Physics 1

Physics 1
Chapter 1: Electric Forces and Fields

Lia | 12 STEM D | JILCF
Sources: PPTs
CHAPTER SCOPE:
1.1 Electric Forces

1.2 Electric Field
Electric Forces
Electric Forces
❖ The repulsive or attractive interaction between any

two charged bodies is called as electric force.
Charging by Conduction
➢ A charged object (the rod) is placed in contact with

another object (the sphere).
➢ Some electrons on the rod can move to the sphere.
➢ When the rod is removed, the sphere is left with a
charge.
➢ The object being charged is always left with a charge
having the same sign as the object doing the
charging.
Polarization
Conductors
➢ In most neutral atoms or molecules, the center of
❖ Conductors are materials in which the electric positive charge coincides with the center of negative
charges move freely in response to an electric force. charge.
❖ Copper, aluminum and silver are good conductors. ➢ In the presence of a charged object, these centers
❖ When a conductor is charged in a small region, the may separate slightly.
charge readily distributes itself over the entire surface ➢ This results in more positive charge on one side of the
of the material. molecule than on the other side.
➢ This realignment of charge on the surface of an
insulator is known as polarization.
Insulators
➢ The charged object (on the left) induces charge on
the surface of the insulator.
❖ Insulators are materials in which electric charges do ➢ A charged comb attracts bits of paper due to
not move freely. polarization of the paper.
❖ Glass and rubber are examples of insulators.
❖ When insulators are charged by rubbing, only the
rubbed area becomes charged.
❖ There is no tendency for the charge to move into
other regions of the material.
CHAPTER 1 – Electric Forces and Fields | 1
Definition of Terms:
Electric Charge - property of objects that gives rise to this Coulomb’s Law
observed force.
Coulomb shows that an electrical force has the following
Electric Field - vector quantity that exists at every point in properties:
space.
❖ It is along the line joining the two particles and
Electric Force - exists between charges, as described by inversely proportional to the square of the separation
Coulomb’s Law. distance, r, between them.
❖ It is proportional to the product of the magnitudes of
Electric Field Intensity - magnitude and direction of the the charges, |q1|and |q2|on the two particles.
electric field are expressed by the value of E. ❖ It is attractive if the charges are of opposite signs and
repulsive if the charges have the same signs
❖ Remember that force is a vector quantity.
❖ Applies only to point charges.
Vector Nature of Electric Forces
● Two point charges are separated by a distance r.

● The like charges produce a repulsive force
between them.
● The force on q1 is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the force on q2.
● The unlike charges produce a attractive force
between them.
CHAPTER 1 – Easy Motion| 2

Electric Force is Field Force
★ This is the second example of a field force.

★ Gravity was the first.
★ Remember, with a field force, the force is exerted by
one object on another object even though there is no
physical contact between them.
★ There are some important similarities and differences
between electrical and gravitational forces.
Electric Vs. Gravitational Force
➔ Both are inverse square laws.

➔ The mathematical form of both laws is the same.
➔ Masses replaced by charges.
➔ Electrical forces can be either attractive or repulsive.
➔ Gravitational forces are always attractive.
➔ Electrostatic force is stronger than the gravitational
force.
Electric Field
❖ Is an imaginary line or curve drawn through a region
of space so that its tangent at any point is in the
direction of the electric field vector at that point.
❖ Michael Faraday
Test Charge and Electric Field
❖ The test charge is required to be a small charge.

❖ It can cause no rearrangement of the charges on the
source charge.
❖ The electric field exists whether or not there is a test
charge present.
❖ The Superposition Principle can be applied to the
electric field if a group of charges is present.

Electric Field Lines Patterns
❖ An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite

charges.
❖ The high density of lines between the charges
indicates the strong electric field in this region.
Experiments to Verify Properties of Charges
❖ Faraday’s Ice-Pail Experiment

➢ Concluded a charged object suspended
inside a metal container causes a
rearrangement of charge on the container in
such a manner that the sign of the charge on
the inside surface of the container is
opposite the sign of the charge on the
suspended object.
❖ Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
➢ Measured the elementary charge, e
➢ Found every charge had an integral multiple
of e
➢ q=ne
Electric Flux
➔ Field lines penetrating an area A perpendicular to the

field
➔ The product of EA is the flux, Φ
➔ In general:
➔ ΦE = E A sin θ
➔ The perpendicular to the area A is at an angle θ to the
field.
➔ When the area is constructed such that a closed
surface is formed, use the convention that flux lines
passing into the interior of the volume are negative
and those passing out of the interior of the volume are
positive.
Gauss’ Law
➔ Gauss’ Law states that the electric flux through any

closed surface is equal to the net charge Q inside the
surface divided by εo.
➔ εo is the permittivity of free space and equals 8.85 x
10-12 C2/Nm2.
➔ The area in Φ is an imaginary surface, a Gaussian
surface, it does not have to coincide with the surface
of a physical object.
Electric Field of a Charged Thin Spherical Shell
➢ The calculation of the field outside the shell is

identical to that of a point charge.
➢ The electric field inside the shell is zero.

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Physics 1

Chapter 1: Electric Forces and Fields

1.1 Electric Forces

❖ The repulsive or attractive interaction between any

➢ A charged object (the rod) is placed in contact with

Vector Nature of Electric Forces

● Two point charges are separated by a distance r.

CHAPTER 1 – Easy Motion| 2

★ This is the second example of a field force.

Electric Vs. Gravitational Force

➔ Both are inverse square laws.

Test Charge and Electric Field

❖ The test charge is required to be a small charge.

CHAPTER 1 – Easy Motion| 3

❖ An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite

Experiments to Verify Properties of Charges

❖ Faraday’s Ice-Pail Experiment

➔ Field lines penetrating an area A perpendicular to the

➔ Gauss’ Law states that the electric flux through any

Electric Field of a Charged Thin Spherical Shell

➢ The calculation of the field outside the shell is

CHAPTER 1 – Easy Motion| 4

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