CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
GREEN FUNDAMENTALS
AHMAD SAHIR JAIS, PTSN
LEARNING OUTCOME :

1.1 Explain
green 1.1.1 Green A) Short-term B) Mid-term C) Long-Term
fundamentals : goals terms goals goals goals

1.2 Element in B) Environment

green A) Climate al requirements C) Biodiversity D) Pollution
fundamentals : change impact and regulations preservation control

G) Green
E) Natural practices
resources F) Carbon
management policies and
sustainability legislation
 Green Technology is the
development and application of
DEFINITION OF products, equipment and systems
GREEN used to conserve the natural
TECHNOLOGIES environment and resources, which
minimizes and reduces the negative
impact of human activities.
1.1 GREEN GOAL TERMS

SHORT TERM MID TERM LONG TERM

1.0 The Need of Short Term 1.0 The Need for MidTerm 1.0 The Need of Long Term Goals
Goals Goals 2.0 Long Term Goals: 12th
2.0 Short Term Goals: 10th 2.0 Mid Term Goals: 11th Malaysia Plan as References
Malaysia Plan as References Malaysia Plan as References
 Malaysia has part of its national objectives stated in the
National Green Technology Policy as follows:
1. To minimise growth of energy consumption while
enhancing economic development;
NEED OF 2. To facilitate the growth of the Green Technology
GOALS – industry and enhance its contribution to the national
economy;
SHORT, 3. To increase national capability and capacity for
innovation in Green Technology development and
MID & enhance Malaysia’s competitiveness in Green
Technology in the global arena;
LONG 4. To ensure sustainable development and conserve the
environment for future generations; and
TERM 5. To enhance public education and awareness on
Green Technology and encourage its widespread use.
In order to allow the country to achieve its objectives,
specific goals at specific milestone timeline is
introduced.
 GREEN GOAL TERMS
Short Term Goals Mid Term Goals Long Term Goals
Green Technology Policy Green Technology Policy Green Technology Policy
10th Malaysia Plan as References 11th Malaysia Plan as References 12th Malaysia Plan as References
1. Increase public awareness and 1. Green Technology becomes the 1. Inculcation of Green Technology
commitment for the adoption and preferred choice in procurement of in Malaysian culture;
application of Green Technology products and services;
through advocacy programmes;

2. Widespread availability and 2. Green Technology has a larger 2. Widespread adoption of Green
recognition of Green Technology in local market share against other Technology reduces overall
terms of products, appliances, technologies, and contributes tothe resource consumption while
equipment and systems in the local adoption of Green Technology in sustaining national economic
market through standards, rating regional market; growth;
and labelling programmes;
3. Increased foreign and domestic 3. Increased production of local 3. Significant reduction in national
direct investments (FDIs and DDIs) Green Technology products; energy consumption;
in Green Technology manufacturing
and services sectors; and
 GREEN GOAL TERMS
Short Term Goals Mid Term Goals Long Term Goals
Green Technology Policy Green Technology Policy Green Technology Policy
10th Malaysia Plan as References 11th Malaysia Plan as References 12th Malaysia Plan as References
4. Expansion of local research 4. Increased Research 4. Improvement of Malaysia’s
institutes and institutions of higher Development and Innovation of ranking in environmental ratings;
learning to expand Research, Green Technology by local
Development and Innovation universities and research institutions
activities on Green Technology and are commercialised in
towards commercialisation through collaboration with the local industry
appropriate mechanisms. and multi-national companies;

5. Expansion of local SMEs and 5. Malaysia becomes a major

SMIs on Green Technology into the producer of Green Technology in the
global market; and global market; and

6. Expansion of Green Technology 6. Expansion of international

applications to most economic collaborations between local
sectors universities and research institutions
with Green Technology industries.
 PROGRAMS THAT ARE SUPPORTING GOALS TERMS
Short Term Goals Mid Term Goals Long Term Goals
Eco-labelling Green Public Procurement Green Technology Masterplan

Green Building & Green Green TechnologyFinancing Electric Vehicle Infrastructure

Township Scheme (GTFS) Roadmap

Green Technology Financing

Green ICT Green Jobs Program
Scheme (GTFS)

Integration of green topics in the

Cooperation between Malaysia
syllabus and curriculum to all
and South Korea on Green
levels of Schools and Higher
Technology
Education Institutions
END

END
 1.2 ELEMENTS OF GREEN
FUNDAMENTAL

A. CLIMATE CHANGE

B. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

C. BIODIVERSITY PRESERVATION

D. POLLUTION CONTROL

E. NATURAL RESOURCESSUSTAINABILITY

F. CARBON MANAGEMENT

G. GREEN PRACTICE POLICY & LEGISLATION

A. CLIMATE CHANGE
S IMPACT

CONTENT :
•Definition
•Causes of climate changes
•Impact of climate changes
 CLIMATE CHANGES
As global warming refers to the rise in average surface
temperatures onearth.

Primarily to the human use of fossil fuels, which releases carbon

dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap
heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of effects
on ecosystem, including rising sea levels, severe weather events,
and drought that render landscape more susceptible to
wildfires.
Climate change is caused by trapping excess carbon in Earth’s
atmosphere. This trapped carbon pollutionheats up, altering
the Earth’s climate patterns. The largest source of this pollution
is the burning of fossil fuel (such as coal and oil) for energy.
 1. Transform
1. Transformlife
Life
10. ClimateChange 2.2.Higher
Higher
Be Stopped Temperature
temperature

9. Economic Loss & 3. Changing

Damage Landscape

8. Heat-Related
Illness and Disease
4. Wildlife IMPACT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
7. StrongerStorms 5. Rising Seas,
and Hurricanes Higher Sea Levels
6. Increased Riskof
Drought, Fireand
Floods
1.0 Beginning To Transform
Life On earth
Main Crisis of Our Mother Earth :
➢ Seasons are shifting

➢ Temperature are climbing

➢ Sea Levels are rising

 2.0 Higher Temperature
Heat-trapping gases emitted by power plants, automobiles, deforestation and othersources
are warming up the planet.

High temperatures are to blame for an increase in heat-related deaths and illness, rising seas,
increased storm intensity, and many of the other dangerous consequences of climate change.

During 20th century, the Earth’s average temperature rose one degree Fahrenheit to its highest
level in the past four centuries believed to be the fastest rise in a thousand years.

Scientist project that if emissions of heat-trapping carbon emission aren’t reduced, average
surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century.

Even though one-degree and 12 degrees increase are found at different places, other areas
may become much colder.

The planet’s oceans are also warming, which are causing dangerous consequences such as
stronger storms coral bleaching and rising seas
 3.0 Changing Landscape
• Changing temperatures are causing vegetation shifts and
conservation challenges.
• These vegetation shifts will undermine much of the work the
conservation community has accomplished to date, with the
potential to permanently change the face of conservancy
preserves, local land trust, and even our national parks.
• As plant communities try to adjust to the changing climate by
moving toward cooler areas, the animal that depend on them will
be forced to move.
• Development and other barriers may block the migration of both
plants and animals.
 4.0 Wildlife At Risk
Rising temperatures are changing weather and vegetation patterns
across the globe, forcing animal species to migrate to new, cooler areas
in order to survive.

The rapid nature of climate change is likely to exceed the ability of

many species to migrate to adjust.

In 1999, the death of the last Golden Toad in Central America marked
Many species are already feeling the the first documented species extinction driven by climate change.
Due to melting ice in the Arctic, polar bears may be gone from the
impact of temperature increase. The planet in as little as 100 years.
In the tropics, increased sea temperatures are causing more coral reefs
examples are as follow: to “bleach”, as the heat kills colourful algae that are necessary to coral
healthand survival.
 5.0 Rising Seas, Higher Sea Levels
As the Earth heats up, sea levels rise because warmer water
takes up more room than colder water, a process known as
thermal expansion.

Melting glaciers compound the problem by dumping even more

fresh water into the oceans.

Rising seas threaten to :

destroy ecosystems such
inundate low-lying areas threaten dense coastal as mangroves and
and islands populations erode shorelines damage property wetlands that protect
coasts againststorms.

Sea level rise associated with climate change could :

displace tens of millions of people in low lying areas especiallyin
Inhabitants of some small island countries - abandoning their islands
developing countries.
 6.0 Increased Risk of Drought, Fire and Floods

Climate change is intensifying

Higher temperature increases
the circulation of water on,
Climate change is making floods, the amount of moisture that
above and below the surface of
fires and droughts more evaporates from land and water,
the Earth causing drought and
frequent and severe. leading to drought in many
floods to be more frequent, areas.
severe and widespread.

As temperature rise globally,

droughts will become more
Hot temperature and dry
frequent - with potentially
conditions also increase the
devastating consequences for
likelihood of forestfires
agriculture, water supplyand
human health.
 7.0 Stronger Storms and Hurricanes
7.0 Stronger Storms and Hurricanes

CLIMATE CHANGE WILL CAUSE STORMS, SCIENTIST POINT TO HIGHER OCEAN OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS RISING SEA LEVELS,
HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS TO TEMPERATURES AS THE MAIN CULPRIT, SINCE DISAPPEARING WETLANDS, AND INCREASED
BECOME MORE INTENSE, LASTING LONGER, HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS GET THEIR COASTAL DEVELOPMENT THREATEN TO INTENSIFY
UNLEASHING STRONGER WINDS AND CAUSING ENERGY FROM WARM WATER. AS SEA SURFACE THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY HURRICANES AND
MORE DAMAGE TO COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND TEMPERATURES RISE, DEVELOPING STORMS WILL TROPICAL STORMS.
COMMUNITIES. CONTAIN MOREENERGY.
 8.0 Heat-related Illness And Disease
As temperatures rise, so do the risks of heat-related illness and even death for the most
vulnerable human populations. At India (2003), extreme heat waves caused more than
20,000 deaths in Europe and more than 1,500 deaths.

In addition to heat-related illness, climate change may increase the spread of infectious
diseases, mainly because warmer temperatures allow disease-carrying insects, animals
and microbes to survive in areas where they were once thwarted by cold weather.

Diseases and pests that were once limited to the tropics such as mosquitoes that carry
malaria, may find hospitable conditions in new area that were once too cold to support
them.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change may have caused
more than 150,000 deaths in the year 2000 alone, with an increase in deaths likely in
the future.
 9.0 Economic Loss and Damage
Climate change is affecting businesses and economies around the world - If action is not taken to
curb global carbon emissions, climate change could cost between 5 and 20 percent of the annual
global gross domestic product.

These global costs will be felt by local communities and businesses. Examples of the situation are:
The lobster catch industries in New England have plummeted due to heat stresses Ski resorts located in the lower altitudes of the Swiss Alps have difficulty obtaining
and growth of parasite as the result of increasing of sea temperature. bank loans because of declining snow.

Globally, more intense hurricanes and downpours could cause billions of dollars in damage to
property and infrastructure.

Declining crop yields due to prolonged drought and high temperatures, especially in Africa, could put
hundreds of thousands of people at risk for starvation.
10. Can Climate Change
Be Stopped?

• Carbon dioxide is the main cause of human-

induced climate change. It is a very long-lived gas
which means levels of carbon dioxide build up in
the atmosphere with on-going human emissions.
• Stopping climate change, that is stabilizing global
average temperature, can only be brought about
by reducing global emissions of carbon dioxide
from human fossil fuel combustion and industrial
processes tonear-zero levels.
• Climate models have shown that to limit global
warming to 2°C, this ‘zeroing’ of human emissions
needs to be accomplished by around the middle of
the century, this indicates how difficult the
challenge is.
B. ENVIRONMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS

CONTENT :
• Definition – carbon & water footprint
• Purpose
• Concept
• Comparison carbon &water
footprint
• Carbon Cycle
Definition Carbon Footprints

• The amount of greenhouse gases and specially

carbon dioxide emitted by something (as a
person’s activities or a product’s manufacture and
transport) during a given period usually expressed
in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Example: When you drive a car, the engine burns
fuel which creates a certain amount of CO2,
depending on its fuel consumption and the driving
distance. (CO2 is the chemical symbol for carbon
dioxide).
 • The amount of water you
use in and around your
home, school or office
through the day.
• It includes the water you
use directly (e.g. from a
tap) - to produce the food
you eat, the products you
buy, the energy you
consume and even
the water you save when
you recycle.
Definition Water Footprints
 • Blue Water Footprint: The
amount of surface water and
groundwater required
(evaporated or used directly) to
make a product.
• Green Water Footprint: The
amount of rainwater required
(evaporated or used directly) to
make a product.
• Grey Water Footprint: The
amount of freshwater required
to mix and dilute pollutants
enough to maintain water
quality according to certain
Blue, Green Or Grey standards (like the ones
established in the US Clean
Water Footprint Water Act) as a result of
making a product.
 Why Do Water Footprints Matter?

Freshwater is vital to life, and as the world’s

population grows so does our use of it.

Globally, the increase is due in part to more

people drinking and bathing.

Developing countries are grow more prosperous,

more people are consuming more water-intensive
food, electricity and consumer goods.
 Footprint Concept

Carbon Footprint – to
measures the emission of
gases that contribute to
global warming.

Water Footprint – to
Ecological Footprint – to
measures theconsumption
measure the use of bio-
and contamination of
productive space.
freshwater resources.
 Comparison Of Carbon And Water Footprints
Carbon Footprint (CF) Water Footprint (WF)
The anthropogenic emission of greenhouse The human appropriation of freshwater
What Is Measured gases (GHG). resources in terms of volumes of water
consumed and polluted.

Mass of carbon dioxide (CO2)-equivalents Water volume per unit of time or per unit of
Unit Of Measurement per unit of time or per unit of product. product.

Spatiotemporal Timing within the year and place of WFs are specified in time and bylocation.
Dimension emissions are not specified.
CF per type of GHG: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, Blue, green and grey WF. If added, the
PFC, and SF6. Emissions per type of gas are three components are added without
Footprint Components weighted by their global warming potential weighting.
before adding.

Processes, products, companies, industry Processes, products, companies, industry

Entities For Which The sectors, individual consumers, groups of sectors, individual consumers, groups of
Footprint Can Be consumers, geographically delineated consumers, geographically delineated
Calculated
areas. areas.
 Comparison Of Carbon And Water Footprints
Carbon Footprint (CF) Water Footprint (WF)
Bottom-up approach: Bottom-up approach:
For processes, products and small Entities. For processes, products and businesses.
The method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) The method of Water Footprint Assessment
(WFA)
Top-down approach:
Calculation Methods For sector, national and global studies. Top-down approach:
The method of Environmentally Extended Input- For sector, national and global studies.
Output Analysis (EE-IOA) The method of accounting in WFA, which is
Hybrid approach: based on drawing national virtual water
LCA and EE-IOA for products, nations, trade balances.
organizations. The method of EE-IOA is used as an alternative
1. Direct emissions Always includes direct and indirect WF.
Scope 2. Indirect emissions from electricity used
3. Other indirect emissions
Additional information is required to assess the Additional information is required to assess the
sustainability of the CF. For the planet as a sustainability of the WF. Per catchment area,
Sustainability of The whole, a maximum allowable GHG freshwater availability and waste assimilation
Footprint concentration needs to be estimated, which capacity need to be estimated, which form a
needs to be translated to a CF cap. WF cap for the catchment.
 CARBON CYCLE

• Carbon Cycle circulation of

carbon atoms through various
processes and carbon
circulates between
• Water and air
• Air and ground
• Air and living things
• Living things and ground
 • Carbon in the air: CO2 gas
stays close to ground/sea
level.
• Carbon gets to the water
through uptake of:
• CO2 absorbed by bodies of
water
• Colder water – more CO2
can be absorbed

• Carbon in the water: CO2

gas
• Trapped in bubbles in
water
CARBON CYCLE : WATER & • It gets to the air by
SKY Release. The CO2 moves
up to surface and is freed.
THE CARBON
CYCLE: EARTH AND SKY

• Carbon in the mantle: CO2

gas
• CO2 gets into air through
Eruptions.
• Volcanoes release lots of CO2
into atmosphere
 • Carbon in the air: CO2 gas • Carbon in organisms: carbon
THE i. How it gets into organisms: compounds
Photosynthesis i. How it gets into the air:
CARBON Respiration, Decomposition
ii. Plants store carbonas sugars
CYCLE: ii. Exhaling release CO2 gas into
iii. Food web: consumers eat
EARTH’S producers, thoseconsumers
atmosphere.

BREATHING get eaten, etc. iii. Organisms die, decompose;

bacteria & fungi releaseCO2 gas.
iv. Organisms use sugars to form
LIFE carbon compounds.
 • Carbon in organisms: carbon compounds • There are three types of fossil
i. How it gets into the fuels which can all be used for
ground: Fossilization energy provision:
THE i. Coal
ii. Formed from dead organisms
CARBON iii. Very particular conditions fordying:
ii. Oil
CYCLE: ➢ Cannot be exposed to air iii. Natural gas
➢ Submerged and/or buriedshortly ➢ Take millions of years to
FOSSIL after death form older fuel – more
FUELS ➢ Buried matter compacted by weight
of soil above it
carbon stored per unit of
volume.
➢ High temperature, pressureforms
fossil fuels
 • Ocean temperatures rising mean less CO2 uptake and more
CO2 release.
PROBLEMS • Human influence
WITH • Consuming fossil fuels changes stored carbon compounds into CO2 gas

CARBON • Deforestation
➢ Less photosynthesis means less CO2 is removed from the
CYCLE atmosphere.
➢ Less organisms tobe fossilized.
DIAGRAM OF THE CARBON CYCLE
C. BIODIVERSITY
PRESERVATION

CONTENT :
•Definition
•Biodiversity Preservation
 • Biodiversity is defined as “the variability among living organisms from all
sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
systems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this
includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.”
DEFINITION • Biodiversity is considered essential for the resilience of ecosystems and
OF many ecosystem processes regulate conditions for life.
BIODIVERSITY • This role :
• provides the rationale for giving priority to rehabilitation
• protection of ecosystems and land use management.
• Resilience enables ecosystems to return to a steady state.
BIODIVERSITY PRESERVATION

The situation with respect to ecosystems is as follows:

• Ecosystems have a natural rhythm of change, the
amplitude and frequency of which is determined by
internal processes and structures in response to past
external variability.
Modern technological man effects these patterns and
their causes in twoways:
• Traditional resource-management institutions
constrain rhythms by restricting them temporally and
homogenizing them spatially.
• The increasing extent and intensity of modern
industrial and agricultural activities have modified and
accelerated many global atmospheric processes,
thereby changing the external variability experienced
by ecosystems.
BIODIVERSITY PRESERVATION

• Loss of biodiversity has profound

implications for development.
• Highly diverse natural ecosystems also
provide important ecological services.
• Maintaining biodiversity by maximizing the
number of different species conversed in
sufficient quantities to assure survival.
• Biological resources support development in
virtually all sectors and affect those who live
in cities as well as those in the country.
• Biodiversity may, therefore, be seen as an
indicator of environmental health.
D. POLLUTION CONTROL
CONTENT :
• Definition
• Classification
• Forms of Pollution
• Sources and Causes
• Impact of Pollution
• Methods of Pollution Control
• Hierarchy of Pollution Control
• Regulation And Monitoring
• Pollution Control Measures
• Practices on Pollution Control
• Pollution Control Devices
 DEFINITION OF
POLLUTION
• Pollution is the introduction of
contaminants into the natural
environment that cause adverse
change.
• Pollution can take the form of chemical
substances or energy, such as noise,
heat or light.
• Pollutants, the components of pollution,
can be either foreign
substance/energies or naturally
occurring contaminants.
CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION CONTROL
 FORMS OF POLLUTION
Visual Water
Air pollution
pollution pollution

Thermal Plastic
Light pollution
pollution pollution

Radioactive
Littering Sewage
contamination

Soil
Noise pollution
contamination
 SOURCES AND CAUSES
Pollution sources include chemical
plants, coal-fired power plants, oil
Air pollution comes from both
Motor vehicle emissions are one of refineries, petrochemical plants,
natural and human-made
the leading causes of air pollution. nuclear waste disposal activity,
(anthropogenic) sources.
incinerators, large livestock farms
and other heavy industry.

A widespread practice of recycling

Some of the more common soil industrial by products into
Pollution can also be the
contaminants are chlorinated fertilizer, resulting in the
consequence of a natural disaster.
hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals. contamination of the soil with
various metals.
IMPACT OF POLLUTION – HUMAN HEALTH
IMPACT OF POLLUTION – ENVIRONMENT
 POLLUTION CONTROL

1. METHODS
• Emission
• Effluents

2. HIERARCHY
• Pollution Prevention
• Waste Minimisation
• Pollution Control

3. REGULATION AND MONITORING

• Protect the environment
• Enacted legislation to regulate
 POLLUTION CONTROL
4. MEASURES
• Environmental Management :
• Control of emissions & effluents
• Pollution prevention and waste minimization are more
desirable than pollution control.
5. PRACTICES
• Recycling
• Reusing
• Waste Minimization
• Mitigating
• Preventing
• Composting

6. POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES

• Dust collection systems
• Scrubbers
• Sewage treatment
• Industrial wastewater treatment
• Vapor recovery systems
• Phytoremediation
E. NATURAL RESOUCES
SUSTAINABILITY

CONTENT :
•Introduction
•Classification
•Stage of Development
•Renewability of Natural
Resources
INTRODUCTION
• Natural resources may be further classified in different
ways.
• Natural resources are materials and components that
can be found within theenvironment.
• A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such
as fresh water, and air, as well as living organism
such as a fish, or it may exist in alternate form which
must be processed to obtain the resource such as
metal ores, oil and most forms of energy.
• Some natural resources such as sunlight and air can
be found everywhere and are known as ubiquitous
resources.
• Most resources only occur in small sporadic areas
and are referred to as localized resources. There are
very few resources that are considered inexhaustible
such as solar radiation, geothermal energy and air.
• The vast majority of resources are exhaustible which
means they have a finite quantity and can be depleted
if managed improperly.
 CLASSIFICATION
Biotic Abiotic
Biotic resources are obtained from Abiotic resources are those that
the biosphere (living and organic come from non-living, non-organic
material) and the materials that can material.
be obtained from them.

Eg : Fossil fuels such as coal and Eg : land, fresh water, air and
petroleum are also included in this heavy metals including ores such
category because they are formed as gold, iron, copper and silver.
from decayed organic matter.
 STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
Potential
Actual resources Reverse resources Stock resources
resources
Resource that Resource that exists The part of actual Resource that have
exists in a region have been surveyed, resources which can been surveyed but
and may be used in determined their be developed cannot be used by
the future. quantity and quality profitably in the organisms due to
and being used in future is called a lack of technology.
present time. reserve resource.

Eg: Petroleum in Eg: Wood is depends Eg: hydrogen, gold,

sedimentary rocks upon technology & coal etc.
cost involved.
 RENEWABILITY CATEGORIZED
Renewable resources Non-renewable resources
Renewable resources can be Non-renewable resources either form
replenished naturally. slowly or do not naturally form in the
environment.
Renewable resources can be Non-renewable resources from a human
replenished naturally. perspective are classified as non-
renewable if the rate of consumption
exceeds the rate of replenishment /
recovery rate.
Renewable resources from a human Some resources actually naturally deplete
perspective are classified as renewable in amount without human interference.
only if the rate of replenishment /
recovery exceeds the rate of
consumption.
F. CARBON MANAGEMENT

CONTENT :
•Concept
•Recognise Carbon
Management
•Types of Carbon
CONCEPT OF RECOGNISING CARBON
MANAGEMENT
• The phenomena of climate change and global warming
issues that faced by the world.
• Eg: United Nation Framework for Climate Change
(UNFCCC) has recognised various methods of measuring
carbon footprint as the basis for carbon management.
• Eg: World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business
Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD) has
introduce the Green House Gas Protocol to
help organisation to measure their carbon footprint.
 RECOGNIZE CARBON
MANAGEMENT
1. Types of Green House Gasses (GHG)and their Global Warming
Potential (GWP)
2. Carbon Footprint(CF)

3. Carbon sequestrations

4. Carbon stock

5. Carbon sink

6. Carbon capture andstorage

7. Carbon off-set

8. Carbon trading
1. Types of Green House Gasses (GHG) and their Global
Warming Potential (GWP)
Greenhouse Gas Chemical Formula GWP
Carbon dioxide CO2 1
Methane CH4 28
Nitrous oxide N2O 265
HFC-23 CHF3 12,400
HFC-32 CH2F2 677
HFC-41 CH3F2 116
HFC-125 CH2CF3 3,170
 2. Carbon Footprint (CF)

The amount of carbon-containing greenhouse gases released into the environment by

an activity, process, individual or group, expressed usually as the equivalent in
kilograms or matrix tonnes of carbon dioxide. (kg CO2eq. or MtCO2eq).

Greenhouse gases (GHG) can be emitted through transport, land clearance and the
production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood,
roads, buildings and services.

Carbon footprints for an individual, nation or organization can be measured by doing

GHG emissions assessment or other calculative activities denoted as carbon
accounting.
 3. Carbon Sequestration

• Carbon sequestration is the process of capture and

long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2).
• Carbon sequestration describes long-term storage of
carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to either
mitigate or defer global warming and avoid dangerous
climate change.
• It has been proposed as a way to slow the
atmospheric and marine accumulation of greenhouse
gases, which are released by burning fossil fuels.
• Carbon sequestration, a
process where CO2 is
pulled from the
atmosphere and stored for a
long period of time, may be
one way to slow or reverse
the accumulation of CO2 in
the Earth’s atmosphere.
• Terrestrial
sequestration utilizes
natural processes in
ecosystems to absorb
CO2 from the
atmosphere and store it in
plants, animals and soil.
 4. Carbon Stock

• Carbon stock is quantified of carbon contained in a

“pool”, meaning a reservoir or system which has the
capacity to accumulate or release carbon.
• In the context of forests it refers to the amount of
carbon stored in the world’s forest ecosystem, mainly
in living biomass and soil, but to a lesser extent also
in dead wood and litter.
 5. Carbon Sink

A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-
containing chemical compound for an indefinite period. The process by which carbon sinks
remove carbon dioxide (CO2) fromthe atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration.

The natural sinks are (i) absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans via physicochemical and
biological processes and (ii) photosynthesis by terrestrial plants.

Natural sinks are typically much larger than artificial sinks. The main artificial sinks are (i)
landfills and (ii) carbon capture and storage

Carbon sources include (i) fires, through combustion and (ii) farmland through animal
respiration.
 6. Carbon Capture and Storage

• Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the process of

capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point
sources such as fossil fuel power plants, transporting
it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not
enter the atmosphere, normally an underground
geological formation.
 7. Carbon off-set

• A carbon offset is a reduction in emission of carbon

dioxide or greenhouse gases made in order to
compensate for or to offset an emission made
elsewhere.
• One carbon offset represents the reduction of one
metric ton of carbon dioxide or its equivalent in other
greenhouse gases.
 8. Carbon Trading

• Emissions trading or cap and trade (cap is a legal limit on

the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy
can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to
control pollution by providing economic incentives for
achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.
• Eg : The International Emission trading program under
the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nation Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which
launched in 2007 provides for trading across nations.
G. GREEN PRACTICES
POLICY
CONTENT :
• Definition
• Malaysia Green Technology Policy
2009
• Malaysia Climate Change Policy2009
• Legislative Body
• Regulations
• Global Policy in Green Practices
 INTRODUCTION
A policy is a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in
particular situations that has been agreed officially by a
group of people, a business organization, a government,
or a political party. Green Practices Policy
is an action plan following a particular green policy that
has been outlined to conduct green initiatives.

List of policy are involved :

Malaysia Malaysia Global

Green Climate Legislative Policy in
Regulations
Technology Change Body Green
Policy 2009 Policy 2009 Practices
GREEN APPLICATIONS
PURPOSE OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
• Green technology refers to products, equipment
or system which fulfilled the following criteria:
• It minimizes the degradation of the
environment;
• It has zero or low greenhouse gas (GHG)
emission is safe for use and promotes
healthy and improved environment for all
forms of life;
• It conserves the use of energy and natural
resources;
• It promotes the use of renewable resources.
• The main purpose of green technology is to
slow down global warming and to reduce the
greenhouse effect.
 APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY

There are four main sectors in green technology:

• energy – green technology in power generation and energy supply management in the industrial and
commercial sector.
• building – adoption of green technology in the construction, management, maintenance and destroying of
building
• water and waste management – adoption of green technology in the management and use of water
resources, wastewater treatment, solid waste landfill
• transportation – incorporation of green technology in the transportation infrastructure and vehicles, biofuels
and public road transport

Various activities can be implemented to support green technology such as recycling,

using renewable energy sources and alternative fuels and sustainable building.
THANK YOU
HAPPY LEARNING