steel

( cast-Iron )
Iron → Ln 72.15-1 .

cast
( mild steel .

)
Carlson ( 0.15 -2.15%)
mild steel
→

Carlson ( < 0-15%1

Irons
wrought cast-Iron

fir
:
stress
↑ mild steel

I 1
,
,
wrought
1
,
i / Iron

i ! !
strain →
 fy yield stress
s
W s m =
-
- -

stress in wsm
permissible mild steel
0758=187-5 Nlmbt
Bearing
stress →

165N / mmz
fy=2soN1mm2
stress →
0.66kg =

Bending 150N / moot

Comp & Tension-
→
0
Gfy
- =

110N / MMZ
maxm shear → 0-45
fy=
100N tmnt
Shear
otefy
=
→

avg
.
Lsm →

stress
permissible
compression Tension
Bearing Bending
,
,

1¥
.
• ÷] .

ultimate stress
the →

fy → yield stress

250N / mm
≥ the = 410N /mm2

shear
[t.TL 12¥53 ] '
Bolt -4 ( IS 800-2007 )
Bolt
ordinary
( M5 -
m 36
)
dice of Bolt ( Nominal diag
are the
5 36
,

As =
Iydz
'
' '
Shank or Nominal Area ( As)

I ¥¥€Én :p
Threaded
portion
And - = 0.78 As
Bolted connection :
-

Butt
Lap joint -
joint
-

FA ti -1-1

e-

Let

connection
Lap jointed
 I
SF
FED
F- of
strength
*
shear

Bolt in Lap jointed

failure of Bolt
connection s
( shear failure)
-

shear
strength __,% ✗Anet
And -

= 078×7442
 %
M M

f- ← → F

② It

Double cover but joint

fˢb ✗ ( MAS -1ns Anet)
strength
=
shear
12553 ∅
in Shank
h, = no . of plane
Net Area .

'
1
" ' '
hz =
' '
NOTE →
=
Bolt →

4-6grade_
fUb=UO0N/mm#
240N / Mbt
tyb = 400×0-6 =
Ques → the shear of Bolted
=
calculate
below
-
strength
connection
given
of Bolt 4-6 & MI6
grade
=

Fe 250
of steel =

grade

:
of Bolt
¥0M
one
shear
strength
=
✗ Anet
12553
 =

1.42%-3×078 ✗ 4612

= 28974.3N

= 28.974kW

for connection = 2×28.974

= 57.948 kN
=
 ( dim of force]
Pitch
along the

,
[
f- 4
! > F

•
n

7 distance ( Perpendicular
end gauge
edge
to the direction
distance
of Force)
distance
 not
spacing btw bolt holes should
⑧
-

minimum
less than 2- b- ✗ nominal dice .

be

2-5 Xd

Max
spacingdistance
.
→

Max . pitch
42T , 200mm) min
↳ compressive force
[ Tensile force ( 1Gt
,
200mm ) min
d- = thicknenofthinnerp.at#
 distance or end distance :
edge
-

should not
edge
distance distance
☆ min .
end or

than 1- 5 do ( do = dice of Bolt Hole)

be less

not be more than

should
*
Max distance
ledge )
fy yield
.

→
strength
E.
125%y
=
=
12T E ;

end distance
(
F- edge distance
Dia of Bolt Hole

Dia of Bolt Hole (d)

Nominal dice of Bolt @ mm)

12 ≤ d≤ 14 do = d -11

do d -12
16 ≤ d ≤ 24
=

do = d -13
d > 24
 of Bolt
Bearing strength chap joint )

FA
d- 1<1-2
ti SF
Isg
FL
- tz Top view
n←←
Cls area = dxtmh
f⇐¥
'

1 lfpngected Areal
dia
-1
strength 2-5kbthp-cdxtm.in
__

stress
:& .sk
, tap
I -25
] I -25
Kb Ein ÷→ edge or end dist .

Pith &" "

>
- ◦ 25
◦

%ˢ ,
=
%◦ˢ= 0.9

For÷ÉÉÉ
take kb=|
 ICY?→
&
⑧
strength
of Bolt is the min of
shearing
Bearing strength
.

of Bolted connection
strength
calculate the
Guess
=
below
given ,

10mm
12mm
↳
4.6
Bolt dice : 16mm grade
plate → Fe 250
 of Bolt
strength
shear

=
0.78×14×4654%-377.25
(=min) Ang

×,,,
∅ = 28.97kW
=

Bearing strength =
2-5 Kb
7¥ @ thin]

, g. g. × , , ✗
y.gg
= 65^6 KN c

=
if there is one shear plane , then Bolt
strength
to shear
will always
be
equal strength
Bolt
of
.

Butt
joint connections cover
plate

-
-

Bearing strength
→

f- ←
a)
e- →

to

to %
%
⇐

wi
→ F

main
plate

}mi
"

Bearing strength = 2-5 Kb ! g DX

{(tilts , to
Gusset plate →

These plates are provided & transfer the

member to another
load from
one .

֥
.

plate
 of Plate >

strength
Tensile
Ag
Area
→
gross
I
↓ ↓ Anon Net Area

Net ✓
✓
gross
N-5-Anetxf.FI?xo.-&
G-5-
Agxt.gg
min

Tensile of plate
strength
Calculation of Area →
gross
↑
← • .

t
i

÷:*
-

( CIS Aran)
Area =
BIT
gross ↓ ↳ thickness
width
Net Area calculation →

"
*¥ ÷%;
B
.

\
,

Ahet = (B -
Ado )t
↳ no .
of Holes .
 Area & Net
Ruess Area
gross
calculate

B. = 200mm e- = 12mm dice of Bolt =

④nm
←
:| : →

Area Bt
gross
=

= 200×12
2
= 2400mm

Net Arceo = ( B- ndo)t = (200-2×15) 12

-
= 2040mm
 NOTE →
=

shear
strength ↑ min Bolt
strength

¥
poet

Bearing strength
←

strength
Net a

Plate
] min Plate
sbengm
gross strength v.

strength of
connection .
 joint ( per pitch )
efficiency of 8-

[ Shear
,
Bearing of Bolt

&
gross strength
Net
,
^
of plate ] min
✗ 100
↑
P
of plate
~
gross strength

(P d.) *-

✗ stress
✗ 100
^ =

Pt Yen ✗

(P -

do]
M= p-
✗ too
 Welded connection : -

-8
µ
☒EÉ
Had
fillet weld
single side
Butt weld

¥☒⇐¥¥
Both side

fq Bolt weld
 of Bult weld →
Design
penetration
Single side

d- I > tz

t,
g.pk?*#BdI tz

depth of weld =
§ tmin
cross section Area B.
= ✗
51st min
 4s Area ✗ stress 125
strength
=

Ymw cookshop)

strength
=

B✗%tmin ✗

Ymw
I. 5

( field )
(b) Double side penetration

Bxtmin ✗ tf
strength
=

Ymw
 of
given
weed
strength
calculate the below
Ques >
-

1 side
200mm
isomns single
' I in
penitration
## field .

12mm
10mm

Bקtmin × I
strength
=

Ymw
=
180 ✗
f- ✗ to ✗
2,5g =
187=500
kN
Designoftieletwedjoint : -

p
gag
→

←
p

S, & S2 ( size of )
Weld

{ Si

S2
Throat
thickness = KS
 K Throat coefficient

Kk
angeeblwtusim
faces 0=9
#
Go -90° 07 /
ai 100° 0-65
btw fusion
anglefaces
-

101° -
106° 0-6 .

107° - 113° 0-55

114° -
120° 0<5
 min of weed thicker
* size
according
.
is to

member

min size of weed

Thickness of thicker plate
.

5min ( mm)
( mm )

(O -

lo ] ◦ < tmax≤ to 3mm

( lo -

201 to < tmax≤ 20 b- mm

6
20 < three ≤ 32
(20-32)
8mm (for first-run)
]
tmax≤50→[
32 <
( 32-50

>
10mm (for final Run]
 size of Weld is decided thinner
Max .

by
member .

1)
For
square edge #¥
.

1
Smax = @ min
-

I -5mm
]

2) for Rounded edge ✓

•E_
Smee :
3-4 ✗ Nominal thickness .
 of fillet joint connection 8-
strength
7

•
F.
F-

weld
of
e =
length best =L -2s
2s
A-
effective
length
=
if
C. Is Area = (Ks) ✗ left
 ( Ks) left f-
strength
= ✗

53 Ymw

→ 1.25 workshop
Ymw 1. s field

I
 of welded
Clues → calculate the
strength
connection →

BB l0m①
lUm① 150mm
of weld =

length
process
field welding
.

of
⑧ S is the
any
-

take the value

& value
¥ In .
Smin → tmex = 14mm
-

s =
¥17m
smin=5mm# 5-18-5
=

10mm 2-
Smex
→ d-min =

Smax =

=
10 -

8- 5
I -5

mm
=ommµ
left = l -
2s

= 150 -
2X 6.75

= 136-5 mm

strength
= KS lest ✗
¥-ymw
= 0 -7×6-75×136.5
✗
gz%
KN
=
1¥78 ME
 T if

[ w←[~
FL

weld
Transverse
weld
longitudinal
weld
Transverse weld is
stronger
than
longitudinal
distribution is uniform But for
Because stress
is assumed that Both
it
Designweld purpose
resist same load .

the
end returner are provided to prevent the

weld stress
of
longitudinal due to
failure
concentration .

"

t.FI:}
:-c
"
slot &
Plug welding 8-
should be used
weldingstructure
slot not

Plug
or

But when
in steel
Excessively use fillet weed
it Becomes Impossible to

limited we
of plate is
may
or
length
welding
slot
plug
.

or
provide
# 25mm , may
] =

017pm > p
1- = thickness of
plate .
Intermittently
→

load
for effective
transmission
{ }
it is
s I
{ } lisoruommmax
{ }

( Tension]
S ( 1Gt 200mm)
=
, min
(
= 12T
,
200mm
) min compression]
 plates fillet weld
Dyer two are connected
By
& force
of size 10mm
subjected Tensile p .

plate is 12mm
of each .

thickness
of weld to Transmit
calculate
min .

length
force P .
•
mmmm
^
100mm > p
150mm
Wuhu

✓
 , ¥y
P = (0.7×10)×410 ✗deff best = 20560mn
53 ✗ 1.25
eaehside

10=1325-5-1-11
Em
gloss strength =Bxt✗,ty
, ,, , , ,

120041,25£ = 1325-5 deff

E- centric connection →
p
> NO .
of Bolt =
N

Force Bolt
on each
~

!•• " ""

F
,
= I
n

o •
BET 1
Direct Force
I I
 f-
☐
=
Ia ✗ Ai

ÉD
¥ Al In
×

FD = =

Fort ( A A As An)
Drift
- -

when
-

= = =
-

, ,

Bolt
A→ area of .
 SAVE
>
Ip
Ép ¥
=
=
=

^
> ↑

,
I =

Épr
1- = Pe FT =
I A

¥prA =

g÷zriA
Ft=÷#
 "
S ri? = ri -122-1%3 + he e - - -
-

ReuvtantIyf☐2_FÉt2F
"

/ to >
, Fy
, F-
p
Ques → F-
K
, gomm
10011
=
I

-0 '
0
I
60mm
I
-0 0
;
<
4-6
8,0min Bolt
grade force
Find Resultant
diaofBolt=l6mm# on
each Bolt .
 FT >
Step I
Fig
In
- → =
40
] ¥
?3o ,
toyo
<
= vF☐

( u

µFp=h① Ff ¥ ¥,
8=50 mm

Ft='¥r ✗
/↳
!?¥→='•¥ 90kW
=
=

A
 Assumption in Bolted connection -9
direct btw is
1) Distribution of
stress but hole

uniform

p
h
փ
¥5
☒

distribution over cross section

2) Shearn stress
of Bolt is uniform .
 -

÷ EI
↓
actual
↓assumed .

in
3) stresses are
Neglected ;
bolt this

Bending is valid till

grip length
is

assumpwtim

b-xwomin-aldiaegc.sc
to
less than or
equal
 - f

f ← ←W
eg
Ig grip length
>

Bolts will share applied load

all the valid
4) But this assumption is not
equally of moment ,
provided length of
in case
to
connection
is less than or
equal
Nominal dia
15 ✗
.
 he =
length of
connection

← >
Lo
"
15 d
La &
 friction
High strength
Bolt
(
grip )
☆ HSFG Bolt

washer Plate ( provided to distribute the

Peggy
*
"
load on
Bigger
with the
)
Area

help of
is transferred
applied load
action due
damping action
to

clamping ,
failure
good against fating
are .

these Bolts
☆ PRYING FORCE -7

of T member is less
when the thickness ,

tree will
then additional Tensile generate
Bolt these additional
and
on plate ,

is force
Tensile force called
prying
.

iF
t.E.es#
T UT

U
 force →
How to avoid
prying
↳ NO .
of Bolt should be increased .

connecting
should be
thickness of member
v21
increased -

→
WSM_
Riveted connection
1) →
dice of rivet dice of hole ( mm)
Nominal
do
d CMMJ

d ≤ 25mm do =
@ + 1- 5) mm

d > 25mm do = @ + 2) mm

I
 is the of
shearing
min
☆ Rivet value
strength
of
of Rivet &
Bearing strength privet .

Lapjo →

man

f-

wormed
-

shear
strength
of rivet
Iyad? ✗ Tsp

tsp → permissible shear

stress .
Bt →
(doxtminxrrsp
permissible
Bearing
stress
Tbp →

buu-jointedconnectig-I.am
←
d- 2
F- >
t
] em Umm

of Rivet = 2✗ di
shear
strength Eg ✗ ✗
rsp
of Rivet do ✗ ( tag ( tits)
}minxrrsp
Bearing strength
=
 stress in Rinds →
( workshop)
permissible
Axial
Bearing
Shear Stress
Nlmmz
Tension ( ro) stress (
Tsp) ( Tsp)

100 100 300

power
driven

Hand do 250
80
driven
 field
Riveting
IN of above
* case process

value reduce
by Lot
✓
.

of Rivet is
given
* it dice not then

formula is used calculate

unwin's to

dice
Nominal
.

"
D= 6- 04Ttmin
↳ mm
Tensile of plate
strength
HIM →

ME
Ag 0.6kg
f.
✗
Gross
strength
=

Net
strength = And
06kg-
✗

weldedwnnm→ WIM

fillet weld (KS) @ ett) ✗

Tsp

}t }
Tsp
= 0 -

testy men .
shear 20%11
Hfy shear
= 0
gang
-

.
.
 of Field
In case
welding
reduced
process
20
permissible

stress is
by
 -

: Tension member :
-

slenderness Ratio % distance b/w point of

deff →
Zero moment
D= lett
.

8min .

0 Plate
0

0
strength
°
Net
strength
o
gross strength
 -

: wet Area calculation : - ⑧

A : '
Net area for section ABODE →

↑ I
p <
B
Bot
I ⑤ C
^g
y
,
A
net
=
( B- ndo
-14¥ ?g-z)t
,
+

/
1

v82
I

D@ I

A- Bt
I =
I
E←p→
i
gross
f- =
thickness of
plate
 Tensile of
strength
Calculate the plate
Guess
dice of Bolt
given t
below -

= 10mm _-
20mm
A
-

40mm do -_ 20+2

B = 22mm
60mm
c. =

p ✗
100mm
D

60mm

E 40mm
f
50mm
 Area Bt
gross
=

= 300×10
2
3000mm
=

Net Area →
-
section ABEF →

=
(B- ndo)t

= (300-2×22) ✗ 10

Ahet = 2560mm≥
=
 A BC DEF
At section

Anet = ( B- noto
-14%-1 -
- -

/ e-
= ( 300-4×22 1-
45×-0%-1 %÷/ ✗ to

=
( 212 +
¥É-) to

≤ 2328.33m m2
=
t
- a
Ahet → min .
of all .
= 23298-33
 of
gross strength
Plate Tensile
strength
=
Ag
✗
¥0 of plate

681.81 Khl

3000×2%7
=

=
→
Am
-

=
68L
Net
strength =
Anetxfuxo
I -25

= 2328-33 ✗
I ✗ 0-9
=
6-7%-4 KN
 calculation for section
Area
angle :
-

psoutstandiy
→
connecting beg ISA 2×9×2
↓ ↳ Thickness

larger
standing
-

connecting
leg eeg]
,

-1 ISA 100×25×8
 ISA lixlzxt
t

lit

Ii ( Iz -

t )t

-
Hit)

12
Area lit + ( Iz -

t) t
Total =

=
[ liters -

t ]t
 Area of
connecting beg & outstandingbeg : -

→
connecting leg
= Cli -
d- It
-1¥
A-t) =
@ i
-

% )t I
2-
t)

e- 1 ,
↓
Hg = Az -
e- It +
¥
= ( Iz -

th)t if
QUI >
IS A 100×-75×10
&
[ ☐ Find the
Net
gross
[ ]
Area of connecting leg
it
& outstanding eeg
12mm Bolt dice .
is
④ m .

Area
@2- tsst
Outstanding leg gross
=
→

=
(75-12)/0
Ag = Anet
utstanding = 700mn21
For
connecting leg
→
do = 161-2

= tombs
nolo) t
Anet @ ¥
" -

= 1

= Coo -
-
2×18 ) ✗ to

= 590 mm2
=

(h %) ( too -

¥110
Ag
-
e- =

-
=
9--50 mm
NOTE →

objective

}
For →

Total
strength
= A net ✗
17¥ ✗ ✗

bolt ≥ "
( for welded connection
•
2=0.8
( for Bolt =3 )
✗ = 0.7

0-6
( for Bolt = 1 or
2)
✗=
 slenderness ratio of Tension member

Types ✗ max

1) A Tension member in which

due to
180
reversal of stress

loads other than wind or

seismic loads .

acting 350
as a
2) A member
normally
truss
a
tie in roof or

but subjected
system
Bracingreversal from
to of stress

the action of wind & earthquake

3) Tension member

under
always HOO
Tension .

than
pre Tensioned
( other
-

member)

in of Bolt & rivet

④ efficiency
of
joint case

100% of
in case

may
increases beyond is not
but this
staggered arrangement ,

possible
practically
.
hug angle
→

of
it is a small Piece
connection
angle used to

of
the
length
.

reduced
Not be used to transfer
should
*
dug angle
load because ,
there will be some

the
in the connection
eccentricity
.

amount of

F- -
O O

11
O

tug o o o > F

angle .
 •

tu to
Fo =

(E)
angle _

main
←
angle
I. 2 Fo tag ' •

V
angle f
12 to
?⃝
't Fo
- ◦ I -

Zfo
✓
0 °

✓ 1. zfo
1 't Fo

E
0 0 > F

O O O

Fo =
Fz
 Area calculation for angle section
( effective Area )

angle section is connected with

gusset
1)
singleplate
f.AZ
.
_

to0

5 At

✓
A, = Area of
connecting leg
.

Az :
Area of outstanding leg .
✓
Total
Ait¥Az
Area =

Reduction factor

K=[ ] (0-6--07)
3A ,
€
3A , -1 Az
 section side
2) when two
angle placed of
gusset
are on same

plate .

section bolted
angle
(a) Both are taek

o o
Total Area
0 O

¥
i. ! ! =
Ait KAZ

Tack
Bolt
K=[g↑¥] c-
co.7-o.es
 Both section
angle
when are Not Taek
b)
Bolted .

Area will be 2. times of case -1

A = 2 ( Ait KAD
k=[}÷
 two section placed opposite
3) when
angle
are on

plate
side of
gusset
.

both section are Taek Bolted

a) when
angle
Total Area A +
KAZ

I
' = ,

I ↳
k=I
]
(
eccentricity
zero

when not taek Bolted

b)
.

A = 2( Ait KAI
1<=[3%-1+7]
 ISA 100×75×8 with
Queers is connected a

plate on one side find

gusset faction
effective Area of
angle
.

the

Cli % )t
1^-2 A.
-

=
75
8
= ( 100-8-418
= 96×8
At
mmz /
=
7-68
p A2= ( da th)t= (
-

75-478=568 Misty
=
 =3I=[z¥%+÷]
*
3A/ 1- Az

=
0.8 C- (0-6-0.7)
take

Total Area =
A , -1kHz

= 768-10.7×568

1emm Alf
>
=
 Compression member

slenderness Ratio of compression member g-

dmax
Types
load
1) A member compressive
earringthe g. go
from dead the &
resulting
imposed load .

subjected to compression
2) A member
250
Force from combination
resulting only
with wind / earthquake action provided
,

the deformation of such member

does not affects the stress in

any part
.
 of Beam
compression flangeTorsional
a
3) zoo

against Lateral
Buckling

LENGTH OF AN ANGLE SECTION : -

EFFECTIVE

Description lest

1) Discontinuous single angle

section connected LXL

with one Bolt .

• *•
2) Continuous left

{ { 0.TL to -1L

section with
single angle or more than
one Bolt

one Bolt
3) Discontinuous lest

0.85L

yea
single angle
.

with
Connected
more
Two or

two Bolt
than
.
4) Discontinuous
left .

* & 0.7 to 0 -85L

µ *

action
Double
angle than
one or more

one Bolt .

② ⑨
For case
,
③ ,
we can take
0-85-1
 of Tack Bolt 8-
Design
Talk Bolts are provided to make union csec
1)
. .

are provided outside the

talk Bolts
2)
plate
gusset
washer plate
.

f- tests -

is o o %É ☒

Y
☒ o o

/ Tack Bolt
✗ whole
A 1 For Tack Bolt

✗ TB $40

d -1B¥ 0 -6A whole dTB=%

¥¥
↳:
✗ whole =

✗ ✗

.
 btw Bolts For compression
spacing
* Max .
Taek

should not be more than 600mm

member
.

talk should not be

spacing btw Bolt
Max
*
.

for Tension member

1000mm .

more than

ing
-
Talk Bolts are
provided in two Row 8-

Angle section
^

≥ 125mm

channel section

[
*

" 50mm

=
 Effective of compression member
length D= test
Koi
"

1) 7
lest = LL

"

¥
- -
1- -

2) I left :O .
65L

"" "
/
 g- %
"

3) lett

lett = 0 -8L

" ""

"" ' "

O O
H)
I -2L
left =

111 '
5) 18%66

left =
2L

6) deff = 2L

/ 11 "
NITE →
p AZE

p=^→÷
=
F- I

=
A
>
EAR

L2
for =

^]z
AZEA
Pu=
Agxfdesign
=
p

if Psara :
1¥
Psape ≥ Papplied if
 of section Basis of I.
capacity
on the

circular
sqr .

I see
-
.
rectangular
-0
> >
>

Bulb

star angle Box 2-

section angle
Lacing Lacing
members provided
→ are to make

⑧
union Sec .

the value of 0

btw ( 40° -

70°)
⑧
If 0h40
" , length
of
lacing
member
to

large
will be
-

of
,
# chance
Buckling
of member
lacing
coem will
of component
Increase .
 of ratio for
lacing
Max
.
value slenderness member

is 1145

%Design.cm?-easeing.:.emben-:- assume 0=450

•§)qo
•
[ = I = ditz
L sinus

¥0 1=452
-0

of
Ii
length
l ,
= 5+2
Cyy haling member .
Thickness of
lacing member →

1) single lacing
e- $ ÷

2) Double
lacing
it 4
÷
o
left = I L
MR
◦
Bm
left = 0 -7L

◦ I
0

left = 0.7L

0
•

I
 in
Transmission
lacing
Force member : -

v = 2.5 % of axial load

V = 2 xp
←
%
100
P
,

L V

<
V12
* main
member opposit of
Lacing
on side member

should be in the same direction so that one

of others
becomes mirror
image
.

tie plates
* at Top & Bottom of column
,

avoider
distortion of Colm .

to
are provided
should be
slenderness ratio
* effective
of
increases to take into account

it shear deformation effect .

deH=ᵗ°5ᵈY¥ 5%1-4^4
 Battens
*
Battens are provided to make
• ◦

0 0

section
° o
union Is,→ ,
Batten
II. left tend 0 0

\:
* deff =
0

Thx

Iot .

* L=(stzcyy] Intermediate
length Baeten .

thickness 4 ¥
 depth of Batten plate

✓ a)
Intermediate Batten & § ☒

✓ b) end Batten 4 *

Force Transmission →

2-5 2.5% of axial force

✓ =
XP pp .

* minimum no .
of Intermediate Battens
required
is 2 .
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS

shape factor →
plastic
Mp → moment .

SF =
-

Me → elastic moment .

T Zp Zp
F- =

Ey =
Tze
=

ME
4¥) = Tze
 I
Ze =

Ymax
Zp =

Az ( F. +
Is )

factor for
rectangular section →
calculate shape
Ages
-

SF = ??
-
- - - - - -

at -
 b bd3
r *=
2e=
I
-12
y y
d-
y=dz
!§÷
✗ ✗
%
- - -
-

bad
-
-

Ze =

É→-
%•ña9ual
Arenas]

t
2p=Az(J -182) ✗
,
du •Ñ
¥( E. du)=bd÷
= +
 both

{÷
SF
-41yd 6-4=1-5
=
=
=
,

6-

sF
¥aetor
= 1.121-01.15 = 1.27
=L -69

= I. 5
 = 2.343
-
-
-
-
-
- = 2
-
- -
- - -
- - - -

ME
.
Length
of plastic
Ange :-

Y=kk2
<¥m#me§,
\ 2=12 m=mp

¥2 ✗ =lp
-2
m= Mp -
Me

"

{ Mp=k2
MP
Me _

①
mp
MP -

me ]

←ep,
Mp me
-
≥
KIKI -
②

%
 ②/②
2
lp =
e) G- ¥)
⑦
Mp
tmp
Me
-

length of plastic hinge

1-
them
,
=

CPI] in case of UDL on

Beam
simply supp
.
.

1-
¥ =

%-)
 Émmrm
case -2 1
,

, _ ,

if lp= l ( 1- ¥) Ilp=tJ

0¥ .
what is the Plastic
hinge length for
simply
Beam of circular cross pectin
supported
loaded at #fw is
513 .

a) ¥ If 2¥ c) ¥ d) ¥
 lp =L ( 1-
¥)

-¥) ell -

lp=§
NITE
→
Load factor = (S F.)
-
✗ (f
-

o s
-

)
I ↳ factor of
shape
safety
factor
 of
possible location plastic
Hinge 8-

load
1) point of application of point s
-

U•
Is
2) in
§
shear case
point of
zero ,
at a

of UDL .
3) at fixed ends →

t.inrmmhq.to#ange in cross section

s
: -

É 2
Mp Bf MP
,
,
 Calculation of coups load
w/2
%
'

1) ; ×
eh
i. o→

hinge
formed 2
No .
of =

W/z
+0m01 = I tanoz
% =

•
*'
Y
%, , k
Mps
@ •Y↑§
tomo = @ ( when small
angle)
↑

01--1-2=0 Y=Qᵈz=9t
>
ump ,
Mp
External work done

= Load ✗ Displacement

=
% ✗
y
workdone
Internal
01=02
=
Mpo ,
-1 Mpo , + Mpo,

= 3. Mpo,

Wkxy=3mpO#
424£
=3 Mpeg Yw=÷
 the value of load
Ques Calculate coeeaps
-

ZP
sills -2lb
!