An American National Standard

Designation: D 2996 – 01 (Reapproved 2007)e1

Standard Specification for

Filament-Wound “Fiberglass’’ (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

e1 NOTE—Note 3 was editorially updated in April 2007.

1. Scope* D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics

1.1 This specification covers machine-made reinforced ther- D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
mosetting resin pressure pipe (RTRP) manufactured by the D 1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe
filament winding process up to 24 in. nominal size. Included Under Constant Internal Pressure
are a classification system and requirements for materials, D 1599 Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydrau-
mechanical properties, dimensions, performance, methods of lic Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
test, and marking. D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded Plastics
as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for D 2105 Test Method for Longitudinal Tensile Properties of
information purposes only. “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the Resin) Pipe and Tube
test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This D 2143 Test Method for Cyclic Pressure Strength of Rein-
standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, forced, Thermosetting Plastic Pipe
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user D 2310 Classification for Machine-Made “Fiberglass”
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita- D 2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading
tions prior to use. Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
D 2992 Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic or Pressure De-
NOTE 1—The term “fiberglass pipe” as described in Section 3 of this sign Basis for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
specification applies to both reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP)
Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Fittings
and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP). This specification covers
only reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP). D 3567 Practice for Determining Dimensions of “Fiber-
NOTE 2—This specification is applicable to RTRP where the ratio of glass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe
outside diameter to wall thickness is 10:1 or more. and Fittings
NOTE 3—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard. F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
NOTE 4—For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include
natural polymers. 3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 General—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 nologies D 883 and F 412 and abbreviations are in accordance
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing with Terminology D 1600, unless otherwise indicated. The
abbreviation for reinforced thermosetting resin pipe is RTRP.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced 3.2.1 coating—a resin layer, with or without filler or rein-
Plastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment. forcement, or both, applied to the exterior surface of the pipe
Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2996 – 01.
structural wall.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 3.2.2 fiberglass pipe—a tubular product containing glass-
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM fiber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by cured
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on thermosetting resin; the composite structure may contain
the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 D 2996 – 01 (2007)e1
aggregate, granular or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents, pig- TABLE 1 Hydrostatic Design Basis Categories
ments, or dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners or coat-
Cyclic Test Method Static Test Method
ings may be included.
3.2.3 filament winding—a process used to manufacture Hoop Stress, psi Hoop Stress, psi
Designation (MPa) Designation (MPa)
tubular goods by winding continuous fibrous glass strand
A 2 500 (17.2) Q 5 000 (34.5)
roving, or roving tape, saturated with liquid resin or preim- B 3 150 (21.7) R 6 300 (43.4)
pregnated with partially cured resin (subsequent heating may C 4 000 (27.6) S 8 000 (55.2)
be required to polymerize the resin system) onto the outside of D 5 000 (34.5) T 10 000 (68.9)
E 6 300 (43.4) U 12 500 (86.2)
a mandrel in a predetermined pattern under controlled tension; F 8 000 (55.2) W 16 000 (110)
the inside diameter (ID) of the pipe is fixed by the mandrel G 10 000 (68.9) X 20 000 (138)
outside diameter and the outside diameter (OD) of the pipe is H 12 500 (86.2) Y 25 000 (172)
Z 31 500 (217)
determined by the amount of material that is wound on the
mandrel.
3.2.4 liner—the inner portion of the wall at least 0.005 in. Class H—Thermoplastic resin liner (specify).
(0.13 mm) in thickness, as determined in 8.3.2, which does not Class I—Furan resin liner (reinforced).
contribute to the strength in the determination of the hydro- 4.1.4 Hydrostatic Design Basis—Two methods of classify-
static design basis. ing the hydrostatic design basis of the pipe are provided. Pipe
3.2.5 reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP)—a fiberglass meeting this specification may be classified using either the
pipe with aggregate. cyclic test method or the static test method, or both, and the
3.2.6 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP)—a fiber- designations as shown in Table 1. Appendix X1 explains how
glass pipe without aggregate. these design basis categories are to be used.
3.2.7 reinforced wall thickness—the total wall thickness 4.1.4.1 For pipe subjected to axial or end loads, the effect of
minus the liner or exterior coating thickness, or both. these loads shall be represented in the HDB testing. In the
4. Classification designation code, the numeral 1 shall immediately follow the
HDB letter class if free-end type closures were used and the
4.1 General—Pipe meeting this specification is classified by numeral 2 shall immediately follow the HDB letter class if
type, grade, class, and hydrostatic design basis in accordance restrained-end type closures were used to establish the HDB.
with Classification D 2310 and by a secondary cell classifica- 4.1.5 Mechanical Properties—Table 2 presents a cell clas-
tion system that defines the basic mechanical properties of the sification system for identifying the mechanical properties of
pipe. These types, grades, classes, hydrostatic design basis pipe covered by this specification.
categories, and cell classification designations are as follows:
4.1.1 Types:—Type 1 NOTE 5—All possible combinations covered by the above classification
Filament wound. system may not be commercially available.
4.1.2 Grades:—Grade 1 4.1.6 Designation Code—The pipe designation code shall
Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin pipe. consist of the abbreviation RTRP, followed by the type and
Grade 2—Glass fiber reinforced polyester resin pipe. grade in Arabic numerals, the class and static or cyclic HDB
Grade 7—Glass fiber reinforced furan resin pipe. level in capital letters, the type of end closure used, and four
4.1.3 Classes:—Class A Arabic numbers identifying, respectively, the cell classification
No liner. designations of the short-term rupture strength, longitudinal
Class B—Polyester resin liner (nonreinforced). tensile strength, longitudinal tensile modulus, and apparent
Class C—Epoxy resin liner (nonreinforced). stiffness of the pipe.
Class E—Polyester resin liner (reinforced). Example: RTRP-11FA1-1334. Such a designation would
Class F—Epoxy resin liner (reinforced). describe a filament-wound, glass-fiber reinforced, epoxy pipe

TABLE 2 Physical Property Requirements

Designation
Order Number Mechanical Property 0A 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Short-term rupture strength hoop ... 10 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000
tensile stress, min, psiB
(MPa) ... (68.9) (207) (276) (345) (414) (483)
2 Longitudinal tensile strength min, ... 8 000 15 000 25 000 35 000 45 000 55 000
psi
(MPa) ... (55.2) (103) (172) (241) (310) (379)
3 Longitudinal tensile modulus, ... 1 2 3 4 5 6
min, psi 3 106
(MPa) ... (6 900) (13 000) (20 700) (27 600) (34 500) (41 400)
4 Apparent stiffness factor at 5 % ... 40 200 1000 1500 2000 2500
deflection, min, in.3·lbf/in.2
(mm3·kPa) ... (4.5) (22.6) (113) (170) (226) (282)
A
Unspecified.
B
Type of end closure used, that is, free or restrained should be indicated on certification.

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 D 2996 – 01 (2007)e1
having a reinforced epoxy liner; a cyclic pressure strength TABLE 4 Dimensions and Tolerances for Inside Diameter (ID)
exceeding 2500 psi (17.2 MPa) using free-end closures; a Series Pipe
short-term rupture strength exceeding 10 000 psi (68.9 MPa); Nominal Pipe Size, in. in. mm
a longitudinal tensile strength exceeding 25 000 psi (172
1 1.00 6 0.06 25.4 6 1.52
MPa); a longitudinal tensile modulus exceeding 3 3 106 psi 1 1 ⁄2 1.5006 0.06 38.1 6 1.52
(20.7 3 103MPa); and an apparent stiffness factor exceeding 2 2.000 6 0.06 50.8 6 1.52
1500 in.3·lbf/in.2(170 mm3·kPa). 2 1 ⁄2 2.5006 0.06 63.5 6 1.52
3 3.000 6 0.12 76.2 6 3.05
4 4.000 6 0.12 101.6 6 3.05
5. Materials and Manufacture 6 6.000 6 0.25 152.4 6 6.35
8 8.000 6 0.25 203.2 6 6.35
5.1 General—The resins, reinforcements, colorants, fillers, 10 10.000 6 0.25 254.0 6 6.35
and other materials, when combined as a composite structure, 12 12.000 6 0.25 304.8 6 6.35
shall produce a pipe that shall meet the performance require- 14 14.000 6 0.25 355.6 6 6.35
15 15.000 6 0.25 381.0 6 6.35
ments of this specification. 16 16.000 6 0.25 406.4 6 6.35
18 18.000 6 0.25 457.2 6 6.35
6. Physical Requirements Physical Requirements 20 20.000 6 0.25 508.0 6 6.35
24 24.000 6 0.25 609.6 6 6.35
6.1 Workmanship—The pipe shall be free of all defects
including indentations, delaminations, bubbles, pinholes, for-
eign inclusions, and resin-starved areas which, due to their TABLE 5 Dimensions for Outside Diameter (OD) Series Pipe
nature, degree, or extent, detrimentally affect the strength and with Cast-Iron-Pipe-Equivalent
serviceability of the pipe. The pipe shall be as uniform as
Nominal Pipe Size, in. in. mm
commercially practicable in color, opacity, and other physical
properties. The pipe shall be round and straight and the bore of 2 2.50 + 0.05 63.50 + 1.27
−0.05 −1.27
the pipe shall be smooth and uniform. All pipe ends shall be cut 3 3.96 + 0.06 100.58 + 1.52
at right angles to the axis of the pipe and any sharp edges −0.06 −1.52
removed. 4 4.80 + 0.06 121.92 + 1.52
−0.06 −1.52
6.2 Dimensions and Tolerances: 6 6.90 + 0.06 175.26 + 1.52
6.2.1 Inside and Outside Diameter—The inside and outside −0.06 −1.52
diameter and tolerances of pipe meeting these specifications 8 9.05 + 0.06 229.87 + 1.52
−0.06 −1.52
shall conform to the requirements in one of the Tables 3-6, 10 11.10 + 0.06 281.94 + 1.52
when determined in accordance with 8.3.1. −0.06 −1.52
6.2.2 Wall Thickness—The minimum wall thickness of pipe 12 13.20 + 0.06 335.28 + 1.52
−0.06 −1.52
furnished under this specification shall not at any point be less 14 15.30 + 0.05 388.62 + 1.27
than 87.5 % of the nominal wall thickness published in the −0.08 −2.03
16 17.40 + 0.05 441.96 + 1.27
−0.08 −2.03

TABLE 3 Dimensions and Tolerances for Outside Diameter (OD)

Series Pipe with Steel-Pipe-Equivalent (Iron Pipe Size)

Nominal Pipe Size, in. in. (mm) manufacturer’s literature current at the time of purchase when
1 1.315 + 0.060 33.40 + 1.52 measured in accordance with 8.3.1.
−0.016 −0.41
1 1⁄ 2 1.900 + 0.060 48.26 + 1.52
6.3 Performance—Pipe meeting this specification shall be
−0.018 −0.46 categorized by a long-term static or cyclic hydrostatic design
2 2.375 + 0.060 60.32 + 1.52 basis as shown in Table 1 when tested in accordance with 8.4
−0.018 −0.46
2 1⁄ 2 2.875 + 0.060 73.02 + 1.52
or 8.5. Additionally, the pipe shall meet the applicable cell limit
−0.018 −0.46 requirements for short-term rupture strength, longitudinal ten-
3 3.500 + 0.060 88.90 + 1.52 sile strength, longitudinal tensile modulus, and apparent stiff-
−0.018 −0.46
4 4.500 + 0.060 114.30 + 1.52
ness factor as described in Table 2 when tested in accordance
−0.018 −0.46 with 8.6 through 8.8.
6 6.625 + 0.066 168.28 + 1.68 6.3.1 Any significant changes in the original pipe catego-
−0.028 −0.64
8 8.625 + 0.086 219.08 + 2.18
rized in 6.3, with respect to materials or manufacturing
−0.040 −1.02 process, will require recategorizing according to 6.3. These
10 10.750 + 0.108 273.05 + 2.74 changes include, but are not limited to: a change in reinforce-
−0.048 −1.22
12 12.750 + 0.128 323.85 + 3.25
ment type, composition, or binder; a change in resin type,
−0.056 −1.42 composition, or cure; or change in linear composition, thick-
14 14.000 + 0.145 355.60 + 3.68 ness, or cure.
−0.064 −1.63
16 16.000 + 0.165 406.40 + 4.19 NOTE 6—The purchaser should consult the manufacturer for the proper
−0.074 −1.88 class, type, and grade of pipe to be used under the installation and
A
Outside diameters other than listed in Tables 3 to 6 shall be permitted by operating conditions, with respect to temperature, conveyed fluid, pres-
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. sure, etc., that will exist for the project in which the pipe is to be used.

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 D 2996 – 01 (2007)e1
TABLE 6 Dimensions for Inside Diameter (ID) Series Pipe with 8.3.2 Liner Thickness—If the test specimens contain a liner,
Iron Pipe Size Equivalent determine the average liner thickness in accordance with
Nominal Pipe Size, in. in. mm
Practice D 3567.
8.4 Long-Term Cyclic Hydrostatic Strength—Determine in
2 2.25 + 0.05 57.15 + 1.27
−0.05 −1.27 accordance with Procedure A of Method D 2992, following
3 3.34 + 0.06 84.84 + 1.52 Test Method D 2143.
−0.06 −1.52 8.5 Long-Term Static Hydrostatic Strength—Determine in
4 4.37 + 0.06 111.00 + 1.52
−0.06 −1.52 accordance with Procedure B of Method D 2992, following
6 6.43 + 0.06 163.32 + 1.52 Test Method D 1598.
−0.06 −1.52 8.6 Short-Term Hydrostatic Failure Strength—Determine in
8 8.39 + 0.06 213.11 + 1.52
−0.06 −1.52 accordance with Test Method D 1599.
10 10.43 + 0.06 264.92 + 1.52 8.7 Longitudinal Tensile Properties— Determine in accor-
−0.06 −1.52 dance with Test Methods D 2105 or D 638.
12 12.38 + 0.06 314.45 + 1.52
−0.06 −1.52 8.8 Stiffness Factor—Determine in accordance with Test
14 13.60 + 0.05 345.44 + 1.27 Method D 2412. The reported stiffness shall be based on 5 %
−0.08 −2.03
deflection.
16 15.40 + 0.05 391.16 + 1.27
−0.08 −2.03
9. Certification
9.1 When agreed upon in writing between the purchaser and
7. Sampling the seller, a certification shall be made on the basis of
7.1 At least one sample of pipe, to determine conformance acceptance of material. This shall consist of a copy of the
of the material to the short-term hoop tensile rupture require- manufacturer’s test report or a statement by the seller (accom-
ments as shown in Table 2, shall be taken at random on a panied by a copy of the test results) that the material has been
weekly basis or on each production run, whichever is the most sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with the provi-
frequent. The rate of sampling for the other tests listed shall be sions of the specification. Each certification so furnished shall
in accordance with accepted statistical practice or as agreed be signed by an authorized agent of the seller or manufacturer.
upon between the purchaser and the seller. 9.2 When original identity cannot be established, certifica-
7.2 For individual orders, only those additional tests and tion can only be based upon the sampling procedure provided
number of tests specifically agreed upon between the purchaser by the applicable specification.
and the seller need to be conducted.
10. Product Marking
8. Test Methods 10.1 Each piece of pipe shall be marked at least once per
8.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 23 6 section. Each piece of pipe shall be marked with the following
2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less information in such a manner that it remains legible under
than 48 h prior to test, in accordance with Procedure A of normal handling and installation practices:
Methods D 618, for those tests where conditioning is required, 10.1.1 Nominal pipe size (for example, 2 in.).
and in all cases of disagreement. 10.1.2 Identification of reinforced thermosetting resin pipe
8.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the tests in the Standard in accordance with the designation code given in Section 4.
Laboratory Atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10.1.3 ASTM D 2996 with which the pipe complies.
5 % relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test 10.1.4 Manufacturer’s name (or trademark).
method or in this specification.
8.3 Dimensions and Tolerances: 11. Keywords
8.3.1 Wall Thickness and Diameter—Determine in accor- 11.1 filament-wound FRP pipe; mechanical properties;
dance with Practice D 3567. physical properties; pressure rating; tolerances; wall thickness

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 D 2996 – 01 (2007)e1
APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. HYDROSTATIC DESIGN BASIS, CATEGORIES, SERVICE FACTORS, AND PRESSURE RATINGS

X1.1 Hydrostatic Design Basis TABLE X1.2 Hydrostatic Design Basis Categories by
Procedure B
X1.1.1 The hydrostatic design basis for reinforced thermo-
setting resin pipe is the estimated long-term hydrostatic Hydrostatic Design Basis Category, Range of Calculated Values,
strength obtained in accordance with Method D 2992. In psi (MPa) psi (MPa)
Method D 2992 either Procedure A, using data obtained in 5 000 (34.5) 4 800 to 5 900 (33.1 to 40.7)
accordance with Test Method D 2143, or Procedure B, using 6 300 (43.4) 6 000 to 7 500 (41.4 to 51.7)
8 000 (55.2) 7 600 to 9 500 (52.4 to 65.5)
data obtained in accordance with Test Method D 1598, is used 10 000 (68.9) 9 600 to 11 900 (66.2 to 82.1)
to determine the estimated long-term hydrostatic strength. This 12 500 (86.2) 12 000 to 15 200 (82.9 to 105)
strength in the wall of the pipe is equal to the circumferential 16 000 (112) 15 300 to 18 900 (105 to 130)
20 000 (138) 19 000 to 23 000 (131 to 159)
stress due to internal hydrostatic pressure that will fail the pipe 25 000 (173) 24 000 to 29 000 (165 to 200)
when extrapolated to 150 3 106 pressure cycles (Procedure A) 31 500 (217) 30 000 to 38 000 (207 to 262)
or to 100 000 h under continuously applied pressure (Proce-
dure B).
environment, temperature hazard involved, life expectancy
desired, and the degree of reliability selected).
X1.2 Hydrostatic Design Basis Categories
NOTE X1.1—It is not the intent of this standard to give service (design)
X1.2.1 The hydrostatic design basis category is obtained
factors. The service (design) factor should be selected by the design
from Table X1.1 or Table X1.2 using the estimated long-term engineer after fully evaluating the service conditions and the engineering
hydrostatic strength as the calculated value. properties of the specific pipe material under consideration. Recom-
mended service (design) factors will not be developed or issued by ASTM.
X1.3 Service (Design) Factor
X1.4 Hydrostatic Design Stress
X1.3.1 The service (design) factor is a number equal to 1.00
or less which takes into consideration all the variables and X1.4.1 The hydrostatic design stress is the estimated maxi-
degree of safety involved in a reinforced thermosetting resin mum tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the circumferential
pressure piping installation and is selected for the application orientation due to internal hydrostatic pressure that can be
on the basis of two general groups of conditions. The first applied continuously with a high degree of certainty that failure
group considers the manufacturing and testing variables (spe- will not occur. It is obtained by multiplying the hydrostatic
cifically, normal variations in the material, design basis as determined by Procedure A or Procedure B by
manufacture, dimensions, good handling techniques, and in the the service (design) factor.
evaluation procedures of this method). The second group X1.5 Pressure Rating
considers the application or use (specifically, installation, X1.5.1 The pressure rating is the estimated maximum pres-
sure that the medium in the pipe can exert continuously with a
TABLE X1.1 Hydrostatic Design Basis Categories by
high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
Procedure A X1.5.2 The pressure rating for each diameter and wall
thickness of pipe and fitting is calculated from hydrostatic
Hydrostatic Design Basis Category, Range of Calculated Values, design stress for the specific pipe by means of the following
psi (MPa) psi (MPa)
formula:
2 500 (17.2) 2 400 to 3 010 (16.5 to 20.8)
3 150 (21.7) 3 020 to 3 020 (20.8 to 26.3) S 5 P ~D 2 t!/2t
4 000 (27.6) 3 830 to 4 790 (26.4 to 33.0)
5 000 (34.5) 4 800 to 5 900 (33.1 to 40.7) where:
6 300 (43.4) 6 000 to 7 500 (41.4 to 51.7) S = hydrostatic design stress, psi (MPa),
8 000 (55.2) 7 600 to 9 500 (52.4 to 65.5)
10 000 (68.9) 9 600 to 11 900 (66.2 to 82.0)
P = pressure rating, psi (MPa),
12 500 (86.2) 12 000 to 15 200 (82.7 to 105) D = average outside diameter, in. (mm), and
t = minimum reinforced wall thickness, in. (mm).

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 D 2996 – 01 (2007)e1
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue D 2996 – 00
that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Changed acronym, RPMP, from reinforced plastic mortar

pipe to reinforced polymer mortar pipe.

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