Formelsammlung zur Klausur MMPI / Formulary for the MMPI exam

Vektoren / Vectors:
n √  ⃗b  ⃗b
⃗a · ⃗b = ai · bi , ⃗a, ⃗b ∈ Rn ,
X
|⃗a| = ⃗a · ⃗a , â = ⃗a/|⃗a| , ⃗ab = ⃗a ·
i=1 |⃗b| |⃗b|
 
a2 b3 − a3 b2 3 3 3
⃗c = ⃗a × ⃗b = a3 b1 − a1 b3  = ai bj εijk êk , ⃗a, ⃗b, ⃗c ∈ R3 ,
 XXX
(êi )j = δij

a1 b2 − a2 b1 i=1 j=1 k=1

⃗a · ⃗b = |⃗a| · |⃗b| · cos φ ,

|⃗a × ⃗b| = |⃗a| · |⃗b| · sin φ , φ = ∢(⃗a, ⃗b)
Parallelepiped mit Kanten / with edges ⃗a, ⃗b, ⃗c : V = |(⃗a × ⃗b) · ⃗c|

Differentiation:
d f (x + h) − f (x) d2 dn
f (x) = lim = f ′ (x) , f (x) = f ′′
(x) , f (x) = f (n) (x)
dx h→0 h dx2 dxn
f (x) f ′ (x)
f (a) = g(a) = 0 ⇒ lim = lim ′
x→a g(x) x→a g (x)

′

′
f (x) · g(x) = f ′ (x) · g(x) + f (x) · g ′ (x) , = f ′ g(x) · g ′ (x)


f g(x)
n n
d ⃗ d X d
X  
f (t) = fi (t)êi (t) = fi (t)êi (t)
dt dt i=1 i=1
dt
n
d ⃗ d
X  
Kartesische Koordinaten / Cartesian coordinates: f (t) = fi (t) êi
dt i=1
dt
n
X (x − a)k
f (x) = f (a) + f (k) (a) + ...
k=1
k!

Integration:
Z Z b
′  b
F (x) = f (x) ⇒ f (x) dx = F (x) + C , C ∈ R ⇒ f (x) dx = F (x) a
= F (b) − F (a)
a
Z b Z φ(b) 
f (x) 
x = u(t) , t = φ(x) = u−1 (x) ⇒ f (x) dx = dt
a φ(a) φ′ (x)  x=u(t)
Z Z
f ′ (x) · g(x) dx = f (x) · g(x) − f (x) · g ′ (x) dx

Koordinatensysteme / Coordinate systems:

     
1 0 0
⃗r = x êx + y êy + z êz , êx = 0 , êy = 1 , êz = 0
     
0 0 1
     
cos φ − sin φ 0
⃗r = ρ êρ + z êz , êρ =  sin φ  , êφ =  cos φ  , êz = 0
     
0 0 1
     
sin ϑ · cos φ cos ϑ · cos φ − sin φ
⃗r = r êr , êr =  sin ϑ · sin φ  , êϑ =  cos ϑ · sin φ  , êφ =  cos φ 
     
cos ϑ − sin ϑ 0
d d d

êr = êϑ ϑ̇ + sin ϑ êφ φ̇ , êϑ = −êr ϑ̇ + cos ϑ êφ φ̇ , êφ = sin ϑ êr + cos ϑ êϑ φ̇
dt dt dt

1
Newton’sche Mechanik / Newtonian mechanics:
d d2 d
⃗x(t) ≡ ⃗x˙ (t) = ⃗v (t) , ⃗x(t) = ⃗x˙ (t) = ⃗x
¨(t) = ⃗a(t) = ⃗v˙ (t)
dt dt2 dt
p⃗ = m ⃗v , F⃗ = m ⃗a = p⃗˙
N
Superposition: F⃗ = F⃗i , Lex tertia: F⃗12 = −F⃗21
X

i=1

Komplexe Zahlen / Complex numbers:

z = a + ib ∈ C , a = Re z , b = Im z ∈ R , i2 = −1 , z ∗ = z = a − ib

√ p b
 
2 2
z = |z| cos φ + i sin φ , |z| = z · z = a + b ∈ R , φ = arctan ∈ [0, 2π[
a
eix + e−ix eix − e−ix
eix = cos x + i sin x , cos x = Re eix = , sin x = Im eix =
2 2i

Differentialgleichungen / Differential equations:

y ′ (x) = a(x)y(x) + b(x)
) Z x Z x
⇒ y(x) = y0 eA(x) + eA(x)−A(t) b(t) dt , A(x) = a(t) dt
y(x0 ) = y0 x0 x0

y ′′ (x) + p y ′ (x) + q y(x) = 0 ⇒ Ansatz: y(x) = c1 eλ1 x + c2 eλ1 x

Matrizen / Matrices:

T
A = (aij ) ∈ Rn×m ⇒ AT = (aji ) ∈ Rm×n , AT =A
m
X
A = (aik ) ∈ Rn×m , B = (bkj ) ∈ Rm×o ⇒ A · B = C = (cij ) ∈ Rn×o , cij = aik bkj
k=1
n
X
n×n T

A∈R ⇒ Sp(A) = Sp A = aii
i=1

A ∈ Rn×n , det(A) ̸= 0 ⇒ ∃A−1 ∈ Rn×n : A−1 A = 1 = AA−1

! !
a11 a12 2×2 −1 1 a22 −a21
A= ∈R ⇒ det(A) = a11 a22 − a21 a12 , A =
a21 a22 det(A) −a12 a11
X 3 X
3 X 3
A ∈ R3×3 ⇒ det(A) = εijk ai1 aj2 ak3
i=1 j=1 k=1

T
C = A + iB ∈ Cn×m , A, B ∈ Rn×m , C ∗ = A − iB ∈ Cn×m , CH = C = C∗ ∈ Cm×n