Chap5-Numerical Control

Chapter 5: Numerical Control
(NC)
Ref: DeGarmo’s Materials and

Processes in Manufacturing
Chapter Outline
 History
 Introduction
 Machining Centers
 Machine-tool Structures
 Programming Numerical Control
History of NC
 What really moved from the technology from manual to CNC?

USAF money
 The first CNC machine was developed in 1952 (US Army)
History of NC
 NC has impacted tool design, requiring tools with

greater strength and higher temperature resistance
 New NC coding software has removed the earlier
need for highly trained programmers, broadening
the use of NC to most manufacturing facilities
 Today, a majority of the machines use Computer
Numeric Control (CNC), eliminating the need for
paper tapes and large onboard processors
Why CNC
 Complex design
 Repeatable precision and accuracy
 Unmanned process allow one person to run multiple
machine
 Reduce setup time – many axes available
Fields
 CNC machining can be found in many fields:

1. Aerospace
2. Automotive
3. Medical
4. Architectural
5. Art
6. Others
5.0 Introduction
 Numeric Control (NC) and Computer Numeric

Control (CNC) are means by which machine
centers are used to produce repeatable
machining process.
 Two types are used:
 Fixed Automation using mechanical cam
 Flexible Automation using G Code
 The feedback control system use closed loop
control
5.0 Introduction
Closed-loop NC position control schemes

for CNC machine
Ball screw mechanical drive system:

Translate rotational movement to linear
NC Machines
FIGURE 26-1 Early NC Machining center with

machine tools were controlled Automatic tool changer (ATC)
by paper tape. Soon onboard
computers were added, followed
by tool changers and pallet
changers.
Machining Center
Horizontal machining center with four-

axis control (X, Y, Z, R table)
Machining Centers
The Concept of Machining Centers

 Machining parts can be highly automated to increase
productivity
 Transfer lines are used in high-volume or mass
production, consist of several specific machine tools
arranged in a logical sequence
 Workpiece is moved from station to station, with a
specific machining operation performed at each station
 A machining center is an advanced computer-
controlled machine tool that perform machining
operations without removing
Machining Centers
Components of a Machining Center
 The workpiece in a machining center is placed on a
pallet, or module
 Can be moved and swiveled in various directions
 New pallet is brought in by an automatic pallet
changer
 A machining center is equipped with a programmable
automatic tool changer (ATC)
2.0 Basic Principles of Numerical Control
 NC uses processing language to control the

movement of the cutting tool, workpiece or both
 NC machines can duplicate parts with repeatability
and accuracy improved over conventional
machining.
 NC greatly increases the productivity of a single
shop
 Setup and fixturing can be made more universal,
decreasing setup time, increasing production rates.
 Greater accuracy (0.0025 mm)
Coordinate System
 Z axis- axis parallel to spindle
 X axis- usually the longest axis (parallel to the floor)
 Y axis- axis perpendicular to both X and Z
Right hand rule

Absolute Coordinate System (G90)
 G90 each dimension or move is referenced from a fixed
point, known as Reference Zero
 Reference Zero can be choose at any point (i.e. center
or corner of part)
Absolute coordinate system

Incremental Coordinate System (G91)
 Each dimension refer to a coordinate set where each
entry represents the identified point’s distance from the
previous point
 Save math and time during setups and editing of
programs
Exercise: Determine Incremental and Absolute
Coordinate for Point 1 to 10
Exercise: Determine Incremental and Absolute
Coordinate for point A to H
Answer
Exercise: Plot these points. Find the error on
absolute coordinate entry
Part Programming
 NC coding uses a common language.

 Programmers must first establish a reference or
zero point.
 Next the part is programmed, defining each step
necessary to produce the part.
 Each step defines the x, y, and z location, plus the
spindle speed, feed speed, and tool changes from
the previous step.
 Following coding, the code is verified, typically by
computer simulation
 Finally the code is fed into the machine, either by
tape or computer interface
Part Programming
The G codes prepare the MCU for a given operation, typically involving a cutter motion.
Preparatory command (G code)
G00 rapid motion, point-to-point positioning
G01 linear interpolation (generating a sloped or straight cut)
G02 circular interpolation , clockwise
G03 circular interpolation , counter clockwise
G28 automatic return to reference point
G40 cutter compensation CANCEL
G41 cutter compensation LEFT of the program path
G42 cutter compensation RIGHT of the program path
G81 drilling cycle
G82 drilling cycle with pecks
G90 Absolute programming positioning
G91 Incremental programming positioning
22
Part Programming
Miscellaneous
M00 commands
program stop (M code)
M02 end of program
M03 start spindle rotation (cw)
M04 start spindle rotation (ccw)
M05 spindle stop
M06 tool change
M07 turn coolant on
M09 turn coolant off
Feed commands (F code)
Used to specify the cutter feed rates in mm per minute.

Speed commands (S code)
Used to specify the spindle speed in rpm.
Tool commands (T code)
Specifies which tool to be used, machines with automatic tool changer.
23
Part Programming
Part programming contains geometric data about the part and motion
information to move the cutting tool with respect to the work piece.
Basically, the machine receives instructions as a sequence of blocks
containing commands to set machine parameters; speed, feed and
other relevant information.
A block is equivalent to a line of codes in a part program.
N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 F5.0 S100. T01 M03
Coordinates Spindle Miscellaneous

Block number
function function
G-code Feed function
Tool number
24
Axis Movement Instruction
 Rapid Travel – fastest speed the machine move (2500~25,000mm/min)
i.e G00 X__ Y__ Z__
 Linear Interpolation (straight line)
i.e G01 X__ Y__ Z__ F__ must specified F, feed (mm/min)
 Circular movement, G02(CW) , G03(CCW)
Two methods: 1. Center method (IJK) 2.Radius method
Circular Movement Instruction
 Center method (IJK):
I= Incremental distance from start point to arc center in X axis
J= Incremental distance from start point to arc center in Y axis
K=Incremental distance from start point to arc center in Z axis
G02 X0.75 Y1.75 I0.75 J0.0

 Radius method:
G90 G00 X-0.25 Y-0.25

G01 Y1.5 F12
G02 X1.884 Y2.384 R1.25
 Radius method:
G90 G00 X-0.25 Y-0.25

G01 Y1.5 F12
G02 X1.884 Y0.616 R-1.25
* Note: To generate an arc of

over 180 deg, we need to
specify a negative R value
Example of Part Programming
Write CNC programming
• Milling cutter radius 10.0 mm
• Depth of cut 2mm
Example of Part Programming
Solution:
 G90 G00 X190 Y-5. Absolute coordinate, Rapid positioning close to point 1
 S1500 M03 Spindle speed, ON spindle CW
 G01 Z-2 F50 Down feed at depth of cut 2 mm
 G42 X190 Y10 F10 Cutter compensation right to P1
 Y130 Straight line from P1 to P2
 X100 Straight line from P2 to P3
 G02 X70 Y105 R15 Radial arc, clockwise, with 15 radius
 G01 Y130 Straight line from P5 to P6
 Y20 Straight line from P7 to P8
 G03 X20 Y10 R10 F10 Radial arc, counterclockwise with 10 radius
 G01 X190 F50 Straight line from P9 to P1
 G40 G00 Z10 Cancel cutter compensation, Cutter retract from work piece
 G00 X160 X100 Rapid traverse to point P10
 G01 Z-2 F50 Down feed at point P10
 X130 Y45 Straight line from P10 to P11
 G01 Z35 F200 Retraction from workpiece
 G00 X300 Y300 Rapid traverse away from workpiece
 M09 M05 Coolant OFF, Spindle STOP

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Chapter 5: Numerical Control

Ref: DeGarmo’s Materials and

 What really moved from the technology from manual to CNC?

 NC has impacted tool design, requiring tools with

 CNC machining can be found in many fields:

 Numeric Control (NC) and Computer Numeric

Closed-loop NC position control schemes

Ball screw mechanical drive system:

FIGURE 26-1 Early NC Machining center with

Horizontal machining center with four-

The Concept of Machining Centers

 NC uses processing language to control the

Right hand rule

Absolute coordinate system

 NC coding uses a common language.

Used to specify the cutter feed rates in mm per minute.

Coordinates Spindle Miscellaneous

G02 X0.75 Y1.75 I0.75 J0.0

G90 G00 X-0.25 Y-0.25

G90 G00 X-0.25 Y-0.25

* Note: To generate an arc of

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