Chapter Iv

CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the findings from the
collected data, as responded by the respondents, as well as the
conclusions and recommendations derived from the results.
Summary
This study aimed to identify the difficulties of project managers
executing project plan in terms of cost, schedule, and specification in the
City of San Fernando, La Union. This study used the data gathered from
the research tools as a basis for the project management plan of the
construction firms.
The study was conducted with the use of descriptive research
design that observed and measured data collected through the use of a
validated research questionnaire as its research tool. The study
conducted covered twenty-one (21) project managers from sixteen (16)
construction firms in the City of San Fernando, La Union. The
respondents of the study were comprised of twenty-one (21) Project
managers.
The data gathered in this study were treated using frequencies and
weighted mean. The interpreted and analyzed data were used to create a
project management plan for the improvement of the project managers in

65
managing the difficulties/problems encountered in executing project
plan in terms of cost, schedule and specification.
Findings
The researchers discern the following salient findings:
1. Most of the project managers in the city of San Fernando, La Union
had difficulty in managing problems in terms of cost, schedule and
specification. It is found that problems under cost category is the
most difficult to manage specifically the fluctuation of material cost
that obtained the highest rating. In the contrary, carrying out risk
assessment and site inspection to be sure of the potential risks and
the cost to be allocated found to be the last difficult to manage.
Followed by the problems under specification, Lack of supervision, so
the workers opt not to follow the specifications provided in the plan
found to be the most difficult to manage, and Lack of communication
to the workers garnered the least difficult to manage. Finally, the
difficulties in performing PERT-CPM and other construction schedules
are determined to be manageable, whereas the problems under
schedule, particularly unanticipated natural disasters, are found to
be the most difficult to handle.
2. The majority of the identified problems/difficulties experienced by
project managers in the city in terms of cost, schedule, and
specification occur oftentimes in all projects undertaken. However,

66
the problems under the cost parameter have the highest rate of
occurrence among the three parameters. The problem of frequent
design change obtained as mostly occurred, and the inaccurate
estimate of the Bill of Quantities attained the lowest rating, which
only sometimes occurs. The difficulties under the schedule obtained
the second highest frequency of occurrence, notably in managing
change (changes to the scope of the project, requirements to be
accomplished, or technology being used may disrupt your project
schedule), and no clear view of tasks is the lowest rated, occurring
relatively rarely. Finally, problems regarding specifications rank third,
change of orders has the highest frequency of occurrence, and a lack
of communication with workers is the lowest, occurring just
infrequently.
3. The degree of effect of the problems encountered by project managers
under cost and specification has been revealed enormous, whereas
problems with schedule are determined to be moderate. Furthermore,
the problem of fixed material costs in bid contracts has the greatest
impact on the project, whereas risk assessment and site inspection
have a moderate impact. The difficulties under schedule, especially
unforeseen additional work in the execution of the plan, have the
greatest effect on the project, whereas vacations, holidays, and
unexpected natural disasters have a moderate impact. Finally, the
problem of change of orders had the highest impact on the project

67
under the specification category, while the difficulty in finding a
reliable supplier for quality and economical construction materials
had the least impact.
4. The researchers developed a management plan that project managers
can utilized as a coping mechanism towards the problems/difficulties
encountered to improve and increase efficiency in completing the
construction project within the budget, specified timeframe, and
specified level of quality that meet client’s expectation, which has
been validated by three experts.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were
made:
1. The majority of project managers in the City of San Fernando, La
Union, are experiencing a level of “difficult” in executing project plan
all in terms of cost, schedule, and specification.
2. Project managers encounter the occurrence of various difficulties or
problems “often” during the construction process all in terms of cost,
schedule, and specification.
3. The effect of difficulties or problems encountered by the project
manager during the construction process in terms of cost, schedule,
and specification has a degree of great extent, which the project can
68
result major delays and changes that eventually results in cost
overrun.
4. A validated Project Management Plan can be effective in improving
project managers in managing problems encountered in executing a
project plan in terms of cost, schedule/time, and specification
because it is practical and doable.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following are
highly recommended:
1. The construction firms should adopt the validated project
management plan to help the project managers in their difficulties
and to have their own coping mechanism in executing project plan.
2. The unforeseen additional work in the execution of plan should be
minimize to lessen the delays in the project for the firms to prevent
the additional work performed.
3. The project managers and site engineers should be evaluate the
results of the project plan to determine their effectiveness.
4. The project managers and site engineers should have a clear
understanding of what needs to be done is very important for
successful project completion.

69
5. The project managers should have an adequate time to oversee all
the task and actions at the construction site.
6. An effective project manager is aware of the strengths and
weaknesses of their teams, as well as what they are capable of
producing in a given time frame. They can then ask for realistic
timeframes without hurriedly finishing the assignment.
7. Based on the difficulties encountered by Project Manager and Site
Engineers on managing of resources on construction sites in
manpower resources, construction firms must consistently have
enforced the attendance policy, and address unscheduled
absences.
Material Resources, construction firms must have careful
preparation, and blockages must be identified well in advance of
the project to avoid an obstruction.
machine and equipment resources, construction firms must have
regular maintenance and tune-ups that will extend the
equipment’s useful life.

70
monetary resources, construction firms must maintain and
monitor a cash flow management spreadsheet, offer cash payment
options, create a statement of cash flow to predict surges and
decline for the delayed cash flow.
11. Construction firms must hire the right personnel at the right time
to work on the right projects.
12. Construction firms must have a work execution platform to have
consistency on the task given to each worker.
13. Construction firms need to know how they identify the root cause
of a problem if the task or activity is falling behind schedule.
14. Construction firms should minimize the number of parallel
projects so that their resources can perform better.
15. Construction firms must identify which resources are limited
supply so that they can concentrate their efforts there.
16. The construction firms should expand their knowledge on labor
productivity by collaborating to experts, researchers, and relevant
personnel in this area.

71
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APPENDICES
81
APPENDIX A
LETTER TO RESPONDENT
Saint Louis College
College of Engineering and

Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Dear Respondents,
Greetings!
We are current fourth year BS Civil Engineering students of Saint

Louis College, College of Engineering and Architecture. We are
Requesting for your participation in our research study entitled:
“DIFFICULTIES OF PROJECT MANAGERS IN EXECUTING PROJECT
PLAN IN THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION”. We assure you
that this research is for academic purposes only and your response will
be treated with utmost confidentiality.
In relation to this, may we ask for your assistance to answer this

brief questionnaire below. We really appreciate your cooperation in the
completion of this research. Thank you and God bless!
Truly Yours,
The Researchers
AGUDA, RUSMEL RAINIEL M.
CAVINTA, MARIFER P.
HERMOSURA, ALJENN MAE P.
MONTEMAYOR, GIAN KENN A.
PERALTA, ADRIANNE PAUL F.
Noted by:
ENGR. KARLA JOY A. BAUTISTA

Research Adviser
82
APPENDIX B
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Saint Louis College

Architecture
________________________________________________________________________
Questionnaire for Project Managers
General Direction: Please accomplish this questionnaire very carefully

and honestly.
_______________________________________________________________________
Name (Optional): .
PART I. The level of difficulty of project managers to manage such

problems/ difficulties encountered in executing project plan in
terms of Cost, Schedule and Specification parameters.
Direction: Kindly rate the level of difficulty to manage such
difficulties/problems that you encounter in the construction of project by
putting a check mark (/) on the appropriate degree using the following
description as guide.
5- Very Highly Difficult: The problem/difficulty is extremely difficult to

manage, whereas project manager needs to collaborate with the Executive
Sponsor, Resource Manager, and Project Designer to solve the problem.
4- Very Difficult: The problem/difficulty is complicated to manage,
whereas project manager needs to collaborate with the Executive Sponsor
and Project Designer or Executive Sponsor and Resource Manager or
Resource Manager and Project Designer to solve the problem.
3-Difficult: The problem/difficulty is not easy to manage, whereas project
manager needs to collaborate with the Executive Sponsor or Resource
Manager or Project Designer to solve the problem.
83
2- Slightly Difficult: The problem/difficulty is easy to manage whereas

project manager can already solve the problem alone.
1- Not Difficult: The problem/difficulty is not considerable to manage
because it has no impact on the project
Rating
A. COST
5 4 3 2 1
1. Frequent design change during the
construction phase
2. Fluctuation of material cost
3. Insufficient cash reserves
4. Fixed material cost in bid contracts
5. Misunderstanding and Misallocation of costs
6. Late invoicing and missing bank draw
7. Payment delay and retention
8. Inaccurate estimate of Bill of Quantities
9. Carrying out risk assessment and site
inspection so as to be sure of the potential
risks and the cost to be allocated.
Others (if any):
B. SCHEDULE Rating
5 4 3 2 1
1. No clear view of tasks
2. Unforeseen additional work in the execution of
plan
3. An overly optimistic project plan
4. Managing the unknown (Unknown events,
such as changes in the business environment
or problems with a new technology)
5. Managing change (Changes to the scope of the
project, requirements to be accomplished or
technology being used may disrupt your
project schedule.)
6. Factors like vacations, holidays
7. Impractical deadlines
8. Unexpected natural disasters
9. Difficulty in performing PERT-CPM and other
construction scheduling
Others (if any):
84
C. SPECIFICATION Rating
5 4 3 2 1
1. Shortage of materials
2. Lack of supervision, so the workers opt not to
follow the specifications provided in the plan
3. Not well-defined project scope
4. Lack of manpower capability and availability
necessary for the specific type of project
5. Change of orders
6. Inadequate details in the plans like dimensions
and other technical specifications
7. Different project site conditions as factors that
affected the project scope
8. Lack of communication to the workers
9. Difficulty in finding a reliable supplier for
quality and most economical construction
materials
Others (if any):
PART II. The frequency of occurrence of these difficulties in

executing project plan in terms of Cost, Schedule and Specification
parameters.
Direction: Kindly rate the frequency of occurrence of these
difficulties/problems that you usually experience or encounter in the
construction of project by putting a check mark (/) on the appropriate
degree using the following description as guide.
4- Always: The project manager encountered such problems/difficulties in
all the projects undertaken.
3- Often: The project manager commonly encountered such
problems/difficulties in all the projects undertaken.
2-Sometimes: The project manager encountered such difficulties once in a
while in all the projects undertaken.
1- Never: The project manager does not encounter such
problems/difficulties in all the projects undertaken.
Rating
A. COST
4 3 2 1
1. Frequent design change during the construction
phase
2. Fluctuation of material cost
3. Insufficient cash reserves
4. Fixed material cost in bid contracts
5. Misunderstanding and Misallocation of costs
85
6. Late invoicing and missing bank draw

8. Inaccurate estimate of Bill of Quantities
9. Carrying out risk assessment and site inspection so
as to be sure of the potential risks and the cost to be
allocated.
Others (if any):
B. SCHEDULE Rating
4 3 2 1
2. Unforeseen additional work in the execution of
project plan
3. An overly optimistic project plan
4. Managing the unknown (Unknown events, such as
changes in the business environment or problems
with a new technology)
5. Managing change (Changes to the scope of the
project, requirements to be accomplished or
technology being used may disrupt your project
schedule)
6. Factors like vacations, holidays
7. Impractical deadlines
8. Unexpected natural disasters
9. Difficulty in performing PERT-CPM and other
Others (if any):
C. SPECIFICATION Rating
4 3 2 1
1. Shortage of materials
2. Lack of supervision, so the workers opt not to
follow the specifications provided in the plan
3. Not well-defined project scope
4. Lack of manpower capability and availability
necessary for the specific type of project
5. Change of orders
6. Inadequate details in the plans like dimensions and
other technical specifications
7. Different project site conditions as factors that
affected the project scope
8. Lack of communication to the workers
9. Difficulty in finding a reliable supplier for quality
and most economical construction materials
Others (if any):
86
PART III. The degree of effects of these difficulties in the execution

of the project
Direction: Please rate the degree of effects of these difficulties in the

execution of the project by putting a check mark (/) on the space provided
using the following description as guide.
5- Very Great Extent: The problem/difficulty has major impact on the
project that caused major cost and time overruns, and nearly resulted in
project abandonment.
4- Great Extent: The problem/difficulty has serious effect on the project
that caused major delays, and changes.
3- Moderate Extent: The problem/difficulty has significant effect on the
project that resulted to delays.
2- Low Extent: The problem/difficult has small effect on the project that
caused short delays.
1- Very Low Extent: The problem/difficulty had little to no impact on the
project
Rating
A. COST
5 4 3 2 1
1. Frequent design change during the construction phase
 Increase in project cost
 Wastage of materials during rework, thus,
wastage of budget cost
2.Fluctuation of material cost
 Increased cost of construction / cost
overrun
3.Insufficient cash reserves
 Suffer a negative cash flow
 Cost Overrun
4.Fixed material cost in bid contracts
 Increases in cost/ cost overruns when there
is an escalation of material cost
5. Misunderstanding and misallocation of costs
 Delay project deliverables
 Cost overruns
 Loss of profit
6.Late invoicing and missing bank draw
 Payment will almost assuredly come late
 Tend to stir up more confusion
 Delayed cash flow
 Prevents from completing the work within the
87
stipulated time
8.Inaccurate estimate of Bill of Quantities
 Financial loss
 Loss of credibility of project stakeholders
9.Difficulty in carrying out risk assessment and site inspection so
as to be sure of the potential risks and the cost to be allocated.
 Loss of profit due to not recognizing and
assessing potential risks thus, there is lack of
budget allocated to it.
Rating
A. SCHEDULE
5 4 3 2 1
 Lead to confusion
 Time and productivity are minimize
 Delay in construction project
2.Unforeseen additional work in the execution of plan
 Delayed completion project
 Increase the budget and timeframe
3.An overly optimistic project plan
 Schedule overruns
 Not enough time spent on requirements and
design
 More rework and errors resulted to cost and
time overruns
4.Managing the unknown (Unknown events, such as changes in the
business environment or problems with a new technology)
 Project tasks taking longer than scheduled/
schedule creep
5. Managing change (Changes to the scope of the project,
requirements to be accomplished or technology being used may
disrupt your project schedule.)
 Changes to the scope of the project
 Requirements to be accomplished or
technology being used disrupts the project
schedule
6.Vacations and holidays
 It adds up to the work and will eventually
affect the flow of the project
 Delayed completion of the project
7.Impractical deadlines
 Unsure deadline of the works
8.Unexpected natural disasters
 It will prolong the completion of the project
and will cause delay to the project
88
9.Difficulty in performing PERT-CPM and other construction

scheduling
 Inaccurate scheduling of works
 The project will prolong
 Schedule creep
Rating
B. SPECIFICATION
5 4 3 2 1
1.Shortage of materials
 Delay in construction project delivery
2.Lack of supervision, thus the workers opt not to follow the
specifications provided in the plan
 Lower performance level of the workers
 Lower productivity thus, it lower the profit of
the company
 Lower the quality of the project
3.Not well-defined project scope

 Scope Creep
 Increases the risk of the project going behind
schedule or over budget or both
4.Lack of manpower capability and availability necessary for the
specific type of project
 Delay in completion of project
 Poor workmanship that leads to poor quality
of the project
5.Change of orders
 Loss/ waste of time
 Additional work activities
 Budget overrun
6.Inadequate details in the plans like dimensions and other
technical specifications
 Higher initial cost
 Major schedule overruns
7.Different project site conditions as factors that affected the
project scope
 Project delay
8.Lack of communication to the workers
89
 Misunderstanding in the workflow

 Weak return on investment (ROI)
 Loss of revenue
9.Difficulty in finding a reliable supplier for quality and most
economical construction materials
 Poor quality of construction project
 Shortage of materials which lead to delay
project deliverable
90
APPENDIX C
LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE OFFICE OF THE CITY MAYOR
Saint Louis College

Architecture
December 16, 2022
Hon. Hermenegildo A. Gualberto

Municipal Mayor
City of San Fernando, La Union
Greetings!
We, the fourth year Bachelor of Science in

Civil Engineering students of Saint Louis College,
are conducting a research study as part of our
curricular requirement in CE 412: CE Project 1
“Difficulties of Project Managers in
Executing Project Plan in the City of San
Fernando, La Union”
This study aims to gather reliable and
adequate data from the project managers in San
Fernando City, La Union as respondents to the
abovementioned study. To this end, we are seeking
your support to this endeavor by humbly asking
for the list of construction firms which are
currently operating in the City.
We are hoping for your kind consideration on
this matter. Here is our contact information email
address: [email protected] and mobile
number: 09513541526. Thank you and may the
Almighty God continue to bless your office!
91
Respectfully yours,
The researchers,
Aguda, Rusmel Rainiel M. Hermosura, Aljenn Mae P.
Cavinta, Marifer P. Montemayor, Gian Kenn A.
Peralta, Adrianne Paul F.
Noted by: Approved by:
Engr. Karla Joy A. Bautista Engr. Melvin R. Esguerra

Research Adviser CEA Academic Dean
92
APPENDIX D
LIST OF CONSTRUCTION FIRMS IN THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO,

LA UNION
93
94
APPENDIX E
VALIDATION OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Saint Louis College

Architecture
Summary of Validation Ratings of Questionnaire
Indicators Validator Mean DE
A B C
a) The questionnaire comprehensively
covers the main and specific 5 4 4 4.33 HV
topics/problems.
b) The instructions and questions are
written based on the respondents'

4 5 4 4.33 HV
understanding and do not warrant
any misconceptions.
c) The instructions and questions are
comprehensive and complete to elicit

4 3 5 4 HV
all the appropriate responses to
generate relevant and accurate data.

95
d) The instructions and
checklist/items are grammatically 4 5 4 4.33 HV
correct and free from any errors.
e) The style, format, appearance, and
length of the questionnaire are
appropriately structured and are
detailed to ensure the respondents' 4 4 4 4 HV
understanding, focus, and
enthusiasm in diligently completing
the questionnaire.
f) The questionnaire measures what it
intends to measure and the items 4 5 4 4.33 HV
lead to an acceptable answer.
Mean 4.17 4.33 4.17 4.22 HV
Legend:
VHV- Very Highly Valid MV- Moderately Valid V- Not Valid
HV- Highly Valid SL- Slightly Valid
INTERPRETATION:
The research tool has a high validity, with a validity rating of 4.22.
This indicates that the research tool can accurately measure the things it
sets out to measure.
96
APPENDIX F
VALIDATION OF MANAGEMENT PLAN

97
APPENDIX G
ETHICS CLEARANCE
98
APPENDIX H
99
IN-HOUSE LANGUAGE EDITOR’S CERTIFICATE
APPENDIX I
100
IN-HOUSE STATISTICIAN’S CERTIFICATE
APPENDIX J
101
RAW DATA
Saint Louis College

Architecture
PART I. The level of difficulty of project managers to manage such

problems/ difficulties encountered in executing project plan in
terms of Cost, Schedule and Specification parameters.
Rating Weighted Descriptive

A.COST Mean Value
5 4 3 2 1
1. Frequent design
change during the 4 5 9 3 - 3.48 DIFFICULT
construction phase
2. Fluctuation of VERY
8 3 5 5 - 3.67
material cost DIFFICULT
3. Insufficient cash VERY
5 5 7 4 - 3.52
reserves DIFFICULT
4. Fixed material cost in
5 5 6 5 - 3.48 DIFFICULT
bid contracts
5. Misunderstanding
VERY
and Misallocation of 6 4 7 4 - 3.57
DIFFICULT
costs
6. Late invoicing and
5 4 6 5 1 3.33 DIFFICULT
missing bank draw
7. Payment delay and VERY
8 3 5 4 1 3.62
retention DIFFICULT
8. Inaccurate estimate VERY
8 2 4 7 - 3.52
of Bill of Quantities DIFFICULT
9. Carrying out risk
assessment and site
inspection so as to be
2 4 7 8 - 3.00 DIFFICULT
sure of the potential
risks and the cost to
be allocated.
GRAND MEAN 3.47 DIFFICULT

102
3. B. SCHEDULE 5 4 3 2 1 Mean Value

1. No clear view of tasks 4 5 7 4 1 3.33 DIFFICULT
2.Unforeseen additional
VERY
work in the execution 5 5 7 4 - 3.52
DIFFICULT
of plan
3.An overly optimistic
3 8 7 2 1 3.50 DIFFICULT
project plan
4.Managing the
unknown (Unknown
events, such as
changes in the 5 4 5 7 - 3.33 DIFFICULT
business environment
or problems with a
new technology)
5.Managing change
(Changes to the scope
of the project,
requirements to be
3 6 9 2 1 3.38 DIFFICULT
accomplished or
technology being used
may disrupt your
project schedule.)
6.Factors like vacations,
3 2 8 6 2 2.9 DIFFICULT
holidays
7.Impractical deadlines VERY
5 6 4 6 - 3.51
DIFFICULT
8.Unexpected natural VERY
5 5 9 2 - 3.62
disasters DIFFICULT
9.Difficulty in
performing PERT-CPM
and other construction 1 4 6 8 2 2.71 DIFFICULT
scheduling

C.SPECIFICATION
5 4 3 2 1 Mean Value
1. Shortage of
5 5 7 4 - 3.50 DIFFICULT
materials
2. Lack of supervision,
so the workers opt
VERY
not to follow the 4 8 7 2 - 3.63
DIFFICULT
specifications
provided in the plan
3. Not well-defined 3 9 5 3 1 3.43 DIFFICULT
103
project scope
4. Lack of manpower
capability and
availability VERY
6 7 4 2 2 3.62
necessary for the DIFFICULT
specific type of
project
5. Change of orders 4 3 12 2 - 3.43 DIFFICULT
6. Inadequate details
in the plans like
dimensions and 1 6 10 3 - 3.20 DIFFICULT
other technical
specifications
7. Different project site
conditions as
3 5 10 3 - 3.38 DIFFICULT
factors that affected
the project scope
8. Lack of
communication to 1 9 4 5 2 3.10 DIFFICULT
the workers
9. Difficulty in finding
a reliable supplier
for quality and most
2 7 7 5 - 3.30 DIFFICULT
economical
construction
materials
PART II. The frequency of occurrence of these difficulties in

executing project plan in terms of Cost, Schedule and Specification
parameters.

A.COST Mean Value
4 3 2 1
1.Frequent design change
during the construction 7 9 5 - 3.11 OFTEN
phase
2. Fluctuation of material
7 9 5 - 3.10 OFTEN
cost
4. Insufficient cash
3 11 7 - 2.81 OFTEN
reserves
5. Fixed material cost in
3 7 11 - 2.62 OFTEN
bid contracts
104
6. Misunderstanding and
3 7 10 1 2.57 OFTEN
Misallocation of costs
7. Late invoicing and
2 7 11 1 2.48 SOMETIMES
missing bank draw
8. Payment delay and
3 12 3 3 2.71 OFTEN
retention
9. Inaccurate estimate of
1 6 13 1 2.33 SOMETIMES
Bill of Quantities
10. Carrying out risk
assessment and site
inspection so as to be
6 3 11 1 2.67 OFTEN
sure of the potential
risks and the cost to
be allocated.
GRAND MEAN 2.71 OFTEN
B.SCHEDULE Rating Weighted Descriptive

4 3 2 1 Mean Value
1.No clear view of tasks 1 6 11 3 2.24 SOMETIMES
2.Unforeseen additional
work in the execution of 3 8 10 - 2.67 OFTEN
project plan
3.An overly optimistic
3 6 12 - 2.57 OFTEN
project plan
4.Managing the unknown
(Unknown events, such
as changes in the
4 4 13 - 2.57 OFTEN
business environment
or problems with a new
technology)
5.Managing change
(Changes to the scope of
the project,
requirements to be
2 11 8 - 2.71 OFTEN
accomplished or
technology being used
may disrupt your
project schedule)
6.Factors like vacations,
2 8 10 1 2.52 OFTEN
holidays
7.Impractical deadlines 3 5 13 - 2.52 OFTEN
8.Unexpected natural 4 6 11 - 2.68 OFTEN
105
disasters
9.Difficulty in performing
PERT-CPM and other 4 6 9 2 2.57 OFTEN

C.SPECIFICATION 4 3 2 1 Mean Value
1.Shortage of materials 4 8 7 2 2.67 OFTEN
2.Lack of supervision, so
the workers opt not to
3 4 13 1 2.43 SOMETIMES
follow the specifications
provided in the plan
3.Not well-defined project
- 10 10 1 2.43 SOMETIMES
scope
4.Lack of manpower
capability and
availability necessary 2 7 12 - 2.52 OFTEN
for the specific type of
project
5.Change of orders 4 9 8 - 2.81 OFTEN
6.Inadequate details in
the plans like
3 8 10 - 2.67 OFTEN
dimensions and other
7.Different project site
conditions as factors
1 11 8 1 2.57 OFTEN
that affected the project
scope
8.Lack of communication
- 6 12 3 2.14 SOMETIMES
to the workers
9.Difficulty in finding a
reliable supplier for
quality and most 2 8 11 - 2.57 OFTEN
economical construction
materials
PART III. The degree of effects of these difficulties in the execution

of the project
106

A. COST 5 4 3 2 1 Mean Value
107
1. Frequent design change during the construction phase

 Increase in project GREAT
6 8 6 1 - 3.91
cost EXTENT
 Wastage of
materials during
GREAT
rework, thus, 5 8 5 2 1 3.67
EXTENT
wastage of budget
cost
2.Fluctuation of material cost
 Increased cost of
GREAT
construction / 5 7 9 - - 3.81
EXTENT
cost overrun
3.Insufficient cash reserves
 Suffer a negative GREAT
2 10 7 1 1 3.52
cash flow EXTENT
GREAT
 Cost Overrun 3 7 10 1 - 3.57
EXTENT
4.Fixed material cost in bid contracts
 Increases in cost/
cost overruns
GREAT
when there is an 9 4 5 3 - 3.92
EXTENT
escalation of
material cost
5. Misunderstanding and misallocation of costs
 Delay project GREAT
6 7 6 2 - 3.81
deliverables EXTENT
GREAT
 Cost overruns 4 8 6 3 - 3.62
EXTENT
GREAT
 Loss of profit 2 1 5 3 - 3.57
EXTENT
6.Late invoicing and missing bank draw
 Payment will
GREAT
almost assuredly 5 8 6 2 - 3.76
EXTENT
come late
 Tend to stir up GREAT
4 7 7 3 - 3.57
more confusion EXTENT
GREAT
 Delayed cash flow 5 10 4 2 - 3.86
EXTENT
 Prevents from
completing the GREAT
3 7 10 1 - 3.57
work within the EXTENT
stipulated time
8.Inaccurate estimate of Bill of Quantities
 Financial loss 6 3 10 2 - 3.62 GREAT
108
EXTENT
 Loss of credibility
GREAT
of project 7 4 7 3 - 3.71
EXTENT
stakeholders
9.Difficulty in carrying out risk assessment and site inspection so
as to be sure of the potential risks and the cost to be allocated.
 Loss of profit due
to not recognizing
and assessing
MODERATE
potential risks 3 9 4 4 1 3.43
EXTENT
thus, there is lack
of budget
allocated to it.
GREAY
GRAND MEAN 3.68
EXTENT

B. SCHEDULE
MODERATE
 Lead to confusion 4 8 3 5 1 3.43
EXTENT
 Time and
GREAT
productivity are 3 9 6 3 - 3.57
EXTENT
minimize
 Delay in
GREAT
construction 3 9 5 4 - 3.52
EXTENT
project
2.Unforeseen additional work in the execution of plan
 Delayed GREAT
5 8 6 2 - 3.76
completion project EXTENT
 Increase the
GREAT
budget and 3 8 9 1 - 3.62
EXTENT
timeframe
3.An overly optimistic project plan
GREAT
 Schedule overruns 3 7 9 2 - 3.52
EXTENT
 Not enough time
spent on GREAT
1 11 7 2 - 3.52
requirements and EXTENT
design
 More rework and
errors resulted to GREAT
2 11 6 2 - 3.62
cost and time EXTENT
overruns
4.Managing the unknown (Unknown events, such as changes in the
109
business environment or problems with a new technology)

 Project tasks
taking longer than MODERATE
1 10 7 3 - 3.43
scheduled/ EXTENT
schedule creep
5. Managing change (Changes to the scope of the project,
requirements to be accomplished or technology being used may
disrupt your project schedule.)
 Changes to the
MODERATE
scope of the 1 11 4 5 - 3.38
EXTENT
project
 Requirements to
be accomplished
or technology MODERATE
1 11 5 4 - 3.43
being used EXTENT
disrupts the
project schedule
6.Vacations and holidays
 It adds up to the
work and will
MODERATE
eventually affect 4 3 9 4 1 3.24
EXTENT
the flow of the
project
 Delayed
MODERATE
completion of the 3 5 10 2 1 3.33
EXTENT
project
7.Impractical deadlines
 Unsure deadline GREAT
3 9 6 3 - 3.57
of the works EXTENT
8.Unexpected natural disasters
 It will prolong the
completion of the
MODERATE
project and will 2 6 8 5 - 3.24
EXTENT
cause delay to the
project
9.Difficulty in performing PERT-CPM and other construction
scheduling
 Inaccurate
MODERATE
scheduling of 1 10 5 5 - 3.33
EXTENT
works
 The project will MODERATE
2 8 7 4 - 3.38
prolong EXTENT
MODERATE
 Schedule creep 2 8 7 4 - 3.38
EXTENT
GRAND MEAN 3.46 MODERATE
110
EXTENT

C. SPECIFICATION
1.Shortage of materials
 Delay in 1 10 7 3 - 3.43 MODERATE
construction EXTENT
project delivery
2.Lack of supervision, thus the workers opt not to follow the
specifications provided in the plan
 Lower
GREAT
performance level 1 13 6 1 - 3.67
EXTENT
of the workers
 Lower productivity
thus, it lower the MODERATE
1 9 9 2 - 3.43
profit of the EXTENT
company
 Lower the quality MODERATE
3 6 9 3 - 3.43
of the project EXTENT
3.Not well-defined project scope
MODERATE
 Scope Creep 2 8 7 4 - 3.39
EXTENT
 Increases the risk
of the project
MODERATE
going behind 1 10 6 4 - 3.39
EXTENT
schedule or over
budget or both
4.Lack of manpower capability and availability necessary for the
specific type of project
 Delay in
GREAT
completion of 1 12 7 1 - 3.62
EXTENT
project
 Poor workmanship
that leads to poor GREAT
1 12 7 1 - 3.62
quality of the EXTENT
project
5.Change of orders
 Loss/ waste of GREAT
3 9 9 - - 3.71
time EXTENT
 Additional work GREAT
4 10 5 2 - 3.76
activities EXTENT
GREAT
 Budget overrun 3 10 5 3 - 3.62
EXTENT
6.Inadequate details in the plans like dimensions and other
111
MODERATE
 Higher initial cost 1 9 9 2 - 3.43
EXTENT
 Major schedule GREAT
- 11 10 - - 3.52
overruns EXTENT
7.Different project site conditions as factors that affected the
project scope
GREAT
 Project delay 3 8 10 - - 3.67
EXTENT
8.Lack of communication to the workers
 Misunderstanding MODERATE
1 7 11 2 - 3.33
in the workflow EXTENT
 Weak return on GREAT
2 9 8 2 - 3.52
investment (ROI) EXTENT
 Loss of revenue 4 4 11 2 - 3.48 MODERATE
9.Difficulty in finding a reliable supplier for quality and most
economical construction materials
 Poor quality of
GREAT
construction 5 5 7 4 - 3.52
EXTENT
project
 Shortage of
materials which MODERATE
2 5 10 4 - 3.24
lead to delay EXTENT
project deliverable
GREAT
GRAND MEAN 3.5214
EXTENT
APPENDIX K
DOCUMENTATION
112
Saint Louis College

Architecture
Floating of Questionnaire
Floating of Questionnaire
113
114
APPENDIX L
TURNITIN RESULTS
CURRICULA
VITARUM
114
RUSMEL RAINIEL M. AGUDA
Lipay Rd., Poblacion, San Gabriel, La Union
E-mail: [email protected]
Contact No.: 09156115345
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Birth Place : Poblacion, San Gabriel, La Union
Birth Date : August 28, 2001
Age : 21
Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Saint Louis College
Carlatan, City of San Fernando, La Union (2019-2023)
Secondary: Saint Louis College
Elementary: San Gabriel Central School
Poblacion, San Gabriel, La Union (2009-2012)
Sacred Heart Learning Center
Beachview Subdivision, Santo Tomas, La Union (2007-2009)
ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Saint Louis College Student Chapter Member
(2019 – 2023)
115
QUALIFICATION PROFILE
Personal Skills
 Software and Technical Skills
 Leadership Skills
 Time Management Skills
 Practical Skills
 Verbal and Written Communication Skills
SEMINARS/ TRAININGS ATTENDED
May 07, 2022 Bring out the Leader in you, A Learning encounter on
Leadership
Lingsat, San Fernando, La Union
April 23, 2022 Civil Engineers for Sustainable Development
April 16, 2022 Project Management Tools in Construction
April 09, 2022 The Demands of the Civil Engineering Specializations
Project Monitoring Essentials
March 20, 2021 CE Theory and Practice Webinar
WORK ATTENDED
June 29 – July 29, 2022 On-the-Job Training in FABRO CONSTRUCTION

116
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Gawad Louisiano (Natatanging Mag-aaral for Leadership)
 Gawad Louisiano (Natatanging Mag-aaral for Discipline)
CHARACTER REFERENCES
 Mr. Jocel R. Opena, MAEd,MAPS,CSAS
Dean, Student Affairs
Saint Louis College, City of San Fernando, La Union
 Miss Shari Raposas
College Instructor

117
CAVINTA, MARIFER P.
Santiago Sur, Caba, La Union
Contact No.: 09513541526
Birth Place : Caba, La Union
Birth Date : October 07, 2000
Age : 22
Status : Single
Secondary: Santiago Sur Integrated School
Santiago Sur, Caba La Union (2013 – 2019)
Elementary: Santiago Sur Elementary School
Santiago Sur, Caba La Union (2007 – 2013)
(2019 – 2023)
Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Federation
SK Secretary
2019 - Present
118
Personal Skills
 Good Communicator
Leadership
WORK ATTENDED
June 29 – July 29, 2022 On-the-job Training in Municipality of Caba
Caba, La Union
119
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Dean’s Lister 2019-2020
 Academic Excellence Award (WITH HIGH HONOR) 2018-2019
 Academic Excellence Award (WITH HONOR) 2017-2018
 Certificate of Recognition for having a PERFECT ATTENDANCE and is
commended for PUNCTUALITY 2017-2019
 Certificate of Recognition for showing a MODE OF CONDUCT (Standard
Courage, Discipline and Integrity) 2017-2019
 PATIMPALAK SA DAGLIANG TALUMPATI 2nd Runner-Up (August 2018)
 LINGGO NG KABATAAN 2018 “ESSAY WRITING COMPETITION”
(August 4, 2018)
 With Honor 2013-2017
 DIVION POP QUIZ & ON-THE-SPOT SKILLS EXHIBITION (November
29,2016)
 Certificate of Recognition for having a PERFECT ATTENDANCE and is
commended for PUNCTUALITY 2013-2017
 Certificate of Recognition for being BEST IN MATHEMATICS 2014-2015
 Certificate of Recognition for being BEST IN SCIENCE 2014-2015
 Certificate of Recognition for showing a MODE OF CONDUCT (Standard
Courage, Discipline and Integrity) 2013-2017
 Certificate of Recognition for unwavering discipline (Maka- Diyos, Makatao,
Makakalikasan at Makabansa) 2016-2017

120
 Engr. Azher Joy T. Equais, MSCE
College Instructor
 Hon. Ronnie P. Mangaser
Caba Municipal/Vice Mayor
Santiago Sur, Caba, La Union
HERMOSURA, ALJENN MAE P.
Damacuag, Santa Lucia, Ilocos Sur
121
Contact No.: (+63)09369509005
Birth Place : Dasmarinas City, Cavite
Birth Date : August 23, 1999
Age : 23
Status : Single
Carlatan, City of San Fernando, La Union (2019 - 2023)
Saint Louis University
Bonifacio Street, Baguio City (2018 - 2019)
Santa Lucia Academy
Santa Lucia, Ilocos Sur (2015 - 2016)
Bethel Academy
Santa Clara, General Trias Cavite (2012 - 2015)
Elementary: Fiat Lux Academe
Pasong Camachile I, General Trias, Cavite (2008-2012)
Damacuag Elementary School
Damacuag, Santa Lucia, Ilocos Sur (2006-2008)
122
(2019 – 2023)
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Saint Louis University Student Chapter Member
(2018-2019)
Personal Skills
 Good Communicator
 Technical Skills
Leadership

123
March 20, 2021 MST Connect – “Construction Project Management 101”
Tandang Sora, Quezon City
WORK ATTENDED
June 29 – July 29, 2022 On-the-job Training in DPWH Ilocos Sur 2nd District
Engineering Office
Candon City, Ilocos Sur
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Gawad Louisiano (Liturgical Service)
S.Y. 2016-2017
 10th – 2009-2010
 Mr. Irenio T. Ople II
Teacher/Senior High School
Bachelor of Secondary Education, Major in Biological Sciences

124
 Mr. Jocel R. Opena, MAEd,MAPS,CSAS
Dean, Student Affairs
MONTEMAYOR, GIAN KENN A.
San Agustin Norte, Agoo, La Union
Contact No.: 09272357123

125
Birth Place : Agoo, La Union
Birth Date : December 20, 2000
Age : 22
Status : Single
Agoo Kiddie Special School
San Antonino, Agoo, La Union (2013 – 2017)
Elementary: San Vicente San Agustin Elementary School
San Vicente, Agoo, La Union (2007 – 2013)
(2019 – 2023)
Personal Skills

126
 Software and Technical Skills
 Can Work Under Pressure
Leadership
WORK ATTENDED
June 29 – July 29, 2022 On-the-job Training in DILG (Department of Interior
Local Government)
City of San Fernando La Union
127
 Miss Karen Cariaso
Teacher, Senior High School
(+63)09196770100
 Mrs. Margarita Petina
Elementary Teacher
San Vicente, Agoo, La Union
(+63)09272357123
PERALTA, ADRIANNE PAUL F.
Santa Monica, Agoo, La Union
Contact No.: 09166930672
128
Birth Place : Agoo, La Union
Birth Date : December 19, 2000
Age : 22
Status : Single
Secondary: Polytechnic College Of La Union
San Nicolas Norte, Agoo, La Union (2017 – 2019)
Saint Mary’s Academy
Consolacion, Agoo, La Union (2013 – 2017)
Elementary: Sto. Rosario Elementary School
Sto. Rosario, Aringay, La Union (2007 -2013)
(2019 – 2023)
Personal Skills

129
 Technical Skills
Leadership
March 20, 2021 Civil Engineering:Theory and Practice
WORK ATTENDED
June 29 – July 29, 2022 On-the-job Training in DPWH La Union Sur 2nd
District Engineering Office
San Jose, Agoo, La Union
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Leadership Awardee 2019
 Mrs. Helen Ballesteros
Teacher, High School
Santa Fe, Agoo, La Union

130
 Miss Shari Raposas
College Instructor

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CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings from the

collected data, as responded by the respondents, as well as the

conclusions and recommendations derived from the results.

This study aimed to identify the difficulties of project managers

executing project plan in terms of cost, schedule, and specification in the

The study was conducted with the use of descriptive research

validated research questionnaire as its research tool. The study

conducted covered twenty-one (21) project managers from sixteen (16)

construction firms in the City of San Fernando, La Union. The

respondents of the study were comprised of twenty-one (21) Project

project management plan for the improvement of the project managers in

managing the difficulties/problems encountered in executing project

plan in terms of cost, schedule and specification.

The researchers discern the following salient findings:

1. Most of the project managers in the city of San Fernando, La Union

had difficulty in managing problems in terms of cost, schedule and

specification. It is found that problems under cost category is the

most difficult to manage specifically the fluctuation of material cost

assessment and site inspection to be sure of the potential risks and

the cost to be allocated found to be the last difficult to manage.

Followed by the problems under specification, Lack of supervision, so

found to be the most difficult to manage, and Lack of communication

to the workers garnered the least difficult to manage. Finally, the

difficulties in performing PERT-CPM and other construction schedules

are determined to be manageable, whereas the problems under

schedule, particularly unanticipated natural disasters, are found to

be the most difficult to handle.

2. The majority of the identified problems/difficulties experienced by

project managers in the city in terms of cost, schedule, and

specification occur oftentimes in all projects undertaken. However,

occurrence among the three parameters. The problem of frequent

design change obtained as mostly occurred, and the inaccurate

estimate of the Bill of Quantities attained the lowest rating, which

only sometimes occurs. The difficulties under the schedule obtained

the second highest frequency of occurrence, notably in managing

change (changes to the scope of the project, requirements to be

accomplished, or technology being used may disrupt your project

schedule), and no clear view of tasks is the lowest rated, occurring

relatively rarely. Finally, problems regarding specifications rank third,

change of orders has the highest frequency of occurrence, and a lack

of communication with workers is the lowest, occurring just

3. The degree of effect of the problems encountered by project managers

under cost and specification has been revealed enormous, whereas

problems with schedule are determined to be moderate. Furthermore,

impact on the project, whereas risk assessment and site inspection

have a moderate impact. The difficulties under schedule, especially

unforeseen additional work in the execution of the plan, have the

greatest effect on the project, whereas vacations, holidays, and

unexpected natural disasters have a moderate impact. Finally, the

problem of change of orders had the highest impact on the project

under the specification category, while the difficulty in finding a

reliable supplier for quality and economical construction materials

had the least impact.

4. The researchers developed a management plan that project managers

can utilized as a coping mechanism towards the problems/difficulties

encountered to improve and increase efficiency in completing the