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Chapter 1

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic bombarded the entire world with its lethal effect
on human lives. Many people had suffered, particularly in developing and
impoverished countries such as the Philippines. Staying at home is one of the
safest things to do during a pandemic, but due to the circumstances of some who
are less fortunate, they are forced to go outside to earn a living. Crimes and
incidents that may occur during this time are critical indicators of preparedness
and how the government and authorities respond to the crisis. Due to the general
broad scope of the Philippine National Police's role in maintaining peace and
order during this pandemic, they require the assistance of the local community to
carry out their projects efficiently and effectively. However, our physical health is
not the only thing at stake. Our mental health is also impacted. According to
studies, the government-mandated lockdowns for our safety have a negative
impact on the people. People become stressed when their source of income is
threatened. Since the government took the time to assess the situation, they must
find alternate means of survival.

This pandemic has caught us off guard. Our current efforts must be scaled
up to achieve the types of youth engagement levels required to help prevent or
transform the new conflict drivers exacerbated by COVID-19 and to withstand its
future ripple effects, both visible and unseen. As a result, this study will be carried
out to assess the state of peace and order in Sarawag, January, and Iloilo. Because
transactions are disrupted, our economy suffers greatly. Many organizations
ceased operations, and many people lost their jobs. Students are concerned about
the new method of instruction. Because this virus spreads so rapidly across
regions, it has affected the entire globe. Countries are prohibiting large crowds to
prevent disease spread and break the exponential curve. This study will be
conducted based on these findings to determine the effects of the COVID-19
pandemic on the residents of Barangay.
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Disaster-prone localities struggled more with COVID-19 regulations and

their severe economic effect. There were few problems before and during
COVID-19, including a lack of income opportunities and a reduction in pay,
which were pre-existing challenges that had worsened significantly due to the
pandemic, and communities reported continued insufficient food supply as well as
health, sanitation, and nutrition issues. The economic impact of COVID-19 is
especially concerning because the assessed communities are already among the
poorest and most disadvantaged in the Philippines. Communities face future rises
in poverty as a result of severe employment and income losses.

To mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippine

national government devised several quarantine measures, with each level having
a matching degree of rigor ranging from keeping only critical companies open to
allowing all facilities to work at a specific capacity. Other restrictions include
forbidding people of a specific age group from leaving their homes. Depending on
the magnitude of the pandemic in their area, local government units (LGUs)-
municipalities and provinces-can implement any of these steps. The goal is to
limit the number of illnesses and deaths while limiting the economic effect of the
pandemic. Some local governments have responded admirably to the COVID-19
outbreak.
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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to find out the Aftermath of Covid-19 Pandemic to

residents of barangay Rivera, in the municipality of Libacao. Specifically, will
seek to answer the following questions;

1. What is the Profile of Respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Civil Status and;

1.4 Educational Attainment?

2. What are the Aftermaths of Covid-19 pandemic in barangay Oyang in the

Municipality of Libacao, Aklan in terms of:

2.1 Crimes;

2.2 Health;

3.3 Social Mobility

3. What is the degree of Aftermath of Covid-19 pandemic in barangay

Oyang in the Municipality of Libacao, Aklan in terms of:
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3.1 Crimes;

3.2 Health;

3.3 Social Mobility

Theoretical Framework
Republic Act 11494 - An Act Providing COVID 19 Response and
Recovery Interventions and Providing Mechanisms to Accelerate the Recovery and
Bolster the Resiliency of the Philippine Economy, Providing Funds Therefore, and
for Other Purposes
Section 1. Short Title. This Act shall be known and cited as “Bayanihan to
Recover as One Act”.
Section 2. State of National Emergency. The Presidential Proclamation No.
929 series of 2020, was issued declaring a state of public health emergency
throughout the Philippines to control the spread of the disease.
However the rise of confirmed cases of COVID 19 and the serious threat to
the health, safety, security, and lives of our countrymen persists. The severe
disruption to livelihood and all other productive activity were reflected in the
country’s economic contraction during the first semester of 2020.
Section 3. Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared the policy of the
State to promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people from poverty, particularly in the
aftermath of natural and man-made disasters, through policies that provide
adequate social services, and improved quality of life for all. Towards this end,
COVID 19 pandemic to the Philippine economy and society, the State shall
likewise establish mechanisms to achieve the objectives.
Section 4. COVID 19 Response and Recovery Interventions. Pursuant to
Article VI, Section 23 (2) of the Constitution, the President is hereby authorized to
exercise powers that are necessary and proper to undertake and implement the
following COVID 19 response and recovery interventions.
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Section 8. Non-Discrimination. In addition to acts or omissions already

penalized by existing laws, any person found to have committed any act or series
of acts against person declared confirmed, suspected, probable, exposed or
recovered of the recovered of the COVID 19 virus.
Among the returning OFW’s, health workers, front liners, and other social
workers, or indigent which result in unjust distinction, exclusion, restriction,
physical, psychological harm or suffering, intimidation, harassment, damage to
property, public ridicule or humiliation, verbal abuse, arbitrary ejectment from
dwelling or unlawful deprivation of liberty.
Ensuring that all LGUs are acting within the letter and spirit of all the rules,
regulations and directives issued by the national government pursuant to this Act;
and implementing standards of CQ consistent with what the national government
has laid down for the subject area, while allowing LGUs to continue exercising
their autonomy in. matters undefined by the national government or are within the
parameters it has set; and are fully cooperating towards a unified, cohesive and
orderly implementation of the national policy to address COVID 19
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Research Paradigm

The independent variable of the study is the Age, Sex, Civil Status,
Educational attainment and Occupation. and the dependent variable of the degree
of assessment of Aftermath of the Covid 19 pandemic during COVID 19 in
barangay Oyang, Libacao, Aklan.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Age

Sex Aftermath of the

Civil status
covid 19
Educational
attainment
pandemic
Occupation

Figure 1
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The research paradigm illustrates the independent and dependent

variables of the study.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study was limited on the assessment on the peace and order
situation during COVID-19 pandemic in Barangay Oyang, Libacao, Aklan. The
descriptive method of research was used in this study. The respondents of this
study will be one hundred (100) residents of barangay Oyang, Libacao, Aklan.
Significance of the Study

The findings of this study were believe to be significant to the following:

Resident/s.The residents of the Barangay Oyang, Libacao, Aklan will

become responsive to the prevailing health protocol guidelines instigated by the
concerned authorities and other government agencies.

Barangay Official/s. This will determine the needs to establish a force or

mandatory health protocols for the elimination of local transmission in the whole
barangay for the residents’ protection.

Local Government Unit. This will serve as an eye opener, for them to
know what kind of help they will extend to the people/residents of Barangay
Oyang, Libacao,Aklan.

Future Researcher/s.This will serveas the basis for their future studies.

Definition of Terms

For clarity and understanding, the term used in this study are conceptually
and operationally defined

Aftermath. Refers to the consequences or after effects of a significant unpleasant

event. (https://www.google.com/search?q=aftermath&rlz)

Operationally, it refers to the effect of COVID-19 Pandemic to the residents of

Barangay Oyang, Libacao, Aklan.
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Coronavirus. Refers to a family of viruses that include SARS (severe acute

respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) as well as
other respiratory illnesses. Typically spread between animals and humans an
event known as zoonotic transfer and they are named for the term “corona “Latin
for crown which refers to the shape of the virus when observed microscopically.
(WorldHealthOrganization)
Operationally, it refers to the disease that is already pandemic because of
the fast spreading in the whole world.
COVID 19. COVID 19 stands for novel coronavirus disease 2019, which
refers to the year of its initial detection. COVID 19 is the illness related to the
current pandemic; the illness is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). (Administrative Order 2020-0013, DOH)

Operationally, this refers to the risk and dangerous disease that are already
outbreak throughout the whole world.
Essential business. Although this definition varies between cities and
states based on individual restrictions, essential businesses are those that serve a
critical purpose, such as grocery stores, pharmacies, waste collection, health care
providers, gas stations, banks, transportation and agriculture services. This
contrasts to non-essential businesses, which serve more recreational purposes.
(Administrative Order 2020-0013, DOH)

Operationally, it refers to the businesses which provide an essential need

for the residents or the community as well.

Incubation period. Refers to the time lapsed between exposure to a

pathogenic organism, a chemical or radiation and when symptoms and signs are
first apparent.
Operationally, it refers to the time between when an individual is first
exposed to the virus and the appearance of symptoms. A person’s level of
contagion before symptoms arise is not known, although most experts believe
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people are most contagious after they begin exhibiting symptoms. (https//:
www.en.wikipedia.org.wiki-Covid)

Lockdown. An emergency measure in which individuals are restricted

from certain areas in an attempt to control exposure or transmission of disease. In
a lockdown during an epidemic, individuals are encouraged to stay home.
(Merriam Webster Dictionary)

Operationally, the same meaning will be used.

Pandemic. Aworldwide spread of an infectious disease, with larger reach
than an epidemic. Until COVID 19, the last pandemic was the H1N1 influenza
outbreak in 2009. (https//: www.en.wikipedia.org.wiki-Covid)

Operationally, it refers to the world-wide spreading of diseases.

Quarantine. Refers to the generally, “means the separation of a person or
group of people reasonably believed to have been exposed to a communicable
disease but not yet symptomatic, from others who have not been so exposed, to
prevent the possible spread of the communicable disease.” (https//:
www.en.wikipedia.org.wiki-Covid)

Operationally, it means staying at a specific facility or at home for 14

days. Watch for common signs and symptoms.

SARS-CoV2. The virus fully defined as “severe acute respiratory

syndrome

Coronavirus 2” causes the disease COVID 19. (Administrative Order 2020-0013,

DOH)

Operationally, it refers to another causative variant of COVID 19 virus.

Social distancing. This refers to the practices of maintaining safe or

appropriate distance from other people. (http://www.chinacdc.cn/yyrdgz)

Operationally, it refers to the act of remaining physically apart in an effort

to stem transmission of COVID 19. Social distancing can include a move to
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remote work, the cancellation of events and remaining at least six feet away from
other individuals.
Situation. Refer generally to what is happening in a particular place at a
particular time, or to refer to what is happening to you.
(https://www.google.com/search?q)

Operationally, it refers to the happening of the place or barangay

situated.
Social Distancing. Also called physical distancing. It means putting space
between yourself and other people at all times.
(https://uvahealth.com/services/covid19)

Operationally, it refers to the goal is to slow down how fast an infection

spreads. Stay-at-home orders are a way that the government can enforce social
distancing.

Vaccine. Refers to a biological preparation of organisms that provides

immunity to a particular infectious disease. Currently, there is no vaccine for
COVID 19.

Operationally, it refers to the cure drug which are being vaccinated to the
people to avoid being severe or towards death.
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Chapter 2

Foreign Literature

The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide,

affecting almost all countries and territories. The outbreak was first identified in
December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The countries around the world cautioned the
public to take responsive care. The public care strategies have included
handwashing, wearing face masks, physical distancing, and avoiding mass
gathering and assemblies. Lockdown and staying home strategies have been put in
place as the needed action to flatten the curve and control the transmission of the
disease (Sintema, 2020).

Bhutan first declared closing of schools and institutions and reduction of

business hours during the second week of March 2020 (Kuensel, 2020, 6 March).
The complete nationwide lockdown was implemented from 1 August 2020
(Palden, 2020). In between, movements were allowed, offices began functioning,
schools and college reopened for selected levels and continued with online class
for others. More than 170,000 children in Bhutan from classes PP–XII are, today,
affected by the school closure. The impact is far reaching and has affected
learning during this academic year or even more in the coming days. Several
schools, colleges and universities have discontinued face-to-face teaching. There
is a pressing need to innovate and implement alternative educational and
assessment strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided us with an
opportunity to pave the way for introducing digital learning (Dhawan, 2020).
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‘How quickly it hit us’ – this is one of the most common sentiments about
the Covid-19 pandemic. We were all caught off guard in one way or another; in
an instant, an obscure outbreak of pneumonia in an exotic foreign locale - in the
next, a viral outbreak jumping from China to the heart of Italy, then to all of
Europe, on to America - finally a plague that stopped the world. As the pandemic
hit all countries of the globe, it became indisputably clear that everyone was
connected - united against a viral scourge.

Despite the shock, there were plenty of warning signs. Since the beginning
of the 21st century, recurring outbreaks and epidemics presaged what was coming
- there was the first SARS outbreak in 2003, H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2009,
MERS coronavirus in 2011, Ebola in 2014−16; mosquito-borne Zika in 2016. A
collage of news magazines screamed out warnings of an impending pandemic but
the clichéd phrase ‘it’s not a matter of if, but when’ continued to be ignored. Even
the messages from political leaders (Presidents Barak Obama and George W.
Bush) and scientific leaders (NIAID Director Anthony Fauci) went unheard.

In order to tackle the Covid-19 crisis, an unparalleled international

scientific response has been launched with the goal to understand viral genetics,
immunopathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies. Public and private funders across
the globe have launched an unprecedented number of initiatives to support
multidisciplinary projects addressing the detection, treatment and prevention of
SARS-CoV2 infections. Most of the calls encourage collaboration between
international scientists, industry, healthcare community, and government policy
makers, to facilitate a well-integrated COVID-19 response. The dramatic effects
of COVID-19 outbreak taught us that similar pandemics cannot be managed
solely at the national level. For this reason, alliances, consortia and networks have
emerged on every continent, to connect experts in different research areas of
fundamental science, clinical trials, social and behavioral sciences, engineering,
and bioinformatics.

In the same context, it has been remarkable how research groups and
companies from all over the world have been “repurposing” equipment, facilities
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and product lines in a joint effort for a rapid response against the ongoing
pandemic. Companies that were once producing perfume switched gears to
production of much-needed hand sanitizers and disinfectants; industrial
companies switched to making face masks which were in short supply in many
countries, and automotive companies started production of medical devices, such
as ventilators. Scientists in non-virology research fields, who were required to halt
their research indefinitely due to the lockdowns, turned their laboratories into
diagnostic testing facilities for SARS-CoV-2 and organized into volunteer groups
to help researchers on the front lines with their skills and expertise.

This pandemic has also brought to light the importance of open science,
data-sharing and new means of communication among members of the scientific
community. Numerous data sets are available publicly, alongside literature
reviews and preprint articles in bioarxiv and medarxiv portals. This openness has
resulted in a massive amount of information spreading swiftly, which is an
important driving force moving COVID-19 research forward in a short time. Of
course, such openness comes with a cost: the surge of preprints available in
bioarxiv and medarxiv.

Local Studies

The Philippines is a low- and middle-income archipelagic country (LMIC)

located in Southeast Asia with a population of more than 100 million people. The
country has a dual and decentralized health system composed of public and
private sectors with local government units being responsible for finance and
operations. Despite improvements in the past decade, the Philippines continues to
face public health challenges because of its resource and capacity limitations.
First, the Philippines only has 1 hospital bed and 1.3 physicians per 1,000 people,
with only about 1,600 critical care beds nationwide (2). These available resources
are concentrated in urban areas, with rural areas having only one physician for a
population as large as 20,000 people. Second, we have a primary care system of
health centers and community health workers in cities, provinces, and
municipalities, but they are generally ill-equipped and poorly resourced with
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limited surge capacity. This is evidenced by a lack of capability for laboratory

testing, limited number of equipment and medical supplies, and lack of personal
protective equipment for health workers in both primary care units and hospitals.
Third, we have disease surveillance capacity, but this is also uneven across
regions and provinces in the country. Fourth, we have disaster preparedness plans
at the level of local government that can be mobilized. However, disaster response
is better geared for typhoons and floods, rather than fighting epidemics. Hence,
our limited resources and capacity make it difficult to adequately respond to
public health emergencies, such as COVID-19. As a result, triage systems and
algorithms are being implemented in hospitals to prioritize patients who need
testing and treatment the most. This system further propagates health inequities
with higher chances of treatment and survival for urban patients who are able to
access quality healthcare. (Amit et. Al 2020)

Drawing from experiences of previous pandemics, the Philippine

government conducted contact tracing and imposed a travel ban covering
foreigners from China, Hong Kong and Macau after reports of the first few cases
and deaths due to COVID-19. In the succeeding weeks, it issued another travel
ban covering foreigners from South Korea and Taiwan (3). However, these bans
were only briefly successful as the number of confirmed cases increased in the
weeks that followed (1). While the bans prevented potentially infected people
from spreading the disease in the Philippines, travelers from other countries where
the disease was already spreading but not subject to the travel bans were not
tested. No other interventions were done until early community transmission was
reported on March 6 and after the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on
March 11.

The Philippine government responded to both developments by declaring

a ‘community quarantine’ for Metro Manila beginning March 15 until April 14,
and was made even more stringent by extending the quarantine to the whole
island of Luzon. This quarantine consisted of the following measures: social
distancing; suspension of classes; closure of sea, air, and land travel;
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establishment of checkpoints for temperature screening; temporary closure of

non-essential business establishments; encouragement of work-from-home
arrangements; and prohibition of mass gatherings and non-essential public events
(4). The declaration was met with panic: ports, expressways, and airports were
filled with people attempting to leave Metro Manila; shops posted ‘out-of-stock’
signage’s as people hoarded consumer goods and hygiene products; online
resellers took advantage of the situation by stockpiling health products and
reselling at exorbitant prices (e.g., USD 20 for one N95 mask that normally costs
only USD 5). The government responded to these reactions by implementing an
‘enhanced community quarantine’ in Metro Manila. The enhanced community
quarantine consisted of: strict home quarantine in all households; suspension of
all forms of public transportation; regulation of the provision for food and
essential health services; and implementation of a heightened presence of
uniformed personnel enforcing quarantine procedures (4). In addition, curfews
were implemented from 8:00 PM to 5:00 AM. According to disease control
experts, these community-wide interventions are difficult to implement owing to
its scale (5). However difficult, they are necessary to ‘flatten the curve’ so health
systems are not overwhelmed. This is especially important in a country with:
limitations on and poor distribution of resource and capacity; highly populated
urban areas; a health system undergoing changes to provide equitable access to
quality and affordable health care services for all Filipinos under the newly
enacted Universal Health Care Law.

As a limited-resource country during a progressing pandemic, we are

applying recommended interventions including travel restrictions, community.

Foreign Study

The situation we face today is an unprecedented human, social and

economic crisis. Everything around us has and will continue to change. COVID-
19 first made its mark during December of last year and has ever since been
categorized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The
Coronavirus Disease or COVID-19 is expected to attack society’s right at their
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core. The United Nations has predicted the global economy could shrink by more
than 2.5 percent in the current year. It has also predicted that the global economy
might contract even further if countries do not go ahead with a smart lockdown
plan. The COVID-19 crisis is more than just a public health threat, it is an
economic threat that can and will cause a massive drop in FDI flows. Local
businesses and investments will also suffer, and so will the social and cultural
fabric of this world. The world is currently flooded with unfamiliar phrases and
scenarios, starting with the word ‘coronavirus’ itself. We find ourselves in
unchartered territory and have neared an unfamiliar cul de sac. In these troubling
times, humans can benefit from all kinds of directions and assistance. We need a
way to understand how the situation will phase out and what can be done to
prepare for the aftermath of COVID-19. In this book we prepare you for the
aftermath of COVID-19 and look at all the social, economic and political factors
to discuss what the world will look like post - COVID-19. (By Jimmy Mouris)

Over the last 30 years of epidemics and pandemics, we learned nearly

every lesson needed to stop this coronavirus outbreak in its tracks. We heeded
almost none of them. The result is a pandemic on a scale never before seen in our
lifetimes. In this captivating, authoritative, and eye-opening book, science
journalist Debora MacKenzie lays out the full story of how and why it happened:
the previous viruses that should have prepared us, the shocking public health
failures that paved the way, the failure to contain the outbreak, and most
importantly, what we must do to prevent future pandemics. (By Debora
Mackenzie).

Building on this research, WBCSD and Volans have developed a Vision

2050 issue brief setting out the longer-term consequences of the COVID-19
pandemic. The issue brief explores the systemic vulnerabilities being exposed by
COVID-19 and how the crisis could shape the next decade through its interaction
with existing demographic, political and cultural divides as well as by
accelerating existing trends. In addition, it looks at responses to the 2008-9
financial crisis to learn how COVID-19 recovery responses could affect the next
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10 years and beyond. We conclude with a preliminary overview of the various

ways in which business can support efforts to build back better. (By Julian Hill-
Landolt and Richard Roberts).

The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed suffering and economic crises of

historic proportions, adding to the urgent existing need for accelerated transitions
to low-carbon economies. Concerns were raised about how the economic fallout
from COVID-19 would affect climate action. Following immediate action to
manage the crisis, policy-makers need to design and implement recovery
strategies that support sustainable growth over the medium and long term. The
need for sound analysis, in line with the Helsinki Principles, is all the more
critical given the challenging financial and economic circumstances. (By
Coalition Secretariat).

Snowden explores how mass infectious outbreaks have shaped society,

looking at their impact on medical science and public health, as well as the arts,
religion, intellectual history and warfare. He gives historical perspective on
diseases such as smallpox, cholera, and tuberculosis, and examines the fallout
from recent epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, SARS, and Ebola. (By Frank M
Snowden)

Vaccinations and behaviors are key methods for limiting the spread of
infectious diseases, but little attention is paid to the psychological factors
involved. This book looks into the emotional and social disruption disease can
cause, and the role psychological factors have in areas such as no adherence to
vaccine programmers. Taylor also covers how these issues can be central to
managing societal issues associated with pandemics such as spreading fear and
stigma. (By Steven Taylor)

Without a doubt, the tourism industry is among the sectors that have been
greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The closing of borders, airports, and
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hotels as well as restrictions on mass gatherings, land travel and related services
across the world put around 100 to 120 million jobs at risk, as estimated by the
World Tourism Organization. In the first quarter of 2020, the period when the
travel restrictions and lockdowns in most countries started, international tourist
arrivals declined by 22% resulting in an estimated loss of US$80bn in global
tourism receipts.
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Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter looks at the various research methodologies and research

methods that are commonly used by the researchers.

Research Design

Descriptive research is an appropriate choice when the research aim to

identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories. The descriptive
method of investigation was used in this study. It is the most appropriate
procedure that fits into the objectives, data collection method and procedure on
the data presentation to answer the questions such as what, how and to what
extent of the topic and tried to described present condition, events or system based
on impressions effect on the respondents.

It is useful when not much is known yet about the topic or problem.
Before you can research why something happens, you need to understand how,
when and where it happens (Shona, https//www.descriptiveresearch.com.ca-2019)

Respondents of the Study

The total population of barangay Oyang are nine hundred three (903)
residents. The respondents of this study were consisted of one hundred (100)
selected residents of Barangay Oyang, Libacao, Aklan. Ten (10) Barangay
Officials, ten (10) Barangay Tanods, who are officially designated or assigned
and perform his/her duties at the Municipality of Libacao, and eighty (80)
residents in barangay Oyang, Libacao, Aklan
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Sampling Technique

Purposive sampling was used in this study. It is a kind of sampling

techniques in which research relies on his or her own judgment when choosing
members of population to participate in the study. Purposive sampling may be the
only appropriate method available if there are only limited number of primary
data sources who can contribute to the study. Purposive sampling method may
prove to be effective when only limited number of people can serve as primary
data source due to the nature of research design and objectives. (Glen, Stephanie
MAT; Statistics Handbook; 2014)

Data Gathering Instrument

The designed instrument to be employed was the self-administered
survey questionnaire. A sample form questionnaire was given to 100 total
respondents in order to gather data. The questionnaires have three parts. The first
part pertains to the peace and order situation during COVID-19 pandemic. The
second part pertains on how do the respondents assess the peace and order
situation during COVID-19 pandemic. And lastly, the third part pertains to the
degree of assessment on the peace and order situation during COVID-19
pandemic.

Data Gathering Procedure

The letter of approval for the Dean of Criminal Justice Education-
Northwestern Visayan Colleges is duly approved before administering the
questionnaire to the respondents and is duly approved by the Dean.
The researcher reproduces copies of the questionnaire to be distributed
according to the number of respondents. Then, the researcher oriented the
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respondents on the main objective, background and procedures of the study.

After which, the researcher gave time the respondents to answer the
questionnaire. The researcher personally collected the questionnaire from the
respondents and tabulates the results.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools was applied in this study:
In Problem number 1 and 2 used percentage and frequency distribution.
The formula:

f
P= ×100 %
n
Where:
P = percentage
F = frequency of respondents
N = no. of respondents
In Problem number 3, weighted mean was used:
The formula:
ΣWX
x=
Σn

Where: X = weighted mean

W = weight of response
X = no. of respondents
∑ = summation
n = total no. of respondents
To measure the degree of the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic to
residents of barangay Oyang, Libacao, Likert Scale below will be used:
Scale Range Verbal Interpretation
3 2.5-3.00 Very High Degree
2 1.5-2.40 High Degree
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1 1.0-1.40 Low Degree

Statistical Tool and Software. In this study, the statistical tools to be used is
Simple Frequency Distribution.