email or by hand delivery or any other mode at least 1 month before the
date fixed for the meeting, accompanied by certain documents–
Advertisement of the notice of the meeting

Rule 7 of Co. (CAA) Rules 2016
The notice of the meeting shall be advertised in Form No. CAA.2 in at least 1
English newspaper and in at least 1 vernacular newspaper having wide circulation in
the State in which the registered office of the company is situated, or such
newspapers as NCLT directs and shall also be placed, not less than 30 days before
the date of meeting, on the website of the company (if any) and in case of listed
companies also on the website of the SEBI and the RSE where the securities of the
company are listed:
Provided that where separate meetings of classes of creditors or members are to be
held, a joint advertisement for such meetings may be given.
12. 7
(4) Notice shall provide that Voting can be done in the meeting either by
themselves or through proxies or by postal ballot within 1 month from the date of
receipt of such notice:
(5) Notice in form NO. CAA.3 along with all the documents shall also be sent to
i. the CG,
ii. the IT authorities,
iii. the RBI,
iv. the SEBI,
v. the ROC,
vi. the respective SE,
vii. the Official Liquidator,
viii. the CCI, if necessary, and
ix. such other sectoral regulators or authorities
By registered post or by speed post or by courier or by hand delivery at the office
of the authority.
Which are likely to be affected by the C&A and shall require that representations,
if any, to be made by them shall be made within a period of 30 days from the
date of receipt of such notice, failing which, it shall be presumed that they have no
representations to make on the proposals.
Voting (Rule 9)
The person who receives the notice may within 1 month from the date of receipt
of the notice vote in the meeting either in person or through proxy or through
postal ballot or through electronic means to the adoption of the scheme of
compromise and arrangement.
Note:
Rule 10 Regarding Proxies

(1) Voting by proxy shall be permitted if a proxy in the prescribed form duly signed
by the person entitled to attend and vote at the meeting is filed with the
company at its RO not later than 48 hours before the meeting.
(2) No person shall be appointed as a proxy who is a minor.
(3) If, at meeting, majority of persons representing 3/4th in value of the creditors,
or members, agree to any C & A and if such compromise or arrangement is
sanctioned by NCLT by an order, the same shall be binding on the company, all the
12. 8
creditors or members or, in case of a company being wound up, on the liquidator
and the contributories of the company.
(4) An order made by NCLT shall provide for all or any of the following matters —
a. If C&A provides for conversion of pref. shares into Eq. shares, such
shareholders shall have an option to either obtain arrears of dividend in cash
or accept equity shares equal to the value of the dividend payable;
b. Protection of any class of creditors;
c. if the C&A results in the variation of the shareholders‘ rights, it shall be
given effect to under the provisions of section 48;
d. if the C&A is agreed to by the creditors, any proceedings pending before the
BIFR shall abate;
e. such other matters including exit offer to dissenting shareholders,
Provided that no C&A shall be sanctioned by the NCLT unless a certificate by

the company's auditor has been filed with the NCLT to the effect that the
accounting treatment, if any, proposed in the scheme of C&A is in conformity
with the prescribed AS.
(5) The order of the NCLT shall be filed with the ROC by the company within a
period of 30 days of the receipt of the order.
(6) The NCLT may dispense with calling of a meeting of creditor or class of
creditors where such creditors or class of creditors, having at least 90% value, agree
and confirm, by way of affidavit, to the scheme of C&A.
(7) C&A related to any buy-back of securities shall be sanctioned by the NCLT only
if such buy-back is as per provisions of section 68.
(8) Aggrieved party may apply to NCLT for grievances related to takeover offer of
companies other than listed companies in prescribed manner and the NCLT may, on
application, pass such order as it may deem fit.
Note: Sec 66 shall not apply to the reduction of share capital effected in
pursuance of the order of the NCLT under this section.
Power of Tribunal to enforce compromise or arrangement [Sec 231]
12. 9
(1) Where the NCLT makes an order u/s 230 sanctioning a compromise or an
arrangement in respect of a company, it—
(a) Shall have power to supervise the implementation of the C&A; and
(b) May give such directions or make such modifications in C&A as it may
consider necessary for the proper implementation of scheme.
(2) If the NCLT is satisfied that the scheme cannot be implemented satisfactorily
and the company is unable to pay its debts as per the scheme, it may make an
order for winding up the co. and such an order shall be deemed to be an order
made u/s 273.
Merger and Amalgamation (M&A) of companies [Sec 232]

(1) Where an application is made to the NCLT u/s 230 for the sanctioning of a
proposed scheme and it is shown to NCLT—
a) That the C&A has been proposed for a scheme for the reconstruction of the
companies involving M&A of 2 or more companies; and
b) That under the scheme, the whole or any part of the undertaking, property
or liabilities of any company (transferor company) is required to be
transferred to another company (transferee company), or is proposed to be
divided among and transferred to 2 or more companies,
The NCLT may on such application, order a meeting of

• The creditors or
• The members, as the case may be,
• To be called, held and conducted in such manner as the NCLT may direct and
• The provisions of Sec 230(3) to (6) shall apply mutatis mutandis.
(2) On passing of Order, merging companies or the companies in respect of which

a division is proposed, shall circulate the following for the meeting so ordered by
NCLT, namely:—
a. Draft scheme drawn up and adopted by the BOD of the merging company;
b. Confirmation that a copy of the draft scheme has been filed with the ROC;
c. Report adopted by the BOD of the merging companies explaining effect of
compromise on
i. Each class of shareholders,
ii. KMP,
iii. promoters and non-promoter shareholders
12. 10
laying out in particular the share exchange ratio, specifying any special valuation
difficulties;
d. Expert Report on valuation, if any;

e. A supplementary accounting statement if the last annual accounts of any of
the merging company relate to a FY ending more than 6 months before the 1st
meeting of the company summoned for the purposes of approving the scheme.
(3) NCLT, after ensuring the compliance of procedure. May sanction the scheme
or by a subsequent order, make provision for the following matters, namely:—
a. The transfer to the Trf’ee Company of the whole or any part of the
undertaking, property or liabilities of the Tfr’or Company from a date to be
determined by the parties unless the NCLT, for reasons to be recorded by it
in writing, decides otherwise;
b. The allotment or appropriation by the Trf’ee company of any shares,
debentures, policies or other like instruments in the company which, under
the Scheme, are to be allotted or appropriated by that Co. to or for any
person:
Provided that a trf’ee company shall not, as a result of the scheme, hold any
shares
• in its own name or
• in the name of any trust
Whether
⬧ on its behalf or
⬧ on behalf of any of its subsidiary or associate companies
And any such shares shall be cancelled or extinguished;
c. The continuation by or against the trf’ee company of any legal proceedings
pending by or against any trf’or company on the date of transfer;
d. Dissolution, without winding-up, of any trf’or company;
e. The provision to be made for any persons who, within such time and in such
manner as the NCLT directs, dissent from the compromise or arrangement;
f. Where share capital is held by any NR shareholder under the FDI norms or
guidelines specified by the CG or as per any law for the time being in force,
12. 11
the allotment of shares of the trf’ee company to such shareholder shall be in

specified manner;
g. The transfer of the employees of the trf’or company to the trf’ee company;
h. Where the trf’or company is a listed company and the trf’ee company is an
unlisted company,—
A. The trf’ee company shall remain an unlisted company until it becomes a
listed company;
B. if S/H of the trf’or company decide to opt out of the trf’ee company,
provision shall be made for payment of the value of shares held by them
and other benefits as per pre-determined price formula or after a
valuation is made, and the arrangements under this provision may be made
by the NCLT:
Provided that the amount of payment or valuation under this clause for any
share shall not be less than what has been specified by the SEBI;
i. If trf’or company is dissolved, the fee, if any, paid by the trf’or company on
its authorised capital shall be set-off against any fees payable by the trf’ee
company on its authorised capital subsequent to the amalgamation; and
j. such incidental, consequential and supplemental matters as are deemed
necessary to secure that the M&A is fully and effectively carried out:
Provided that no Scheme shall be sanctioned by the NCLT unless a certificate by

the company‘s auditor has been filed with the NCLT to the effect that the
accounting treatment, if any, proposed in the scheme is in conformity with the AS
prescribed u/s133.
(4) If NCLT order provides for the transfer of any property or liabilities, then
that property shall be transferred to the Trf’ee company and the liabilities shall
be transferred to and become the liabilities of the Trf’ee Co. and any property
may, if the order so directs, be freed from any charge which shall by virtue of
the scheme, cease to have effect.
(5) Every company in relation to which the order is made shall cause a certified
copy of the order to be filed with the Registrar for registration within 30 days
of the receipt of certified copy of the order.
(6) The scheme under this section shall clearly indicate an appointed date from
which it shall be effective and the scheme shall be deemed to be effective from
such date and not at a date subsequent to the appointed date.
12. 12
(7) Every company for which the order is made shall, until the completion of the
scheme, file a statement in prescribed form and time with ROC every year duly
certified by a CA or a CMA or a CS in practice indicating whether the scheme is
being complied with as per the orders of the NCLT or not.
(8) If a company fails to comply with sub-section (5), the company and every
officer of the company who is in default shall be liable to a penalty of Rs.
20,000, and where the failure is a continuing one, with a further penalty of Rs.
1000 for each day after the first during which such failure continues, subject to
a maximum of Rs. 3,00,000.
Merger or Amalgamation of certain companies [Sec 233:]

Notwithstanding the provisions of section 230 and section 232, a scheme of
merger or amalgamation may be entered into between 2 or more small companies or
between a holding Co. and its WOS company or one or more start-up company with
one or more small company two or more start-up companies (Companies
(Compromises, Arrangements and Amalgamations) Amendment Rules, 2021
notification dated 1st February, 2021) or such other class or classes of companies as
may be prescribed, subject to the following, namely:—
a. a notice of the proposed scheme inviting objections or suggestions, if any,
from the ROC and Official Liquidators where registered office of the
respective companies are situated or persons affected by the scheme within
30 days is issued by the trf’or company or companies and the trf’ee
company;
b. The objections and suggestions received are considered by the companies in
their respective GM and the scheme is approved by the respective members
or class of members at a GM holding at least 90%. of the total no. of
shares;
c. Files a declaration of solvency(DOS) in the prescribed form, with the
concerned ROC; and
d. The scheme is approved by majority representing 9/10thin value of the
creditors or class of creditors of respective companies indicated in a meeting
convened by the company by giving a notice of 21 days along with the scheme
to its creditors for the purpose or otherwise approved in writing.
12. 13
(1) The trf’ee company shall file a copy of the scheme so approved in prescribed
manner, with the CG, ROC and OL where the RO of the company is situated.
(2) On the receipt of the scheme, if the ROC or the OL has no objections or
suggestions to the scheme, the CG shall register the same and issue a
confirmation thereof to the companies.
(3) If the ROC or OL has any objections or suggestions, he may communicate the
same in writing to the CG within a period of 30 days:
Provided that if no such communication is made, it shall be presumed that he
has no objection to the scheme.
(4) If CG is of the opinion that scheme is not in public interest or in the
interest of the creditors, it may file an application before the NCLT within 60
days of the receipt of the scheme stating its objections and requesting that the
NCLT may consider the scheme u/s 232.
(5) On receipt of an application from CG or from any person, if NCLT, for
reasons to be recorded in writing, is of the opinion that the scheme should be
considered u/s 232, the NCLT may direct accordingly or it may confirm the
scheme by passing appropriate order:
Provided that if the CG does not have no objection or it does not file any
application before NCLT, it shall be deemed that it has no objection to the
scheme.
(6) A copy of the order confirming the scheme shall be communicated to the
ROC having jurisdiction over the trf’ee company and the persons concerned and
the ROC shall register the scheme and issue a confirmation thereof to the
companies and such confirmation shall be communicated to the ROCs where
Trf’or Company or companies were situated.
(7)The registration of the scheme shall be deemed to have the effect of dissolution
of the trf’or company without process of winding-up.
(8) The registration of the scheme shall have the following effects, namely:—
a. Property or liabilities of the trf’or company shall be transferred to the
trf’ee company;
b. The charges, if any, on the property of the trf’or company shall be
applicable and enforceable against and in favour of the trf’ee company;
c. Pending legal proceedings by or against the trf’or company before any court
of law shall be continued by or against the trf’ee company; and
d. Where the scheme provides for purchase of shares held by the dissenting
shareholders or settlement of debt due to dissenting creditors, such amount,
to the extent it is unpaid, shall become the liability of the trf’ee company.
12. 14
(9) A trf’ee company shall not on M&A, hold any shares in its own name or in
the name of any trust either on its behalf or on behalf of any of its subsidiary
or associate company and all such shares shall be cancelled or extinguished on the
merger or amalgamation.
(10) The transferee company shall file an application with the ROC along with the
scheme registered, indicating the revised authorised capital and pay the
prescribed fees due on revised capital:
Provided that the fee, if any, paid by the trf’or company on its authorised
capital prior to its M&A with the trf’ee company shall be set-off against the
fees payable by the trf’ee company on its authorised capital enhanced by the
M&A.
(11) The provisions of this section shall mutatis mutandis apply to a company or
companies specified in Sec 230(1) or u/s 232(1)(b).
(12) The CG may provide for the M&A of companies in such manner as may be
prescribed.
(13) A company covered under this section may use the provisions of section 232
for the approval of any scheme for M&A.
Merger or amalgamation of company with foreign company [Sec 234]

(1) The provisions of this Chapter unless otherwise provided under any other law for
the time being in force, shall apply mutatis mutandis to schemes of M&A
between companies registered under this Act and companies incorporated in the
jurisdictions of such countries as may be notified from time to time by the CG:
Provided that the CG may make rules, in consultation with the RBI, in
connection with M&A provided under this section.
(2) Subject to the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, a
foreign company, may with the prior approval of the RBI, merge into a company
registered under this Act or vice versa and the terms and conditions of the
scheme of merger may provide, among other things, for the payment of
consideration to the shareholders of the merging company in cash, or in
Depository Receipts, or partly in cash and partly in Depository Receipts, as the
case may be, as per the scheme.
Explanation. — Here
12. 15
Foreign company means →Any company or body corporate incorporated outside

India whether having a place of business in India or not.
Registration of offer of schemes involving transfer of shares [238]

(1) In relation to every offer of a scheme or contract involving the transfer of
shares or any class of shares in the trf’or company to the trf’ee company u/s
235,—
a. Every circular containing such offer and recommendation to the members of
the trf’or company by its directors to accept such offer shall be accompanied
by such information and in such manner as may be prescribed;
b. Every such offer shall contain a statement by or on behalf of the trf’ee
company, disclosing the steps it has taken to ensure that necessary cash will
be available; and
c. Every such circular shall be presented to the ROC for registration and no such
circular shall be issued until it is so registered:
Provided that the ROC may refuse, for reasons to be recorded in writing, to
register any such circular which does not contain the information required or which
sets out such information in a manner likely to give a false impression, and
communicate such refusal to the parties within 30 days of the application.
(2) An appeal shall lie to the NCLT against an order of the ROC refusing to
register any circular.
(3) The director who issues a circular which has not been presented for
registration and registered, shall be liable to penalty of Rs. 1 Lakh.
Preservation of books and papers of amalgamated companies [239]
The books and papers of a company which has been amalgamated with, or whose
shares have been acquired by, another company under this Chapter shall not be
disposed of without the prior permission of the CG and before granting such
permission, that CG may appoint a person to examine the books and papers or any
of them for the purpose of ascertaining whether they contain any evidence of the
commission of an offence in connection with the promotion or formation, or the
management of the affairs, of the transferor company or its amalgamation or the
acquisition of its shares.
Liability of officers in respect of offences committed prior to merger,

amalgamation, etc. [240]
12. 16
Notwithstanding anything in any other law for the time being in force, the liability
in respect of offences committed under this Act by the officers in default, of the
trf’or company prior to its merger, amalgamation or acquisition shall continue after
such merger, amalgamation or acquisition.
Incidence where NCLT do not sanction the scheme

a) If scheme is not bonafide but to cover the misdeeds of the delinquent directors
b) Scheme was meant for preventing investigation or Failure in management of the
affairs of the company or disregard of law or withholding material information or the
scheme is against public policy.
c) It petition shown malafied & purported to defeat the claims of certain creditors.
d) Some info not disclosed to court
NCLT may order winding up
If the NCLT is satisfied (on its own motion or on application) that the scheme cannot be
carried out satisfactorily with or without modifications
Calcutta High Court laid down the following principles

Sanction by court cannot be withheld to a scheme if
❖ Scheme is not for evading law nor seeks to defraud shareholders
❖ Companies are under common management but engaged in dissimilar business
❖ Statutory majority u/s 230 approves the scheme
Landmark Case
In Miheer H Mafatlal v. Mafatlal Industries Ltd. (1996) 4 Comp. LJP. 124, the
Supreme Court explained the contours of the court jurisdictions, as follows:
❖ Confirm if all the requisite statutory procedures have been complied with and
the requisite meetings have been held.
❖ Confirm that scheme for sanction of the court is backed up by the requisite
majority vote
12. 17
❖ Confirm that the concerned meetings of member/ creditors had the relevant
material to enable the voters to arrive at an informed decision and that the
majority is just and fair to the class as a whole so as to legitimately bind even
the dissenting members of that class.
❖ Confirm that all the necessary material is placed before the voters at the
concerned meetings.
❖ That all the requisite material required is placed before the NCLT for sanctioning
scheme and the NCLT gets satisfied about the same.
❖ Conform that the proposed scheme is not found to be violative of any provision
of law and is not contrary to public policy or else the court can pierce the veil
of apparent corporate purpose underlying the scheme and can judiciously x-ray
the same.
Takeover of Unlisted and Closely Held Companies (Sec 235 & 236)
Power to acquire shares of shareholders dissenting from scheme or contract
approved by majority [Sec 235]
(1) Where a scheme or contract involving the transfer of shares or any class of
shares in a company (the trf’or company) to another company (the trf’ee
company) has, within 4 months after making of an offer in that behalf by the
transferee company, been approved by the holders of not less than 9/10th in
value of the shares whose transfer is involved, other than shares already held at
the date of the offer by, or by a nominee of the transferee company or its
subsidiary companies, the transferee company may, at any time within 2 months
after the expiry of the said 4 months, give notice in the prescribed manner to
any dissenting shareholder that it desires to acquire his shares.
(2) Where a notice is given, the trf’ee company shall, unless on an application
made by the dissenting shareholder to the NCLT, within 1 month from the date
on which the notice was given and the NCLT thinks fit to order otherwise, be
entitled to and bound to acquire those shares on the terms on which, under the
scheme or contract, the shares of the approving shareholders are to be
transferred to the trf’ee company.
(3) Where a notice has been given by the trf’ee company and the NCLT has not,
on an application made by the dissenting shareholder, made an order to the
contrary, the trf’ee company shall, on the expiry of 1 month from the date on
which the notice has been given, or, if an application to the NCLT by the
dissenting shareholder is then pending, after that application has been disposed
of, send a copy of the notice to the trf’or company together with an
12. 18
instrument of transfer, to be executed on behalf of the shareholder by any

person appointed by the trf’or company and on its own behalf by the trf’ee
company, and pay or transfer to the trf’or company the amount or other
consideration representing the price payable by the trf’ee company for the
shares which, by virtue of this section, that company is entitled to acquire, and
the trf’or company shall—
(a) Thereupon register the trf’ee company as the holder of those shares;
and
(b) Within 1 month of the date of such registration, inform the dissenting
shareholders of the fact of such registration and of the receipt of the
amount or other consideration representing the price payable to them by the
trf’ee company.
(4) Any sum received by the trf’or company under this section shall be paid into
a separate bank a/c, and any such sum and any other consideration so received
shall be held by that company in trust for the several persons entitled to the
shares in respect of which said sum or other consideration were respectively
received and shall be disbursed to the entitled shareholders within 60 days.
Note: → Dissenting shareholder includes a shareholder who has not assented to the
scheme or contract and any shareholder who has failed or refused to transfer his
shares to the trf’ee company under the scheme or contract.
Purchase of minority shareholding [Sec 236]

(1) In the event of an acquirer, or a PAC with such acquirer, becoming registered
holder of 90% or more of the issued equity share capital of a company, or in
the event of any person or group of persons becoming 90% majority or holding
90% of the issued equity share capital of a company, by virtue of an
amalgamation, share exchange, conversion of securities or for any other reason,
such acquirer, person or group of persons, as the case may be, shall notify the
company of their intention to buy the remaining equity shares.
(2) The acquirer, person or group of persons shall offer to the minority
shareholders of the company for buying the equity shares held by them at a
price determined on the basis of valuation by a registered valuer as per
prescribed rules.
12. 19
POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO PROVIDE FOR

AMALGAMATION OF COMPANIES IN PUBLIC INTEREST [Section 237]
If CG is of the opinion that it is essential in the public interest that two or more
companies should amalgamate, it may by order notified in official Gazettee provide
for amalgamation of those companies.
The copies of every order made under this section shall, as soon as may be after it
has been made, be laid before each House of Parliament.
12. 20
Introduction to MCA - 21
E-Governance
INTRODUCTION
• India is today globally acknowledged as an IT Superpower.
• India software companies have carved a niche for themselves in the global markets.
• Being an IT superpower is one thing, but the real challenge is how to leverage the
strengths and skills of India's globally competitive and recognised software companies
to improve the lives of people through e- Governance.
• MCA 21 is a step in this direction.
RATIONALE BEHIND MCA 21

• The number of companies has at increasing rate over the year. Monitoring such a
large number of companies whether they regularly file returns or not- manually is
a monumental task.
• The staff strength cannot be increased at the same pace in which number of
companies increase. The existing resources (in terms of premises) would prove
13. 1
inadequate to store papers filed by a large number of corporate, seat the staff
and also provide facilities for inspection of papers filed to the public at large.
• Corporate agonise over having to waste a lot of unproductive time on filing
information with the Registrar of Companies.
• There is a plethora of forms to be filed with ROC in hard copy format.
• Very often, these forms involve duplication of effort and time. Under the present
manual system, ROC cannot provide a scrutiny of forms at the point of acceptance
itself.
• ROC personnel do not find it a particularly happy experience corresponding and
following - up to tie up things. Interface with Roc personnel to rectify deficiencies
in forms filed has not been a happy experience either for corporate and
professionals.
• There are allegations of harassment and delays. Moreover, companies do not exist
for compliance with formalities of the companies Act.
• Companies exist basically to do business and compliance with formalities should not
consume a disproportionate portion of their time. Only then, companies can be
productive.
• The ROC offices are not open 24 x 7 365 days in a year and cannot be kept
open on a 24 x 7 basis to provide the facility of filing forms at one's own
convenience.
• Banks also cannot be kept open 24 x 7 to accept filing fees.
(MCA 21) SMART GOVERNANCE: The Sanjivani

A solution to all the above -mentioned difficulties cannot be found with the
frame work of the current manual filing system. Hence, the need for e-
Governance. The MCA 21 on 20th February, 2006.
E-governance is the application of information technology to the government

functioning in order to bring about Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and
Transparent (SMART) Governance. The system aims at moving from paper based
to nearly paperless environment. It is based on the Government's vision of
National e-Governance in the country.
Highlights of the System

• The filing of forms (E-Forms) with ROC can be done from the comforts of
13. 2
one's home or office through the internet. There is no need to visit the ROC's
office for filing various documents.
• The payment of filing fees can also be made over the internet through credit
card/ internet banking without queuing up at the banks. The filing will be valid
only when filing fee is paid.
• Pre - scrutiny of filled - up forms is done in the portals before final submission.
• Many of these e Forms require certification by CA/CWA/CS (in whole time
practice). Certification must be done by signing digitally.
• DIN (Directors Identification Number) is compulsory for all directors.
• Every signatory of e Form must obtain DSC (Digital Signature Certificate).
Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)

The e - forms are required to be authenticated by the authorized signatories using
digital signatures as defined under the Information Technology Act, 2000. A digital
signature is the electronic signature duly issued by a certifying authority that shows
the authority of the person signing the same. It is an electronic equivalent of a
written signature. Every user who is required to sign an e - form for submission with
MCA is required to obtain a Digital Signature Certificate.
For MCA-21, the following four types of users are identified as users of Digital
Signatures and are required to obtain digital signature certificate:
• MCA (Government) Employees.
• Professionals like Company Secretaries, Chartered Accountants, Cost Accountants
and Lawyers who interact with MCA and companies in the context of Companies
Act.
• Authorized signatories of the Company including Managing Director, Directors,
Managers or Secretary.
• Representatives of banks and Financial Institutions.
Services Available on MCA21

The following services will be available under the MCA21 Project:-
• Registration and incorporation of new companies.
• Filing of Annual Returns and Balance Sheets.
• Filing of forms for change of names, address and other Director's details.
13. 3
• Registration and verification of charges.
• Inspection of documents.
• Applications for various statutory services from MCA.
• Investor Grievance Redressal.
Organization of ROC Office under MCA:

The ROC office working from its present address will virtually become the Bank Office
of the Ministry. Since number of companies /entities may find it difficult to switch
over an e-filing at the initial stage. Facilitation Centres known as Physical Front
Offices (PFOs) have been set-up throughout the country to provide requisite comfort
for e-filing to such companies.
Organization of ROC office under MCA:
• The Front Office represents the interface of the corporate and public user with
MCA21 system.
• Virtual Front Office merely represents a computer facility for filing of digitally
signed e-forms by accessing the My MCA portal through internet.
• When a company or user does not have these computer facilities, it can avail of
13. 4
these facilities at the designed facilitation centres, known as the Physical Front
Offices.
Back office:
• Back office represents the officers of Registrar of companies, RD and Headquarters
and takes care of internal processing of the form filed by the corporate user as
per MCA norms and guidelines.
Important Terms Relating to E-Filing

1. E-form - An e-form is the electronic equivalent of the paper form. In the
new system, it is envisaged that all company related documents would be filed
electronically.
2. Pre-fill- Pre-fill is a functionality in an e-Form that is used for filing

automatically, the requisite data from the system without repeatedly entering
the same. For example, by entering the CIN. Of the company, the name and
registered office address of the company shall automatically be pre-filed by the
system without any fresh entry.
3. Attachment - An attachment refers to a document that is sent as an enclosure

with an e- Form by means of an attached file.
4. Check form - By clicking "check form'; the user will be in a position to find
out whether the mandatory fields in an e-form are duly filed-in.
5. Modify - Once the user has done 'Check Form; the form gets locked and it
cannot be edited. If the user wishes to make any alteration, the form can be
over written by clicking "Modify" button.
6. Pre scrutiny- Pre-scrutiny is a functionality that is used for checking whether

certain core aspects are properly filed the -e-Form. The user has to make the
necessary attachments, in PDF format before submitting the e-Form for pre-
scrutiny
13. 5
7. Service Request Number (SRN) - Each transaction under e-filing is, uniquely
identified by a Service Request Number (SRN). On filing of an e-form, the system
will generate and provide a Service Request Number (SRN). A user can check the
status of the document or transaction, by entering the SRN
8. Addendum to e-Form - The user may have to submit some additional supporting
documents that are not submitted during the e-Form (application) filing but are
required for the processing of the e-Form.
Infrastructure for e-filing

The minimum system requirements for e-filing are:
• P-4 computer with printer;
• Windows 2000/Windows XP/Windows Vista/Windows 7;
• Internet Explorer 6.0 version and above;
• Above Acrobat Reader 9.4 and lower versions;
• Scanner; and
• Java Runtime Environment ORE) 1.6 updated version 30.
Extensible Business Mark-up Language (XBRL):

XBRL is a language for the electronic communication of business and financial data
which is revolutionizing business reporting around the world. It provides major benefits
in the preparation, analysis and communication of business information.
• XBRL is a data-rich dialect of XML (Extensible Markup Language), the universally

preferred language fir transmitting information via the internet.
• XBRL provides a common, electronic format for business reporting. It does not
change what is being reported.
• XBRL is a world-wide standard, developed by an international, non-profit making
consortium XBRL International Inc. (XII)
13. 6
Meeting of Board and its Powers
MEETING OF BOARD AND ITS POWERS
Board Meeting and Essentials of a valid Board Meeting [Section

173 to 176]
To constitute a valid Board Meeting, there are certain conditions, which have
to be complied with. They are: -
• Proper constitution of the Board of Directors.
• Due notice must have been issued by an authorized person.
• Presence of a properly elected or chosen person in the chair.
• Proper quorum must be present for due transaction of business.
Number of Board Meetings

[Sec 173(1) & (5) Read with[Rule 3 and 4]
➢ Every company,
➢ Private or Public,
Shall hold the 1st Board Meeting within 30 days of the Date of Incorporation
(DOI)
And
Thereafter hold a minimum number of 4 Board Meeting every year. There
should not be gap of more than 120 days between 2 consecutive Board
meetings.
Companies (Management and Administration) Amendment Rules, 2021 effective

from 05.03.2021 - Gap between two Board Meeting
Due to the difficulties of holding Board Meetings, during the Quarter-April to June
2021 and Quarter-July to September, 2021, instead of 120 days, the gap between
2 consecutive meetings may extend upto 180 days.
The participation of directors in a board meeting may be either in person or

through video conference or other audio visual means, as may be prescribed.
Provided that CG may, by notification, specify such matters which shall not
15. 1
be dealt with a meeting through video conferencing or other audio visual

means.
A OPC, small company, dormant company and a private company (if such private
company is a start-up) shall be deemed to have complied with the provisions of this
section if at least 1 meeting of the Board has been conducted in each half of a
calendar year and the gap between the 2 meetings is not less than 90 days:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section and in section 174 shall apply
to OPC in which there is only one director on its Board of Directors. (2018)
An adjourned Meeting being a continuation of the original Meeting, the interval

period in such a case, shall be counted from the date of the original Meeting. [SS
1]
MEETINGS OF THE INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS:

Where a company is required to appoint Independent Directors under the Act, such
Independent Directors shall meet at least once in a Calendar year.
CONVENING A MEETING SS - 1
Any Director of a company may, at any time, summon a Board Meeting and the
CS or any authorized person, shall convene Board Meeting, in consultation with the
Chairman or in his absence, the MD or in his absence, the WTD, where there is
any, unless otherwise provided in the AOA.
DAY, TIME, PLACE, MODE AND SERIAL NUMBER OF MEETING:

➢ Every Meeting shall have a serial number.
➢ A Meeting may be convened at any time and any place, on any day.
Notice of Board Meeting [Section 173(3) & (4)]

✓ Notice of Board Meeting shall be at least 7 days before BM.
✓ Shall be in writing
✓ To Every Director at his registered address, by hand delivery or post or by
15. 2
E-mode.
✓ In case of shorter notice, at least 1 Independent Director shall be present at
the meeting. If he is not present, then Decision of meeting shall be
circulated to all directors and it shall be final only after ratification of
decision by at least 1 Independent Director.
NOTICE OF BOARD MEETING as per SS - 1
Notice, Agenda and Notes of Agenda in writing of every Meeting shall be given to
EVERY DIRECTOR by following ways
➢ By hand or by Speed Post or by Registered Post or

➢ By Courier or by fax or by Email or by any other electronic mode.
➢ In case the company sends the Agenda and Notes on Agenda by speed post or by
registered post or by courier, an additional 2 days shall be added for the service
of Agenda and Notes on Agenda.
➢ Where a Director specifies a particular means of delivery of Notice, the Notice
shall be given to him by such means. However, in case of a Meeting conducted
at a shorter notice, the Company may choose an expedient mode of sending
notice.
➢ Proof of sending Notice and its delivery shall be maintained by the company for
such period as decided by the Board, which shall be at least 3 years from the
date of the Meeting.
➢ Notice shall be sent even if meeting is held on pre determined dates or at pre
determined intervals.
➢ Any item not included in the Agenda may be taken up for consideration with
the permission of the Chairman and with the consent of a majority of the
Directors present in the Meeting.
Quorum of Board Meeting [Sec 174]
15. 3
Meaning→The minimum number of the directors required to be present to

validity transact any Business in meeting is called Quorum.
Section 174 states that-

1. The quorum for Board Meeting shall be 1/3rd(any fraction contained in that
1/3rdbeing rounded off as 1) of its total strength or 2 Directors (whichever
is higher) AND
2. The participation of the directors by video conferencing or by other audio
visual means also shall be counted for the purpose of quorum.
3. The continuing directors may act notwithstanding any vacancy in the Board;
but, if and so long as their number is reduced below the quorum fixed by
the Act for a meeting of the Board, the continuing directors or directors
may act for the purpose of increasing the number of directors to that
fixed for the quorum OR of summoning a general meeting of the company
and for no other purpose.
4. Where at any time the number of interested directors ≥ 2/3rdof the total
strength of Board of Directors, the number of directors who are not
interested directors and present at the meeting, being not less than 2
shall be the quorum during such time.
In case of Private Company, interested director shall be counted for
quorum after disclosure of his interest pursuant to section 184.
5. Where a Board Meeting could not be held for want of quorum, then, unless
the AOA of the company otherwise provide, the meeting shall
automatically stand adjourned to the same day at the same time and place
in the next week at the same time at the place.
6.
Note: In case of board meetings, Quorum is required throughout the meeting.
CHAIRMAN OF BOARD MEETING [Reg 70 of Table F & SS – 1]
1. The Chairman of the Board shall conduct the Board Meeting. If no such Chairman
is elected or if the Chairman is unable to attend the Meeting, the Directors
present at the Meeting shall elect one of themselves to chair and conduct the
Meeting, unless otherwise provided in the AOA
15. 4
2. If the Chairman is interested in an item of business, he shall, with the consent

of the members present, entrust the conduct of the proceedings in respect of
such item to any Non-Interested Director with the consent of the majority of
Directors present and resume the chair after that item of business has been
transacted. However, in case of a private company, the Chairman may continue
to chair and participate in the Meeting after disclosure of his interest.
3. The Chairman shall ensure that the required Quorum is present throughout the
Meeting and at the end of discussion on each agenda item the Chairman shall
announce the summary of the decision taken thereon
Resolution by Circulation [Section 175 Read with Rule 5& SS 1]

The Act requires certain business to be approved only at Meetings of the Board.
However, other business that requires urgent decisions can be approved by means of
Resolutions passed by circulation. Resolutions passed by circulation are deemed to be
passed at a duly convened Board Meeting and have equal authority.
Subject to following conditions

➢ The resolution shall be circulated in draft, together with the necessary
papers, if any,
➢ to all the directors, or members of the committee, as the case may be,
➢ at their addresses registered with the company in India by hand delivery or
by post or by courier, or through such electronic means as may be
prescribed AND
➢ It shall be approved by a majority of the directors, who are entitled to
vote on the resolution.
However, where not less than 1/3rdof the total number of directors of the
company for the time being require that any resolution under circulation must
be decided at a meeting, the Chairperson shall put the resolution to be
decided at a Board Meeting.
Validity of Acts of Directors [Sec 176]
15. 5
Acts done by a person, as a director shall be valid, notwithstanding that it

may afterwards be discovered that his appointment was invalid by reason of
any defect or disqualification or had terminated by virtue of any provision
contained in this Act or in the AOA:
Provided that nothing in this section shall be deemed to give validity to acts
done by a director after his appointment has been noticed by a company to
be invalid or to have terminated.
Meeting not to be dealt in a meeting through video conferencing

or other Audio-Visual Means
Rule 4, however, provides that the following matters shall not be dealt with
any meeting through video conferencing or other audio visual means.
• The approval of the annual financial statements.
• The approval of the Board's report.
• The approval of the prospectus.
• The Audit Committee Meeting for consideration of accounts.
The approval of the matter relating to amalgamation, merger, demerger,
acquisition and takeover.
As per the Companies (Meetings of Board and Its Powers) Amendment Rules,
2018, Dated: 07-05-2018, the following proviso has been inserted, namely:
“Provided that where there is quorum in a meeting through physical presence of
directors, any other director may participate through video conferencing or other
audio visual means.”
MINUTES & MINUTE BOOK [SS – 1]
1. A distinct Minutes Book shall be maintained for Meetings of the Board and each
of its Committees.
2. The pages of the Minutes Books shall be consecutively numbered.
3. Minutes shall not be pasted or attached to the Minutes Books, or tampered
with in any manner.
15. 6
4. Minutes shall state, at the Beginning the serial number and type of the
Meeting, name of the company, day, date, venue and time of commencement
and conclusion of the Meeting.
5. Minutes shall be written in third person and past tense. Resolutions shall
however be written in present tense. Minutes need not be an exact transcript
of the proceedings at the Meeting.
6. Within 15 days from the date of the conclusion of the Board Meeting or
Committee Meeting, the draft Minutes shall be circulated to all the Directors
for their comments.
7. The Directors, (whether present at the Meeting or not), shall communicate
their comments, if any, in writing on the draft Minutes within 7 days from the
date of circulation. If no comment from director, the draft minutes shall be
deemed to be approved.
8. Minutes shall be entered in the Minutes Book within 30 days from the date of
conclusion of the Meeting.
9. A Member of the company is not entitled to inspect the Minutes of the
Meetings of the Board.
Committees of Board
Audit Committee of Directors [Section 177]
Following are the important provisions pertaining to Audit

Committee of Directors:
1. The requirement of constitution of Audit Committee has been limited to:
a. Every listed public Companies or
b. The following class of companies-
➢ All public companies with a Paid up Capital ≥ Rs. 10 Cr.
➢ All public companies, having in aggregate, outstanding loans or
borrowings or debentures or deposits ≥ Rs. 50 Cr.
15. 7
➢ All public companies having turnover ≥ Rs. 100 Cr.

2. The Committee shall comprise of minimum 3 directors with majority of
the directors being Independent Directors. The majority of members of
audit committee including its chairperson shall be person with ability to
read and understand the financial statement.
3. The terms of reference of the Audit Committee inter alia includes-
➢ The recommendation for appointment, remuneration and terms of
appointment of auditors of the company.
➢ Review and monitor the auditor's independence and performance and
effectiveness of audit process.
➢ Examination of the financial statement and the auditor’s report
thereon.
➢ Approval or any subsequent modification of transactions of the company
with related parties.
4. In addition to the auditor, the KMP shall also have a right to be heard in
the meetings of the Audit Committee when it considers the auditor's
report, though they shall not have voting rights.
5. Every listed company and the companies belonging to the following class or
classes shall establish a vigil mechanism for their directors and employees to
report genuine concerns or grievances: -
a. The companies which accept deposit from the public.
b. The companies which have borrowed money from banks and public
financial institutions in excess of Rs. 50 Cr.
This vigil mechanism shall provide for adequate safeguards against
victimization of employees and director who avail of the vigil mechanism
and also provide for direct access to the chairperson of the Audit
committee or the director nominated to play the role of audit committee,
as the case may be, in exception cases.
Nomination and Remuneration Committee (NRC) [Section 178(1)

to (4)]
The NRC helps the BOD in the preparations relating to the election of
members of the BOD And In handling matters within its scope of
responsibility that relate to the conditions of employment and remuneration
15. 8
of senior management, and to management's and personnel's remuneration

and incentive schemes. The responsibilities of the NRC are defined in its
policy document.
The Board of directors of following companies shall constitute NRC of the

Board:
➢ Every listed Public companies or
➢ The following class of companies-
✓ All public companies with a PSC≥10 Cr.
✓ All public companies having in aggregate, outstanding loans or
borrowings or debentures of deposits ≥ Rs. 50 Cr.
✓ All public companies having turnover ≥ Rs. 100 Cr.
The committee shall consist of 3 or more Non-Executive Director out of
which not less than half shall be independent directors.
Stakeholders Relationship Committee (SRC) [Section 178 (5) to

(8)]
✓ The BOD of a company that has more than 1000 shareholders,
debenture-holders, deposit- holders and any other security holders at any
time during a financial year is required to constitute a SRC consisting of
a chairperson who shall be a non-executive director and such other
members as may be decided by the Board.
✓ The SRC shall consider and resolve the grievances of security holders of
the company.
Board's Powers and Restrictions there on [Section 179 to 183]

General Powers of Board [Section 179 (1) and (2)]
Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, the Board of Directors of a
company shall be entitled to exercise all such powers, and to do all such acts and
things, as the company is authorized to exercise and do any act or thing which
is directed or required, whether by this or any other Act or by the
memorandum or articles of the company or otherwise, to be exercised or done
by the company in general meeting.
15. 9
Some powers are especially reserved for the Board and on the other hand, some
powers are exclusively reserved for the members in general meeting,
However, in the following exceptional cases, the general body of shareholders is

competent to act even in matters delegated to the Board, for the inherent
residuary and ultimate powers of a company lie with the general body of
shareholders:
1. Director acting mala fide

2. Incompetent Board
The general body of shareholders may exercise the powers vested in the
Board when the Board is incompetent to act, for instance, where all the
directors are interested in the transaction or the Board is unwilling to act,
or when there are no validly appointed directors functioning.
3. Deadlock in management
If the directors are unable to act, on account of deadlock, the shareholders
have the inherent power to act.
Certain Powers to be Exercise by Board only at a Board Meeting

[Section 179 (3) and (4) Read with Rule 8 of Companies
(Meetings of Board and it's Powers) Rules 2014]
Board of directors of a company shall exercise the following powers on behalf

of the company, and it shall to do so only by means of resolution passed at
the meetings of the Board and not by circulation: -
a. To make calls on shareholders in respect of money unpaid on their shares.
b. To authorize buy-back of securities u/s 68.
c. To issue securities, including debentures, whether in or outside India.
d. To borrow monies.
e. To invest the funds of the company.
f. To grant loans or given guarantee or provide security in respect of loans.
g. To approve financial statement and the Board's report.
h. To diversity the business of the company.
i. To approve amalgamation, merger or reconstruction.
15. 10
j. To take over a company or acquire a controlling or substantial stake in

another company.
k. Any other matter which may be prescribed.
The Board may, however, by a resolution passed at a meeting, delegate to any

committee of directors, the managing director, the manager or any other
principal officer of the company or in the case of branch office of the company,
a principal officer of the branch office, the powers specified in clauses (d), (e) and
(f) to such an extent and on such conditions as the board may prescribe.
Other Powers to be exercised at Board Meeting [Rule 8 of

Companies (Meeting of Board and its powers) Rules, 2014]
In addition to the powers specified under sub-section (3) of section 179 of the
Act, the following powers shall also be exercised by the Board of Directors only by
means of resolutions passed at meetings of the Board:
a. To make political contributions.
b. To appoint or remove key managerial personal (KMP).
c. To appoint internal auditors and secretarial auditor.
Restriction of powers of Boards [Section 180]

1. The Board of Directors of a company shall exercise the following powers only
with the consent of the company by a SR, namely: -
a. To sell, lease or otherwise dispose of the whole or substantially the whole
of the undertaking of the company or where the company owns more than
one undertaking of the whole or substantially the whole of any of such
undertakings.
For the purposes of this clause -
• "Undertaking" shall mean an undertaking in which the investment of
the company exceeds 20% of its net worth as per the audited balance
sheet of the preceding financial year or
An undertaking which generates 20% of the total income of the
company during the previous financial year;
• The expression "substantially the whole of the undertaking" in any
financial year shall mean 20% or more of the value of the undertaking
15. 11
as per the audited balance sheet of the preceding financial year.

b. To invest otherwise in trust securities, the amount of compensation
received by it as a result of any merger or amalgamation.
c. To borrow money, where the money to be borrowed, together with the
money already borrowed by the company will exceed aggregate of its paid up
share capital and free reserves and security premium, apart from temporary
loans (to be paid within 6 months) obtained from the company's bankers in
the ordinary course of business.
Provided that the acceptance by a banking company, in the ordinary course
of its business, of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand
or otherwise, and with draw available by cheque, draft, order or otherwise,
shall not be deemed to be a borrowing of monies by the banking company
within the meaning of this clause.
d. To remit, or give time for the repayment of any debt due from a director.
This section is not applicable on Private Companies (exemption notification).
Company to Contribute to Bona Fide and Charitable Funds [Sec

181]
The BOD may contribute to bona fide charitable and other funds. However,
prior permission of the company in general meeting shall be required for such
contribution in case any amount the aggregate of which, in any financial year,
exceeds 5% of its average net profits for the 3 immediately preceding financial
year.
Prohibitions and Restrictions Regarding Political Contributions [Sec

182]
• Government companies and other companies, which have been in existence
for less than 3 financial years, cannot make any contribution to political
party.
• Thus, other Companies which are in existence for not less than 3 financial
years may make contributions of any amount, directly or indirectly, in any
financial year, to any political party.
• Further it provides that no such contribution shall be made by a company
15. 12
unless a resolution authorizing the making of such contribution is passed at

a meeting of the BOD, and such resolutions shall, subject to other provision
of this section, be deemed to be justification in law for the making and the
acceptance of the contribution authorized by it.
Power of Board to make Contributions to National Defence Fund

etc. [Sec 183]
The BOD of any company may contribute such amount as it thinks fit to the
National defence fund or any other Fund approved by the CG for the purpose
of national defence. This Section has the overriding effect over the provision of
Section 180, 181, and 182 of the Companies Act, 2013.
The amount of contributions made for this purpose are required to be disclosed
by the company in its profit and loss account of the financial year during which
the contributions are made.
Disclosure of interest by Director[Section 184 read with Rule 9]

1. Every director shall at the 1stBoard Meeting in which he participates as a
director and thereafter at the 1stBoard Meeting in every financial year or
whenever there is any change in the disclosures already made, then at the
1stBoard meeting held after such change disclose his concern or interest in any
company or companies or bodies corporate, firms, or other association of
individuals which shall include the shareholding in such manner as may be
prescribed.
2. Every director of a company who is in any way, whether directly or
indirectly, concerned or interest in a contract or arrangement or proposed
contract or arrangement entered into or to be entered into-
a. With a body corporate in which such director or director in association
with any other director, holds more than 2%. Shareholding of that body
corporate or is a promoter, manager, CEO of that body corporate; or
b. With a firm or other entity in which such director is a partner, owner or
member, as the case may be, shall disclose the nature of his concern or
interest at Board Meeting in which the contract or arrangement is
discussed and shall not participate in such meeting:
15. 13
Provided that where any director who is not so concerned or interested at the
time of entering into such contract or arrangement, he shall, if he becomes
concerned or interested after the contract or arrangement is entered into,
disclose his concern or interest forthwith when he becomes concerned or
interested or at the first Board Meeting held after he becomes so concerned or
interested.
3. A contract or arrangement entered into by the company without disclosure
under sub-section (2) or with participation by a director who is concerned or
interested in any way directly or indirectly in the contract or arrangement
shall be voidable at the option of the company.
Rule 9 provides that every director shall disclose his concern or interest in any
company or companies or bodies corporate (including shareholding interest),
firms or other association of individuals, by giving a notice in writing in Form
MBP 1.
Loan to Directors etc.

[Section 185 Read with Rule10, 11 and 13]
1. No company shall, directly or indirectly, advance any loan, including any loan
represented by a book debt to, or give any guarantee or provide any security
in connection with any loan taken by—
a) Any director of company, or of a company which is its HC or any partner
or relative of any such director; or
b) Any firm in which any such director or relative is a partner.
2. A company may advance any loan including any loan represented by a book
debt, or give any guarantee or provide any security in connection with any
loan taken by any person in whom any of the director of the company is
interested, subject to the condition that—
a) a special resolution is passed by the company in general meeting:
b) the loans are utilised by the borrowing company for its principal business
activities.
3. Nothing contained in sub-sections (1) and (2) shall apply to—
15. 14
a) the giving of any loan to a managing or whole-time director—

i. as a part of the conditions of service extended by the company to all its
employees; or
ii. pursuant to any scheme approved by the members by a special resolution;
or
b) a company which in the ordinary course of its business provides loans or gives
guarantees or securities for the due repayment of any loan and in respect of
such loans an interest is charged at a rate not less than the rate of prevailing
yield of one year, three years, five years or ten years Government security
closest to the tenor of the loan; or
c) any loan made by a holding company to its wholly owned subsidiary company
or any guarantee given or security provided by a holding company in respect of
any loan made to its wholly owned subsidiary company; or
d) any guarantee given or security provided by a holding company in respect of
loan made by any bank or financial institution to its subsidiary company:
Provided that the loans made under clauses (c) and (d) are utilised by the
subsidiary company for its principal business activities.
Loan and investment by Company [Sec 186 read with Rule 11 and 12]
Introduction
Section 186 of the Companies Act, 2013 deals with inter-corporate loans
(including guarantee and security) and inter-corporate investments and also
with loans and investments to any person. A company shall, unless otherwise
prescribed make investment through not more than two layers of investments
companies.
Provided that the provisions of this sub-section shall not affect-

i. A company from acquiring any other company incorporated in a country
outside India if such other company has investment subsidiaries beyond 2
layers as per laws of such country.
ii. A subsidiary company from having any investment subsidiary for the purpose
of meeting the requirements under any law or under any rule or regulation
framed any law for the time being in force.
15. 15
2)No company shall directly or indirectly –

a) give any loan to any person or other body corporate;
b) give any guarantee or provide any security in connection with a loan to any
other body corporate or person; and
c) acquire by way of subscription, purchase or otherwise, the securities of any
other body corporate, exceeding 60% of its PSC, FR & Sec Premium a/c or
100% of its FR+ sec premium whichever is more.
Here person does not include any individual who is in employment of the
company.
3) where the aggregate of loan and investment so far made, along with the
investment, loan, guarantee or security proposed to be made or given by the
board, exceed the above specified limits, no investment or loan shall be made
or guarantee shall be given or security shall be provided unless previously
authorised by a special resolution in GM.
Approval of Public Financial Institution

If any term loan a public financial institution is subsisting, then:
❖ No prior approval of public financial institution is required, if the inter-
corporate loans/ investments and other loans is only up-to 60% or 100%;
as the case may be; provided there is no default in repayment of loan
instalment or payment of interest thereon.
❖ If the inter-corporate loans/investments and other loans is beyond 60% or
100% as the case may be, then prior approval of the public financial
institution is required in all cases.
Rate
No loan shall be given under this section at a rate of interest lower than the
prevailing yield of 1 year, 3years, 5 year or 10 years Government Security
closest to the tenure of the loan.
Register of Loans or Investments

• Every company shall keep from the date of its incorporation a register of loans/
15. 16
investments in form MBP 2 at its registered office in which entry shall be made
within 7 days of making loans or investments.
• This register shall be open for free inspection to every member of the company.
• This register shall be preserved permanently and shall be in the custody of CS or
any other person authorized by the Board.
Nothing contained in this section shall apply –

a) To any loan made, any guarantee given or any security provided or any
investment made by a banking co., or an insurance co, or a housing finance
co. in the ordinary course of its business, or a company established with
the object of and engaged in the business of financing industrial enterprises,
or of providing infrastructural facilities;
b) To any investment –
i) Made by an investment company;
ii) Made in shares allotted in pursuance of sec 62(1)(a) or in shares
allotted in pursuance of right issues made by a body corporate;
iii) Made, in respect of investment or lending activities, by a NBFC
registered u/c IIIB of the RBI Act 1934 and whose principal business
is acquisition of securities
Restriction on giving Loans or making Investments

No company, which has defaulted in complying with the provisions relating to public
deposits (Section 73 &74) shall, directly or indirectly, make any loans/
investments, till such default is subsisting
Investments of Company to tie Held in its\Own Name

[Sec 187 Read with Rule 14]
The company may hold any shares in its subsidiary company in the name of any
nominee or nominees of the company, if it is necessary to do; to ensure that
the number of members of the subsidiary company is not reduced below the
statutory limit.
Following are the exceptions to the aforesaid provisions:
15. 17
1. A company may deposit with a bank, being the bankers of the company, any
shares or securities for the collection of any dividend or interest payable
thereon.
2. A company may deposit with, or transferring to, holding in the name of SBI
or a scheduled bank, being the bankers of the company any shares or
securities in order to facilitate the transfer thereof, but required to again
hold the shares or securities in its own name within 6 months.
A company may deposit with, or transferring to, any person any shares or
securities, by way of security for the repayment of any loan advanced to the
company or the performance of any obligation undertaken by it
A company may hold investments in the name of a depository when such
investments are in the form of securities held by the company as a beneficial
owner.
Maintenance of Register
• Every company shall maintain a register in Form MBP 3 and enter therein,
chronologically, the particulars of investments in shares or other securities
beneficially held by the company but which are not held in its own name and
the relationship or contract under which the investment is held in the name
of any other person.
• The register shall be maintained at the registered office of the company.
• The register shall be preserved permanently and shall be kept in the custody
of Company Secretary or any other person authorized by the Board.
Related Party Transactions[Sec 188 read with Rule 15]

1. Except with the consent of the Board of directors given by a resolution
at a meeting of the Board and subject to such conditions as may be
prescribed, no company shall enter into any contract or arrangement with a
related party with respect to-
a. Sale, purchase or supply of any goods or materials;
b. Selling or otherwise disposing of, or buying, property of any kind;
c. Leasing of property of any kind;
15. 18
d. Availing or rendering of any services;

e. Appointment of any agent for purchase or sale of goods, materials,
services or property;
f. Such related party's appointment to any office Or place of profit in the
company, its subsidiary company or associate company; and
g. Underwriting the subscription of any securities or derivatives thereof, of
the company:
Provided that no contract or arrangement in, the case of a company having a

paid - up share capital of not less than such amount, or transactions not
exceeding such sums, as may be prescribed, shall be entered into except with
the prior approval of the company by Ordinary resolution:
Provided further that no member of the company shall vote on such special
resolutions, to approve any contract or arrangement which may be entered into
by the company, if such member is a related party (this proviso is not
applicable on private companies):
Provided also that nothing contained in the 2nd proviso shall apply to a company in
which 90% or more members, in number, are relatives of promoters or are related
parties:
Provided also that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any transactions
entered into by the company in its ordinary course of business other than
transactions which are not on an arm's length basis.
Explanation - In this sub-section, -

a. The expression "office or place of profit" means any office or place-
1. Where such office or place is held by a director, if the holding it receives
from the company anything by way of remuneration over and above the
remuneration to which he is entitled as director, by way of salary, fee,
commission, perquisites, any rent-free accommodation, or otherwise;
2. Where such office or place is held by an individual other than a director or by
any firm, private company or other body corporate, if the individual, firm,
15. 19
private company or body corporate holding it receives from the company

anything by way of remuneration, salary, fee, commission, perquisites, any
rent- free accommodation, or otherwise;
b. The expression "arm's length transaction" means a transaction between 2 related
parties that is conducted as if they were unrelated, so that there is no conflict
of interest.
2. Where any contract or arrangement is entered into by a director or any other
employee, without obtaining the consent of the Board or approval by a resolution in
the general meeting and if it is not ratified by the Board or, as the case may be,
by the shareholders at a meeting within 3 months from the date on which such
contract or arrangement was entered into, such contract or arrangement shall be
voidable at the option of the Board or of shareholders as the case may be and if
the contract or arrangement is with a related party to any director or is
authorized by any other director, the directors concerned shall indemnify the
company against any loss incurred by it.
Note: In case of WOS, the Ordinary resolution passed by the holding company shall
be sufficient for the purpose of entering into the transactions between WOS & the
holding Company.
When prior approval of company by ordinary resolution is required

for related party transaction [Rule 15 of companies (Meeting of
Board and its Powers) Rules, 2014]
For the purpose of first proviso to section 188(1), except with the prior approval
of the company by an ordinary resolution-
(1) A company shall not enter into a transaction, where the transaction or
transactions to be entered into-
(a) As contracts or arrangements, with criteria, as mentioned below-
i. Sale, purchase or supply of any goods or material directly or through
appointment of agents exceeding 10% of the annual turnover.
ii. Selling or otherwise disposing of, or buying, property of any kind directly or
through appointment of agent, exceeding 10% of net worth of the company
iii. Leasing of property of any kind exceeding 10% of the net worth or 10 % of
turnover
iv. Availing or rendering of any services directly or through appointment of agents
15. 20
exceeding 10% of turnover of the company.
(b) Appointment to any office or place of profit in the company, its subsidiary
company or associate company at a monthly remuneration exceeding Rs. 2.5 Lakh;
OR
(c) Remuneration for underwriting the subscription of any securities or derivatives
thereof of the company exceeding 1% of the net worth.
Meaning of ' Related Party'

The term 'Related Party' has been defined u/s 2(76) of the Companies Act, 2013.
As per this, "related party'; with reference to a company, means-
i. A director or his relative.
ii. A key managerial personnel or his relative;
iii. A firm, in which a director, manager or his relative is a partner;
iv. A private company in which a director or manager or his relative is a member or
director;
v. A public company in which a director or manager is a member or director and
holds along with his relatives, more than two per cent of its paid- up share
capital;
vi. Anybody corporate whose Board of Directors, managing director or manager is
accustomed to act in accordance with the advice, directions or instructions of a
director or manager;
vii. Any person on whose advice, directions or instructions a director or manager is
accustomed to act:
Provided that nothing in sub-section (vi) and (vii) shall apply to the advice,
directions or instructions given in a professional capacity;
viii. Any company which is-
a. A holding, subsidiary or an associate company of such company; or
b. A subsidiary of a holding company to which it is also a subsidiary;
ix. Such other person as may be prescribed.
Register of Contracts or Arrangements in which Directors are

Interested
Section 189 read with Rule 16
15. 21
• Every company is required to keep one or more registers in Form MBP 4 giving
separately the particulars of all contracts or arrangements to which Section 184
or Section 188 applies.
• Such register is required to be placed before the next Board Meeting, whenever
a new entry is made in this Register, and shall be signed by all the directors
present at the meeting.
• Every director within 30 days of his appointment or relinquishment is required
to disclose his concern or interest in other associations, which are required to
be included in the register.
• The register be kept at the registered office of the company and also open for
inspection during business hours.
Contract of Employment with MD or WTD [Sec 190]

• Every company, which is not a private company, is required to keep the copy
of contract, if in writing, with a MD or WTD for contract of service or
If not in writing, then a written memorandum setting its terms, if contract
not in writing.
• The copies of above mentioned are required to be kept open to inspection for
any member of the company free of cost.
This section is not applicable on Private Companies.
Payment to Director for Loss of Office, etc., in Connection with

Transfer of Undertaking, Property or Shares
[Section 191 Read with Rule 17]
No director of a company shall receive any payment by way of compensation in
case of transfer of the whole or any part of any under taking or property of
the company or the transfer to any person of all or any of the shares in a
company;
No payment shall be made to the MD or WTD or manager of the company by

way of compensation for the loss of office or as consideration for retirement
from office (Rule 17(3)) (other than notice pay and statutory payments in
accordance with the terms of appointment of such director or manager, as
applicable) or in connection with such loss or retirement
15. 22
If the company is in default in

a. Repayment of public deposits or
b. payment of interest thereon;
c. Redemption of debentures or payment of interest thereon;
d. Repayment of any liability, secured or unsecured, payable to any bank, public
financial institution or any other financial institution;
e. Payment of any dues towards income tax, VAT, excise duty, service tax or any
other tax or duty, by whatever name called, payable to the Central Government
or any State Government, statutory authority or local authority (other than in
cases where the company has disputed the liability to pay such dues);
f. there are outstanding statutory dues to the employees or workmen of the
company which have not been paid by the company (other than in cases where
the company has disputed the liability to pay such dues); and
g. The company has not paid dividend on preference shares or not redeemed
preference shares on due date.
If a director of a company receives payment of any amount in contravention of
sub-section (1) or the proposed payment is made before it is approved in the
meeting, the amount so received by the director shall be deemed to have been
received by him in trust for the company.
15. 23
Appointment and Qualification of Directors
Appointment and Qualification of

Directors
Definition and Meaning of Director

Section 2(10)➔"Board of Directors" or "Board", in relation to a company,
means the collective body of the directors of the company.
• A company is an artificial person. So, it acts through an agency of human
beings.
• The directors of a company serve the purpose of agency for the company
i.e., they act as an agent for performing various activities of the company.
Position of directors
Directors as Trustees
Directors as Agents
Types of Director (one point of view)

There are two types of company directors. They are
• Full time directors (Executive Directors) with their designation as Managing
Directors, Whole-Time Directors, Technical Directors, etc.
• Part-time directors (Non- executive Directors) who for their in livelihood do not
depend upon one company but serve on the Board of directors of a large number
of companies.
Number of Directors: Sec 149(1)

[Section 149(1)] Minimum and Maximum Number of Directors)
According to section 149 of the Companies Act, 2013,
• Every OPC shall have at least 1 director
• Every Private Company shall have at least 2 directors.
• Every Public Company shall have at least 3 directors.
A company can appoint maximum 15 directors.
Note: A company may appoint more than 15 directors after passing a special
16. 1
resolution in general meeting.
TYPES OF DIRECTORS:(another point of view)

Woman Director 2nd Proviso to Sec 149(1)
Following class of companies shall appoint at least one-woman director-
(I) Every listed company
(II) Every other public company having:
➢ Paid - up share capital of Rs. 100 Cr. or more OR
➢ Turnover of Rs. 300 Cr. or more
Further if there is any intermittent vacancy of a woman director then it shall be

filled up by the board of directors within 3 months from the date of such vacancy
or not late than immediate next board meeting, whichever is later.
Resident director Sec 149(3)

Every company shall have at least one director who stays in India for a total period
of not less than 182 days during the financial year
Independent Director (Sec 149(4))

Every listed company shall have at least 1/3rd of the total number of directors as
independent directors AND the Central Government may prescribe the minimum
number of independent directors in case of any class or classes of public companies.
Small Shareholder’s Directors [Section 151 & Rule 7]

A listed company may have 1 director elected by such small shareholders in such
manner and with such terms and conditions as may be prescribed. Small
shareholder means a shareholder holding shares of nominal value of not more than
Rs. 20,000/- or such other sum as may be prescribed.
Appointment of Directors Sec 152

Directors may be appointed in the following ways:
1. By subscribers to the memorandum. (sec 152)

2. By members in General Meeting (Sec 152,160,163)
16. 2
3. By Board of directors (Sec 161)

4. By small shareholders if the articles provide (sec 151)
5. Director appointed by National Company Law Tribunal. u/s 242 [notified]
General Provisions
• Every person proposed to be appointed as a director shall furnish his DIN(or
any other number prescribed u/s 153) and a declaration that he is not
disqualified.
• Appointed director shall on or before the appointment give his written
consent in physical form DIR-2.
• The company shall, within 30 days of the appointment of a director, file
such consent with the ROC in form DIR-12.
Appointment of First Directors

✓ The first directors of a company may be named in its AOA.
✓ In case no directors are so named in the articles, the AOA may authorize
the subscribers to the MOA to appoint the 1stdirectors.
✓ In the absence of any such provision in AOA, the subscribers to the MOA,
who are individuals, shall be deemed to be the first directors of the
company until the subsequent directors are duly appointed.
✓ In case of OPC, an Individual, shall be deemed to be its 1stdirector until the
director or directors are duly appointed by the member u/s152.
Appointment of Subsequent Directors

Unless the AOA provide for the retirement of all directors at every AGM,
Not less than 2/3rd of the total no. of directors of a public company shall-
i. Be person whose period of office is liable to determination by retirement
of directors by rotation (i.e., only 1/3rdcan be non-retiring directors); and
ii. Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, be appointed by the
company in GM.
The remaining directors (i.e., non-rotational/non-retiring/Permanent directors)

in the case of public company shall be appointed as per the provisions
16. 3
contained in the AOA of the company.
At the 1stAGM held next after the date of GM at which the 1stdirectors are
appointed in accordance with aforesaid provisions and at every subsequent
AGM, 1/3rdof the rotational directors shall retire at every AGM, OR
Where a director retires by rotation at the annual general meeting of a

company, the company at the same meeting may appoint:
i. The retiring director or
ii. Some other person in the vacancy.
Note: If the AGM of the company is not held or cannot be held, the directors due
to retire by rotation shall retire on the last day on which the AGM should have
been held.
If AGM is adjourned, then he will retire at the adjourned AGM; provided it is

within the prescribed time.
Note: Automatic Reappointment

If at the adjourned meeting also, the vacancy is not so filled and a resolution
not to fill the vacancy is not passed, the retiring directors shall be deemed to
have been re-appointed (i.e. Automatic re-appointment).
Exceptions
✓ If at that meeting or at a previous meeting, a resolution for the re-
appointment of such a director has been put to the meeting and lost.
✓ If the retiring director has by a notice in writing addressed to the
company, or to its Board of directors, expressed his unwillingness to be -
reappointed.
✓ If he is not qualified or disqualified for appointment;
✓ When a resolution, whether special or ordinary is required for his
appointment or re-appointment;
✓ If Section 162 is applicable to the case. [Enbloc -Voting]
16. 4
Appointment of Person as a Director, who is not a Retiring Director [Sec 160

& Rule 3]
✓ A written notice shall be sent to company's office at least 14 days before

the meeting by him or any member who intend to propose his
appointment.
✓ A deposit of Rs. 1 lakh or such higher amount as may be prescribed shall be
deposited.
✓ Company must inform other members at least 7 days before meeting either
by individual notices OR by advertisement of this fact in at least 2
newspapers circulating in the place where the registered office of the
company is situated, of which 1 must be in English and the other in
regional language of that place.
✓ If proposed director get elected OR get more than 25% of total valid votes
cast, deposit shall be refunded. Otherwise, the aforesaid deposit shall be
forfeited by the company.
✓ The provisions of this section are not applicable to Private Companies.
✓ Provided that requirements of deposit of amount shall not apply in case of
appointment of an independent director or a director recommended by the
NRC, (if any), constituted u/s 178(1) or a director recommended by BOD
of co.
Appointment of Directors by the Board [Sec 161]

Appointment of Additional Directors [Section 161 (1)]
• The BOD may, if authorized by AOA, appoint additional directors. Such
additional shall hold office only up to the date of ensuing AGM.
• If such a person, while he was the additional director of a company, had been
appointed the MD, the latter appointment (i.e that of MD) also ceases
simultaneously with the termination of his directorship, if such appointment is
not regularized at the AGM.
• However, if such person is elected as full- fledged director, after regularization
by members at the AGM, he will continue to be a director of the company and
also as its MD for the period for which he is so elected as a director and for
the period for which his appointment as MD has been made.
16. 5
This is known as regularization of additional director and in this case again Form
No. DIR-12 is required to be filed with ROC, however if he has been appointed
as MD then the form DIR-12 is not required to be filed.
Note: A person who fails to get appointed as a director in a general meeting cannot
be appointed as the Additional Director.
Alternate Director [Section 161 (2)]

The BOD can appoint, if the AOA or member’s resolution so authorizes, an
alternate director to act in place of director during his absence for at least 3
months from India.
Note: No person shall be appointed as an alternate director for an independent

director unless he is qualified to be appointed as an independent director.
An alternate director shall not hold office for a period longer than that permissible
to the original director& Shall vacate the office if and when the director in whose
place he has been appointed returns to India.
Appointment of Nominee Directors [Section 161 (3))

Subject to the AOA of a company, the Board may appoint any person as a director
nominated by any institution in pursuance of the provision of any law for the time
being in force or of any agreement or by the CG or the SG by virtue of its
shareholding in a Government Company.
Appointment of Directors to be voted on Individually [Sec 162]

1. The Directors are usually elected by shareholders in general meeting by an
ordinary resolution passed by simple majority of votes.
2. 2 or more directors should not be elected lien bloc" or by a single
resolution.
3. At general meeting of a company, a motion shall not be made for the
appointment of two or more persons as directors of the company by a
16. 6
single resolution, unless a resolution that it shall be made has first been
agreed to, in meeting without any vote being cast against it.
4. Resolution in contravention shall be void, whether or not objection was
taken at the time of its being so moved.
5. The provisions of this section are not applicable on private companies.
Option to Adopt Principle of Proportional Representation [Section 163]

Section 163 of the Companies Act affords an opportunity to the minority
shareholders to have their representations on the Board of directors.
In accordance with the said section, a company may provide in its articles for the
appointment of not less than 2/3 of the total number of its directors according
to the principle of proportional representation, whether by single transferable
vote or by a system of cumulative voting or otherwise, the appointments being
made once in 3 years and interim casual vacancies being filled in accordance with
the provisions, mutatis mutandis (with appropriate changes), of Section 161 (4) of
the Act.
The directors appointed according to this principle hold office for 3 years and
cannot be removed by the company in general meeting under Section 169.
Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) fourth Amendment Rules,

2018 (2018)
Rule 12A - Directors KYC:-

As per the rule, “every individual who has been allotted a DIN as on 31st March of
a financial year as per these rules shall, submit e-form DIR-3-KYC to the Central
Government on or before 30th April of immediate next financial year.
Provided further that where an individual who has already submitted e form DIR 3
KYC for previous FY, submits web form DIR-3 KYC WEB through the web service
in relation to subsequent FY it shall be deemed to be compliance of the provisions
of this rule for the said FY.
Rule 12B: Directors of company required to file E form ACTIVE –
16. 7
1. Where a co. governed by Rule 25 A of co.(incorporation) Rules 2014, fails to

file the ACTIVE form within prescribed time period, the DIR of such directors
shall be marked as “Director of ACTIVE non-compliant company”.
2. Such marked director shall take all necessary steps to ensure that all relevant
companies where such director has been appointed, file E-Form ACTIVE.
3. After all the companies file the ACTIVE form, the DIN of such director shall
be marked as “Director of Active compliant company”
Disqualifications of Director (Sec 164)

Section 164 (1)& Rule 14
A person shall not be eligible for appointment as a director or a company, if
–
a. He is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court.
b. He is an undischarged insolvent.
c. He has applied to be adjudicated as an insolvent and his application is
pending.
d. He has been convicted by a court of any offence, whether involving moral
turpitude or otherwise and sentenced in respect thereof to imprisonment
for not less than 6 months and a period of five years has not been lapsed
from the date of expiry of sentence.
Note: However, if a person has been sentenced to imprisonment for not
less than 7 years, he shall not be eligible to be appointment as a director
in any company forever.
e. An order disqualified him for appointment as director has been passed by a
Court or NCLT and the order is in force.
f. He has not paid any calls in respect of any shares of the company held by
him, whether alone or jointly with other, and six months have elapsed
from the last day fixed for the payment of the call.
g. He has been convicted of the offence dealing with Related Party
Transactions u/s188 at any time during the last preceding five years.
h. He has not got the DIN.
i. he accepts directorships exceeding the maximum number of directorships provided in
section 165. (2018)
16. 8
Section 164(2) provides that no person who is or has been a director of a

company which-
a. Has not filed financial statements or annual returns for any continuous
period of 3 financial years or
b. Has failed to repay the deposits accepted by it or
c. Pay interest thereon or
d. To redeem any debentures on the due date or
e. Pay interest due thereon or
f. Pay any dividend declared And
Such failure to pay or redeem continuous for 1 year or more, shall be eligible
to be re-appointment as a director of that company or Appointment in other
company for a period of 5 years from the date on which the said company
fails to do so.
Provided that where a person is appointed as a director of a company which is

in default, he shall not incur the disqualification for a period of 6 months
from the date of his appointment.";
Number of Directorships [Section 165]

1. No person, after the commencement of this Act, shall hold office as a director,
including any alternate directorship, in more than 20 companies at the same
time.
Provided that the maximum number of public companies in which a person can
be appointed as a director shall not exceed 10.
Note: For reckoning the limit of public companies in which a person can be
appointed as a director, directorship in private companies that are holding or
subsidiary company of a public company shall be included.
For reckoning the limit of directorship in 20 companies, directorship in Dormant
co. shall not be included.
2. However, the members of a company may, by special resolution, specify any
lesser number of companies in which a director of the company may act as
directors.
16. 9
3. Any person holding office as director in companies more than the limits,
immediately before the commencement of this Act, shall, within a period of 1
year from such commencement: -
❖ Choose not more than the specified limit of those companies, as companies
in which he wishes to continue to hold the office of director;
❖ Resign his office as director in the other remaining companies; and
❖ Intimate the choice made by him, to each of the companies in which he was
holding the office of director before such commencement and to the
registrar having jurisdiction in respect of each such company.
Duties of Directors. [Section 166]

1. Subject to the provisions of this Act, a director of company shall act in
accordance with the articles of the company.
2. A director of a company shall act in good faith in order to promote the objects
of the company for the benefit of its members as whole, and in the best
interests of the company, its employees, the shareholders, the community and
for the protection of environment.
3. A director of a company shall exercise his duties with due and reasonable care,
skill and diligence and shall exercise independent Judgment.
4. A director of company shall not involve in a situation in which he may have a
direct or indirect interests that conflict with the interests of the company. .
5. A director of a company shall not achieve or attempt to achieve any undue gain
or advantage either to himself or to his relatives, partners, or associates and if
such director is found guilty of making any undue gain, he shall be liable to pay
an amount equal to that gain to the company.
6. A director of a company shall not assign his office and any assignment so made
shall be void.
Vacation of office of Directors [Section 167

1) The office of a director shall become vacant in case-
a) He incurs any of the disqualifications specified u/s 164;
Provided, where he incurs disqualification u/s 164(2), the office of the
director shall become vacant in all the companies, other than the co.
16. 10
which is in default u/s 164(2).

b) He absents himself from all the Board Meetings held during a period of
12 months (with or without seeking leave of absence of the Board).
c) He acts in contravention of the provisions of section 184 relating to
entering into contracts or arrangements in which he is directly or
indirectly interested.
d) He fails to disclose his interest in any contract or arrangement in which
he is directly or indirectly interested, in contravention of the provisions
of section 184.
e) He becomes disqualified by an order of a court or the Tribunal.
f) He is convicted by court of any offence, whether involving moral
turpitude or otherwise & sentenced to imprisonment for not less than 6
months:
g) He is removed in pursuance of provision of Co. Act.
h) He, having been appointed a director by virtue of his holding any office
or other employment in HC, SC or AC, ceases to hold such office or
other employment in that co.
Note: A director who has resigned shall be liable even after his resignation for
the offence which occurred during his tenure.
Resignation of Director [Section 168]

1. A director may resign from his office by giving a notice in writing to the
company and the Board shall on receipt of such notice take note of the same
and the company shall intimate the Registrar in such manner.
Provided that a director may also forward a copy of his resignation along with
detailed reasons for the resignation to the Registrar within 30 days of
resignation in such manner as may be prescribed.
2. The resignation of a director shall take effect from the date on which the notice
is received by the company or the date, if any, specified by the director in the
notice, whichever is later:
3. Where all the directors of a company resign from their offices, or vacate their
offices under section 167, the promoter or, in his absence, the Central
16. 11
Government shall appoint the required number of directors who shall hold office
till the directors are appointed by the company in general meeting.
Removal of Directors [Section 169]

➢ “A company may, by ordinary resolution, remove a director, not being a director
appointed by the Tribunal u/s 242, before the expiry of the period of his office
after giving him a reasonable opportunity of being heard.
➢ Provided that an independent director re-appointed for 2nd term u/s 149(10)
shall be removed by the company only by passing a special resolution and after
giving him a reasonable opportunity of being heard.
➢ A special notice shall be required of the intention to move any resolution
for the removal of a director not less than 14 days (excluding the day of
service & the date of meeting) before the meeting.
➢ The director so appointment shall hold office till the removed director could
have held office, had he not been removed.
Return Containing the Particulars of Directors and the KMP [Section 170(2)
read with Rule 18]
It states that a return containing the particulars of appointment of director or
key managerial personnel and changes therein, shall be filed with the Registrar in
Form DIR-12 along with such fee within 30 days of such appointment or change,
as the case maybe.
16. 12
Independent Directors
Independent directors
[Section 149(4) to (13), 150 READ WITH
Rule 4 and 5 Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Rules
2014]
Number of Independent Directors

Every listed public company shall have at least 1/3rd of the total number
of directors as independent directors and the CG may prescribe the
minimum number of Independent directors in case of any class or classes
of public companies.
Rule 4, provides that the following class of companies shall have at least
2 directors as Independent directors-
➢ The public Companies having paid up share capital of Rs. 10 Cr. of
more; OR
➢ The Public Companies which have, in aggregate, outstanding loans,
debentures and deposits, exceeding Rs. 50 Cr. OR
➢ The public Companies having turnover of ≥ Rs. 100 Cr.
Note:
An unlisted public company which is a JV, WOS or a dormant co. will not be
required to appoint Independent Directors.
Meaning of Independent Director [Section 149(6)]

An independent director in relation to a company, means a director other than
a MD or a WTD or a Nominee Director -
a. Who, in the opinion of the Board, is a person of integrity and possesses
relevant expertise and experience.
b. Who is or was not a promoter of the company or its holding, subsidiary or
associate company;
c. Is not related to promoters or directors in the company, its holding,
16. 16
subsidiary or associate company

d. Who has or had no pecuniary relationship (other than remuneration as such
director or having transaction not exceeding 10% of Total Income or other
prescribed amount) with the company, its holding, subsidiary or associate
company during 2 immediately preceding financial years or during the current
financial year.
e. None of whose relatives –
1) is holding any security or interest in the co., its HC, SC, AC during 2
immediately preceding years or during current year, of face value of
more than Rs. 50 Lakh or 2% of of PSC of co. or its HC or its SC of
is AC or such higher amount as may be prescribed.
2) Is indebted to co., its HC, SC, AC, or their promoters, directors in
excess of prescribed amount during immediately preceding 2 FY or during
current FY.
3) Has given a guarantee or provided any security in connection to
indebtedness of any 3rd person to the co., its HC, SC or AC or their
promoter, directors in excess of prescribed amount during immediately
preceding 2 FY or during current FY.
4) Has any other pecuniary transaction or relationship with the co., or its
SC or its HC or AC amounting to 2% or more of gross T.O. or T.I.
singly or in combination with the above referred transactions.
f. Who, neither himself nor any of his relatives-
i. Holds or has held the position of a KMP or has been employee of
the company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company in any
of the 3 financial years immediately preceding the financial year in
which he is proposed to be appointed.
ii. Is or has been an employee or proprietor or a partner, in any of the
3 financial years immediately preceding the financial year in which he
is proposed to be appointed, of-
➢ A firm of auditors or company secretaries in practice or cost
auditors of the company or its holding, subsidiary or associate
company or
➢ Any legal or a consulting firm that has or had any transaction with
the company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company amounting
to ≥ 10% of the gross turnover of such firm;
16. 17
iii. Holds together with his relatives ≥ 2% of the total voting power of
company
iv. Is a Chief Executive or Director, by whatever name called, of any
non-profit organization that receives ≥25% of its receipts from the
company, any of its promoters, directors or its holding, subsidiary
or associate company or that hold ≥ 2% of total voting power of
the company.
g. Who possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed.
Manner of Selection of an independent Director [Sec 150(1)]

Independent directors may be selected from a data bank of eligible and
willing persons maintained by the agency (Anybody, institute or association
as may be authorized by CG):
• Such agency shall put data bank of independent directors on the website
of MCA or any notified web site.
• Company must exercise due diligence before selecting a person from the
data bank referred to above, as an independent director.
• This section further stipulates that the appointment of independent
directors has to be approved by members in a GM and the explanatory
statement annexed to the notice must indicate justification for such
appointment and a statement by board forming their opinion about
independence of such director.
• Any person who desires to get his name included in the data bank of
independent directors shall make an application to the agency in Form
DIR-1 i.e. application for inclusion of name in the data bank of
Independent Directors which includes the personal, educational,
professional, work experience, other broad details of the appointment.
Declaration of Independence [Sec 149(7)]

•Every independent director shall at the 1st Board Meeting in which he
participates as director and thereafter at the 1st BM in every financial
year or whenever there is any change in the circumstance which may affect
his status as an independent director, give a declaration that he meets
the criteria of independence as provided in sub-section (6).
16. 18
Code for Independent Directors [Section 149 (8)]

The company and independent directors shall abide by the provisions
specified in
• Schedule IV regarding code for independent directors.
• Schedule IV is a guide to professional conduct for independent directors.
• Adherence to these standards by independent directors and fulfilment
of their responsibilities in a professional and faithful manner will promote
confidence of the investment community, particularly minority
shareholders, regulators and companies in the institution of independent
directors.
Tenure of Independent Director Section 149(10)

Subject to the provisions of section 152 (Appointment of Directors), an
independent director shall hold office for a term up to 5 consecutive years
on the Board of a company, but shall be eligible for reappointment on
passing of a special resolution by the company and disclosure of such
appointment in the Board's report.
Section 149(11) states that notwithstanding anything contained in section

149(10), No independent director shall hold office for more than 2
consecutive terms, but such independent director shall be eligible for
appointment after the expiration of 3 years of ceasing to become an
independent director.
Note: An Independent Director shall not, during the said period of 3 years,
be appointed in or be associated with the company in any other capacity,
either directly or indirectly.
Liability of Independent Director [Section 149(12)]

It provides that, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act,
• An independent director
• A non-executive director not being promoter or KMP, shall be held
liable, only in respect of such acts of omission or commission by a
16. 19
company which had occurred with his knowledge, attributable through

Board processes, and with his consent or connivance or where he had
not acted diligently.
Remuneration of Independent Director [Sec 149]

Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this act, but
subject to provisions of section 197 and 198, an Independent director
➢ Shall not be entitled to any stock option
➢ May receive remuneration by way of fee provided u/s 197(5),
reimbursement of expense for participation in board or other meeting
➢ Profit related commission as may be approved by the members.
16. 20
Appointment & Remuneration of KMP
Appointment and Remuneration of KMP

Definition of Key Managerial Personnel (KMP) Section 2 (51)
In relation to a company, KMP means-
• The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or the MD or the Manager.
• The Company Secretary (CS).
• The Whole-Time Director (WTD).
• The Chief Financial Officer (CFO).
• Such other officer as may be prescribed.
Managing Director Section 2(54)

1) A 'Managing Director' means a director who is entrusted with substantial powers
of management.
The substantial powers of management can be entrusted to a MD of a company
in any of the following 4 ways -
✓ By way of an agreement with the company.
✓ By board resolution.
✓ By general meeting resolutions.
✓ By articles of association.
Note: The expression Managing Director shall also include a director occupying the
position of a MD, by whatever name called.
2) For instance, President, COO, CEO, in the case of multinational companies shall
be considered as the MD for the purpose of companies Act, although they are
not designed as such.
3) The administrative acts of a routine nature such as affixing common seal, if any,
draw and endorse any cheque or negotiable instrument, signing share certificates,
etc. are excluded from the sphere of substantial powers to be exercised by the
MD.
4) A person has to be a director before he can be appointed MD.
Therefore, if a co. wants to appoint a person as MD who is not a director of
the co., he has first to be appointed as an additional director in accordance
with the provisions of section 161 of the Act.
5) MD is vested with substantial powers of management, but he need not
17. 1
necessarily have the whole or substantially the whole of the affairs of a

company under his management.
6) A co. may, therefore, have more than 1 MD.
Whole-time Director WTD [Section 2(94)]

It provides that a "whole-time director" includes a director in the whole-time
employment of a co.
1) This means that any person, who is a part- time director of the co. as
well as in the full time employment of the co. in some other capacity,
shall be considered as a WTD.
2) WTD’s devote their entire time and attention to the business and affairs
of the co. They cannot accept the office of WTD in any other co.
3) They may however, accept ordinary (Part Time) directorships in other
companies, within the limits prescribed by Section 165 of the companies
Act, 2013.
4) It may further be noted that a person has to be a director before he can
be appointed WTD.
Therefore, if a co. wants to appoint a person as WTD who is not a director
of the co., he has first to be appointed as additional director u/s 161.
Manager [Section 2(53)]

an individual who, subject to the superintendence, control and direction of the
Board of Directors, has the management of the whole or substantially the
whole of the affairs of a co., and includes a director or any other person
occupying the position of a manager, by whatever name called, and whether
under a contract of service or not.
Note: The manager of a company need not be a director of that company. He

may be a director as well as the manager or only the manager of a company.
A co. shall have only one manager at a time because a manager has the
management of the whole of the affairs of a co.,
Note: As per the provisions of section 196, a co. shall not have both MD and
Manager at the same time.
17. 2
Company Secretary or Secretary [Section 2(24)]

A CS as defined u/s 2(1) (c) of the company Secretaries Act, 1980 who is
appointed by a Co. to perform the functions of a company secretary under
this Act.
APPOINTMENT OF MD, WTD OR OF MANAGER

Section 196 of Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 3
1) No co. shall appoint or employ at the same time a MD and a Manager.
2) No co. shall appoint or re-appoint any person as its MD, WTD or manager
for a term exceeding 5 years at a time.
Provided that no re-appointment shall be made earlier than 1 year before
the expiry of his term.
3) No Co. shall appoint or continue the employment of any person as MD,
WTD or manager who-
a) Is below the age of 21 years
Or
b) Has attained the age of 70 years.
Provided that appointment of a person who has attained the age of 70
years may be made by passing a special resolution in which case the
explanatory statement annexed to the notice for such motion shall
indicate the justification for appointing such person.
Shall not be appointed if:

a) Is an un-discharged insolvent or has at any time been adjudged as an
insolvent.
b) Has at any time suspended payment to his creditors or makes, or has
at any time made, a composition with them.
c) Has at any time been convicted by a court of an offence and
sentenced for a period of more than 6 months.
4) Subject to the provisions of section 197 and Schedule V, a MD, WTD or
manager shall be appointed by the terms and conditions of such
appointment and remuneration payable be approved
i. by the BOD at a Board Meeting
ii. which shall be subject to approval by a resolution at the next general
17. 3
meeting of the company and

iii. By the CG in case such appointment is at variance to the conditions
specified in part 1 of that schedule.
5) Subject to the provisions of this Act, where an appointment of a MD,
WTD or manager is not approved by the co. at a GM, his appointment
shall stand void.
Rule 3 of Companies (Appointment & Remuneration of Managerial Personnel) Rules,

2014
A co. shall file a return of appointment of MD, WTD or Manager, CEO
(CEO), CS and CFO within 60days of the appointment, with the ROC in
Form No. MR.1 along with such fee as prescribed under Companies
(Registration Offices and Fees) Rules, 2014.
Part I of Schedule V to the Companies Act, 2013

Apart from this, Part I of Schedule V contains certain conditions, which must
be satisfied by a person to be eligible for appointment as MD or WTD or
Manager without the approval of the CG.
Part I of Schedule V Reads

No person shall be eligible for appointment as a MD or a WTD or a Manager
of a company, unless he satisfies the following conditions, namely:
a. He had not been sentenced to imprisonment for any period, or to a fine
exceeding Rs. 1,000, for the conviction of an offence under any of the
following 16 Acts, namely,
1) Indian Stamp Act 1899
2) Central Excises Act 1944
3) IDRA 1951
4) Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954
5) Essential Commodities Act 1955
6) Companies Act 2013
7) SCRA 1956
8) Wealth-tax Act 1957
9) Income-tax Act 1961
17. 4
10) Customs Act 1962

11) Competition Act 2002
12) FEMA 1999
13) SICA 1985
14) SEBI Act 1992
15) Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
16) IBC 2016
17) GST 2017
18) Fugitive Offenders act 2018
Provided that where the CG has given its approval to the appointment of a
person convicted or detained, no further approval of the CG shall be
necessary for the subsequent appointment of that person, if he had not
been so convicted subsequent to such approval.
b. He had not been detained for any period under the Conservation of Foreign
Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities, 1974.
Provided that where the CG has given its approval to the appointment of
a person detained, no further approval of the CG shall be necessary for the
subsequent appointment of that person, if he had not been so detained
subsequent to such approval.
c. He has completed the age of 21 years but has not attained the age of 70
yrs.
d. He is resident of India.
Here, resident in India includes a person who has been staying in India for a
continuous period of not less than 12 months immediately preceding the
date of his appointment as a managerial person and who has come to stay
in India ----
a) For taking up employment in India; or
b) For carrying on a business or vacation in India;
Remuneration ‘of Director, MD, WTD and Manager [Section 197 Read with
Rule 4,5 & 7]
1. The total managerial remuneration payable by a public company, to its
directors, including MD and WTD, and its manager in respect of any
financial year shall not exceed 11 % of the net profits of that company for
17. 5
that financial year computed in the manner laid down in section 198
except that the remuneration of the directors shall not be deducted from
the gross profits.
Provided that the co. in GM may, authorise the payment remuneration

exceeding 11 % of the net profits of the co., subject to the provisions of
Schedule V.
Provided further that, except with the approval of the co. in GM by a

Special Resolution -
a) The remuneration payable to any ONE MD; or WTD or manager shall
not exceed 5% of the net profits of the company and
b) If there is MORE THAN ONE such director, remuneration shall not
exceed 10% of the net profits to all such directors and manager taken
together.
c) The remuneration payable to directors who are neither MD nor WTD
shall not exceed -
i. 1% of the net profits of the company, if there is a MD or WTD or
manager;
ii. 3% of the net profits in any other case.
2. The percentages aforesaid shall be exclusive of any fees payable to directors
under sub-section (5) i.e. sitting fees.
If, in any financial year, a company has no profits or its profits are
inadequate, the company shall not pay to its directors, including any MD or
WTD or manager or any other non-executive director, including an independent
director, by way of remuneration any sum exclusive of any fees payable to
directors hereunder except in accordance with the provisions of Part II of
Schedule V.
3. The remuneration payable to a director determined aforesaid shall be

inclusive of the remuneration payable to him for the services rendered by
him in any other capacity.
Provided that any remuneration for services rendered by any such director
in other capacity shall not be so included if-
17. 6
➢ The services rendered are of a professional nature

And
➢ In the opinion of the NRC, if the company is covered u/s 178(1), or
the BOD in other cases, the director possesses the requisite qualification
for the practice of the profession.
4. A director may receive remuneration by way of fee for attending Board
Meeting or Committee Meeting or for any other purpose whatsoever as
may be decided by the Board.
Provided that the amount of such fees shall not exceed the amount as may
be prescribed (Rs. 1 Lakh).
5. A director or manager may be paid remuneration either by way of a
monthly payment or at a specified percentage of the net profits of the
company or partly by the other.
6. If any director draws or receives, directly or indirectly, by way of
remuneration any such sums in excess of the limit prescribed by this
section or without approval required under this section, he shall refund
such sums to the company within 2 years or such lesser period as may be
allowed by the company and until such sum is refunded, hold it in trust
for the company.
7. Where any insurance is taken by a company on behalf of its MD, WTD,
Manager, CEO, CFO or CS for indemnifying any of them against any
liability in respect of any negligence, default, misfeasance, breach of duty
or breach of trust for which they may be guilty in relation to the
company, the premium paid on such insurance shall not be treated as part
of the remuneration payable to any such personnel.
Provided that if such person is proved to be guilty, the premium paid on
such insurance shall be treated as part of the remuneration.
Part II of Schedule V to the Companies Act, 2013
Section 1: Remuneration by Companies having adequate Profits

A company having profits in a financial year may pay remuneration to its
managerial persons in accordance with Section 197 i.e. not exceeding the
specified limits.
17. 7
Amendment to Schedule V of the Companies Act, 2013 effective from 18.03.2021

(only relevant for Public Companies)
• Inclusion of Other Director or Directors i.e. Non-executive Director or
Independent Director under the purview of Schedule V.
• Limits of Yearly remuneration payable shall not exceed (in rupees) in case of
other Director
Where the effective Capital Limits of Yearly remuneration payable shall not
(in rupees) is exceed (in rupees) in case of other Director
Negative or less than 5

12 lakhs
crores
5 crore and above but less

17 lakhs
than 100 crores
100 crore and above but

24 lakhs
less than 250 crores
24 lakhs plus 0.01% of the effective capital in

250 crores and above
excess of Rs. 250 crores.
Section 2- Remuneration by Companies having no profits or inadequate profits

without CG approval
Where in any financial year during the currency of tenure of a managerial
person, a company has no profits or its profits are inadequate, it, may,
without CG approval, pay remuneration to the managerial person not exceeding
the higher of the limits under (A) and (B) below:
(A) Where the effective capital of a Company is - Yearly remuneration per

person payable shall not exceed-
1. Negative or Less than Rs. 5 Cr. → Rs. 60 Lakhs
2. Rs. 5 Cr or more but less than Rs. 100 Cr. → Rs 84 Lakhs
17. 8
3. Rs. 100 Cr. or more but less that Rs. 250 cr. → Rs. 120 lakh
4. Rs. 250 Cr or more but less than Rs. 500 Cr. → Rs. 120 Lakhs plus
0.01 % of the effective capital in excess of the Rs. 250 Cr.
Provided that the remuneration in excess of above limits may be paid if the
resolution passed by shareholders is a special Resolution. (w.e.f. 12/09/18)
Note 2: For any period less than one year, the aforesaid limits shall be pro-
rated.
(B) In case of managerial person who is functioning in a professional capacity,

then remuneration as per item (A) may be paid, subject to following
conditions -
✓ Such person shall not have any interest in capital of company, holding
company, Subsidiary Company (directly or indirectly) or through other
statutory Structure. AND
✓ Such person shall not be directly or indirectly related to director or
promoter of co. holding co. subsidiary co. at any time during last 2
years before or on or after the date of appointment. AND
✓ Such person shall possess graduate level qualification with expertise and
specialised knowledge in the field in which company operates.
Amendment in Overall Maximum Managerial Remuneration and Managerial

Remuneration in Case of Absence or Inadequacy of Profits
• With effect from 18th March, 2021, if a company has no profits or its profits
are inadequate, an independent director may receive remuneration, exclusive of
any fees payable under sub-section (5) of section 197, in accordance with the
provisions of Schedule V.
• Inclusion of other non-executive director, including an independent director under
the purview of section 197(3) of Companies Act, 2013.
Section III - Remuneration Payable by companies having no profit or inadequate

profit in certain Special Circumstances
This Section of Part II of Schedule V prescribes certain circumstances where a
company may, without CG approval, pay remuneration to a managerial person in
excess of the amounts prescribed in Section II of Part II of Schedule V.
17. 9
Section IV - Perquisites not included in Managerial Remuneration:

A managerial person shall also be eligible to the following perquisites, which shall not
be included in the computation of the ceiling on remuneration specified in Section II
above:
a. Contribution to PF, SPF or annuity fund to the extent these either singly or
put together are not taxable under the Income - Tax Act, 1961;
b. Gratuity payable at a rate not exceeding half a month's salary for each
completed year of service; and
c. Encashment of leave at the end of the tenure.
OTHER ALLOWANCES -
a. Children Education Allowance: In the case of children studying in India or outside
India, an allowance limited to a maximum of Rs. 12,000 per month per child Or
Actual expenses incurred whichever is less. Such allowance is admissible up
to a maximum of two children.
b. Holiday package for children studying outside India or family staying abroad:
Return holiday passage once in a year by economy class OR Once in 2 years
by 1st class to children and to the members of the family from the place of
their study or stay abroad to India, if they are not residing in India with
the managerial person.
c. Leave travel concession: Return package for self and family in accordance
with the rules specified by the company, where it is proposed that the
leave be spent in home country instead of anywhere in India.
Here 'family' means the spouse, dependent children and dependent parents
of the managerial person.
Section V - Remuneration payable to a managerial person in 2 companies:

Subject to the provisions of Sections of I to IV, a managerial person shall draw
remuneration from ONE OR BOTH COMPANIES; provided that the total
remuneration drawn from the companies does not exceed the higher maximum
limit admissible from any of the companies of which he is managerial person.
Rule 4
17. 10
A co. may pay a sitting fee to a director for attending Board Meeting or
committee Meeting thereof, such sum as may be decided by the BOD thereof
which shall not exceed Rs. 1 Lakh per Meeting thereof.
Note: For Independent Directors and Women Directors, the sitting fee shall
not be less than the sitting fee payable to other directors
Forms and Procedure in Relation with Certain Applications [Sec 201 Read with
Rule 7]
The application to the CG, shall be made, within 90 days from the date of
appointment of MD/WTD/Manager, in Form No. MR. 2 along with the fees
prescribed.
Rule 7: Remuneration by Unlisted Companies in Case of Inadequacy of Profits

It is further prescribed that the companies other than listed companies and
subsidiary of a listed co. may without CG approval pay remuneration to-its
managerial person in the event of no profit or inadequate profit beyond ceiling
prescribed in section II part II of Schedule V subject to complying with the
following conditions.
a. Payment of remuneration is approved by a resolution passed by the Board and,
in the case of a co. covered u/s 178 (1) also by NRC, if any and while doing so
record in writing clear reason and justification for payment of remuneration
beyond the said limit;
b. The co. has not made any default in repayment of any of its debts (including
public deposits) or debentures or interest payable there on for a continuous
period of 30 days in the preceding financial year before the date of
appointment of such managerial personnel; Prior approval of shareholders by way
of a special resolution at a general meeting of the co. for payment of
remuneration for a period not exceeding 3 years;
c. A statement along-With a notice calling the GM referred to clause (iii) of sub-
rule (2) above, shall contain the information as per sub clause (iv) of 2nd
proviso to clause (B) of section II of part-II of Schedule V of the Act including
reasons and justification for payment of remuneration beyond the said limit.
17. 11
d. The co. has filed balance sheet and annual return which are due to be filed with
ROC
Rule (8 and 8A)

Rule 8 provides that every listed company and every other public co. having a paid-
up share capital of Rs. 10 cr. or more shall have whole-time KMP.
Rule 8A further provides that a co., other than a co. covered under Rule 8, which
has a paid-up share capital of Rs. 10 Cr. or more shall have a whole-time CS.
Secretarial Audit for Bigger Companies [Section 204 read with Rule 9]
(1) Every listed co. and a co. belonging to other class of co. as may be prescribed
shall annex with its Board's report, a secretarial audit report, given by a CS in
practice, in such form as may be prescribed.
(2) It shall be the duty of the co. to give all assistance and facilities to the CS in
practice, for auditing the secretarial and related records of the co.
(3) The BOD, in their report, shall explain in full any qualification or observation
or other remarks made by the CS in practice in his report under sub-section (1).
Rule 9
(1) For the purposes of section 204(1), the other class of companies shall be as
under-
a. Every public co. having a paid-up share capital of Rs. 50 Cr. or more OR
b. Every public co. having a turnover ≥ Rs. 250 Cr. OR
c. Every company having outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or PFI of
Rs. 100 Cr. or more
As on the last date of latest audited financial statement.
(2) The format of the Secretarial Audit Report shall be in Form No. MR 3.
Functions of Company Secretary [Section 205 Read with Rule 10]

1) The functions of the CS shall include-
a. To report to the Board about compliance with the provisions of this Act,
the rules made thereunder and other laws applicable to the company;
17. 12
b. To ensure that the company complies with the applicable secretarial

standards;
c. To discharge such other duties as may be prescribed.
2) The provisions contained in Sec 204 and Sec 205 shall not affect the duties
and functions of the BOD, Chairperson of the Co., MD or Whole-Time Director
under this Act, or any other law for the time being force.
17. 13
General Meetings
General Meetings
Ram Ban –
Sec 96 to Sec 122 of Companies Act 2013
Companies (Management and Administration) Rules 2014
Requisites of Valid General Meeting

1) Properly called
2) Properly conveyed
3) Properly conducted
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING SEC 96:

Annual General Meeting is a regular meeting of the members of the company
held annually for the purpose of transacting mainly ordinary business of the
company.
Every company other than a One Person Company shall in each year hold in
addition to any other meetings, a general meeting as its general meeting and
shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it.
Time for 1. The 1st AGM can be held within 9 months from the closing
holding GM of FY.
2. If a company holds its first AGM as aforesaid, it shall not
be necessary for the company to hold any AGM in the year
19. 1
General Meetings
of its incorporation.
3. For subsequent AGM’s there are two requirements:
i. Company must hold AGM every year. (Calendar year)
ii. The gap between 2 AGM’s cannot be more than 15
months.
4. AGM must not be held later than 6 months from the date
of closing of FY.
Place of GM The notice should state the place where the general meeting is
scheduled to be held.
In case of an AGM, the place of the meeting has to be either
the
i. Registered Office of the company or
ii. Some other place within the City, town or village in which
the registered office of the company is situated.
Provided that AGM of an unlisted co. may be held at any place
in India if consent is given in writing or by E-mode by all the
members in advance:
Day of GM The day and date of the meeting should be clearly stated in the
notice. In case of an AGM, the day should be one that is not a
National Holiday.
Time of GM Exact time of holding the meeting should be given in the notice.
An annual general meeting can be called during business hours
only, that is, between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m.
Extra Ordinary General Meeting sec 100

The BOD may, whenever it deems fit, call an EGM of the co. and such EGM
shall be held at a place within India only.
Exception: WOS incorporated outside India.
Such EGM can also be called on requisition of members.
19. 2
General Meetings
Notice of GM Sec 101

The term 'notice' is derived from the Latin word 'NOTITIA'
which means knowledge. A meeting cannot be validly held
unless a proper notice of it has been given
Length of Notice (Sec101(1))

A general meeting of a company can be called by giving not
less than 21 days’ notice in writing. However, a company
may, by its Articles, provide a period longer, then 21 days
for convening a meeting. It must be noted that 21 days
simply 21 clear days i.e. 21 days excluding the day of the
service of notice and the day on which the meeting is to be
held.
Provided that a GM may be called after giving shorter notice, if consent, in writing
or by E-mode, is accorded thereto—
i) in the case of an AGM, by not less than 95% of the members entitled to vote
thereat; and
ii) in the case of any other GM, by members of the company—
a) If the company has a share capital, holding majority in number of members
entitled to vote and who represent not less than 95%. of such part of the
paid-up share capital of the company as gives a right to vote at the meeting;
or
b) If the company has no share capital, having not less than 95% of the total
voting power exercisable at that meeting:
Entitlement of Notice [Section 101 (3)]

Notice of every general meeting of the company shall be given
i. To every member of the company;
ii. To the persons (legal representative or receiver) entitled to share in
consequence of the death or insolvency of a member;
iii. To the auditor or auditors for the time being of the company;
iv. To every director of company
19. 3
General Meetings
Preference shareholders are also entitled to notice. It is noted that unless the
meeting is to be consider any matter, which affects the rights of the preference
shareholders, they cannot take part in the proceedings or vote in any resolution,
nevertheless, they have the right to attend the general meeting.
Contents of the Notice [Section 101 (2)]

Every notice of the meeting of a company shall specify the
i. Place
ii. Day
iii. Date and
iv. Hour of the meeting.
It should also contain the statement of business to be transacted thereat.
Special Business means all business to be transacted at a meeting except the

following, which is called Ordinary Business.
• The consideration of the account, balance sheet and the reports of the board of
directors and auditors.
• The declaration of dividend.
• The appointment of directors in the places of those retiring.
• The appointment of and the fixing of remuneration of the auditors.
Agenda
A statement of the business to be transacted at the general meeting should be
given in the notice. In case, the meeting is to transact a special business, an
explanatory statement should be attached about such item.
Proxy clause with reasonable prominence

Every notice calling a meeting of a company which has a share capital, or the
articles of which provide for voting by proxy at the meeting, should carry with
reasonable prominence, a statement that a member entitled to attend and vote is
entitled to appoint a proxy, or, where that is allowed, one or more proxies, to
attend and vote instead of himself, and that a proxy need not be a member.
Authority for Issuance of Notice for Meeting
19. 4
General Meetings
A general meeting, whether an annual general meeting or an extraordinary general

meeting, must be called under the authority of a resolution of the Board of
directors subject to the provisions contained in the company's articles. If the
managing director, manager, secretary or other officers call a meeting without such
authority, it will not be effective unless the Board ratifies the same before the
meeting is held. The notice should state that 'By the orders of the Board.
In case of a notice for the Board meeting, it should be issued on the instructions of
the Chairman of the Board of directors of the company.
Quorum of General Meeting Sec 103
Quorum Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be

present at a general meeting of the company to validly transact
any business.
In reckoning, quorum, only those persons are taken into account who
are qualified to take part and decide upon questions brought before
the meeting.
Main Following are the minimum numbers provided in section 103, for
Provisions various categories of companies.
a) In the case of public company:
A. 5 members personally present if the number of members as
on the date of meeting is not more than 1000;
B. 15 members personally present if the number of members as
on the date of meeting is more than 1000 but up to
5000;
C. 30 members personally present if the number of members
as on the date of the meeting exceeds 5000.
b) In case of Private company:
2 members personally present, shall be the quorum for a
meeting of the company.
Articles may provide for Larger Quorum
AOA of a company may provide for larger number of members personally
19. 5
General Meetings
present as quorum, rather than members stated in section 103 who shall be
personally present in case of public and private company respectively but it
cannot be less than the minimum number of quorum required for the meeting.
Whether presence of preference shareholders would count for quorum?

If business proposed to be transacted at a general meeting does not include any
item or resolution proposed to be passed, which directly affects the rights of
the preference shareholders, their presence should not be taken into account for
purposes of determining the quorum but where the subject-matter includes any
resolution in which the rights of preference shareholders are directly affected,
their presence should be taken into account for the purpose of the quorum.
Representative in the general meeting shall be considered for quorum

Corporate members of a company may by a resolution of its Board of directors
authorize a person to attend a general meeting of the company in which it is a
member. Such representative shall be deemed to be a member personally
present and where necessary he can appoint a proxy to attend the meeting.
The representatives of the President and Governors of the State appointed

under section 112 shall be deemed to be a member personally present and will
be counted for the quorum.
Joint shareholders will be regarded as one member for the purpose of quorum
Any joint shareholder present at the meeting will be entitled to exercise his/her
voting power and will be counted for the quorum as one shareholder
Consequences of absence of quorum

If within half an hour from the time appointed or holding a meeting of the
company, a quorum is not present, the meeting, if called up on the requisition
of members, shall stand dissolved. In any other case, the meeting shall stand
adjourned to the same day in the next week, at the same time and place, or
to such other day and at such other time and place, as the Board may
determine.
19. 6
General Meetings
Adjourned meeting
In case of an adjourned meeting or of a change of day, time or place of
meeting, the company shall give not less than 3 days’ notice to the members
either individually or by publishing an advertisement in the newspapers (one in
English and one in vernacular language) which is in circulation at the place where
the registered office of the company is situated. If at the adjourned meeting
also, a quorum is not present within half-an-hour from the time appointed for
holding meeting, the members present shall be the quorum subject to the
minimum 2.
Can a single member constitute quorum for a meeting?

The word 'meeting' prima facie means coming together of more than one person
and thus a single shareholder cannot constitute quorum for a meeting.
Following are the exceptions to the general rule where one person can
constitute quorum for a meeting:-
(i) Where default is made by a company in holding an annual general meeting,
the NCLT may give direction that one member of the company present in
person or by proxy shall be deemed to constitute the meeting. [Section 97]
Where for any reason, it is impracticable to hold or conduct extraordinary
general meeting, the NCLT may give direction that one member of the
company present in person or by proxy shall be deemed to constitute the
meeting. [Section 98]
(ii) Where a person holds all the shares of a class, he alone may constitute a
class meeting.
Chairman of Meeting [Sec 104]
Appointment Regulation 45 of Table F:

of Chairman It provides that the Chairman, if any, of the Board shall preside
under as Chairman at every general meeting of the company.
Articles
Regulation 46 of Table F:
If there is no Chairman or he is not present within 15 minutes
after the appointed time of the meeting or is unwilling to act
as Chairman of the meeting, the directors present shall elect
19. 7
General Meetings
one among themselves to be chairman of the meeting.

Appointment If the articles of association of a company do not contain any
u/s 104 provision for the appointment of chairman, such appointments
shall be made by the members personally present at the meeting
who shall elect one of themselves to be the chairman thereof on
a show of hands. If a poll is demanded on the election of the
Chairman, it shall be taken immediately. If some other person is
elected as a result of poll, he shall be the Chairman for the rest
of the meeting
Appointment Where the NCLT under Section 97 or Section 98 directs the
of Chairman calling of general meeting of a company, it may give directions
by NCLT regarding it's calling holding and conducting. It may appoint any
person as its Chairman.
Proxies [Sec 105]

Meaning
The word "proxy" has two different meanings.
i. Firstly it means the agent appointed by the member

of a company to attend and vote on his behalf at a
meeting of members, and
ii. Secondly, it means the document by which such an
agent is appointed.
The relation between the member appointing proxy and the proxy so appointed is
that of principal and agent and thus this relationship is governed by the relevant
provisions of Indian Contract Act, 1872.
Who has right to appoint proxy

In the case of a company, having a share capital every members of the company
who is entitled to attend and vote at the meeting can appoint a proxy. In the case
of a company not having share capital, this right is available only if the articles
make a specific provision for it. A proxy need not to be member of the company.
19. 8
General Meetings
Generally, the preference shareholders are not entitled to appoint a proxy as they
are not entitled to vote at the meeting.
Maximum Number of proxies to be held by an individual
The member of a public company can appoint more than one proxy. This will be
possible only if he is entitled to cast more than 1(one) vote. A member of a
private company cannot appoint more than one proxy to attend on the same
occasion.
A person appointed as proxy shall not act as proxy on behalf of more than 50
members and members holding in the aggregate more than 10% of the total
share capital of the company carrying voting rights.
Who cannot appoint proxy for a meeting?

The following persons cannot appoint proxy to attend a general meeting of the
company:-
1. A proxy cannot appoint a proxy. However, this general rule has certain
exceptions as mentioned above.
2. A member of a company not having a share capital cannot appoint a proxy if
the AOA does not provide otherwise.
3. Members of an independent private company unless the AOA provide
otherwise.
Section 105 does not apply to independent private company and consequently,
this aspect will be regulated by the AOA of the concerned company.
A member of a company registered u/s 8 shall not be entitled to appoint any
other person as his proxy unless such other person is also a member of such
company. [Rule 19(1)).
Only individual can be appointed as a proxy

i. Any person whether he is member or not, can be appointed as a proxy.
ii. He must be individual capable of attending and voting, at the meeting.
iii. There is no restriction in law about who can be appointed as proxy.
iv. Even the existing or proposed chairman of the company, director, secretary
or any employee can be appointed as proxy.
19. 9
General Meetings
v. Even minor is capable of to be appointed as proxy as such appointment

does not incur or undertake any liability or burden.
vi. An artificial or judicial person cannot be appointed as proxy.
Limitations of proxy
A proxy has no right to speak at the meeting. A proxy shall not be entitled to
vote except on poll. As proxy has no right to speak at the meeting, he cannot
take part in any discussion. A proxy is not counted for quorum. A proxy cannot
inspect the proxies list with the company and the minute’s book of the GM.
Period for deposit of proxy:

A proxy instrument should be deposited at registered office at least 48 hours
before the time fixed for a meeting. Any provision contained in the AOA,
requiring a longer period than48 hours shall have effect as if a period of 48 hours
had been specified.
Note: Sunday shall form part of 48 hours.
Inspection of list of proxies [Section 105(8)]

Every member entitled to vote is entitled to inspect the proxies lodged with it. He
may do so at any time during the period beginning from 24 hours before the
time fixed for the commencement of the meeting and ending with the conclusion of
the meeting. However, such inspection can be done only during the business hours
of the company; provided at least 3 days' notice in writing of intention to do
so has been given to the company.
Revocation of proxies:
A proxy can be revoked in any of the following ways:-
i. By deposit of a new proxy within the time stipulated for deposit of proxies;
ii. Cousin’s v International Bricks Co. Ltd. By the member himself attending and
voting before the proxy has voted; and
iii. By the death or insanity of the appointer or by revocation of proxy or transfer
of shares by the appointer
Provided that the company has received intimation in writing of such death,
insanity, revocation or transfer before the commencement of the meeting.
19. 10
General Meetings
Register of proxy:
• The company should maintain a register of proxy for future reference and record.
• All the proxy forms received within the stipulated time appointed for deposit of
proxy should be entered in order of their receipt.
• The Register may contain two parts viz, valid proxy register and rejected proxy
register.
• On receipt of a proxy, the details shown therein like name of the shareholder(s),
ledger folio number, number of shares held and signature of members should be
verified from the relevant register of members and specimen signature card.
• The Register for valid proxy form received should be closed before 48 hours of
the meeting and it should be authenticated by the chairman of the meeting.
Voting by Show of Hands [Section 107]

At any general meeting, a resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall in the
first instance be decided on a show of hands. A declaration by the Chairman of the
meeting of the passing of resolution or otherwise, by show of hands shall be
conclusive evidence of the fact of passing of such resolution or otherwise, unless a
poll is demanded before or immediately on declaration by Chairman.
Methods of Voting
VOTING THROUGH ELECTRONIC MEANS :( SECTION 108)

Companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014,
➢ Every listed company or
➢ A company having 1,000 or more shareholders
May provide to its members, facility to exercise their right to vote at general
meetings by electronic means.
It may be noted that 'voting by electronic means' or 'electronic voting system'
means a 'secured system' based process of display of electronic ballots, recording of
votes of the members and the number of votes polled in favour or against, such
that the entire voting exercised by way of electronic means gets registered and
19. 11
General Meetings
counted in an electronic registry in a centralized server with adequate 'cyber

security:
Demand for Poll [Section 109]:

A poll can be ordered at any time before or after the declaration of the result on
the voting of any resolution by show of hands.
A poll can be demanded by any of the following persons:
➢ Chairman himself;
➢ Members and proxies.
The Chairman shall order a poll to be taken, if any demand is made in this behalf:-
➢ in the case of a company having a share capital, by any member or members
present in person or by proxy and holding shares in the company-
➢ Which confer a power to the vote on the resolution not being less than 1/10thof
the total voting power in respect of the resolution; and
➢ On which an aggregate sum of not less than Rs.5, 00,000 has been paid up.
➢ in the case of any other company, by any member or members present in
person or by proxy and having not less than 1/10thof the total voting power in
respect of the resolution.
Time of taking poll[Section 109(4)]:

A poll demanded on the question of adjournment of the meeting and on the
election of Chairman must be taken immediately. A poll demanded on any other
question shall be taken at any time within 48 hours of the time of making a
demand.
The Scrutinizer/s Appointed for the poll, shall submit a report to the Chairman of
the meeting in Form No. MGT No. 13. The report shall be signed by the scrutinizer
/ all the scrutinizers, in case there is more than one scrutinizer, and be submitted
by them to the Chairman of the meeting within 7 days from the date the poll is
taken.
ADJOURNMENT OF MEETING:
Meaning
19. 12
General Meetings
Adjournment means suspending a meeting after it has been duly commenced to be

resumed at a later date and time fixed in that meeting itself at the time of
adjournment or to be decided later on.
Methods
A meeting may be adjourned in anyone of the following ways:-
i. By passing a resolution at the meeting;
ii. By the act of chairman;
iii. By lack of quorum at the meeting.
Special Provisions:
Business to be transacted:
No business shall be transacted at an adjourned meeting other than the business
left uncompleted of the meeting at which the adjournment took place.
Notice:
When a meeting is adjourned, notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given not
less than 3 days to the members either individually or by publishing an
advertisement in the newspapers (English & Vernacular) in the state of registered
office of company.
Date:
When a resolution is passed at an adjourned meeting, the resolution shall, for all
purposes, to be treated as having been passed on the date on which it was in fact
passed and shall not be deemed to have been passed at an earlier date [Sec.116]
Cancellation of a meeting:
Cancellation of a meeting refers to the situation where meeting no longer exists as
such. Its proceedings are not merely suspended but exhausted.
As per Section 103 (2) of the Companies Act, if within half an hour after the
time appointed for holding a GM; the quorum is not present; the meeting shall
stand dissolved if it was called on requisition of members.
19. 13
General Meetings
Rescinding the Resolution

A Resolution passed by Postal Ballot should not be rescinded otherwise than by a
Resolution passed subsequently through Postal Ballot. No amendment or
modification can be made to any Resolution set out in the Notice.
Preservation and custody of Postal Ballot

The postal ballot and all other papers relating to postal ballot including voting by
electronic means, shall be under the safe custody of the scrutinizer till the chairman
considers, approves and signs the minutes. Thereafter, the scrutinizer shall return
the ballot papers and other related papers/register to the company who shall
preserve such ballot papers and other related papers/register safely. [Rule 22(11)]
Circulation of Member’s Resolution [Sec 111]

Section 111 of the Companies Act, 2013 effective from 12th Sept., 2013, enables
members to avail of the administrative machinery of the Company to put
resolutions at their expense, in the annual general meeting and make other members
aware of the purpose behind submission of such resolutions.
Requirement of specified number of members who shall send requisition in writing

for circulation thereof by company.
Section 111 (1) provides that a Company shall be bound to circulate members'
resolutions, if requisition is received from such number of members, as required in
section 100.
AMENDMENT BY COMPANIES AMENDMENT ACT 2017
In section 100 of the principal Act, in sub-section (1), the following proviso shall be
inserted, namely: -Provided that an extraordinary general meeting of the company,
other than of the wholly owned subsidiary of a company incorporated outside India,
shall be held at a place within India.
Manner of Circulation of Members' Resolution

i. Notice of any such resolution shall be given by the company and such statement
19. 14
General Meetings
shall be circulated to all the members of the company entitled to have notice
of the meeting sent to them, by serving a copy of the resolution or statement
on each member, in any manner permitted for service of notice of the meeting.
ii. Notice of any such resolution shall be given to any other member of the
company by giving notice of the general effect of the resolution in such a
manner permitted for giving them notice of meetings of the company.
Obligation on company to circulate the Members' Resolution

Section 111(1) casts an obligation on the company as to Circulation of Members'
Resolution.
Accordingly, a company shall, on requisition in writing of specified number of
members and unless it resolves otherwise, at the expense of the requisition
a. on receipt of resolution for circulation shall give it to all the members of the
company entitled to receive notice of the next annual general meeting, notice of
any resolution which may properly be moved at that meeting;
b. Circulate to the members entitled to the notice of any general meeting sent to
them, any statement with respect to the matter referred to in any proposed
resolution, or any business to be dealt with at the meeting.
Circumstances in which a company is not required to circulate Members' Resolution

A company shall not be bound u/s 111 of the Act, to give notice of any resolution
or to circulate any statement unless:
A. A copy of the requisition signed by the requisitionists is deposited at the
registered office of the company -
i. in the case of requisition requiring notice of resolution not less than 6 weeks
before the meeting;
ii. in the case of any other requisition, not less than 2 weeks before the
meeting; and
B. This is deposited or tendered with the requisition a sum reasonably sufficient to
meet the company's expenses in giving effect thereto:
Provided that if, after a copy of a requisition requiring notice of a resolution has
been deposited at the registered office of the company, an annual general meeting
19. 15
General Meetings
is called for a date 6 weeks or less after the copy has been deposited, the copy
although not deposited within the time required by this sub-section, shall be
deemed to have been properly deposited for the purposes thereof.
If on the application, either of the company or of any other person who claims to
be aggrieved, the Central Government is satisfied that the rights conferred by
section 111 are being abused to secure needless publicity for defamatory matter, and
the CG may order the company's costs on an application u/s 188 to be paid in
whole or in part by the requisitionists.
Representation of Corporations at Meeting of Companies and of Creditors [Section

113]
Debentures of the company and it authorises any person as its representative at
any meeting of the in terms of Section 113, where a body corporate is a member
or a creditor including a holder of representative shall be entitled to exercise the
same rights and powers including right to vote by proxy Company or any class of
members of the company or at any meeting of creditors of the company, such and
by postal ballot on behalf of the body corporate which he represents.
Resolutions [Sec 114 to 118]

The term 'resolution' has not been defined in the Companies Act, 2013. Taking the
dictionary meaning, which should therefore hold good, resolution means a formal
decision of the meeting. A motion when decided at a meeting becomes a resolution.
Motion Vs. Resolution:

“Motions" and “Resolutions” are the terms generally used interchangeably but are
different. The submission of Proposal for discussion is Motion whereas adoption of
decision is by the mean of resolution.
➢ A motion is a proposal and a resolution is the adoption of such motion duly
made.
➢ A motion becomes a resolution only after the requisite majority decides on it.
➢ A motion should be in writing and signed by the mover and put to the vote at
the meeting by the chairman.
19. 16
General Meetings
In case of GM, only such motions are proposed which are covered by the agenda.
Types of Resolutions [Section 114]
Ordinary Resolution:
A resolution shall be ordinary one when the notice required under the Companies
Act has been duly given and the votes cast in favour of the resolution exceed the
votes cast against it. Casting vote of the Chairman of the meeting, if any; shall
also be included while counting votes provided it has been exercised by him.
Special Resolution:
A resolution shall be special resolution if the following conditions are fulfilled:-
i. The intention to propose it as a special resolution has been duly specified in the
notice calling the general meeting; or other intimation given to the members of
the resolution
ii. The notice of the meeting has been duly given; and
iii. Votes cast in favour of the resolution are not less than 3 times the votes cast
against the resolution.
Resolution requiring Special Notice [Section 115]

Where, by any provision contained in this Act or in the articles of a company,
special notice is required of any resolution, notice of the intention to move such
resolution shall be given to the company by such number of members holding not
less than 1 % of total voting power or holding shares on which such aggregate sum
not exceeding Rs.5,00,000/ - as may be prescribed has been paid-up and the
company shall give its members notice of the resolution in the following manner as
prescribed in Rules.
Resolutions Passed at Adjourned Meeting [Sec 116]

Where a resolution is passed at an adjourned meeting of—
a. a company; or
b. the holders of any class of shares in a company; or
c. the Board of Directors of a company,
19. 17
General Meetings
the resolution shall, for all purposes, be treated as having been passed on the date
on which it was in fact passed, and shall not be deemed to have been passed on any
earlier date.
Resolutions and Agreements to be Filed (Sec 117)

(1) A copy of every resolution or any agreement, together with the explanatory
statement, if any, annexed to the notice, shall be filed with the ROC within 30
days of the passing or making thereof prescribed manner & Fees.
Provided that the copy of every resolution which has the effect of altering the
AOA and the copy of every agreement shall be embodied in or annexed to every
copy of the AOA issued after passing of the resolution or making of the agreement.
Inspection of Minute-Books of General Meeting [Sec 119]

(1) The minute books, shall—
(a) be kept at the registered office of the company; and
(b) be open, during business hours, to the inspection by any member without
charge, subject to reasonable restrictions, however, not less than 2 hours in each
business day are allowed for inspection.
(2) Any member shall be entitled to be furnished, within 7 working days after he
has made a request in that behalf to the company, and on payment of prescribed
fees, with a copy of minute.
Maintenance and Inspection of Documents in Electronic Form [Sec 120]

Without prejudice to any other provisions of this Act, any document, record,
register, minutes, etc.,—
a. required to be kept by a company; or

b. allowed to be inspected or copies to be given to any person by a company, may
be kept or inspected or copies given, as the case may be, in electronic form in
such form and prescribed manner.
Report on annual general meeting [Sec 121]
19. 18
General Meetings
(1) Every listed public company shall prepare in the prescribed manner a report on
each AGM including the confirmation to the effect that the meeting was convened,
held and conducted as per the provisions of this Act and the rules made
thereunder.
(2) The company shall file with the ROC a copy of the report within 30 days of
the conclusion of the AGM with such fees as may be prescribed, or with such
additional fees as may be prescribed.
19. 19
Virtual Meetings
VIRTUAL MEETINGS
Virtual Meeting — Definition
A meeting held totally by means of either Video conferencing or other audio-visual

means is known as Virtual Meeting.
In virtual meeting there is no physical presence of participants and there is no

designated venue for the purpose of meetings.
Participants located at different places participate in the meeting either by

teleconference or video conference or combination of them at predetermined time.
The Meetings are Mainly –
• audio-and/or video based, such as audio conferencing, video conferencing, and

on-line meetings or webinars, often they are supported by other forms like
chat, white boards, document sharing, etc
• Audio conferencing means conference calls with three or more participants,
either by connecting the different participants by using a conference phone, or
both.
• Video conferencing, a technology now a clay commonly used in board meetings.
Brief Requirements for Virtual Meeting

• Meeting rooms
• Software, which can be either purchased or can be provided by vendor for a
fee on yearly
rental basis.
• Hardware equipment like Monitor or LED screen, Webcams.
• High quality mike system.
• Projectors.
• Document scanners.
• Leased Lines.
• High speed wireless inter-net.
20. 1
Virtual Meetings
• Have trial run before the meeting to ensure all the systems are working
properly.
• Ensure that the proper arrangements are made in the Meeting room.
Virtual Board Meetings

Virtual meetings help the directors to participate in meetings where ever they are
despite their busy schedule and make valuable contributions by their participation.
Virtual attendance can also make board participation more attractive and appealing
especially for independent directors as they are not be expected attend every
meeting in person and it is not practically possible as they sit on many boards of
company which are located in different cities countries and due to statutory
requirements most the board meetings of the companies especially listed entities
are held around the same time making it more difficult for the Independent
professional directors to be physically present and participate in the meetings.
By holding virtual meetings, Boards with members around the country and globe
will benefit from wider participation and it would be very convenient for the
directors to attend through virtual media from their respective location and also
it helps from reduced travel and reimbursement of costs.
Procedures for Convening and Conducting Board’s Meetings through video or Audio
Visual Means (Rule 3 of Companies (Meetings of Board and its powers)
_Rules_2014
1. Every Company shall make necessary arrangements to avoid failure of video or

audio-visual connection.
2. The Chairperson of the meeting and the company secretary, if any, shall take
due and reasonable care, the same has been discussed above.
3. The notices of the meeting shall be sent to all the directors.
The notice of the meeting shall inform the directors regarding the option
available to them to participate through video conferencing mode or other
audio-visual means and shall provide all the necessary information to enable the
directors to participate through video conferencing mode or other audio-visual
means.
20. 2
Virtual Meetings
4. A director intending to participate through video conferencing mode or audio-

visual means shall communicate his intention to the Chairman or the company
secretary of the company.
5. If the director intends to participate through video conferencing or other audio-
visual means, he shall give prior intimation to that effect sufficiently in advance
so that company is able to make suitable arrangement in this behalf
In the absence of any such intimation from the director, it shall be assumed
that the director will attend the meeting in person.
6. At the commencement of the meeting, a roll call shall be taken by the
Chairperson when every director participating through video conferencing or
other audio-visual means shall state, for the record, the following namely
• Name
• the location from Where he is participating;
• that he can completely and clearly see, hear and communicate with the
other
participants;
• that he has received the agenda and all the relevant material for the
meeting; and
7. Alter the roll call, the Chairperson or the Secretary shall inform the Board
about the names of persons other than the directors who are present for the
said meeting at the request or with the permission of the Chairman and confirm
that the required quorum is complete.
8. The statutory registers which are required to be placed in the Board meeting
as per the provisions of the Act shall be placed at the scheduled venue of the
meeting and Where such registers are required to be signed by the directors,
the same shall be deemed to have been signed by the directors participating
through electronic mode if they have given their consent to this effect and it
is so recorded in the minutes of the meeting.
9. Every participant shall identify himself for the record before speaking on any
item of business on the agenda. If a statement of a director in the meeting
20. 3
Virtual Meetings
through video conferencing or other audio-visual means is interrupted or garbled,

the Chairperson or CS shall request for a repeat or reiteration by the director.
10. From the commencement of the meeting until the conclusion of such meeting,
no person other than the Chairperson, directors, Secretary and any other
person whose presence is required by the Board shall be allowed access to the
place Where any director is attending the meeting either physically or through
video conferencing without the permission of the Board.
11. At the end of discussion on each agenda item, the Chairperson of the meeting
shall announce the summary of the decision taken on such item along with
names of the directors, if any, dissented from the decision taken by majority.
The minutes shall disclose the particulars of the directors who attended the
meeting through video conferencing or other audio-visual means
12. The draft minutes of the meeting shall be circulated among all the directors
within 15 days of the meeting either in writing or in electronic mode as may
be decided by the Board. Every director who attended the meeting, Whether
personally or through video conferencing or other audio visual means, shall
confirm or give his comments, about the accuracy of recording of the proceedings
of that particular meeting in the draft minutes, within 7 days or some
reasonable time as decided by the Board, after receipt of the draft minutes
tailing which his approval shall be presumed.
13. After completion of the meeting, the minutes shall be entered in the minute
book and signed by the Chairperson.
Virtual AGM/EGMs
• Section-108 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides for Voting through electronic
means.
Advantages of Virtual AGM/EGMs
• Increase shareholder participation in meetings,

• Save time on travel and cost because of remote voting.
• Encourages more participation by investors across the world.
20. 4
Virtual Meetings
• Provides greater accessibility to shareholders who cannot be physically present

due to distance.
• Enables institutional investors to attend more than one meeting in a day and
protect shareholders interest.
• Reduce the cost of holding and conducting shareholder meeting, including the
costs of the venue, stationary, transport and refreshments.
• Saves time of the Company’s personal.
Difficulties in holding Virtual Meetings of Members:
• Security of the systems used.

• Streaming With quality without interruption.
• Providing with secure login and shareholder authentication for attendance, with
ease of access for shareholders, and remote voting.
• Combined registration, voting and reporting software.
• Customized instant results screen and detailed audit reporting.
• Data Security of Logins and Passwords.
• Allowing the shareholders, the choice of device.
• the technology used must give all shareholders a reasonable opportunity to
participate.
20. 5

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CS Praveen Choudhary Introduction of Company

Structure of Co. Act 2013

CHARACTERISTICS/ FEATURES OF A COMPANY

Body Corporate (or) Corporation (or) Corporation [Sec

However the restrictions shall not apply to

➢ Hindu Undivided Family carrying any business OR

LIFTING OR PIERCING CORPORATE VEIL

Effect of Corporate Veil

Lifting of Corporate Veil under Companies Act

A. STATUTORY PROVISIONS UNDER WHICH CORPORATE VEIL IS

4. Mis-description of Company’s name

B. Lifting of Corporate Veil under Judicial interpretation

2. Determination of enemy character of the Company

4. Avoidance of Welfare Legislation

5. To punish for contempt of Court

6. Subsidiary to act as an agent.

Chapter Rules Forms

XV Co. (compromise, arrangement &amalgamation ) CAA 1 – CAA15

Categories of Forms to be filed with ROC and other authorities of

INC 1 Application to Reserve of Unique Name

CHG 1 Application for registration of creation, modification of charge (other

PAS 3 Return of allotment

Form for filing complaint against the company

Refund Application for requesting refund of fees paid.

Schedule Formant of MOA and AOA

Schedule Activities which may be included in CSR policy.

Requisites of Valid General

Type of share-holders meeting or General Meeting

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (Sec 96):

Extra Ordinary General Meeting sec 100

Notice of GM Sec 101

Length of Notice (Sec101(1))

Entitlement of Notice [Section 101 (3)]

Note: Preference shareholders are also entitled to notice.

Contents of the Notice [Section 101 (2)]

v. Business to be transacted (ordinary or special)

Explanatory Statement to be annexed to Notice [Section 102]

Material facts to be given in the explanatory statement

Quorum of General Meeting Sec 103

Quorum Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be personally

Main For various categories of companies.

Note: AOA may provide for larger number of quorum

Consequences of absence of quorum

Chairman of Meeting [Sec 104]

• He has the powers to admit or reject an amendment to a resolution.

Proxies [Sec 105]

Who has right to appoint proxy

Notice for GM should mention right to appoint proxy

The note may be given in the following manner:

Maximum Number of proxies to be held by an individual

Who can appoint proxy for the General Meeting?

Who cannot appoint proxy for a meeting?

Only individual can be appointed as a proxy

Period for deposit of proxy:

Requirements of instrument of proxy

Canvassing for appointment of Proxy Sec 105(5):

Voting by Show of Hands [Section 107]

VOTING THROUGH ELECTRONIC MEANS :( SECTION 108)

Procedure for E-Voting: