International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics

Kumar SS et al. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2020 Jan;7(1):117-121

http://www.ijpediatrics.com pISSN 2349-3283 | eISSN 2349-3291

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20195738
Original Research Article

A study on correlation between screen time duration and school

performance among primary school children at Tamil Nadu, India
S. Santha Kumar1, S. Alph Shirley2*

1
Department of Paediatrics, Government Thiruvannamalai Medical College, Thiruvannamalai, India
2
Department of Paediatrics, Kanyakumari Government Medical College, Asaripallam, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India

Received: 07 October 2019

Revised: 08 November 2019
Accepted: 14 November 2019

*Correspondence:
Dr. S. Alph Shirley,
E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT

Background: In recent times, one of the factors implied in poor school performance in children is increasing screen
time. Objective of the study was to find the association of screen time duration with school performance among
primary school children in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.
Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 134 primary school students at the state of
Tamil Nadu, India from June 2019 to August 2019. Data regarding screen time were collected from the parents and
school performance from teachers using a predesigned questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed with suitable
statistical methods using SPSS 25 software.
Results: Of the 134 children, 72(53.7%) were male and 62(46.3%) female children. 52(38.8%) were in the age group
of 6 to 7 years, 47(35.1%) in the age group of 8 to 9 years and 35(26.1%) in the age group of 10 to 11 years. Majority
of the children (56.7%) had an average daily screen time of >120 minutes followed by 61 to 120 minutes (29.1%) and
≤60 minutes (14.2%). Based on composite academic performance, 23(17.2%) children were categorized as having
poor academic performance, 71(52.9%) as average and 40(29.9%) as good academic performance. There was no
statistically significant correlation of screen time duration with composite academic performance and academic
performance in mathematics, science and language. (p Value >0.05).
Conclusions: There was no significant correlation between screen time duration and school performance in primary
school children in this study. Further studies are required to find the influence of screen time on various domains of
learning and on long term cognition and educational achievement.

Keywords: School performance primary school children, School performance Tamil Nadu, Screen time and school
performance, Screen time children, Screen time primary school children, Screen time Tamil Nadu

INTRODUCTION and social adverse effects. Several health organizations

like AAP, WHO, Canada Pediatric Society, Royal
School performance in early childhood is an important College of Pediatrics and Child Health and Australian
factor which lays foundation for future academic Government has issued guidelines on screen time in
excellence and professional development. In recent times, children.1-5
one of the factors implied in poor school performance in
children is increasing screen time. In addition to poor The objective of this study was to find the association of
school performance, increasing screen time in children screen time duration with school performance among
has been associated with several physical, psychological primary school children in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics | January 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 1 Page 117
 Kumar SS et al. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2020 Jan;7(1):117-121

METHODS Table 1: Demographic profile of the study population

(based on age, gender, socioeconomic status and
This was a cross sectional observational study conducted family type).
at the state of Tamil Nadu, India among 134 primary
school children. The study was conducted over 3 months 6 to 7 years 52(38.8%)
from June 2019 to August 2019. The inclusion criteria 8 to 9 Years 47(35.1%)
Age group
included primary school children whose parent were 10 to 11 Years 35(26.1%)
willing to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria Male 72(53.7%)
for the study were children with physical disability, Gender
Female 62(46.3%)
developmental delay, intellectual disability, learning Class I (Upper) 5 (3.7%)
disabilities, behavioral problems, visual impairment,
Class II (Upper middle) 30(22.4%)
hearing impairment, on long term medications, chronic Socioeconomic
Class III (Middle) 38(28.4%)
illness and acute illness. After obtaining informed Status
consent, data regarding screen time use were collected Class IV (Upper lower) 39(29.1%)
from the parents and details regarding school Class V (Lower) 22(16.4%)
performance were collected from teachers using a Family Type Joint Family 83(61.9%)
predesigned questionnaire. The demographic details of Nuclear Family 51(38.1%)
the children were collected. Modified Kuppusamy’s
socioeconomic status scale was used to find the Table 2: Demographic profile of the study population
socioeconomic status. The duration of screen time on a (based on parent’s occupation and education).
typical school day and typical holiday were collected
from the parents and the average screen time over one Parent’s Occupation Father Mother
week was calculated as average screen time per day. Home maker 0 (0%) 64(47.8%)
Teachers were asked to categorize the children as poor, Unskilled/ semiskilled 21 (15.7%) 8(5.9%)
average or good school performance based on the overall Skilled 35 (26.1%) 5(3.7%)
academic performance of the last three tests. This was Clerical/shop owner/farm 10 (7.5%) 8(5.9%)
taken as the composite academic performance. Teachers Semi professional 33 (24.6%) 21(15.8%)
were also asked to score each child’s academic
Professional 35 (26.1%) 28(20.9%)
performance in Mathematics, Science and Language as
Parent’s Education
poor, average and good based on the academic
performance in the last three tests. Illiterate 0(0%) 0(0%)
Primary 13(9.7%) 21(15.7%)
The data collected were analyzed with suitable statistical Middle/High School 29(21.6%) 27(20.2%)
methods using SPSS 25 software. Statistical significance Higher Secondary 25(18.7%) 31(23.1%)
was assessed at 5% level of significance (p value <0.05). Graduate 32(23.9%) 28 (20.9%)
Professional 35(26.1%) 27(20.1%)
RESULTS
Table 3: Screen time duration and age.
The study group included 72 (53.7%) male and 62
(46.3%) female children. 52(38.8%) were in the age Average screen time per day
group of 6 to 7 years, 47(35.1%) in the age group of 8 to Age ≤60 61-120 >120
9 years and 35(26.1%) in the age group of 10 to 11 years. Total
minutes minutes minutes
Demographic distribution as per Modified Kuppusamy 6 to7 years 11(21.2%) 14(26.9%) 27(51.9%) 52
Socio economic status scale and family type is shown in 8 to 9 years 4(8.5%) 13(27.7%) 30(63.8%) 47
Table 1.
10 to 11
4(11.4%) 12(34.3%) 19(54.3%) 35
years
The demographic profile of the studied population as per
Total 19(14.2%) 39(29.1%) 76(56.7%) 134
parent’s education and occupation is shown in Table 2.
Chi p Not
4.1439 0.38688
Majority of the children (56.7%) had an average daily Square value significant
screen time of >120 minutes followed by 61 to 120
minutes (29.1%) and ≤60 minutes (14.2%) (Figure 1). The distribution of composite academic performance
The distribution of screen time duration in various age based on the student’s age is as shown in Figure 3.
groups is shown in Table 3.
The distribution based on screen time duration and
Based on composite academic performance, 23(17.2%) composite academic performance in the study group is
were categorized as having poor academic performance, shown in Figure 4. There was no statistically significant
71(52.9%) as average and 40(29.9%) as good academic correlation between screen time duration and composite
performance. The distribution of composite academic academic performance (Chi Square - 3.5662, p value -
performance and gender is shown in Figure 2. 0.467885 (>0.05) Not Significant).

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics | January 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 1 Page 118
 Kumar SS et al. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2020 Jan;7(1):117-121

There was no statistically significant correlation between

≤ 60 minutes 61 – 120 minutes > 120 minutes
screen time duration and academic performance in
science (Chi Square - 3.8325, p value - 0.42915 (>0.05)
Not Significant).
19, 14.2%

Poor Average Good

40 38
76, 56.7% 39, 29.1%
35
30 27
25 23
20
15 10 11
9
Figure 1: Distribution based on Screen time duration. 10 7
5 4
5
Poor Average Good 0
40 ≤ 60 minutes 61 – 120 minutes > 120 minutes
35
30 Figure 4: Screen time duration and Composite
25 Academic Performance.
20
37 34 Table 4: Screen time duration and Academic
15
Performance (Mathematics).
10 22
18
5 13 10 Screen Academic Performance (Mathematics)
time
0 Poor Average Good Total
Male Female
duration
≤60
5 8 6 19
Figure 2: Distribution of composite academic minutes
performance and gender 61-120
8 21 10 39
minutes
>120
Poor Average Good 15 40 21 76
minutes
30 27 Total 28 69 37 134
25 23 Chi Not
21 21 0.8681 p Value 0.929088
Square significant
20

15 The distribution based on screen time duration and

10 11 academic performance in Language is shown in Table 6.
9 8
10 There was no statistically significant correlation between
4 screen time duration and academic performance in
5
Language (Chi Square - 6.3592, p value - 0.173878
0 (>0.05) Not Significant).
6 to 7 Years 8 to 9 Years 10 to 11 Years
Table 5: Screen time duration and academic
performance (science).
Figure 3: Distribution of composite academic
performance in age groups.
Screen time Academic Performance (Science)
duration Poor Average Good Total
The distribution based on screen time duration and
academic performance in mathematics is shown in Table ≤60 minutes 5 8 6 19
4. There was no statistically significant correlation 61-120
5 20 14 39
between screen time duration and academic performance minutes
in mathematics (Chi Square - 0.8681, p value - 0.929088 >120 minutes 11 46 19 76
(>0.05) Not Significant). Total 21 74 39 134
Not
Chi Square 3.8325 p value 0.42915
The distribution based on screen time duration and significant
academic performance in science is shown in Table 5.

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics | January 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 1 Page 119
 Kumar SS et al. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2020 Jan;7(1):117-121

Table 6: Screen time duration and academic not in any way affect their academic performance except
performance (language). for that of the male grade two respondents.9

Screen Academic performance (language) In a meta-analysis of 101 studies regarding video game
time influences on children's and adolescent’s academic
Poor Average Good Total performance by Ferguson CJ, it was noted that video
duration
≤60 game influences on reduced academic performance was
3 7 9 19 minimal.10
minutes
61-120
7 19 13 39 In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 58 cross-
minutes
>120 sectional studies by Adelantado-Renau M et al, television
8 49 19 76 viewing and video game playing were inversely
minutes
associated with the academic performance of children.11
Total 18 75 41 134
Bhattacharya S et al, in the study among children
Chi Not
6.3592 p value 0.173878 between 5 and 18 years of age found strong evidence of
Square significant
negative correlations between hours of television watched
and cognitive test scores.12 Borzekowski DL et al, in a
DISCUSSION study among third grade students observed that having a
bedroom television set was significantly and negatively
Increased screen time has been implicated as a reason for associated with students’ test scores, while home
poor school performance by parents, teachers as well as computer access and use were positively associated with
health care providers. Several studies are being done to the scores.13
learn the influence of screen time on various domains of
learning and school performance. In this study, we have In addition to short term cognitive adverse effects, screen
investigated the association of screen time with school time has also been implicated in negatively affecting long
performance in primary school children at Tamil Nadu, term cognitive development and educational achievement
India. of children. Television viewing during childhood and
adolescence were found to have adverse associations with
AAP guidelines (2016) recommends that in children aged educational achievement by 26 years of age in a study by
6 and older, consistent limits must be placed on the time Hancox RJ et al.14 In a study by Zimmerman FJ et al,
spent using media, and the types of media, and to make modest adverse effects of television viewing before age 3
sure media does not take the place of adequate sleep, years on the subsequent cognitive development of
physical activity and other behaviors essential to health.1 children was observed.15
Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health
recommends that families should negotiate screen time In a systematic review of seventy-six studies on the
limits with their children based upon the needs of an relationship between television exposure and children’s
individual child, the ways in which screens are used and cognition and behavior by Kostyrka-Allchorne K et al, it
the degree to which use of screens appears to displace (or was observed that watching high quality educational
not) physical and social activities and sleep.4 content during preschool years improves children’s basic
academic skills and predicts subsequent positive
In this study, 56.7% of the children had an average daily academic performance. But television viewing in infancy
screen time of >120 minutes. Prolonged screen time of ≥ was associated with inattentive/hyperactive behaviors,
2 hours was observed in 14.7% of boys and 8.9% of girls lower executive functions and language delay, at least in
in a study among 1063 Chinese students aged 8-19 the short term.16
years.6 45.7% of the children had screen time of 1-2.9
hr/day and 8.9% had 3 or more hr/day in a study on In this study the author have not investigated the
screen time among school age children in Korea by Ham influence of screen time duration in childhood on long
OK et al.7 In a study on screen time viewing among term cognition and education achievement. Also, effects
elementary school aged children in the United States by of screen time on various domains of learning such as
Fakhouri TH et al, only around 54% of the children met memory, concentration, comprehension, reasoning
screen time viewing recommendations.8 creativity and abstract thinking has not been analyzed.
We found no statistically significant correlation between CONCLUSION
screen time duration and composite academic
performance as well as academic performance in Though the author found no correlation between screen
mathematics, science and language among primary time duration and academic performance in primary
school children in this study. This is similar to the study school children in this study, further studies are required
by Regondola EN and Barbado LN, among elementary to find the influence of screen time on various domains of
pupils of the Camarines Norte State College Laboratory learning and on long term cognition and educational
School in which the media habits of the respondents did achievement.

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics | January 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 1 Page 120
 Kumar SS et al. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2020 Jan;7(1):117-121

Funding: No funding sources Camarines Norte State College Laboratory School.

Conflict of interest: None declared IJIR. 2017;3(11):216-24.
Ethical approval: The study was approved by the 10. Ferguson CJ. Do angry birds make for angry
Institutional Ethics Committee children? A meta-analysis of video game influences
on children’s and adolescents’ aggression, mental
REFERENCES health, prosocial behavior, and academic
performance. Perspectives on Psycholog Science.
1. Council OC. Media and Young Minds. Pediatr. 2015 Sep;10(5):646-66.
2016;138(5). 11. Adelantado-Renau M, Moliner-Urdiales D, Cavero-
2. World Health Organization. Guidelines on physical Redondo I, Beltran-Valls MR, Martínez-Vizcaíno V,
activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children Álvarez-Bueno C. Association between screen media
under 5 years of age. World Health Organization. use and academic performance among children and
2019. Available at: adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/311664. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(11):1058-67.
Accessed on October 6, 2019 12. Bhattacharya S, Munasib A. Effect of Television on
3. Screen time and young children: promoting health Child Cognitive Outcome. Oklahoma State
and development in a digital world. Paediatr Child University, Department of Economics and Legal
Health. 2017;22(8):461-77. Studies in Business; 2008.
4. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.The 13. Borzekowski DL, Robinson TN. The remote, the
health impacts of screen time: a guide for clinicians mouse, and the no. 2 pencil: the household media
and parents. 2019. Available at: environment and academic achievement among
https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018- third grade students. Archives of Pediatrics &
12/rcpch_screen_time_guide_-_final.pdf. Accessed Adolescent Medicine. 2005;159(7):607-13.
on October 6, 2019. 14. Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Association of
5. Australian Government Department of Health. television viewing during childhood with poor
Australia's Physical Activity and Sedentary educational achievement. Archives Pediatr
Behaviour Guidelines and the Australian 24-Hour Adolescent Med. 2005;159(7):614-8.
Movement Guidelines. 2019. Available at: 15. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA. Children’s
https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishin television viewing and cognitive outcomes: a
g.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act- longitudinal analysis of national data. Archives
guidelines. Accessed on October 6, 2019. Pediatr Adolescent Med. 2005;159(7):619-25.
6. Ye S, Chen L, Wang Q, Li Q. Correlates of screen 16. Kostyrka-Allchorne K, Cooper NR, Simpson A. The
time among 8-19-year-old students in China. BMC relationship between television exposure and
public health. 2018;18(1):467. children’s cognition and behaviour: A systematic
7. Ham OK, Sung KM, Kim HK. Factors associated review. Developmental Review. 2017;44:19-58.
with screen time among school-age children in
Korea. J School Nursing. 2013;29(6):425-34.
8. Fakhouri TH, Hughes JP, Brody DJ, Kit BK, Ogden
CL. Physical activity and screen-time viewing Cite this article as: Kumar SS, Shirley SA. A study
among elementary school- aged children in the on correlation between screen time duration and
United States from 2009 to 2010. JAMA Pediatr. school performance among primary school children at
2013;167(3):223-9. Tamilnadu, India. Int J Contemp Pediatr 2020;7:117-
9. Regondola EN, Barbado LN. Media habits and 21.
academic performance of elementary pupils of the

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics | January 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 1 Page 121