Sustainable clothing

Research aim and objective:

The textile and fashion industries are difficult to achieve sustainability because they are
made up of long supply chains. Also, it cannot rely only on the industries for sustainable. Thus, it
is important that consumers have to practice at home. Therefore, it is
necessary to give the ideas that can be done at home, promote the importance of
practice, and present a variety of practical ways. We executed focus-group interview to
understand sustainable clothing and the attitude and status of up-cycling in families.
Situation analysis for the attitude and up-cycling of sustainable clothing is available
with various participants in each group upon fluency of up-cycling method, information share
ability, and the degree of understanding in clothing-fiber production process. It showed that they
make selective purchase of sustainable fashion products in
families, washing and control for minimizing of environmental impact and energy consumption,
and recycling and used articles trade, a way of life for sustainable clothing.
1. Emotional value towards sustainable fashion
2. Social value towards sustainable fashion
3. Green value towards sustainable fashion
4. Functional value towards sustainable fashion
5. Attitude towards sustainable fashion

Research hypothesis:

Question:
Have you ever heard of ‘sustainability’?
Please speak freely when you hear the term ‘sustainability’

How much do you know about sustainability at home, especially sustainability in clothing?

What is the sustainable clothing life I have experienced in person? Why did you practice? What are
some of the factors that drove sustainable consumption behavior? Are you satisfied with the
experience? Are you continuing? What is the way we practice sustainable clothing in our homes? What
has changed in our homes as a result of the practice of sustainable clothing at home? Will it affect
society beyond home? Have you ever practiced up-cycling? Are you satisfied with the experience? Are
you continuing? (Present photo) What about this case? Do you want to practice?
Was the summary appropriate?
Any other comments?
Literature review:
Sustainability and clothing
‘Our Common Future’ of Brundtland Committee defend sustainability as ‘Satisfying the
need of current generation while not impeding what future generation requires (Merchant 1989).’
Like this, sustainability prepares guidelines in a long-term view, considering the impact of
present behavior weighing on future generation. Although many studies narrowly view
sustainability by limiting it only on environmentalism, sustainability encompasses the entire area
of society and culture. We have to take into consideration the sustainability in economic, social
and cultural areas of the world, while trying to recognize and minimize the impact of
uncontrolled human behavior on environment. Recognizing that one-sided economic growth
upon limited resource cannot be continued, sustainability preserves environment and is based on
stable and long term profit-making and qualitative growth. Also, it pursues harmonized
development of community and does not overlook social responsibility. And it expands
environmental protection or qualitative growth of economy, places importance on mental value
and ethics, and fosters cultural diversity (Na 2011). Sustainable clothing is thought of mainly in
eco-friendly context, but the evaluation territory of sustainability is enormous, encompassing
areas such as fair production structure, economic vitality and qualitative growth, and consumers
rational spending pattern and pursue of variety. When destroying sustainable fashion, we can
safely return to the globe, and it should be made so that it can be used again. And we should
produce according to sustainable processes, without causing environmental damage and products
should be done, not focusing on producer, but focusing on users. In particular, we need to pay attention
to inter-supplementary relation between consumers and producers, and subjective attitude, which can
realize and fnish the value of clothing in families after production (Fletcher 2008). Where slow fashion is
a sustainable approach to fashion production and consumption, it focuses greater attention on ‘valuing
and knowing the object’ (Clark 2008). Tis means understanding the process of raw material to fnished
product as part of the experience of consumption. Tis form of sustainable consumption is centred in a
consumer value system that engages with experience values over self-enhancement values

Methodology:
Limitation:
Model limitations The model developed presents some shortcomings. The development and
implementation of the model is relatively expensive. However, according to the authors, the
costs incurred to implement sustainable solutions in the supply chain should be considered as an
investment that in the long term will bring benefits (related to improved corporate image and
economic situation), n Due to the significant costs of implementing and adapting the model to
specifc supply chains, it is addressed mainly to larger enterprises. Smaller companies can also
implement certain assumptions of the model, but in their case its implementation is not
recommended globally. the proper functioning of the mod-el is not possible without the full
involvement of representatives of top management. Unfortunately the authors observation shows
that not all representatives of top management are able to set aside sufficient time to actively
engage in the process of implementing and improving the model [31]. n Implementation of the
model requires the involvement and cooperation of many links and nodes throughout the supply
chain, which can significantly hamper the implementation of the assumptions presented in the
model
Conclusions:
The implementation of the model is a significant investment and requires a long time to allow it
to be fully integrated into the supply chain. However, long-term investments are a must for
future-oriented organizations and sustainable development. According to the authors, the
implementation of the model guidelines is particularly important in the textile industry, which is
at the forefront of the industries that have the most negative impact on the environment. The
implementation of even selected elements proposed in the model should translate into creating a
more conscious business and sustainable supply chain management. It is worth noting that the
model developed stands out against the back-ground of other concepts presented in literature, as
follows n It is based on instruments, concepts and systems that are often proposed as separate
solutions to problems with-out showing their mutual relations. n It emphasizes the importance of
systemic product and technology management, as well as the relationship between supply chain
management and the creation of ethical attitudes in business. n It is characterized by high
versatility, which allows its implementation (at least fragmentary) in almost every supply chain
in the textile industry, intending to improve the implementation of pro-ecological concepts. The
model emphasizes relationships between sustainable development, supply chain management
and technology, which are scarcely reported in available literature

Reference:
Brito, M. P., Carbone, V., & Blanquart, C. M. (2008). Towards a sustainable fashion retail supply chain in
Europe: Organisation and performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 114, 534–553.
Chi, T. (2015). Consumer perceived value of environmentally friendly apparel: An empirical study of
Chinese consumer. Journal of Textile Institute, 106(10), 1038–1050. Choi, S. R., Choi, E. H., & Do, W. H.
(2014). Upcycling awareness research fashion clothing goods for Korean university students. Journal of
the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 16(1), 111–117. Clark, H. (2008). SLOW+ FASHION—an
Oxymoron—or a Promise for the Future…?. Fashion Theory, 12(4), 427–446. Dickson, M. A. (2000).
Personal values, beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes relating to intentions to purchase apparel from
socially responsible business. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 18(1), 19–30. Fletcher, K. (2008).
Sustainable fashion & textiles—design journeys. Earthscan: London. Follows, S. B., & Jobber, D. (2002).
Environmental responsible purchase behavior: A test a consumer model. European Journal of
Marketing, 24(3/4), 723–746. Goworek, H., Fisher, T., Cooper, T., Woodward, S., & Hiller, A. (2012). The
sustainable clothing market: An evaluation of potential strategies for UK retailers. International Journal
of Retail & Distribution Management, 40(12), 935–955. Howard, J. A., & Schwartz, S. H. (1980).
Explanations of the moderating efect of responsibility denial on the personal norm-behavior
relationship. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 441–446. Joergens, C. (2006). Ethical fashion: myth or
future trend. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 10(3), 360–371. Kim, Y. J., & Kim, J. S.
(1999). A study on the environment-oriented consumer behavior of housewives -as related to wives in
Cheju City. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 37(3), 157–174. Krueger, R. A., & Casey,
M. A. (2000). Overview of focus groups. In Focus groups: a practical guide forapplied research (pp. 3–
19). Thousand Oaks: SAGE. Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. (2001). Targeting consumers
who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Journal of Consumer Marketing,
18(6), 503–520. Maineri, T., Elaine, G. B., Trisha, V., & John, B. U. (1997). Green buying: The infuence of
environmental concern on consumer behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(2), 189–204.

An exploratory study on up-cycling as the sustainable clothing life at home (springeropen.com)

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Factors affecting sustainable clothing behavior:
Research Questions
This study has set a few questions to answer and thus the result will be the findings of this
research. These questions are divided into one central question and a few specific questions. The
central question is-
What is the condition of economic sustainability in new generation RMG factories in
Bangladesh?
As stated above, business or economic sustainability issues include the functional strategy of a
company. Functional strategy means strategies regulating the human resources issues, labor
rights and labor conditions of a factory. So, to understand the sustainability issues, I need to
examine the present conditions of labor standards and labor rights of a factory.
Specific Questions are
Q1. What is the condition of labor standard issues in newly established RMG industries in
Bangladesh?
Q2. How are the workers’ rights in these factories exercised?
Q3. How does the factory management consider the economic sustainability?

Method:
According to the nature of the problem and the procedure for data collection, this research has
followed a combined method of quantitative and qualitative research. It is assumed that only
quantitative data will not be sufficient to achieve the purpose of research. An integration of
quantitative and qualitative methods (Bryman, 2006) will be suitable to explain the problem
more practically. It is necessary to understand the typology of this mixed-method research as this
will clarify the procedure of this research. Neither the quantitative nor the qualitative will be
given the priority (Morgan, 1998), rather both methods will be integrated in a way that it can be
termed as explanatory mixed method research (Creswell, 2003). This multi-strategy research
approaches will be applied during data collection, data analysis and data interpretation stages
(Bryman, 2006). Ten semi-structured key informant interviews were conducted with a variety of
experts in the field to reflect a range of stakeholder perspectives and integrated with previous
research to derive interventions, adding to the internal validity of the study. The interview topic
guide addressed key challenges and priorities in relation to sustainable clothing, industry
awareness, the interests and power of different stakeholders, and consumer awareness and
attitudes. Current measures to increase sustainability, including the use of materials,
manufacturing processes, labelling, packaging and disposal were also considered, as was the role
of policy, regulation and legislation.
Sampling:
According to the problem of this research, the focus of the sampling is only on the new
generation factories. These factories are exporting or planning to export soon and established
since last 06 (six) years. Among the newly established factories, 22 factories were selected
randomly for field visits considering the good access to rich data. These were the samples for
quantitative data collection. All garments were selected considering the establishment time and
places of the garments prone area. However, for qualitative data collection, the samples were
selected purposively. To get better understanding of the problems, the samples were selected
among those 22 samples. As this research followed the explanatory mixed research designs, the
samples that suits the purpose mostly, were selected for the samples of qualitative data
collection. Two garments, that revealed best and worst situation through the investigation result,
were selected for interview. One garment was selected for focus group discussion that was
medium condition according to questionnaire data.
5.3 Data Analysis:
Considering the strategy of this research, the collected data will be analyzed in two ways
(Creswell, 2009). The data from the questionnaires, which collected through factory level
investigation, was interpreted through the statistical table and numbers. The data was converted
into numbers or codes (Dey, 2003) and was analyzed using statistical software. To understand
the nature of the samples, the initial part of the analysis consists of samples analysis using
graphs, descriptive statistics. This quantitative data analysis highlighted two research questions –
RQ1 and RQ2. The case studies, the qualitative data, were interpreted using data from
questionnaire of specific garments visit and information from the in-depth interview. The
findings from FGD also associated with this part, analyzing factory visits data first. These both
qualitative data answered to the RQ3. Finally, it was important to be aware of potential biases
(Miles, 1979) when analyzing the case study and FGD data. There was a risk from the interview
and FGD respondents that they may exaggerate the information of degree of economic
sustainability and create a positive image of their factory. This was checked and minimized by
supporting documents. This was considered while interpreting the data and drawing conclusions.
Findings and Discussion
Although there are segments of consumers who are concerned about the social and
environmental impact of their consumption practices, the interviews suggest that providing
sustainable clothing options alone would not drive the necessary changes in consumers’ clothing
purchase, care and disposal behavior. There are several reasons for this finding.Firstly, clothing
sustainability is very complex and consumers lack knowledge and understanding: ‘If we wait for
consumers to start raising issues about cotton or about polyester or about working conditions in a
dye house, we could be waiting a very long time because they don’t have a clear understanding
of the textile industry’ (Retailer 2). A consultant explained: ‘It’s very hard for the consumer to
think what is it that I’m purchasing, what does that mean, if I’m purchasing something that is
cheaper, does that mean that then the farmer that collected the cotton is less well off, I’m actually
harming him rather than anything else’ (Consultant 1). Secondly, consumers are diverse in their
concerns. It would be impracticable to try to engage all consumers in the wide range of
sustainability issues involved in the clothing production and supply chain, owing to their
differing preoccupations:‘Consumers will come at these things from different angles. Some will
be very concerned about animal welfare and whether or not they’ll use clothes that have leather
or whatever.
Others will be more into knowing that their clothes are sweatshop-free or child labour free, and
others are concerned about the environment’. (Consultant 2).Third, clothing is not an altruistic
purchase. Sustainability was low down in consumers’ purchase decision criteria. As a retailer
remarked: ‘You’re going to have to do a lot of work on the consumer to change their mindset for
that [sustainability] to come to the fore” (Retailer 1). Instead, it seems that: “The decision
hierarchy in terms of purchasing and clothing is still about basically do I look good in it, not has
it been produced in a good way or what’s it made of.’ (Retailer 2).These findings underpin the
challenges for sustainable clothing. They also complement previous literature, which indicates
that ethical purchases are primarily influenced by information about a company’s CSR position
and a customer’s personal concern for CSR (Öberseder et al., 2011), consumers downplay the
negative effects of their consumption behaviour (Kilbourne and Pickett, 2008) and that clothing
purchasing behaviour is driven by economic and personal considerations and disposal behaviour
by habits and routines (Goworek et al., 2012).To encourage more sustainable clothing behaviour,
both consumer-focused marketing and behaviour change approaches are needed. The first
involves commercial marketing that exhibits ‘a sound understanding of customer needs, buying
behaviour and the issues influencing the purchasing choices of customers’ (Dibb et al., 2012: 7).
The second involves social marketing, which as noted previously, applies marketing techniques
to social problems rather than commercial ends. Sustainable clothing needs additionally to fulfil
the core roles that clothing plays and satisfy consumers’ clothing needs. In doing so, some
reshaping of consumer behaviour and social norms may be required to protect the environment
and the well-being of those employed in the supply chain. Drawing on the insights from our
expert informants, we advance the field by identifying both the challenges of what needs to be
done, the associated barriers to doing it and suggest interventions for achieving it. A summary of
our findings and proposals is provided in Table 2 and discussed in the subsequent sub-sections.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
284227534_Sustainable_clothing_Challenges_barriers_and_interventions_for_encouraging_mor
e_sustainable_consumer_behaviour

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Social-sustainability-in-the-ready-made-garment-in-
Carlson-Bitsch/ece460f3590857d1eb257aa70ca853de4e406bda
Finding and recommendation:

This chapter has the endeavor to conclude the discussion and find a way forward by chalking out policy
and functional recommendations. These suggestions are drawn on the basis of the study which is
explained in the previous chapters. It is to be mentioned here that these recommendations are not
exhaustive. Further study might help to find out more of these kinds. Searching out sustainability
dimensions was the ultimate target of the study. At the last part of this research four sustainability
dimensions are pointed out. These are 1) Workers welfare, 2) Product diversification, 3) New market
exploration, and 4) Socio-political stability. Following table 10 can help better understand in a nut shell
how sustainability of the RMG sector can be achieved.

Challenges:
1. Inadequate work place safety and insufficient workers welfare activities.
2. Lack of product diversification. Dependency on limited low end products only.
3. Dependency on specific markets. Particularly the market of the USA an
4. Socio-political instabilityd the EU. Addressing the challenges:
1. Enhancement of workplace safety and sufficient workers welfare activities.
2. Reduce dependency on specific low end products. High end products should be made by the
RMG sector of Bangladesh along with present products line.
3. Unconventional markets need to be explored together with present export destinations.
4. Socio-political instability should be controlled. A reasonable level of political stability and
good governance required to be ensured.
Sustainability Dimention:
1. Workers welfare
2.Product diversification.
3. New Market exploration.
4. Socio-political Stability
Bangladesh government declared the RMG sector as the thrush sector for the rapid growth of the
economy. Thrush sector needs to get required administrative and logistic supports. Declaring is
not enough unless these supports are provided with due dignity. Government has tried and is
trying to help RMG sustainable. Private sector is also trying to play their role. But still so many
things are missing. Following recommendations will bridge the gap between the reality and
requirement.
Policy and Functional Recommendations
Compliance- Compliance of norms and rules set by the buyers, development partners, USA, EU,
ILO, NGO, Civil Society and all other stake holders. Government and factory owners are to play
their respective roles. Government-RMG sector of Bangladesh has to remove its weaknesses
through following the standard compliance practices. The Government of Bangladesh needs to
pay more attention to closely monitor compliance.
Administrative-
Administrative reforms can be achieved with the active participation of the both public and
private sector.
Public sector
Recommendations related to administrative reforms are the main responsibility of the
government. Government of Bangladesh must ensure following things for better RMG sector of
Bangladesh (This list is not exhaustive):
a. Creating enabling environment for investment, both foreign and domestic.
b. Aggressive economic diplomacy
c. Signing bilateral trade agreement with the countries of the present and prospective market
d. Creating regional and sub-regional Free trade area.
e. Strengthening infrastructure at the optimum level.
f. Minimizing bureaucratic bottle necks
g. Creating individual division or ministry only meant for the RMG
h. Specialized public sector bureaucrats for RMG
i. Coordination and collaboration with all stake holders
j. Development of human resources for the RMG sector through skill development.
k. Ensure tourism facilities for the foreigners, particularly hospitality industry should be given
due support to grow at the optimum level.
m. Nepotism and favouritism should be avoided in public administration.
Privet sector:
1. Training the workers to enhance productivity.
2. High end products should be given preference along with low value products.
3. Workers welfare must be guaranteed.
4. Collaborate government to improve the total condition of the RMG sector.

Limitations and Future Research

This study faces some limitations while collecting data and interpreting those. These limitations
are, in a broad sense, two folds. The workers are the core part of a factory and engine of the total
business procedure. To understand their experience, feelings and condition about the labor
practices, it was necessary to collect their views and comments. The life cycle and social
adjustment of a worker could be an extended part of this research. Another one is that this
research should include the budget allocation to ensure business sustainability by factory
management and the buyers. A percentage of company’s profit should be allocated to ensure
good labor practices by the factory management. As well as the buyer also should monitor the
sustainable business system in their value chain and to ensure that they should include these cost
into pricing. These are should be researched in-depth way in future.

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 1. Title- Table of contents © Title page coven page. Acknowledgment Executive summing
Table contents.
Executive summary
The readymade garments (RMG) industry is the backbone of the economy of Bangladesh and
work as a catalyst for the development of the country. That is why, sustainability of RMG sector
is the extreme necessity of the growing economy of Bangladesh. This study has been conducted
to explore selected sustainability dimensions of this important sector of the growing economy of
this country. The main research tools include secondary literature review, focus group
discussion, in-depth interview, uncontrolled simple observation. Shockwaves were sent
worldwide after the loss of 1,136 lives when Rana Plaza collapsed on 24 April 2013. This
incident occurred just months after the fatal fire at Tazreen Fashions in which 112 died. It was
noticeable that the Ready Made Garment (RMG) sector of Bangladesh had reached a crucial
juncture. These incidents have been the wake-up call for concerned quarters in recognizing the
necessity of improving occupational safety and working condition in RMG factories. To
maintain the confidence of the global buyers and to safe guard the lives of near about five
million workers fundamental changes relating to safety, inspection, compliance, product
innovation, market search had to be made to do business in descent manner. After that
devastating industrial accident of the world, Government of Bangladesh, US government, Private
sectors, BGMEA, BKMEA, International Labour Organization, International Buyers, Civil
society, NGO, Development partners decided to work together to improve conditions of the
garment factories in the country. Cooperation and collaboration between related stake holders for
rights and workplace safety of workers are the necessity of the present moment. Improving
worker and consumer welfare by upgrading skills and literacy should be a regular practice of the
concerned stakeholders. Government must steer the total process along with all other related
parties. RMG sector of Bangladesh requires breaking into new products through more neutral
and rational trade policy and taxation and bonded warehouse schemes; and concerted efforts to
attract foreign direct investment, to encourage investment and export diversification. Searching
of nontraditional market besides traditional export destinations is one of the fundamental
requirements for the sustainability of RMG sector of Bangladesh. If government can offer good
governance to its citizens, no one will feel any necessity to raise her/his voice. And country will
continue in peace and harmony. That will bring sociopolitical stability along with sustainable
growth in every quarter in the country particularly for the RMG.

Acknowledgement:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my heartiest thanks and gratitude to my supervisor, Nowshova , for his
great guidance and invaluable suggestions to conduct my research. Her direction and affection
have always inspired me in doing the work with care. I cannot but convey my special thanks to
my respondents for giving me their all-out support. And it is me who is responsible for any
mistake in this study.
I would also like to thank the experts who were involved in the validation survey for this
research project. Without their passionate participation and input, the validation survey could not
have been successfully conducted.
Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents for providing me with unfailing
support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of
researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without
them.
Thank you.
Rubama Kashfia Amin
ID 192111004
MAFD