GROUP 1

CHAPTER III Drugs: Their Sources, Classifications, and Effects

“Some drugs are illegal, and so taking or possessing them is a crime”

Objectives:
It is the objective of this chapter to inculcate into the mind of the students/readers the true meaning of
drugs, their sources/ origin and the history why not all drugs are legal, as well as what makes them illegal.
It is also the objective of this chapter to emphasize to the students/readers how drugs influence an
individual emotionally, intellectually, psychologically, and socially that may result in the modification of
attitudes that influence behaviour.

AN OVERVIEW
No community in our country is said to be free on the problems on illicit drug use. Despite years
of drug suppression efforts by all levels of government and by numerous anti-drug organizations, the
cycle of drug use continues. In answer to the globally challenging problem of the illicit trafficking and
proliferation of dangerous drugs and to strengthen the anti-drug abuse program of the government,
Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 was passed,
which in July 4, 2002, effectively repealed and replaced the existing drug law, R.A. 6425, otherwise
known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972.

With the end in view of pursuing a more intensive and sustained campaign against the trafficking
of dangerous drugs, R.A. 9165 reconstituted and revitalized the Dangerous Board (DDB) which already
existed under R.A. 6425, and vested it with increased powers and duties to pursue its mandate as the
policy making and strategy planning body in the drafting and formulation of policies and programs on
drug abuse prevention and control. Entrenched in this drug law, however, are provisions aiming at
achieving a balance in the national drug control program so that the people with legitimate needs are not
prevented from being treated with adequate amounts of required medications which may include the use
of dangerous drugs.

Unfortunately, no community in the Philippines can escape the problems surrounding illicit drugs

VICE, DEFINED
Vice may be defined as any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity,
wickedness or corruption.

DRUG EDUCATION, DEFINED

Drug Education is a learning process that influences an individual emotionally, intellectually,
psychologically, and socially and may result in the modification of attitudes that influence. behaviour. It
involves the formal mechanism of presenting information, and includes a series of experiences and
influences that help shape the learning environment, the atmosphere of the school, the life-style present at
home, the attitude of parents, the pressures within peer group, the popular culture, the personal experience
with or without drugs, and the availability of alternative mechanisms employed to carry out certain kinds
of behaviour.

HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE

The use of chemical substance that alter physiological functioning dates back to the Old Stone Age.
Egyptian relics from 3500 B.C. depict the use of opium in religious rituals. By 1600 B.C.., an Egyptian
reference work listed opium as an analgesic, of painkiller.

The Incas of South America were known to have used cocaine for at least 5000 years ago.

Cannabis, the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) from which marijuana and hashis are derived, also has a
5000-year history.

During World Wars I and II, the use of injectable morphine to ease the pain of battle casualties
was so extensive that morphine addiction among veterans came to be known as the "soldier’s disease", By
that time, the medical professional and the public recognized how addictive morphine was, its use had
reached epidemic proportions. Then in 1898, the Bayer Drug Company in Germany introduced a new
opiate, supposedly a non-addictive substitute for morphine and codeine. It came out under the trade name
heroine, yet it proved to be even more addictive than morphine.

When cocaine, which was isolated from the coca leaf in 1869, appeared on the international drug
scene, it too was used for medicinal purposes. Its popularity spread and soon it was used in other
products, a variety of gin tonics, and the most famous of all, Coca-Cola, which was made until 1903.

THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION DRUG TRAFFICKING

It is noteworthy that drug abuse has become not only a national issue or a problem of just a few
countries but it is clear and present global danger. Today, well-organized drug syndicates are behind this
menace. They employ the most advanced and most sophisticated technology coupled with unlimited
financial resources at their command and disposal. Police agencies around the world, pooling their
resources are more often than not, the losers in a game of hide and seek with the international drug
syndicates.

DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

On the other side of the globe is the second major drug traffic route, which is composed of the
popular "Golden Triangle" which is composed of three (3) countries namely: (1) Burma/Myanmar, (2)
Laos, and (3) Thailand; and the "Golden Crescent" which is composed of: (1) Iran, (2) Afghanistan, (3)
Pakistan, and (4) India

Southeast Asia
The "Golden Triangle" approximately produced 60% of Opium in the world, and 90% of opium
in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially acknowledged source of Southeast Asian "Heroin". A
heroin is produced in the "Golden Triangle" and passes through nearby countries in relatively small
quantities through air transport while in transit to the United States and European countries.
Southwest Asia
The "Golden Crescent" is the major supplier of opium poppy, marijuana and heroin products in
the western part of Asia. It produced at least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channel in the drug
underworld market..

THE WORLD'S DRUG SCENE

Middle East
The Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle
East. Lebanon has also became the transit country for cocaine from South America to European illicit
drug markets.

Spain
Spain is known as the major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe, and
became the "Paradise of drug users" in Europe.

South America
Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the principal sources of all cocaine supply in the world
due to the robust production of the "coca plants".

Mexico
Mexico is known in the world to be the number one producer of "Marijuana".

Philippines
The Philippines is second to Mexico as to the production of Marijuana. It also became the major
transshipment point for the worldwide distributionnof illegal drugs particularly "Shabu" and "Cocaine"
from Taiwan and South America. It is noted that Philippines today is known as the drug paradise of drug
abusers in Asia.

India
India is known as the center of the world's drug map, leading to the rapid drug addiction among
its people.

Indonesia
North Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia
is an important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and New Zealand.

Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand

These countries are known to be the most favorable sites of drug distribution from the "Golden
Triangle" and other parts of Asia.

China
 China is the transit route for heroin from the "Golden Triangle" to Hong Kong. It is also the
country where the "epedra plant" is cultivated-source of drug "Ephedrine" which is the principal chemical
for producing Methylamphetamine Hydrochloride (shabu)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong is known as the world's transshipment point of all forms of "heroin".

Japan
Japan has become the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United States and Europe.

THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE

The Columbian Medellin Cartel

Founded during the 1980's by Columbian drug lords in the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria and
drug bosses: Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine barons Juan David Ochoa Brothers.
The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world's drug trafficking network. The
Columbian government succeeded in containing the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death,
surrender, and arrest of the people behind the organization. This further resulted to the disbandment of the
Cartel that led to its downfall.

The Cali Cartel

The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel - the newly emerged
cocaine monopoly.

Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela - better known as "Don Chepe" - "the Chinese Player" heads the syndicated
organization. Under him, the Calu Cartel was considered the most powerful criminal organization in the
world. The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this huge production, it was called
the best and brightest of the modern underworld. They are Professionals of the highest order, intelligent,
efficient, imaginative and nearly impenetrable.

The Chinese Triad

The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese "Mafia" is the oldest and biggest criminal organization
in the world. It is believed to be the controller of the "Golden Triangle" with international connection on
drug trafficking. The Chinese Triad is also referred to as the "black societies". Called themselves Triads
because of their highly ritualistic use of numerology - a belief in the magical significance of numbers. The
number 3 and multiples of 3 were accorded major importance by this group. The symbol triad societies is
depicted by an equilateral triangle with the 3 sides representing the 3 Chinese concepts of heaven, earth,
and man.

II Vice- It's Definition and Control

Objectives:

The objective of this chapter is to emphasize to the students/ readers what is the true meaning of vice,
how does it affect an individual, as well as its evil effects that are more disastrous, morally and physically
that of other crimes. It is also the objective of this chapter to inculcate into the mind of the readers those
vices which are considered immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity,
wickedness or corruption.

Vice, defined

Vice refers to any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity, wickedness or
corruption.

It is worthy to note that vices are generally thought of as habits or behaviors that are, at best,
unacceptable, and at their worst... immoral. Yet there are those vices that have become so commonplace
that we've ceased to recognize them as such, depending on the culture you live in.

Importance of the Study of Vice

The importance of studying vice are as follows:

1. It is important because its evil effects are more disastrous,

morally and physically that of other crimes;

2. It is important because vice affects the daily lives of many people.
3. It is important because its existence causes a serious problem in law enforcement.

4. It is important because commercialized vice disrupts the social make-up of the community.

Smoking

Take, for example, smoking. Half a century ago it wasn't at all unusual for Americans to smoke
everywhere-in and out of doors, on airplanes, at the dinner table, etc... Today, our culture has changed due
primarily to our understanding of its effects on our health, thus, we no longer see the kind of smoking that
was once very common.

Yet it seems that the history of smoking and the presence of tobacco in the West go back a few centuries.
Apparently, men and women have enjoyed smoking as long as there's been something to smoke.

It's even been celebrated in song.

Coffee
Coffee first arrived in Europe via Italy. More specifically, it came to Venice from the Middle East and
quickly spread throughout Europe. It got a huge promotional boost in 1600 when the Pope decreed coffee
to be a drink for Christians. By the end of the 17th Century, coffee houses had spread like wild fire,
including in places such as Leipzig, Germany where they were also popular venues for musical
performance.

It was this very setting that inspired Johann Sebastian Bach to compose his satirical cantata "Schweigt
stille, plaudert nicht," better known as the "Coffee Cantata," which tells of a daughter's addiction to coffee
and of her father's frustration in trying to get her to stop drinking it. In the end, he doesn't really succeed
in spite of his best efforts.

Gambling

Gambling is another one of those vices that is, depending on who you talk to, variously seen as a
recreation, an outright sin, or a distraction falling somewhere in between the two.

Gambling, defined,

Gambling is the act or activity of betting money, for example in card games or on horse racing. Gambling
is a game or scheme wherein the result of which depends wholly or chiefly upon chance or hazard.

Chance of Hazard, defined.

Chance of Hazard is the uncertainty of the result of the game when the outcome of the game is incapable
of calculation by human reason, foresight, capacity or design/

Drinking

Wine and spirits have been the libations of choice for many a reveler, and drinking to excess, par for the
course. Countless numbers of songs and dramas have marked such excess from the middle ages through
the present day. Wanidial

Alcohol, defined.

Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. It is created when grains, fruits, or vegetables are
fermented. Ever since, there has been a continuous effect, everywhere, to control its consumption because
of its devastating effects on human life. Many countries all over the world have tried prohibition ban with
little success.

Fermentation, defined.

Fermentation is a process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in the food into alcohol.
Fermentation is used to produce many necessary items.
Alcoholism, defined.

Alcoholism refers to the state or condition of a person produced by drinking intoxicating liquors
excessively and with habitual frequency.

Alcoholic, defined.

Alcoholic refers to a person who, from the prolonged and excessive use of alcoholic beverages, finally
develops physical and psychological changes and dependence on alcohol.

How does Alcohol affect the Body?

Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows down the function of the central nervous system. Alcohol
actually blocks some of the messages trying to get into the brain. This alters a person's perceptions,
emotions, movement, vision, and hearing.

What is Prostitution?

Prostitution is an act or practice of a woman who engages or habitually indulged in sexual intercourse for
money or profit.

Who is deemed a prostitute?

A prostitute is any woman who engages herself in indiscriminate sexual intercourse or acts with males for
hire.
Types of Prostitutes

The different types of prostitutes are:

1. Call Girl-This is a part-time prostitute who have her own legitimate work or profession, but
works as prostitute to augment her income.

2. Hustler - This is a professional type of prostitute who works at a bar or tavern. She is also a
pick-up girl or a street-walker.

3. Door Knocker - This is an occasional or selective type of prostitute who is usually a new comer
in the business.

4. Factory Girl-This type of prostitute is the real professional type who works in regular house of
prostitution.

What is Whore/Knocker
 It is the name often used for all types of prostitute.

Pimp

One who provides gratification for the lust of others.

White Slavery
The procurement and transportation of women across satellite for immoral purpose.

Drugs: Their Sources,

Classifications and Effects

"Some drugs are illegal, and so taking or possessing them is a crime"

Objectives:

This chapter is objectively designed to emphasize the true meaning of drug, its sources,
classifications- legal classification and international classification as well as its effects to person taking it.
It is likewise the objective of this chapter to emphasize the different categories of drugs. This chapter also
emphasizes that medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicinal drug.

Drug defined.

Drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, physiological, behavioral and/or
psychological change in a person taking it.

Are all Drugs Harmful?

Any drug may be harmful when abused. The fact that many drugs will produce beneficial results
has led some people to feel that drugs solve all problems. Drugs that affect the mind can have subtle or
obvious side effects which can be immediate or may only become evident after continuous use. There are
drugs that are taken ns medicines. But certain drugs are taken not as medicines but to satisfy a craving or
a strong desire and taking them becomes an ingrained habit. These habit- forming drugs have brought
misery to millions of people in every part of the globe.
he following are the categories of drugs namely:
 1. Herbal Drugs

Herbal drugs are plant substance that have drug effects whose use is not generally regulated by
the law. These substances require little processing after the plants are gathered. These drugs may be
grown locally.

2. Over-the-counter Drugs

Over-the-counter drugs are commercially produced drugs that may be purchased legally without
prescription. These drugs are also known as "propriety drugs".

3. Prescription Drugs

Prescription drugs are commercially produced drugs that can be legally sold or dispensed only by
a physician or on a physician's order. They are like over-the-counter drugs in that they are manufactured
by pharmaceutical companies, but they differ, in that the decision to use drugs is legally vested in a
licensed physician not in the user.

4. Unrecognized Drugs

Unrecognized drugs are commercial products that have a psychoactive drug effects but are not
usually considered drugs. These substances are not generally regulated by law except in so far as
standards of sanitation and purity is required.

5. Illicit Drugs

Illicit drugs are drugs whose sale, purchase or use is generally prohibited by law. Criminal
penalties usually apply to violators of these laws.

6. Tobacco

Tobacco is not generally considered a drug, thus, may be classified as an unrecognized drug.
However, tobacco holds such a distinct position in terms of usage patterns, economic importance,

7. Alcohol

Although alcohol may be included in the unrecognized drugs, alcohol in forms such as beer wine,
and distilled liquor is one of the most widely used drugs in our society. It is regarded by many experts as
the most commonly abused drug in our society.

Medicines vs. Drugs

All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicinal drug.
 Medicinal Drugs

A substance which when taken into the human body cures illness and/or relieves signs/symptoms
of disease.

Dangerous Drugs

A Dangerous drug is a substance affecting the central nervous system which when taken into the
human body brings about physical, emotional or behavioral changes in a person taking it.

Drug Abuse

Drug abuse may refer to any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical, psychological, legal,
economic, or social damage to the user or to people affected by the user's behavior.

Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also be applicable to drugs that are available legally,
such as prescribed

medications and certain over-the-counter medications.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

Drugs may be classified into:

A. According to origin:

a. Natural Drugs - are active ingredients, secondary metabolic products of plants and other living
systems that may be isolated by extraction.

Examples:
Raw opium
Marijuana
Coca bush

b. Synthetic Drugs are artificially produced substances, synthesized in the laboratory for the illicit
market, which are almost wholly manufactured from chemical compounds in illicit laboratories.

Examples:

Methamphetamine
Barbiturates

B. According to Legal classification:

a. RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002)

b. Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as The Comprehensive Dangerous drugs Act of
2002):
A. R.A. 9165 gives a single definition to dangerous drugs, removing the distinction between
prohibited and regulated drugs. The old law defines the term "dangerous drugs" as
pertaining to either "prohibited drug" or a "regulated drug".

B. . PD 1619 (Volatile Substances)

C. RA 6425 (Classified as: Regulated and Prohibited)

Under Republic Act 6425, otherwise known as The Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972: "Dangerous
Drugs" refersto either:

(1) "Prohibited drug", which includes opium and its active components and derivatives, such as
heroin and morphine; coca leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine; alpha and beta eucaine;
hallucinogenic drugs, such as mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other substances
producing similar effects; Indian hemp and its derivatives; all preparations made from any of the
foregoing; and other drugs and chemical preparations, whether natural or synthetic, with the
physiological effects of a narcotic or a hallucinogenic drug, or (As amended by B.P. 179 dated
March 2, 1982)

(2) "Regulated drug", which includes self-inducing

sedatives, such secobarbital, Phenobarbital, as pentobarbital, such as secobarbital, barbital,

amobarbital and any other drug which contains a salt or a derivative of a salt of barbituric acid;
any salt, isomer or salt of an isomer, of amphetamine, such as Benzedrine or Dexedrine, or any
drug which produces a physiological action similar to amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as
methaqualone, nitrazepam or any other compound producing similar physiological effects; (As
amended by PD No. 1683 dated March 14, 1980)

C. According to International Classification:

a. Narcotics substance (derived from the "Greek word" narkotikos"-meaning "sleep"

Any drug that produces sleep or stupor and also relieves pain (medical),

• Depress the central nervous system to produce a marked reduction in sensitivity to pain, create
drowsiness and reduce physical activity

A drug which therapeutic doses diminishes awareness of sensory impulses, especially pain, by the
brain, in large doses, it causes stupor, coma or convulsions.

b. Psychotropic substances
Any substance, natural or synthetic or any natural material that have a high potential for
dependence and abuse.

These drugs are highly addictive but, despite the risk, they remain in medical use because no
satisfactory non addictive alternative medication is available

Pertaining to any drug or agent having a particular affinity for or effect on the psyche

Examples:

Heroin

Marijuana Cocaine

Amphetamines

Morphine Some barbiturates

C. Designer drugs

Designer drugs are substance chemically related to but slightly different from controlled
substances

Designer drugs are designed by clandestine chemists with the aim to manufacture compounds that
produce "the high" or euphoria of parent drugs and avoid the penalties that would be levied
against those illegally trafficking the controlled substance.

D. According to Pharmacological Classification (Effects):

a. Stimulants

b. Hallucinogens

c. Depressants
d. Inhalants

a. STIMULANTS (uppers) are drugs which increase

alertness of physical disposition. They also reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well being.
They produce the opposite to that of depressants. Instead of bringing about relaxation and sleep,
they produce increased mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger, and provide a feeling of
well being. Cocaine and Amphetamines are the most common stimulants.
Example of Amphetamine: Methamphetamine Hydrochloride

Picture of air dried Methamphetamine HCI (Shabu)

Street Name: Poor man's cocaine, S, shabu, shabs, ubas, siopao, sha, ice

What it is: White odorless crystal/crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste

How Taken: Ingestion, inhalation (chasing the dragon). sniffing, injection, smoked

Effects:

General: anxiety, irritability, irrational behavior

Long Term: psychosis similar to schizophrenia, difficulty in concentrating, loss of interest

in sex

Physical: chest pain, irregular heartbeat, hypertension, convulsion, death

Dangers: Injection from needles contaminated may lead to risk of infections, phlebitis,
septicemia, AIDS, etc.

b. HALLUCINOGENS (Psychedelics) - are drugs which affect sensation, thinking,

self-awareness and emotion.

Changes in time and space perception, delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations may be mild or
overwhelming, depending on dose and quality of drugs. The results are very variable, a "good
trip" or a "bad trip" may occur in the same person on different occasions. Ecstacy (MDMA),
LSD, Marijuana and Mescaline are the most popular hallucinogens.

Example: Ecstacy (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA for brevity)

Street Name: XTC, Adam, essence, E, herbals How Taken:

Swallowing or inhalation

Effects: Exaggerated emotions, makes HR and BP hike up, dries the mouth, stiffens arms, legs,
jaw; dilates pupils of the eyes, causes faintness, chills sweating and nausea.

Dangers: It can really kill!

Example: LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

Street Name: Lucy in the sky with diamonds, wedding bells, acid, white sugar, lightning, cubes,
brain eaters

What it is: A semi-synthetic alkaloid substance extracted from a fungus which grows on rye,
wheat, and other grains; odorless, tasteless, colorless

Effects: Psychological vivid hallucinations, confusion, blurring and distinction between conscious
and unconscious thought, etc.

Physical: dilated pupils, flushed face, increased BP, etc.

Dangers: May cause abnormal amount of breakage of chromosomes of WBCs that carry genes,
which may result to miscarriages and birth defects.

Example: Marijuana

Picture of fresh leaves Marijuana

Street Name: Mary Jane, Flower, pampapogi, brownines, damo, pot, tea, joint, Dope

What it is: Comes from Cannabis Sativa L. (Indian hemp); looks like fine, green tobacco.

How Taken: Smoked in pipes/cigarettes; can be taken in food; made into candy: sniffed in powder
form; mixed with honey or butter

Effects:

Immediate: faster heartbeat, bloodshot eyes, dry mouth

Long Term: chest pain, temporary loss of fertility, cancer, marijuana burn-out.

Dangers: Slows down user's mental and psychomotor activities; long-term use may lead to
psychological dependence; may lead to cancer.

C. DEPRESSANTS - are drugs which depress or lower the functions of the Central Nervous
System. Types of Depressants:

a. Narcotics (derived from the Greek word "narkotikos" meaning "sleep")-Are drugs which
produce insensitivity, stupor, melancholy or dullness of mind, induces sleep (Hypnotics) or stupor
and relieve pain (Analgesics). Opium, Heroin, Codein, Morphine are the most popular of
narcotics.
Examples of Narcotics:

Street Name: Schoolboy

What it is: A component of opium and derivative of morphine; ideal analgesic; found in some
cough syrups.

How Taken: Orally (tablet or liquid), by injection

Effects: Analgesic and cough suppressant with very little sedation or exhilarant (euphoric) action;
dependence can be produced in large doses

Dangers: Occasionally taken for kicks; dependence may occur; occasionally resorted to by
opiate-dependent persons to tide them over if heroin is difficult to obtain with inadequate result.

b. Sedatives and Hypnotics - calm the nerves, reduce tension and induce sleep. Common
examples of sedatives are Barbiturates and Alcohol.

Barbiturates

Street Name: Lily, bala, downers, yellow jackets, blue heavens

What it is: Made from barbituric acid ("Barb"); prescribed to induce sleep or provide calming
effect

How Taken: Orally (tablet/capsule); sometimes intravenously

Effects: Small amounts make user relaxed, sociable, good-humored; heavy doses make him
sluggish, gloomy, sometimes quarrelsome; thick speech; staggering gait

Dangers: Sedation, coma, death from respiratory failure; deaths from intentional and
unintentional overdose; more than 400 mg per day may lead to barbiturate poisoning. drug
automatism, physical dependence and death.

Alcohol

Street Name: Beer, whisky, Gin, brandy, wine

Effects: Sedation; impairs mental and physical functions; increases the risk of heart attack and
stroke.
 Dangers: cirrhosis; brain damage; obesity; may lead to cancer of the esophagus, intestines,
pancreas, thyroid, and breast.

c. Tranquilizers are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or calm psychotic patients or mental
disorders without producing sleep. Example of Tranquilizer is Diazepam (also known as
"Valium"). It is the most commonly used tranquilizer, which has a slow onset but long duration of
action. Prolonged use may result to dependence both physical and psychological.

Heroine

Street Name: Blanco, brown, sugar, kabayo, kengkoy, gamot, matsakao, pulbos, sapsap, tinik

What it is: Alkaloid derived from morphine, white, off white or brown crystalline powder

How Taken: Orally, through inhalation, injection or by smoking

Effects: smoking slurring of speech; cyanosis; dry skin and mouth; anoxia; urticaria; pulmonary
ventilation; pulmonary edema; hyperglycemia

Dangers: Dependence liability is high; dependence usually develops more rapidly, sensitivity to
respiratory depressant effects.

Morphine

Street Name: M, dreamer, emma, emsel, pulbos

What it is: Principal active component in opium: white crystalline powder, light porous cubes, small white
tablets

How Taken:

Any route, but mostly by intravenous injection

Effects: Initial reaction is unpleasant to most people but calming supersedes and, depending on dose, may
progress to coma and death from respiratory failure

Dangers: sensitivity to respiratory depressant effect until tolerance develops, Psychic and Physical
dependence and tolerance develop readily.

E. VOLATILE SUBSTANCES (inhalants)

Inhalants

Inhalants- these are any liquid, solid or mixed substance that has the property of releasing toxic
(psychoactive) vapors or fumes.
Example: solvents, aerosols glue, gasoline, kerosene, paint. thinner, naphthalene, bases

What they are: Liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing toxic vapors or fumes
or any chemical substance which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled, or introduced into the physiological
system of the body produce/induce a condition of intoxication, inebriation, excitement, stupefaction, etc.

How it is being taken: Sniffing or inhaled directly through the container or from a bag or by holding a rag
with the substance in the mouth

Dangers: Causes permanent damage to brain or may result in "Sudden Sniffing Death"; users become
accident prone; death due to road accidents, drowning, falling from tall building, etc, after sniffing glue;
violence; psychological dependence

DANGEROUS DRUGS

What are considered Dangerous Drugs?

Dangerous Drug is a substance affecting the central nervous system which when taken into the human
body brings about physical, emotional or behavioral changes in a person taking it.

It is a substance which when taken into the human body alters mood, perception, feelings and behavior.

Under Republic Act 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, dangerous drugs are
classified into three (3) main categories, namely:

A. Prohibited Drugs

B. Regulated Drugs

C. Volatile Substances

A. Prohibited Drug, which includes opium and its active components and derivatives, such as heroin and
morphine; coca leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine; alpha and beta eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs,
such as mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other substances producing similar effects;
Indian hemp and its derivatives; all preparations made from any of the foregoing; and other drugs and
chemical preparations, whether natural or synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic or a
hallucinogenic drug (As amended by B.P. 179 dated March 2, 1982).

B. Regulated Drug, which includes self-inducing sedatives, such as secobarbital, Phenobarbital,

pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital and any other drug which contains a salt or a derivative of a salt of
barbituric acid; any salt, isomer or salt of an isomer, of amphetamine, such as Benzedrine or Dexedrine,
or any drug which produces a physiological action similar to amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as
methaqualone, nitrazepam or any other compound producing similar physiological effects (As amended
by PD No. 1683 dated March 14, 1980).

C. Volatile Substance, Liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing toxic vapors or
fumes or any chemical substance which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled, or introduced into the
physiological system of the body produce/induce a condition of intoxication, inebriation, excitement,
stupefaction, etc.

Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, it gives a single
definition for prohibited and regulated drugs. The old law defines the term "dangerous drugs" as
pertaining to either "prohibited drug" or "regulated drug

Under Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, "Drug Dependence"
means a state of psychic or physical dependence, or both, on a dangerous drug, arising in a person
following administration or use of that drug on a periodic or continuous basis.

As based on the World Health Organization definition, Drug dependence refers to a cluster of
physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity, in which the use of psychoactive
drug takes on a high priority thereby involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to
take the substance and the difficulties in controlling substance-taking in terms of its onset, termination, or
levels of use.

What is Drug Dependency?

Drug addiction or dependence is a need for a particular controlled substance which comes from
continuous and sometimes periodic use of that drug

Characteristics of Drug Dependency

1. Physical dependence

It is the result when a drug has been used for a long period of time. It is only identified when a
characteristics withdrawal or abstinence syndrome occurs after its use is discontinued. The body's
physical system changes until the body needs that particular drug in order to function.

2. Mental or psychological dependence It is a need of drug in order to feel good, to get by or feel normal.
3. Idiosyncrasy or side effect.

Idiosyncrasy refers to a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual's mannerism.

What is Physical Dependence?

Physical dependence is a result when a drug has been used for a long period of time. It is only identified
when characteristics withdrawal or abstinence syndrome occurs after its use is discontinued.
Babies born of drug dependent mothers are often born drug dependent and require special care, some are
mentally and physically mpaired as harmed during fetus development.

If a substance abuser's drug of choice is unavailable, in order to maintain their high and to avoid
withdrawal symptoms, they usually use other controlled substance which is available. Sometimes they are
multi-user since they take several different drugs at one or at different times. Multi use means multi-risk

What is Psychological Dependence?

Psychological dependence refers to a state in which an individual has a compulsion to take a drug, but one
in which there may not be a physical dependence.

What is Drug Addiction?

Drug addiction refers to a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption
of a drug natural or synthetic.

Characteristics of Drug Addiction

The following are the characteristics of drug addiction: 1. An overpowering desire or need, compulsion to
continue taking the drug and obtain it by any means. 2. A tendency to increase dose or tolerance

3. A psychic or psychological and generally a physical dependence on drug.

4. A detrimental effect on the individual and on the society.

How is drug addiction acquired?

Drug addiction is acquired primarily in three ways:

1. Association - is the tendency of a drug abuser to look for peer groups where he feels being wanted and
accepted.

2. Experimentation - is the tendency of a person to try and

explore the effects of drugs due to curiosity or other reasons. 3. Inexperienced Physicians-is the tendency
of the physicians to unnecessarily prescribe drugs.

What is Drug Habituation?

Drug Habituation refers to a condition resulting from the repeated consumption of drug.

Characteristics of Drug Habituation

The following are the characteristics of drug habituation:

1. A desire but not compulsive to continue taking the drug for the sense of improved well being it brings.

2. Little or no tendency to increase dose.

3. Some degree of psychic dependence on the effect of drug but absence of physical dependence. 4.
Detrimental effect if any, primarily on the individual.

What is Drug Use?

The word "Use" refers to the act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, or of consuming, either by
chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking, or otherwise introducing into the physiological
system of the body, any of the dangerous drugs.

Other Definitions of Drug Abuse The term "drug abuse" may refer to any of the following:

1. Use of medically useful drugs which have the capacity to alter mood and behaviour without the benefit
of prescription.

2. Use of a medically useful mood-altering drug for a purpose different from the one for which that drug
has been prescribed.

3. Use of drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for purposes other than research.

What is Drug Abuse?

Drug abuse refers to non-medical use of drugs that cause physical, psychological, legal; economic, or
social damage to the user or to people affected by the user's behavior.
Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also be applicable to drugs that are available legally, such as
prescribed medications and certain over- the counter medications.

What is Prescription Abuse?

Prescription abuse refers to the improper utilization of controlled substance prescribed by the physicians
to the patient under treatments with medical problem. Any drug not used according to directions, whether
prescribed by a physician or over the counter medication, can be substance abuse. Using a prescription in
a manner not prescribed, for using another's prescription is illegal.

HOW DRUGS WORK?

1. Minimal dose - amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a
therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal dose-largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect without any
accompanying symptoms of toxicity.

3. Toxic dose-amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms.

4. Abusive dose - amount needed to produce the side effects

and action desired by the individual who improperly uses it.

5. Lethal dose - the amount of drug that will cause death.

 GROUP 2

IV. Administration and Metabolism of Drugs

V. Identification and Examination of Dangerous Drugs

IV. Administration and Metabolism of Drugs

What is Administer?

Under Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002,

administer refers to any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or

without his/her knowledge by injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means or of committing any act of

indispensable assistance to a person in administering a dangerous drug to himself/ herself unless

administered by a duly licensed practitioner for purposes of medication.

HOW DRUG IS BEING ADMINISTERED/TAKEN

Drug may be administered by any of the following means:

Oral Ingestion

The drug is taken by the mouth and must pass through the stomach before being absorbed into the

bloodstream. This is one of the most common ways of taking a drug.

Inhalation

A drug in gaseous form enters the lungs and is quickly absorbed by the capillary system. It is probably the

second most commonly used route of drug administration.

Injection
The drug can be administered into the body by the use of a Syringe or hypodermic needle in the following

ways:

a. Subcutaneous – a drug is administered by injecting the drug just below the surface of the skin.

This is sometimes called “skin popping”.

b. Intramuscular – administration involves the injection of a drug into a large muscle mass that

has a good blood supply. Such as the gluteus maximus, quadriceps, or triceps.

c. Intravenous – this is the most efficient means of administration which involves depositing a

drug directly into the bloodstream. This is also the most rapid method of drug administration.

Snorting

Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous form. It is done by inhaling a powder of a liquid drug

into the nasal coats of the mucous membrane.

Buccal

Drug is administered by placing it in the buccal cavity just under the lips. The active ingredients of the

drug are absorbed in the bloodstream through the soft tissues lining the mouth.

Suppositories

Drug is administered through the vagina or rectum in suppository form and the drug is also absorbed into

the bloodstream.

DRUG DETECTION

Drug Detection depends on:

 · Absorption: (Structure and composition, diffusion and transport, Psycochemical factors in

penetration)

· Disposition: (Distribution, pH partition principle, electro chemical and Donnan distribution, bio

transformation)

· Elimination

WHAT DRUGS ARE TESTED?

§ MOST COMMON: OTHER POPULAR TESTS:

· Marijuana Barbiturates

· Cocaine Oxycodon

· Methamphetamine and its derivatives Amphetamine

· Benzodiazepines Opiates

· Ecstasy PCP

SAMPLE SPECIMENS

· Blood

· Fingernails

· Hair

· Saliva

· Sweat
 · Tissue

· Urine (almost 99%)

V. Identification and Examination of Dangerous Drugs

“Drug testing is a form of forenle testing. Brug test read should scientifically, legally and forensically

defemible”

What is Drug Identification?

Drug Identification is a branch of Forensic Chemistry that deals with the scientific examination

of drugs and volatile substances.

Drug identification is usually conducted by a forensic chemist/chemical officer to determine the

presence of dangerous drug on submitted specimens. The forensic chemist/chemical officer also conducts

drug test on body fluids of suspected drug pushers and users to determine the presence of dangerous drug

metabolites.

Paraphernalia like smoking pipes, tooters and aluminum foils should also be submitted for

examination to determine the presence of dangerous drugs.

What are the Forms of Dangerous Drugs

Drugs are in various forms. These includes tablets, capsules, liquid, powder, brick or decks of

marijuana, crushed leaves and uprooted plants.

Examination of the sample taken from the suspected Dangerous Drugs

Methods of Examination

1. Qualitative examination
2. Quantitative examination

Steps common to qualitative and quantitative methods

The following are the steps common to qualitative and quantitative method of analysis:

1. Selection of method to be used

2. Physical test

3. Sampling

4. Sample preparation

5. Chemical test

6. Confirmatory examination

7. Calculation and interpretation of dates

8. Drawing of conclusion and writing report

Two phases in the examination of the suspected Dangerous Drugs

The two (2) phases in the examination of the suspected dangerous drugs are:

1. Screening test/Preliminary test (also known as the color test)

This test is non-specific and preliminary in nature. It is employed to reduce the family or group of

drugs to a small and manageable number.

Screening test includes a series of color tests producing characteristic colors for each family or

group of drugs. This is done by adding specific reagent to unknown sample in a spot plate.
 Screening test is quite simple to perform even by investigators in the field. As a matter of fact, field

tests using these techniques are being taught in Narcotics Investigation Courses. Test reagents and basic

apparatus are commercially available.

Color Reactions:

Upon addition of specific reagents to a sample of dangerous drugs, a specific color reaction is produced

such as:

Cannabis: Duquenois – Levin = violet

Fast Blue B salt = purple red

Cocaine: Cobalt Thiocyanate test or CT test = blue

Scott test or Modified CT test: Reagent 1 = blue

Reagent 2 = pink

Reagent 3 = blue

Wagner test = brown (specific test for cocaine)

Diazepam: Zimmerman test = reddish purple or pink (some benzodiazepine derivative do not give color

with this test)

Hydrochloric acid = yellow

Vitali-Morin test = yellow orange

Opium: Marquis = violet

Ferric Sulfate = Brownish purple

 Mecke = Blue to green

Nitric acid = Orange to red to yellow

Morphine: Marquis = Violet to reddish purple

Codeine: Mecke = Blue to green

Nitric acid = Orange to yellow

Heroin: Mecke = Blue to green

Nitric acid = Yellow to green

Dille-Koppanyi test- reddish purple (for barbiturates)

Methamphetamine Hydrochloride:

Simon test = Blue

Marquis test = Orange to brown

Ecstacy: Simon test = Blue

Methaqualone and Phencyclidine: CT test = blue

Lysergide or LSD: Ehrlich = violet

Mescaline: Marquis test = Orange

Liebermann = black

Note:
 It must be noted that Positive results of these tests are not conclusive, as there are substances that

may give same positive color reaction/s upon addition of the specific reagents. Hence, confirmatory tests

must be performed by the forensic chemist/ chemical officer on case to establish the presence and

identification of dangerous drug. It must also be noted that only those specimens that yielded presumptive

positive results are subject to confirmatory test in order to confirm if the positive result of the screening

test is really positive.

2. Confirmatory Test

Confirmatory test is the method employed to confirm the results of the screening/preliminary test.

This test involves the application of an analytical procedure to identify the presence of a specific drug or

metabolites. This is independent of the screening test and which uses techniques and chemical principles

different from that of the initial test in order to ensure reliability and accuracy.

There are several methods used in the confirmatory test. Some of these methods are:

(a) Chromatography – is the process of separating mixture and comparing the migration of each

component with standard. Some chromatographic techniques include:

· Gas chromatography

· Thin Layer chromatography

· High-Pressure Liquid chromatography

What is a Gas Chromatography?

· It is a separation technique

· The mobile phase is a gas

 · Separation is based on the difference in migration rates among sample components.

(b) Spectroscopy – a confirmatory method whereby light is used to identify the sample specimen.

Fourier – Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Used for the identification of pure organic substances. Identifies organic substances particularly

dangerous drugs and explosive ingredients based on their characteristic functional groups. In layman's

term, the resulting spectrum could be referred to as the fingerprints of the substance.

(c) Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy – Used for screening of dangerous drugs in urine specimen.

Examination of the Urine Specimen

The rate of excretion from the body depends on the drug's solubility in fat. Water soluble drugs

(such as cocaine) are excreted quickly, while fat soluble drugs (such as marijuana) may take several

weeks or months before excretion.

Drug test must be conducted to apprehended individual/s who is/are suspected to be a user/s; and to

those who are charged with the offense of "Illegal Use of Dangerous Drugs".

Validity Test for Urine Specimen

Validity test is conducted to determine the integrity of the Samples.

Reasons for Conducting Validity Tests

· In cases of unobserved urine collection

· When there is suspicion that the urine specimen has been tampered

Instances when to allow Unobserved Urine Specimen Collection

 · When donor is physically unable to go to the laboratory

· When donor is involved in a crime scene

· When donor is involved in post-accident trauma

· When donor is critically ill

Different Types of Tampered Urine Specimen

The following are the different types of tampered urine specimen:

a. Adulterated – a specimen containing either a substance that is not a normal constituent for that

type of specimen or containing an endogenous substance at a concentration that is not a

normal physiological concentration

b. Diluted – refers to a specimen with less than normal physiological constituents

c. Substituted – a specimen which has been derived through switching or replacement of the

original sample.

Ways to Adulterate Urine Samples

The following are the different ways to adulterate urine samples:

(a) Addition of salt

(b) Addition of juice

(c) Addition of detergent

(d) Addition of bleach and other oxidizing

 (e) Adulterants

(f) Addition of illicit drugs

Ways to Substitute a Urine Sample

The following are the ways to substitute a urine sample:

(a) Urine from friends or other persons not using drugs may be used as substitute specimen

(b) Replace sample with other substance similar to urine in appearance.

Ways to Dilute a Urine Specimen

The following are the ways to dilute a urine specimen:

a. Internal Dilution (e.g. Intake of plenty of water before collection or drinking of herbal tea, etc.)

b. External Dilution (e.g. Addition of water to previously collected urine)

Parameters for Validity Tests

The following are the parameters for validity tests:

(a) Initial Validity Tests:

· Physical characteristics such as color, odor, etc

· Volume

· Temperature

· PH

· Specific gravity
 · Nitrites

· Creatinine

· Oxidizing agents

(b) Confirmatory Validity Tests

· Physical characteristics such as color, odor, etc..

· Volume

· Temperature

· PH

· Specific gravity

· Nitrites

· Creatinine

· Oxidizing agents

Other Methods for Confirmatory Validity Tests

· Physical characteristics-visually determined

· Volume-same as physical characteristics

· Temperature-using thermometer

· pH-pH Meter calibrated with appropriate buffers

 · Specific gravity-use a refractometer

Criteria in determining tampered urine specimen

The following are the criteria in determining whether a urine specimen is tampered or not:

(a) Adulterated

· pH: <3 or > 11

· Nitrite: >500.0 ugIL

· Presence of endogenous/exogenous substances (e.g oxidizing agents)

(b) Diluted

· Sp. Gravity: <1.003

· Creatinine: <1768.0 umol/ml

© Substituted

· Sp. Gravity: <1.003 or>1.020

· Creatinine: <442.0 umol/L pH <2 or >9

When do we consider a urine specimen as invalid?

A urine specimen is considered invalid under the following circumstances:

· Adulterated, substituted or diluted

· Improperly collected, handled and stored

· Improperly documented
 GROUP 3

VI Indicators for Drug Testing: "Reasonable Suspicion"

Objective: It is the objective of this chapter to inculcate upon the mind of the reader the indicators of drug
abuse. It emphasizes on the physical indicators that a person is under the influence of dangerous drugs.

INDICATORS OF DRUG ABUSERS

The following are the indicators of drug abusers:
1. Performance indicators
2. Behavioral indicators
3. Physical indicators
4. Paraphernalia indicators

Performance Indicators
The following constitute performance indicators:
1. Excessive absenteeism, tardiness
2. Lower productivity, poor morale
3. Missed deadlines
4. Deteriorating work quality
5. Increase accidents, mistakes, and equipment breakdowns
6. Multiple reports of theft

Behavioral Indicators
The following constitute behavioural indicators
1. Explosive arguments, disagreements over small matters
2. Changes in attitudes, work behavior
3. Frequent hang-over symptoms
4. Using drug culture jargon
5. Secretive, forgetfulness, indecision
6. Avoiding "straight co-workers"
7. Hyper-reactivity, constant toe or heel tapping, finger drumming
8. Easy excitability
9. Restlessness, anxiety
10. Wearing long sleeves
11. New financial problems and frequent borrowing of money

Physical Indicators (Changes in physical appearance)

Usually, dangerous drug abusers have dry and dull skin. If they can be been while still under the influence
of drugs, the following can be noted:

(a) Neglect of personal appearance, diminished drive, lack of ambition, reduced attention span, poor
quality of work, and impaired communication skills.
(b) Careless for the feeling of others, lessening of accustomed family warmth, pale face, red eyes, dilation
or constricted pupils, and wearing of sunglasses at wrong places.
(c) Secretive about money, disappearance of money and other valuables from the house.
(d) Friends refusing to identify themselves or hang up when you answer the phone, and over reaction to
mild conditions.
(e) Smell of Marijuana, sweetish odor, like a burned rope in the closets.
(f) Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscular aches, insomnia and convulsion.

Paraphernalia Indicators
It must be noted that a person who is under the influence of drugs keeps some paraphernalias with him.
Some of the most common paraphernalias include but are not limited to the following: improvised glass
piper/tooter, foil, cigarette foil, pieces of cut papers.

MOTIVATING FACTORS OF DRUG USE

Drug use is motivated by the following factors:
a. to attain some degree of euphoria
b. for increased enjoyment of other activities
c. as a recreational pursuit

Levels of Drug-Taking

a. Drug Use

This occurs when the effects of drug sought can be realized with minimal hazards, whether or not used
therapeutically. legally or as prescribed by a physician.

b. Drug Misuse

This occurs when a drug is taken or administered under circumstances and a dose that significantly
increases the hazards to the individual or to others.

c. Drug Abuse

This occurs when a drug is taken under circumstances and at a dose that significantly increases their
hazards or potentials whether or not used therapeutically.

"DRUG DEPENDENCE", defined.

Drug dependence is a state of psychic or physical dependence or both, on a drug arising in a person
following administration of drugs on a periodic or continuous basis. Drug dependence, as based on the
World Health Organization definition, it is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena
of variable intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high priority thereby involving,
among others, a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to take the substance and the difficulties in
controlling substance-taking behavior in terms of its onset, termination, or levels of use.
 VII Reasons Why People Turn to Drugs

Objective:
It is the objective of this chapter to emphasize the common reasons why some people turn to drugs, as
well as the consequences of taking dangerous drugs. It also emphasizes the contributory factors of drug
abuse

Reasons why people turn to drugs

The following are some of the most common reasons why people turn to drugs:
1. Poverty
2. Ignorance
3. Loss of Family Values and Solidarity
4. Various Factors

Poverty
This is the most prevalent factor that prompt pushers and abusers alike indulge in dangerous drugs.
Pushers are forced by circumstances to sell prohibited drugs as a means or source of livelihood. Many
abusers use dangerous drugs as a means or source as vehicle for escaping the realities of poverty and its
concomitant problems.

Ignorance
Lack of knowledge and information about how dangerous drugs look like, their bad effects, legal or
consequences and other aspects of prohibited drugs, drug pushing, drug syndicates and many others.

Loss of Family Values and Solidarity

Parents, who are busybodies, neglect their children. Western influences (through the media) have eroded
the Filipino values of praying and eating together.

Various Factors
Curiosity, peer-pressure, environmental influences, boredom, frustration, and the desire to escape to
reality are some factors that help people turn to drugs.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO DRUG ABUSE

The following are the contributory factors to drug abuse:
1. Family Aspect
As regards to family aspect, the following are some of the common factors leading to drug abuse of a
child/children: lack of communication between the parents and their children, parents are frequently
quarrelling in the presence of their children, parents are busy in their works, and rejected children; and
children prefer to be with their peer group because they feel nobody wants them at home.

2. School Aspect
The school, despite of its efforts of moulding the youth towards responsible citizens of the country, also
tends to contribute in the drug problems in our society if there is no basic drug education on the proper
use of drug in the school. Oftentimes, teachers are concerned on to the academic achievements of their
students while the latter's personality growth and upbringing are being neglected.

3. Community Aspect
It is noteworthy that the most influential aspect to the upbringing of the youth are the influences that the
environment can do to them. By this, drug taking behaviour can be influenced by the prevailing
environmental condition in a given community since drugs are easily available in the community,
increasing number of users and pushers in the community; no vocational or skilled training for out of the
school youth to keep them gainfully occupied, and indifference and apathy of the community members in
providing their support and cooperation to law enforcement agencies in dealing with the drug problem

4. Influence made by the Media

It is also noteworthy that the media is a contributory factor in influencing the youth towards drug use by
over sensationalizing the tri-media on the drug abuse problem, and too much advertisement on carative
and therapeutic effects of drug.

5. Biological Factor
Biological factors also contributes to an individual to use drugs. Some individual health conditions such
as fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia, physical distress and mental disorders are usually relieved with use
of drug, and with the improper use of it, it will lead to drug abuse. With the use of drug, the body works
actively, but with the continued improper use, it will result to drug dependency.

6. Psychological Factor
Psychological conflicts from among the youths also affect their positive behaviour toward the
maintenance of a clean living. The psychological conflict becomes a contributory factor for the youth to
be hooked on drugs. Low self-esteem and poor self-image may easily lead to drug abuse; as well as
needed for acceptance and sense of belonging also may lead to drug abuse. Mental problem and escape
from reality also leads to drug abuse.

7. Parental Neglect
It is worthy to note that by the influence brought about by the advance technology and computerization in
the behaviour and attitude of the youth, aside from the fast pace global modernizations, the following may
be considered as contributory factors in drug use: over-domineering parents; lack of parent's concern and
affection; parenial permissiveness; rejection by the parents; abuse of the parents: family instability and
disorganization; harsh physical punishment, childhood stress and trauma; lack of parental guidance, and
psychological effects to the children having separated parents.

8. Sociological Factors
Availability of over-the counter and prescription drugs; influence made by the media; impact of the
extravagant life style or high unemployment problem; effect of the increased travel and exposure to
different cultures: modelling of parents (parents are also drug abusers); social pressures exerted by the
peer groups; feeling of powerless; lower value on academic achievements, and involvement in graft and
corrupt practices of the public officials.
 VIII Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Dependents

Objective:
This chapter is objectively designed to inform the reader of the current approaches on the treatment and
rehabilitation of drug dependents. It also emphasizes the role of schools, private sectors as well as the
LGUs on the treatment and rehabilitation of the drug dependents.

Treatment, defined
Treatment is the method that refers to all methods and techniques utilized to help an individual to
overcome some deficit or impairment.

Rehabilitation, defined
Rehabilitation is the outcome of treatment that refers to the reinstatement or recovery of a previous level
of functioning--social, of a drug dependent. emotional, physical and economic aspects

Misconceptions About Treatment

Misconceptions about using medications to treat drug dependence are common. Medication will always
be essential to help the drug user to stop using drugs. Persons with genetic biochemical defects may need
some specific type of medication to keep them from using drugs.
 GROUP 4

CHAPTER VIII: Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Dependents

Objective: This chapter is objectively designed to inform the reader of the current approaches on the
treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents. It also emphasizes the role of schools, private sectors as
well as the LGUs on the treatment and rehabilitation of the drug dependents.

Treatment, defined
Treatment is the method that refers to all methods and techniques utilized to help an individual to
overcome some deficit or impairment.

Rehabilitation, defined
Rehabilitation is the outcome of treatment that refers to the reinstatement or recovery of a previous level
of functioning-social, emotional, physical and economic aspects of a drug dependent.

Misconceptions About Treatment

Misconceptions about using medications to treat drug dependence are common. Medication will always
be essential to help the drug user to stop using drugs. Persons with genetic biochemical defects may need
some specific type of medication to keep them from using drugs.

It is also misunderstood that all drug dependencies can he treated the same way. While it is true that
alcoholism can be successfully treated by detoxification, this is not the case with drugs that affect brain
chemistry, eg., cocaine, heroin, shabu and marijuana Basically, the treatment for these dependencies
includes a weekly or monthly visit to a counselor and a weekly urine test (to determine the presence of
dangerous drugs), for a period of four to six months, to determine if drug use persists.

Characteristics That Enhance the Potential Success of Treatment

a. An individual who became dependent on a drug following the teen years is more likely to succeed in
treatment.
b. Individuals who have access to intact family groups and the kinds of support available from intact
families are more likely to succeed in treatment.
c. A person who began taking the drug of choice for recreational or experimental reasons is less likely to
succeed in treatment than someone who is forced into it.

Withdrawal of Symptoms
Withdrawal of symptoms may refer to a characteristic reactions and behaviour of varying
intensity, depending on the amount of the drug taken and length of time used which ensue upon abrupt
cessation of a drug upon the body.
Current Approaches to the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Abuser
The following are the current approaches to the treatment and rehabilitation of drug users.

1. Supervisory-Deterrent Model
The Supervisory-deterrent model involves law enforcement It is a method used to control drug use, thus,
will result to reduction of drug abusers. This type of approach works only when the probability of ending
up in jail is a certainty. It only works on a large-scale basis to reduce the incidence of drug use or abuse.
When everyone is certain that a drug sentence will always follow drug use, incident rates will go down.

2. Medical-Distributive Model
This approach is based on the philosophy that if the medical profession finds a person who has a disorder
that cannot be treated (the disorder refers to drug dependence). The purpose of this approach is to improve
a person's quality of life while minimizing the social and medical consequences of drug dependence.

3. Drug-Free Model
This approach is based on the doctrine of "Drug Abstinence".. Abstinence is an overriding goal, and
reinforcement of that behaviour is considered to occur best in peer group settings. "Therapeutic
community" is one of the best drug-free approaches. Therapeutic communities are often residential
programs designed to deal with the psychological causes of drug dependence by trying to change the drug
dependent's personality.

4. Crisis Intervention
Unlike the previously mentioned approaches, crisis intervention refers to the medical or non-medical
management of emergencies that present some acute hazard to the drug abuser. This approach may or may
not have anything to do with the drug, but most often they fall in the area of acute adverse drug reactions,
treatment for overdose, or adverse psychological states associated with a drug experience.

5. Multi-modality Approach
This approach is premised on the following principles:
1. A crash program must be avoided.
2. The drug population is heterogeneous. People are addicted to many different drugs; their entry routes
into the drug world are different, their motivations are different, and their needs are different.

3. Dependency is the result of a complex interaction among the individual, the environment, and the
treatment program.

PROGRAM FOR DRUG TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DRUG DEPENDENTS

R.A. 9165 provides for both a voluntary submission program and compulsory confinement for the
rehabilitation and treatment of drug dependents.

Voluntary Submission of a Drug Dependent to Confinement, Treatment and Rehabilitation

1. A drug dependent or any person who violates Section 15 of RA 9165 may, by himself/herself or
through his/her parent, spouse, guardian or relative within the fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity,
apply to the Board or its duly recognized representative, for treatment and rehabilitation of the drug
dependency.

2. Upon such application, the Board shall bring forth the matter to the court which shall order that the
applicant be examined for drug dependency.

3. If the examination by the DOH-accredited physician results in the issuance of a certification that the
applicant is a drug dependent, he/she shall be ordered by the Court to undergo treatment and rehabilitation
in a center designated by the Board for a period of not less than six (6) months: Provided, that a drug
dependent may be placed under the care of DOH-accredited physician where there is no Center near or
accessible to the residence of the drug dependent or where said drug dependent is below eighteen (18)
years of age is a first-time offender and non-confinement in a Center will not pose a serious danger to
his/her family or the community.

4. After confinement in a center for treatment and rehabilitation, the court shall determine whether the
drug dependent will undergo further confinement.

5. After the applicant has been temporarily released, he will still be required to report to the DOH for
aftercare and follow-up treatment.

How will the drug dependent benefit from this program?

Aside from benefiting from treatment and rehabilitation, the drug dependent shall also be exempt
from the criminal liability imposed for drug use. However, the applicant should meet the following
requirements:

a. Compliance with the rules and regulations of the rehabilitation center.

b. Has not been charged or convicted of any offense uner R.A. 9165 or R.A 6425 or the Revised
Penal Code of the Philippines
c. Has not escaped from the rehabilitation center
d. Poses no threat or danger to himself, his family and the community. Applicants who cannot
meet these requirements will be placed on probation and should undergo community service.

ROLES OF THE FAMILY, STUDENTS, TEACHERS AND SCHOOL AUTHORITIES

What are the roles of the Family, Students, Teachers and School authorities in the campaign of the
government against illegal drugs?

The family shall educate, make family members aware of the illegal effects of drugs and closely
monitor family members who may be prone to drug abuse.
 Student councils and campus organizations should include in their activities a program for the
prevention of drug use and the referral of drug-dependent students for treatment and rehabilitation.
School curricula of public and private schools should include instruction on drug abuse,
prevention and control.
As persons in authority, school heads, supervisors mi teachers can apprehend, arrest or cause the
arrest of any person who violates any of the unlawful acts enumerated under RA 9165.

What is expected from the Department of Education and other government agencies in the
education sector?

The Department of Education, Commission on Higher Education and the Technical Education
and Skills Developmen Authority (TESDA) shall develop, publish and distribute information and support
educational materials on dangerous drugs for students faculty, parents and the community.

What is the Special Education Center?

A Special Education Center shall be established in cach province to sponsor drug-prevention programs
and information campaigns and educate the out-of-school youth and street children on the harmful effects
of drugs.

PARTICIPATION OF THE PRIVATE AND LABOR SECTORS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

AND EMPLOYMENT (DOLE) AND THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

What is the responsibility of DOLE, private companies and the labor sector?

Private companies should adopt a national drug abuse prevention program in the workplace
developed by the DOLE. The program should include company policies against drug use after consulting
with the DOLE, labor and employer organizations and human resource development managers.

CHAPTER X: Legal Aspects of Drug Testing Objective:

It is the objective of this chapter to emphasize the legal aspects of drug testing as well as the legal
consequences of those who are found to be positive in the drug testing. It also emphasizes the distinction
between mandatory drug testing and random drug testing.

COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002 (R.A. 9165)

Safeguard the state, its citizen from harmful effects of dangerous drugs

● Enhance the efficiency of the law against dangerous drugs

● Enhance campaign against trafficking and use of dangerous drugs
● Reintegrate drug users back into the society
Mandatory Drug Testing

● All persons charged before the prosecutor's office with an offense having an impossible penalty of
imprisonment of not less than 6 years and 1 day
● Any person arrested for violations of the provisions of R.A. 9165, subjected to screening drug test
within 24 hours. If positive, confirmatory testing within 15 days after receipt of result (Sec 38,
R.A. 9165)
● All candidates for public office whether appointed or elected both in national or local
government.

Who are required to undergo mandatory drug testing?

● Applicants for driver's license (new and renewal)
● Applicants for firearms license
● Applicants for permit to carry firearms outside of residence
● Officers and members of the military, police and other law enforcement agencies (annual drug
testing)
● All persons who by nature of their profession carry firearms (eg security guards)
● Students of secondary and tertiary schools
● Officers and employees of public and private offices
● All persons charged before the prosecutor's office of a criminal offense punishable with
imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and one(1) day
● Candidates for public office whether appointed or elected in the national and local government.

WHO MAY UNDERGO RANDOM DRUG TESTING?

1) Students of Secondary and Tertiary schools (DECS/CHED to implement)

Requisites:
● Pursuant to rules and regulations as contained in the schools student handbook
● With notice to parents
● Government shall bear the cost of drug testing (private or public schools)

Under Section of RA 9165, instruction on drug abuse prevention and control shall be integrated into the
elementary, secondary and tertiary curricula of all public and private schools, whether general, technical,
vocational or agro-industrial as well as in non-formal, informal and indigenous learning systems. Such
instructions shall include:

(1) Adverse effects of the abuse and misuse of dangerous drugs on the person, the family, the school and
the community;
(2) Preventive measures against drug abuse,
(3) Health, socio-cultural, psychological, legal and economic dimensions and implications of the drug
problem.
(4) Steps to take when intervention on behalf of a drug dependent is needed, as well as the services
available for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents; and
(5) Misconceptions about the use of dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, the importance and safety
of dangerous drugs for medical and therapeutic use as well as the differentiation between medical patients
and drug dependentd in order to avoid confusion and accidental stigmatization in the consciousness of the
students.
Section 44 of Republic Act 9165 provides that all school Heads, Supervisors, and Teachers shall be
deemed persons in authority and, as such, are hereby empowered to apprehend, arrest or cause the arrest
or apprehension of any person who shall violate any of the said provisions, pursuant to Section 5, Rule
113 of the Rules of Court. They shall be deemed persons in authority if they are in the school or within its
immediate vicinity, or even beyond such immediate vicinity if they are in attendance at any school or
class function in their official capacity as school heads, supervisors and teachers.
Any teacher or school employee, who discovers or finds that any person in the school or within
its immediate vicinity is liable for violating any of said provisions, shall have the duty to report the same
to the school head or immediate superior who shall, in turn, report the matter to the proper authorities.
Failure to do so in either case, within a reasonable period from the time of discovery of the
violation shall, after due hearing, constitute sufficient cause for disciplinary action by the school
authorities.

Basis/authority to conduct Random Drug testing for Students:

● DDB regulation #6
● Scope: all private and public secondary, tertiary and higher education institutions
● Role of parents and family import in education, testing, and rehab
● School is responsible in maintaining drug free environment
● Academic freedom of higher institutions are respected
● RDT shall be collaborative endeavors of gov't, schools, students and parents

RDT FOR STUDENTS

● RDT shall guarantee the personal privacy and dignity of students
● RDT shall be implemented primarily for prevention and rehabilitation
● Strict confidentially Tests results shall not be used in any criminal proceedings

2.) Officers and employees of public and private offices (domestic or overseas). Provided, required
under the company's work rules and regulations
Requisites:
● Cost shall be borne by employer
● Positive results shall be ground for suspension or termination, subject to provisions of Art 282 of
the Labor Code
And If found Positive (after confirmatory testing)?
First offense:
● Minimum 6 months Rehabilitation in a government center

Second offense:
● Imprisonment 6 years 1 day to 12 years
 ● Fine of P50,000 to P200,000 (Sec 15 R.A. 9165)

UNDER SEC 36 OF R.A. 9165

● Authorized drug testing shall be done by any government forensic laboratories or by any of the
drug testing laboratories accredited and monitored by the DOH.xxx"

SEC 15 OF RA 9165 Use of Dangerous Drugs

Under this section, a person apprehended or arrested, who is found to be positive for use of any
dangerous drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be imposed a penalty of a minimum of six (6) months
rehabilitation in a government center for the first offense. I apprehended using any dangerous drug for the
second time, he/she shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to
Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00)

SEC. 38. Laboratory Examination or Test on Apprehended/ Arrested Offenders-Subject to Section 15 of

this Act, any person apprehended or arrested for violating the provisions of this Act shall be subjected to a
screening laboratory examination or test within twenty-four (24) hours, if the apprehending or arresting
office has reasonable ground to believe that the person apprehended or arrested, on account of physical
signs or symptoms or other visible or outward manifestation, is under the influence of dangerous drugs. If
found to be positive, the results of the screening laboratory examination or test shall be challenged within
fifteen (15) days after receipt of the result through a confirmatory test conducted in any accredited
analytical laboratory equipment with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry equipment or some such
modern and accepted method, if confirmed, the same shall be prima facie evidence that such person has
used dangerous drugs, which is without prejudice for the prosecution for other violations of the provisions
of this Act: Provided, that a positive screening laboratory test must be confirmed for it to be valid in a
court of law.

What is Chemical Diversion?

It refers to the sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, m-transit,
manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in
concentrated form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug, and shall
include packaging. repackaging, labeling, relabeling or concealment of such transaction through fraud,
destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits, misdeclaration, use of front companies or mail fraud.

What is Clandestine Laboratory?

It refers to any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical.

What is Confirmatory Test?

It refers to an analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a different chemical or
physical principle that is more specific which will validate and confirm the result of the screening test.
What is a Den, Dive or Resort?
A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is
administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form.

What is Dispense?
It refers to any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or
without the use of prescription.

What is Drug Syndicate?

Drug syndicate refers to any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining
together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under this Act.

What is Illegal Trafficking?

It refers to the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture,
sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.

What is Instrument?
It refers to any thing that is used in or intended to be used in any manner in the commission of
illegal drug trafficking or related offenses.

What is Laboratory Equipment?

The paraphernalia, apparatus, materials or appliances when used, intended for use or designed for
use in the manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, such as
reaction vessel, preparative/purifying equipment, fermentors, separatory funnel, flask, heating mantle, gas
generator, or their substitute.

What is Manufacture?
It refers to the production, preparation, compounding or processing of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical, either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances
of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis or by a combination of extraction and
chemical synthesis, and shall include any packaging or repackaging of such substances, design or
configuration of its form, or labeling or relabeling of its container, except that such terms do not include
the preparation, compounding, packaging or labeling of a drug or other substances by a duly authorized
practitioner as an incident to his/ her administration or dispensation of such drug or substance in the
course of his/her professional practice including research, teaching and chemical analysis of dangerous
drugs or such substances that are not intended for sale or for any other purpose.

What is Planting of Evidence?

It refers to the willful act by any person of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting, placing,
adding or attaching directly or indirectly, through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or in the
immediate vicinity of an innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing the
commission of any violation of this Act.
Who is a Practitioner?
Practitioner refers to any person who is a licensed physician, dentist, chemist, medical
technologist, nurse, midwife, veterinarian or pharmacist in the Philippines.

What is Screening Test?

Screening test is a rapid test performed to establish potential/ presumptive positive result.

What is "Sell"
Under Republic Act 9165, "Sell" means the act of giving a dangerous drug, whether for money
or any other material consideration.

What is Use?
Use refers to any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either by
chewing, smoking. sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise introducing into the physiological
system of the body, and of the dangerous drugs.

Question:
What happens to confiscated, seized and surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs,
controlled precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment?

Answer:
The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) shall have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant
sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals as well as
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment that are confiscated, seized and/or surrendered.
The apprehending team or the group in custody of the confiscated drugs shall immediately prepare an
inventory and photograph the items in the presence of the accused or his counsel, a representative from
the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ) and any elected public official. The items will then be
submitted to the PDEA Forensic Laboratory for examination. Within 24 hours after receipt of the items,
the Forensic Laboratory examiner shall issue a certification of the laboratory results. The court shall
conduct an ocular inspection of the confiscated items within 72 hours after the filing of the criminal case.
The PDEA shall then destroy or burn the items in the presence of the accused, a representative from
media and DOJ, civil society groups and any elected official. However, a representative sample shall be
retained. After the judgment has been rendered in the criminal case, the trial prosecutor shall inform the
Dangerous Drugs Board that the case has been terminated and ask permission from the court to turn over
the representative sample to the PDEA.
 GROUP 5

CHAPTER IX: Approaches and Strategies to Address the Drug Problem

Objective:

1. Recognize the importance of the approaches and strategies to address the drug problem

2. Show appreciation of the role of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB).

3. Show appreciation of the functions of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA).

LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

The Philippine government considers drug abuse as a multi-faceted problem that threatens the health and
well-being of the Filipinos across all levels of the society. It is noteworthy that Republic Act No. 9165
(otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002) has been created to control the
drug problem.

Dangerous Drug Board (DDB)

The Dangerous Drugs Board is a Philippine govemment uncy that makes policies, strategies and programs
on drug revention and control.

The Dangerous Drug Board is directly under the Office of The President. Its Secretariat is under the
administrative control and supervision of the Executive Director, who has the tank of Undersecretary and
who is assisted by two (2) Deputies with the rank of assistant secretaries. These are the Deputy Executive
Director for Administration, and Deputy Executive Director for Operations.

Composition of the Board

The Dangerous Drug Board is composed of the following:

(a) Chairman; two (2) permanent Board Members;

(b) The Heads of twelve (12) National Government Agencies as Ex-Officio members namely: the
Department of Justice (DOJ), Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), Deprtment of Health
(DOH), Department National Defense (DND), Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG),
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA),
Department of Finance (DOF), Department of Education (DepEd), the Commission of Higher Education
(CHED), the National Youth Commission (NYC), and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA);
and

(c) Two (2) regular members, the President of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) and the
Chairman or President of a Non-Government Organization (NGO).

(d) The permanent consultants are the heads of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), and the
Philippine National Police (PNP)

Functions of the DDB

The DDB is mandated to perform the following functions, pursuant to the provisions of RA 9165:

● Formulate, develop and establish a comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced national drug
abuse prevention and control strategy;
● Promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act,
including the manner of safekeeping, disposition, burning or condemnation of any dangerous
drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical under the charge and custody of DDB,
PDEA and other concerned agencies, and prescribe administrative remedies or sanctions for the
violations of such rules and regulations;
● Conduct policy studies, program monitoring and evaluations and other researches on drug
prevention, control and enforcement;
● Initiate, conduct and support scientific, clinical, social, psychological, physical and biological
researches on dangerous drugs and dangerous drug prevention and control measures;
● Develop an educational program and information drive on the hazards and prevention of illegal
use of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical based on factual
data, and disseminate the same to the general public, for which purpose the Board shall endeavor
to make the general public aware of the hazards of any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical by providing among others, literature, films, displays or
advertisements and by coordinating will all institutions of learning as well as with all national and
local enforcement agencies in planning and conducting its educational campaign programs to be
implemented by the appropriate government agencies;
● Conduct continuing seminars for, and consultations with, and provide information materials to
judges and prosecutors in coordination with the Office of the Court Administrator, in the case of
judges, and the Department of Justice, in the case of prosecutors, which aim to provide them with
the current developments and programs of the Board pertinent to its campaign against dangerous
drugs and its scientific researches on dangerous drugs, its prevention and control measures;
● Design special trainings in order to provide law enforcement officers, members of the judiciary,
and prosecutors, school authorities and personnel of center with knowledge and know-how in
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals control in coordination with
the Supreme Court to meet the objectives of the national drug control programs;
● Design and develop, in consultation and coordination with the DOH, DSWD and other agencies
involved in drugs control, treatment and rehabilitation, both public and private, a national
treatment and rehabilitation program for drug dependents including a standard aftercare and
community service program for recovering drug dependents,
● Design and develop, jointly with the DOLE and in consultation with labor and employer groups
as well as non- government organizations a drug abuse prevention program in the workplace that
would include a provision for employee assistance programs for emotionally-stressed employees;
● Prescribe and promulgate rules and regulations governing the establishment of such centers,
networks and laboratories as deemed necessary after conducting a feasibility study in
coordination with DOH and other government agencies;
● Initiate and authorize closure proceedings against non- accredited and/or sub-standard
rehabilitation centers based on verified reports of human right violations, subhuman conditions,
inadequate medical training and assistance and excessive fees for implementation by PDEA;
● Receive, gather, collect and evaluate all information or the importation, exportation, production,
manufacture, sale stocks, seizures of and the estimated need for any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical, for which purpose the Board may require from any
official, instrumentality or agency of the government or any private person or enterprise dealing
in, or engaged in activities having to do with any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursors and
essential chemicals such data or information as it may need to implement this Act;
● Gather and prepare detailed statistics on the importation, exportation, manufacture, stocks,
seizures of and estimated need for any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursors and essential
chemicals and such other statistical data on said drugs as may be periodically required by the
United Nations Narcotics Drug Commission, the World Health Organization and other
international organizations in consonance with the country's international commitments;
● Develop and maintain international networking coordination with international drug control
agencies and organizations, and implement the provisions of international conventions and
agreements thereon which have been adopted and approved by the Congress of the Philippines:
● Require all government and private hospitals, clinics, doctors, dentists and other practitioners to
submit a report to it, in coordination with PDEA, about all dangerous drugs and/or controlled
precursors and essential chemicals-related cases to which they have attended for statistics and
research purposes;
● Receive in trust legacies, gifts and donations of real and personal properties of all kinds, to
administer and dispose the same when necessary for the benefit of government and private
rehabilitation centers subject to limitations, directions and instructions from the donors, if any;
● Issue guidelines as to the approval or disapproval of applications for voluntary treatment,
rehabilitation or confinement, wherein it shall issue the necessary guidelines, rules and
regulations pertaining to the application and its enforcements,
● Formulate guidelines, in coordination with other govemment agencies, for the importation,
distribution, production, manufacture, compounding, prescription, dispensing and sale of, and
other lawful acts in connection with any dangerous drug, controlled precursor and essential
chemical and other similar or analogous substances of such kind and in such quantity as it may
deem necessary according to the medical and research needs or requirements of the country
including diet pills containing ephedrine and other addictive chemicals and determine the quantity
and/or quality of dangerous drugs and precursors and essential chemicals to be imported,
manufactured an held in stock at any given time by authorized importer, manufacturer or
distributor of such drugs;
● Develop, in consultation with concerned agencies, the utilization of a controlled delivery scheme
in addressing the transshipment of dangerous drugs into and out of the country to neutralize
 transnational crinie syndicates involved in illegal trafficking of any dangerous drug and or
controlled precursors and essential chemical for implementation by the PDEA in collaboration
with other agencies and foreign counterparts;
● Recommend the revocation of the professional licenst of any practitioner who is an owner,
co-owner, lessee, or in the employ of the drug establishment, or manager of a partnership,
controlling such drug establishment, and who knowingly participates in, or consents to, tolerates,
or abets the commission of the act of violations as indicated in the preceding paragraph, all
without prejudice to the criminal prosecution of the person responsible for the said violation;
● Appoint such technical, administrative and other personnel as may be necessary for the effective
implementation of this Act, subject to the Civil Service Law and its rules and regulations;
● Establish a regular and continuing consultation wit concerned government agencies and medical
professional organizations to determine if balance exists in policies, procedures, rules and
regulations on dangerous drugs and to provide recommendations on how the lawful use of
dangerous drugs can be improved and facilitated;
● Approve changes in the organization set-up of PDEA as submitted by the Director General of the
PDEA, as provided for under Section 83:
● Approved the establishment of the PDEA Academy either in Baguio or Tagaytay City, and in
such other places as may be necessary, and provide for the qualifications and requirements of
PDEA recruits who must be at least twenty- one (21) years old, of proven integrity and honesty
and baccalaureate degree holder, as provided for under Section 85;
● Reclassify, add to or remove any dangerous drug from, the lists of dangerous drugs and controlled
precursors and essential chemicals, as provided for under Section 93:
● Receive from DOH all income derived from fees for drug dependency examinations and other
medical and legal services provided to the public which shall be constituted as special funds for
the implementation of the Act, as provided for under Section 76 (f);
● Receive fines, fees, net proceeds of any sale or disposition of any property confiscated or
forfeited, and other income authorized and imposed under the Act, including ten per cent (10%)
of all unclaimed and forfeited sweepstakes and lotto prized but not less than Twelve million pesos
(P12,000,000.00) per year from the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO), and five
million pesos (P5,000,000.00) a month from PAGCOR, which shall constitute as a special
account in the general fund for the implementation of the Act, excluding the operating expenses
of the Board and other concerned agencies, Provided, that at least fifty per cent of all funds shall
be reserved for assistance to government-owned and/or operated rehabilitation centers, as
provided under Sections 76 (f) and 87;
● Recommend to the concerned agency the grant of compensation, reward and award to any person
providing information and to law enforcers participating in a successful drug operation, as
provided for under Section 22:
● Manage the funds as it may deem proper for the attainment of the objectives of the Act, as
provided for under Section 88;
● Submit to the President of the Philippines and the Presiding Officers of both Houses of Congress,
within fifteen days from the opening of the regular session, an annual report on the dangerous
drugs situation in the country which shall include detailed account of the programs and projects
undertaken, statistics on crimes related to dangerous drugs, expenses incurred pursuant to the
 provisions of the Act, recommended remedial legislation, if needed, and such other relevant facts
as it may deem proper to cite, as provided for under Section 88;
● Submit periodic reports to the President, the Congress of the Philippines and the Senate and
House of Representatives committees concerned as may be required from time to time;
● Perform such other functions as may be authorized or required under existing laws and as directed
by the President himself/herself or as recommended by the congressional committees concerned.

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) (Filipino: Kawanihan ng Pilipinas

Laban sa Droga) is the lead anti-drugs law enforcement agency, responsible for preventing,
investigating and combating any dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals
within the Philippines. The agency is tasked with the enforcement of the penal and regulatory
provisions of Republic Act No. 9165 (R.A. 9165), otherwise known as the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

PDEA is under the supervision of the Office of the President. PDEA is the implementing
arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB).

The DDB is the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the planning and
formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control.

PDEA and DDB are both under the supervision of the Office of the President.

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ACTION

The following are the five pillars of action:

1. Supply Reduction

The objective of supply reduction is to take away the drugs from the person through market denial
operations and prevention of diversion of these drugs to the illicit markets. Supply reduction efforts take
the form of law enforcement, the regulatory compliance, and institution of judicial and legislative
measures.

2. Demand Reduction

This pillar is geared towards reducing the consumer's demand from drugs and other substances. This is
done through programs on Preventive Education, Treatment and Rehabilitation and Research. These
programs are either school-based or community based or both.
3. Alternative Development

This pillar aims to reduce the production of marijuana and eventually eliminates its cultivation through
sustainable rural development and alternative livelihood programs. Its thrust is to develop and implement
sustainable income-generating programs like yakon snd jathropa (commonly known as tuba-tuba)
propagation and other socio-economic programs offering health services, Philhealth insurance, education
and infrastructure like farm-to market roads, irrigation systems, etc.

4. Civic Awareness

Promotion of Civic Awareness is done through the use of a public communication strategy that utilizes the
tri-media in conveying anti drug abuse messages and through the conduct of community based outreach
programs that also deal on the evils of drug abuse and the legal consequences of being involved in illegal
drug. The Board's Programs and activities for the year focused on the promotion

5. Regional and Internation Cooperation

The intent is to forge and foster cooperation with regional and international agencies. Adhering to treaties,
formulating agreements, conducting tie-up projects.Attending foreign conferences, exchanging drug
reports, hosting study tours and field visits, sharing of best practices.
 GROUP 6

CHAPTER XII: Drug Terminologies

DRUGS

“Drugs” means any of the substances schedule and it, whether natural or synthetic. A drug is a substance

other than food which is intended to affect the structure or function of the body of the man or animal. A

drug is also a substance used in the diagnosis, cure treatment, prevention of disease in man or other

animal.

NARCOTIC DRUG

Medically- A narcotic drug is any drugs that produce sleep or stupor and also relieves pain.

Legally- The term means any drug defined such under the 1961 convention

PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES:

“Psychotropic substance” means any substances, it may natural or synthetic. It pertains to any drug or

agent having a particular affinity for or effect on the psyche.

DESIGNER DRUG

-Is a term used to described drugs which are created (or marketed, if they had already existed) to get

around existing drug laws, usually by modifying the molecular structures of existing drugs to varying

degrees, or less commonly by finding drugs with entirely different chemical structures that produce

similar subjective effects to illegal recreational drugs .

“CANNABIS”
Cannabis is a plant bush growing widely throughout the temperate and the tropical zone world. It is a

general term used to describe different forms of the drug obtained from the cannabis plant. The principal

ingredient of Cannabis is the so called DELTA-THC.

Cannabis Products

1. Cannabis Plant- the flowering or fruiting tops of the cannabis plant from which the resin has

not been extracted by whatever name they may be designated. Herbal cannabis is similar in

appearance to tobacco, although greenish rather than brown in color. (laterpol, Drug

Terminology 1978)

2. Cannabis Resin- the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis

plant. The dried dark brown or black resinous secretion of the flowering tops of the cannabis

plant.

3. Cannabis Oil- Concentrate of cannabis obtained by extraction of cannabis or cannabis resin

and usually containing vegetable oil. The dark viscous liquid produced by repeated extraction

of cannabis plant or resin.

OPIUM

“Opium” means the coagulated juice of opium poppy. Opium poppy means the plant of the species

Papaver Somniferum.

OTHER DEFINITION FOR “OPIUM POPPY” AND “OPIUM”

Opium poppy means any part of the genus Papaver which contains (seeds excluded)

OPIUM PRODUCTS
1.Raw opium - Raw opium is a non-homogeneous material containing poppy capsule fragments and is

produced by air drying of opium, it is sticky, tar-like and dark brown when fresh.

2. Prepared Opium- Prepared opium is a sticky dark product obtained as a result of various treatment of

raw opium, e.g. water extraction, in order to make it suitable for smoking

3. Opium Dross- Opium dross is the product that remains in the pipe after opium has been smoked and

still contains morphine.

4. Medical Opium- Medical Opium means opium which has undergone the processes necessary to adapt

it for medical use. Medical Opium is a light yellowish-brown powder consisting of yellowish or

reddish-brown particles.

POPPY STRAW

-Poppy straw means all parts (except the seeds) of the opium poppy, after mowing. The upper part of the

stem and the capsule of the poppy plan.

OPIATES

-Strictly, drugs immediately derived from Opium such as Morphine and Codeine, more generally applied

to other compounds with comparably potent pain- relieving activity.

CRUDE MORPHINE

-Crude morphine is an alkaloid extracted from opium or poppy straw. Crude morphine is found in the

form of compressed blocks or as a powder.

-Finely gained powder - Tablet

- Compressed blocks, in many cases with “999” trade mark

MORPHINE

The principal alkaloid of opium and of poppy straw. Morphine is an alkaloid manufactured from raw

opium or extract directly from poppy straw.

HEROIN

HEROIN No.1

Crude morphine is sometimes called Heroin No.1 in certain parts of Southeast Asia.

HEROIN No.2

Heroin base is derived from morphine by acetylation prior to conversion to hydrochloride salt. In

short, the heroin base is partly manufactured heroin. Dry heroin base is a solid that can be ground to

powder between the fingers.

HEROIN No.3

Generally found in granular lumps but sometimes ground into powder, it varies in color from light

brown to dark grey. Caffeine is the main dilute although barbital is occasionally added during the

manufacturing stage.

HEROIN No. 4

A fine, white, or creamy-colored powder, with a concentration of up to 98% heroin hydrochloride.

This type of heroin usually contains very few impurities and is extensive.

BLACK TAR HEROIN

- Black tar heroin is crudely processed high purity heroin mainly of Mexican origin. The average heroin

content of black tar at street level is 60%-70% in comparison 2-7% of powdered heroin.
- Black tar heroin is of dark brown or black color. It has a repulsive vinegar-like odor, which is stronger

and longer lasting than that of powdered heroin.

SYNTHETIC NARCOTICS

Synthetic narcotics is a group of potent analgesics (“pain killers”) with actions similar to those of

morphine but chemically not related to it and of synthetic origin.

Common synthetic narcotics

- dextropropoxyphene - Fentanyls - Methadone - Methadone -

Pethadine

FENTANYL AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Fentanyl and its derivatives are synthetic, short acting narcotic analgesics with actions similar to those of

morphine, but up to hundreds of times more potent.

Common Fentanyls

-Alfentani ( Alfenta) -Sufentanil (Sufena)

-Fentany (Sublimaze)

DESIGNER FENTANYLS

-Designer fentanyls are synthetic substances closely related to a fentanyl and of similar actions.

Common designer fentanyls

- Alpha- methyfentanyl - 3- methylfentanyl

METHADONE
-Methadone is a synthetic narcotic analgesic also used in the treatment of heroin addiction as a substitute

drug.

PETHIDINE

Pethidine is a synthetic narcotic analgesics with actions similar to those of morphine.

MPPP

-MPPP is the abbreviation p for i-methly-4- phenyl-4- propionoxypipridine. It is a clandestinely produced

analogue of pethidine(“ designer drug”) Clandestine production of MPPP produces a neurotic by product.

COCA

- “coca bush” means the plant of any species of the genus

Erythroxylon

-grows in tropical climates ( 500- 2000) meters above sea level as a bush or tree. Its leaves can be

harvested for about 20 years

COCA LEAF

-The leaf of the coca bush, except a leaf from which all ecgonine, cocaine and any other ecgonine

alkaloids have been removed.

-The green to yellow- greenish elliptical leaves of different erythroxylon species vary in size and

appearance.

COCA PASTE
- Coca paste is an extract of the leaves of the coca bush. It contains mainly coca alkaloids and is also

referred to as cocaine base.

-Coca paste is an off white, creamy or beige coloured coarse powder which often contains aggregates and

is generally damp. Its odour is characteristics.

COCAINE

-An alkaloid found in coca leaves or prepared by synthesis from cegonine.

-It is an odourless white crystalline powder that is prepared from coca paste. It is usually found in the

form of salt such as cocaine hydrochloride. Cocaine hydrochloride is usually inhaled (snorted)

intranasally or injected.

CRACK

-Crack is cocaine base (“freebase”) obtained from cocaine hydrochloride through specific conversion

process to make it suitable for smoking. The name “crack” describes the sound made by the crystals

popping when they are heated. Crack is obtained by dissolving cocaine hydrochloride in water, adding

baking soda or ammonia, heating and cooling the mixture and collecting the precipitated crystals by

filtration.

-Crack is usually found in the form of white chips, chunks or rocks. It is either smoked in a water piped or

sprinkled on tobacco or marijuana to be smoked as a cigarette.

BARBITURATES

-Barbiturates are the most common example of a class of drugs known as sedative hypnotics. This drug

acts as central nervous system depressants.

-Barbiturates are drugs which produce depression of the central nervous system ranging from sedation

through hypnosis to general anesthesia. The effects produced depend on the specific drug used and the

dose taken.

BENZODIAZEPINES

-Benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressant drugs. About 2000 benzodiazepines have been

synthesized by the pharmaceutical industry.

-Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that are primarily used for treating anxiety in children and adults.

They can also benefit people with conditions such as insomnia and panic attack disorder. Taking

benzodiazepines increases a person’s risk for addiction, so these medications are usually limited to

short-term use for the temporary relief of symptoms.

METHAQUALONE

-Methaqualone is a non-barbiturate synthetic sedative drug.

-Methaqualone is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general central

nervous system depressant. Its use peaked in the early 1970s as a hypnotic, sedative, and muscle relaxant

commonly used for insomnia. It has also been used illegally as a recreational drug, commonly known as

Quaaludes, Sopors, Ludes or Mandrax.

AMFETAMINE AND RELATED SUBSTANCES

-Synthetic, chemically related substances with stimulant effects on the central nervous system.

-Consumption of amfetamine-type stimulants, including classical amfetamines and designer drugs;, has

been recognized as one of the most significant trends in drug abuse at the end of the past century and at

the beginning of the current one. The abuse of more classical amfetamines, such as amfetamine itself and
metamfetamine, continues to be highly prevalent in some geographical regions. Amfetamines are

powerful psychostimulants, producing increased alertness, wakefulness, insomnia, energy and

self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite as well as enhanced mood, well-being

and euphoria.

DESIGNER AMPHETAMINE

-Synthetic substances chemically related to amphetamine.

-Produce central stimulant effects similar to those of the conventional amphetamine.

Act as hallucinogens.

HALLUCINOGENS

-Hallucinogens are group of substances which produce altered state of consciousness with auditory and/or

visual perception that are not shared by observers.

- Hallucinogens are also referred to as psychodelics( mind-revealing).

D- LYSERGIDE (LSD)

-Semi-synthetic drug derived from lysergic acid and an alkaloid found in Claviceps pupureu.

-Known as "lysergic acid diethylamine" and "LSD-25".

LSD is a colourless, tasteless, crystaline substance which is soluble in water or alcohol.

PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP)

-A synthetic drug with anaesthetic and hallucinogenic properties.

-Manufactured in clandestine laboratories and is sometimes sold as "LSD", "THC" and "Mescaline".

MESCALINE/ PEYOTE CACTUS

-Hallucinogenic substance of the peyote cactus (Lophophora willianisi)

Used for centuries in traditional Indian rites by certain Central American tribes.

It can also produce synthetically.

PSILOCYBINE/ PSILOCYBE MUSHROOM

-Hallucinogenic substance of the psilocybe mushrooms ( Psilocybe Mexicana and others).

-Used for centuries in traditional rites.

When eaten, these "sacred" or "magic" mushrooms affect mood and perception similar to mescaline and

LSD.

KHAT

-Young tender shoots or leaves of Catha edulis Forsk, which is a flowering evergreen shrub or small tree.

-Catha edulis grows 10-20 feet in Eastern-Africa and Southern-Arabia.

-The leaves and twigs can be harvested through the year.

-Khat is collected daily in the morning and chewed.

 Group 7

Chapter XI: Drug Related Crimes and Chapter XIII: Definition of Terms

Chapter XI: Drug Related Crimes

Most drugs are illegal and possessing them is a crime. People under the influence of drugs are
likely to commit crimes because drugs are mind-altering that cause a state of intoxication. It can affect
thinking and judgement and can cause anxiety attacks on the part of the user. Alcohol is the most
consumed of all drugs. It is available almost everywhere and its cheap, that is why it is the most
consumed of all drugs. Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly and affects the judgement and behavior of
the user. Thousands of teenagers are killed each year because of alcohol-related traffic accidents.

Marijuana a.k.a weed/Mary Jane/pot/grass is the most abused of all illegal drugs. Commonly it is
used through smoking in hand-rolled cigarettes, pipes, and other suitable device. It is also mixed in food
and drinks. Just like alcohol, it causes intoxication and affects thinking and judgement and can anxiety
attacks.

Cocaine is a white powder that is snorted, sniffed, swallowed, smoked and injected. Packaged in
baggies, vials, and similar containers. Most of the time, it is laid out in “lines” on a smooth surface to be
inhaled into the nose with a small straw or tube. This drug may cause runny nose, paranoia, depression,
irritability, violent behavior, headaches, and trouble in sleeping. Crack is a dangerous and deadly form of
cocaine. It appears as small white, brown, or tan pellets, rocks, or chips. Inhaled through a pipe or similar
device and is 5 to 10 times stronger than cocaine that is snorted through nose. It provides a quick, intense,
but short-lived “high”, and results to more drug use. Most of the effects are weight loss, hyperactivity,
hoarseness, and heart attack. It is a highly addictive drug.

Gasoline, glue, spray paints, rubber cement are called “inhalants” that can cause a “high” when
inhaled. These can cause permanent damage to the nervous system, liver, kidneys, and can lead to
numerous psychological problems.

There are athletes who would inject steroids to improve their physical abilities and appearance. In
the world of sports, using steroids and prohibited medications is called “doping”. Taking steroids to
enhance athletic performance is prohibited by most sports organizations — and it's illegal (Google).
Steroid use can cause liver damage, testicle atrophy, aggressive behavior, high cholesterol, high risk for
heart attack, enlarged prostate, baldness, depression, and other complications.

Driving while intoxicated, a charge filed against a person arrested for drunk driving. In many
states, a driver is presumed to be intoxicated to a degree where he is a danger to himself or others when
his blood alcohol level is 0.10% or more. There are states that call the offense “driving under the
influence” (DUI). Some states have a different charge for driving under the influence of drugs or DUID.
In the Philippines, an estimated 12,000 people die every year in road-related accidents—about 25 percent
of which are related to the harmful consumption of alcohol.

Date rape drugs refers to illegal drugs that are used to overpower victims and sexually assault
them. Gamma hydroxybutyrate and flunitrazepam are the most common date rape drugs on date. GHB
is a clear liquid or white powder that is often mixed with a carbonated, alcohol or health food drink and is
considered popular among adolescents and young adults. It causes euphoria (intense excitement or
happiness) or intoxication and was once sold in healthy food stores as performance – enhancing
supplement for body builders. It was banned by the FDA since 1990. GHB makes its victim unable to
resist an attack and causes memory loss. According to the police, GHB is commonly used in spring-break
beach festivals. A 15-year-old girl in Michigan died after taking the drug, and many teenagers were
hospitalized across the country. GHB is also called as “G”, “Georgia Home Boy,” “liquid ecstasy”,
“somatomax,””scoop”, “grievous bodily harm”.

Flunitrazepam is a powerful sleeping pill, better known by its brand name Rohypnol. This
substance is approximately 10 times stronger than Valiu/diazepam (used to treat anxiety, alcohol
withdrawal, and seizures) is neither approved for medical use, nor made or sold legally in the United
States. Nevertheless, it is made and prescribed legally in other countries for the treatment of insomnia
(sleeping difficulty), and then is illegally smuggled into the United States. It is often used with alcohol
and other drugs such cocaine or heroine. Rohypnol is also known as rophies, roofies, R2, roofenol, Roche,
roachies, la rocha, rope, rib, circles, Mexican valium, roach-2, roopies and ropies. The tablets are white,
although counterfeit street version may have a brownish-pink color. The tablets will have the word
“ROCHE” on one side and an encircled “1” or “2” (depending on the dosage) on the other. Mostly, the
pills have no color, smell or taste once they are dissolved in alcohol, soft drinks, water, or any other
liquid. Some users reported that it slightly tastes bitter when it is mixed with alcohol. A large number of
teenagers and young adults use this drug to create a “dramatic” high and is usually combined with
alcohol. Why has there been an increase in teen use of Rohypnol? It is cheap, usually sold less than $5
(295 pesos) per tablet ; young people believed it is harmless and it is safe because it is well presented
(pre-sealed, tamper-proof bubble pack);and many users believe that the drug will not be detected in urine
tests. This drug can cause a person to do and say things that a normal/sober person would not do. For the
reason of having no strong taste or odor, victims whose drink have been poisoned with Rohypnol do not
realize what is happening. Within 10-30 minutes after taking the drug, the person may feel dizzy and
disoriented. They will become confused and unable to make clear decisions, and they may appear to be
drunk, have blood-shot eyes and slurred speech. They will feel too hot and cold at the same time or feel
nauseated. Ultimately, they will have trouble in speaking and moving as they slowly loses coordination
and control of their body before passing out. These effects peak within two hours and can last up to 8
hours. Rohypnol is a dangerous drug, especially when combined with alcohol, marijuana, cocaine or other
drugs because it will leave the victim with no memory of has happened. Is rohypnol addictive? YES.
Anyone can become physically dependent on this drug. Withdrawal symptoms include headache, muscle
pain, confusion, hallucinations, and convulsions. Seizures can occur up to a week after you stop using
Rohypnol. Why is rohypnol called a “DATE RAPE” drug? It has the ability to make victims lose
self-control and forget what happened during significant periods of time. It has been used to rape
unsuspecting victims. Girls and women around the country have reported being raped after rohypnol was
slipped into their drink, causing them to let them guard down, fall asleep, or even become unconscious. It
has no taste or odor; victims usually do not realize what is happening. It is also called “forget pill”,
“trip-and-fall” and “mind-eraser”. What can I do to avoid becoming victim of a date rape drug?
Remember that these drugs are odorless, colorless, and tasteless and can be added to any drink – even
water. Avoid consuming alcohol or using other drugs at social gatherings since they can impair your
judgment and make it more difficult for you to maintain control. If you do drink, never let somebody you
don't know well enough to offer you an open drink. Accept beverages solely from bartenders, waiters, or
waitresses at bars and clubs. If you accept a drink from someone you do not know well, make sure it
come from an unopened container (bottle or can) and that you can open it yourself. Always keep your
drink in your hand and never leave it unattended. If there is a need to use the restroom and you do not
have companions, it is better that you finish your drink before going to the restroom. Never drink from
punch bowls. Tell your friends, especially female friends, the facts about these drugs. If you think that you
or a friend has been a victim, seek help from authorities or other friends immediately.

The ability to refuse sex when desired is a given. But what if you are unable to refuse? What if
you don't even recall being asked, how you got there, or who you were with the following day? Even
worse, what if you never awaken at all? The Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United
States (SIECUS) has published a paper listing some of the medicines used for perpetrating rape that have
come to the attention of sex educators and health workers, as well as some advice on how you can defend
yourself. Educate yourself to better protect both you and others.

Fact sheet: Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault

Health and community educators have grown increasingly concerned about sexual assaults that
were made possible by drugs. A variety of substances have earned the names "date rape drugs" or
"predatory drugs" since they are frequently used to render victims of crimes—often sexual
assault—incapable of resisting them. Although alcohol is the substance most frequently linked to sexual
assault, instances involving other substances are on the rise. These chemicals, also known as "club drugs"
due to their popularity in dance clubs and bars, can be given to a victim without their knowledge, make
them unconscious, and prevent them from fighting a sexual assault or other crime. They may also cause
amnesia, leaving the victim unsure of whether or not a crime was committed. When these medicines are
used with alcohol, the risk is increased. Victims of drug-facilitated sexual assault cannot shield
themselves from HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases, or unintended pregnancy, as with any
forceful sexual activity.

Chapter XIII: Definition of Terms

Abuse - usually refers to illegal drugs but may also be applicable to drugs that are available legally, such
as prescribed medications and certain over- the counter medications. Abusive dose - amount needed to
produce the side effects and action desired by the individual who improperly uses it. Administer - any act
of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her knowledge, by
injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means, or of committing any act of indispensable assistance to a
person in administering a dangerous drug to himself/herself unless administered by a duly licensed
practitioner for purposes of medication. Alcohol -regarded by many experts as the most commonly
abused drug. Alcoholism - refers to the state or condition of a person produced by drinking intoxicating
liquors excessively and with habitual frequency. Association - is the tendency of a drug abuser to look for
peer groups where he feels being wanted and accepted. Board -refers to the Dangerous Drug Board.
Buccal - the drug is administered by placing it in the buccal cavity just under the lips. The active
ingredients of the drug are absorbed into the bloodstream through the soft tissues lining the mouth. Call
Girl - is a part-time prostitute who have her own legitimate work or profession but works as prostitute to
augment her income. Cannabis - or commonly known as “Marijuana" or “Indian Hemp" or by its any
other name. - Embraces every kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant Cannabis Sativa L. including, but
not limited to Cannabis americana, hashish, bhang, guaza, churrus and ganjab, and embraces every kind,
class and character of marijuana, whether dried or fresh and flowering, flowering or fruiting tops, or any
part or portion of the plant and seeds thereof, and all its geographic varieties, whether as a reefer, resin,
extract, tincture or in any form whatsoever. Centers - any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for
drug dependents referred to in Section 34. Article VIII of this Act. Chance of Hazard - is the uncertainty
of the result of the game when the outcome of the game is incapable of calculation by human reason,
foresight, capacity, or design. Chemical Diversion - refers to the sale, distribution, supply, or transport of
legitimately imported, in-transit, manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential chemicals,
in diluted. mixtures or in concentrated form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any
dangerous drug, and shall include packaging, repackaging, labeling, relabeling or concealment of such
transaction through fraud, destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits, misdeclaration, use of
front companies or mail fraud. Chromatography - is the process of separating mixture and comparing
the migration of each component with standard. Clandestine Laboratory - Any facility used for the
illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug and or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
Confirmatory Test - an analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a different chemical or
physical principle that is more specific which will validate and confirm the result of the screening test.
Controlled Delivery - the investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or suspect consignment of any
dangerous drug and/ or controlled precursor and essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia, or
property believed to be derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of the
country under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering evidence to identify any
person involved in any dangerous drugs related offense, or to facilitate prosecution of that offense.
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals - include those listed in Tables I and II of the 1988 UN
Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the
attached annex, which is an integral part of this Act. Cultivate or Culture - any act of knowingly
planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is the source
of a dangerous drug. Dangerous Drugs - include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules annexed to the
1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the attached annex which is an
integral part of this Act. Dangerous Drugs Board - is a Philippine government agency that makes
policies, strategies and programs on drug prevention and control. Depressants - these are drugs which
decrease or depress body functions and nerve activity. These group includes sedatives, hypnotics and
tranquilizers. Door Knocker - this is an occasional or selective type of prostitute who is usually a
newcomer in the business. Drug- is any chemical substance that by virtue of its chemical nature alters the
structure and functioning of a living or whether. Drug addiction - refers to a state of periodic or chronic
intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug - natural or synthetic. Deliver - any act of
knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any means, with or
without consideration. Den, Dive or Resort - a place where any dangerous drug and or controlled
precursor and essential chemical is administered. delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or
used in any form. Designer drugs - are substance chemically related to but slightly different from
controlled substances. Designer drugs are designed by clandestine chemists with the aim to manufacture
compounds that produce “the high" or euphoria of parent drugs and avoid the penalties that would be
levied against those illegally trafficking the controlled substance. Dispense - any act of giving away,
selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription. Drug
abuse -refers to non-medical use of drugs that cause physical, psychological, legal; economic, or social
damage to the user or ta people affected by the user's behavior. Drug Dependence - is a state of psychic
or physical dependence or both, on a drug arising in a person following administration of drug on a
periodic or continuous basis. Drug Syndicate - any organized group of two (2) or more person forming or
joining together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under this Act. Employee of
Den, Dive or Resort - the caretaker, helper. watchman, lookout, and other persons working in the den,
dive or resort, employed by the maintainer, owner and/or operator where any dangerous drug, and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered, distributed, sold or used, with or
without compensation, in connection with the operation thereof. Experimentation - is the tendency of a
person to try and explore the effects of drugs due to curiosity or other reasons. Factory Girl -this type of
prostitute is the real professional type who works in regular house of prostitution. Fermentation - is a
process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in the food into alcohol. Fermentation is used to
produce many necessary items. Financier - any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or
underwrites any of the illegal activities prescribed under this Act. Gambling - is a game or scheme
wherein the result of which depends wholly or chiefly upon chance or hazard. Golden Triangle - which is
composed of three (3) countries namely: (1) Burma/Myanmar, (2) Laos, and (3) Thailand; and the Golden
Crescent - which is composed of:(1) Iran, (2) Afghanistan, (3) Pakistan, and (4) India. Hallucinogens
-these are drugs capable of provoking sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion. Herbal drugs -
these are plant substances that have drug effect and whose use is not generally regulated by law. These
substances generally require little processing after the plants are gathered. Hustler - this is a professional
type of prostitute who works at a bar or tavern. She is also a pick-up girl or a street-walker. Illegal
Trafficking. - The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale,
trading. transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical. Illicit drugs - these are drugs whose sale, purchase or use is
generally prohibited by law. Inhalants - these are any liquid, solid or mixed substance that has the
property of releasing toxic (psychoactive) vapors or fumes. Inhalation- a drug in gaseous form enters the
lungs and is quickly absorbed by the capillary system. Injection - drug can be administered into the body
by the use of an syringe or hypodermic needle. Instrument - anything that is used in or intended to be
used in any manner in the commission of illegal drug trafficking or related offenses .Laboratory
Equipment -the paraphernalia, apparatus, materials or appliances when used, intended for use or
designed for use in the manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical, such as reaction vessel, preparative/purifying equipment, fermenters, separatory funnel, flask,
heating mantle, gas generator, or their substitute. Manufacture - the production, preparation,
compounding of processing of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical,
either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin, or independently by means
of chemical synthesis or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis, and shall include any
packaging or repackaging of such substances, design or configuration of its form, or labeling on
relabeling of its container; except that such terms do not include the preparation, compounding, packaging
or labeling of a drug or other substances by a duly authorized practitioner as an incident to his her
administration or dispensation of such drug in the course of his/her professional practice including
research, teaching and chemical analysis of dangerous drugs of such substances that are not intended for
sale or for any other purpose. Marijuana Eradication - involves the location and destruction of
Marijuana plantations, including the identification, arrest and prosecution of the planter, owner or
cultivator, and the escheating of the land where the plantations are located. Maximal dose - largest
amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect without any accompanying symptoms of
toxicity Methamphetamine Hydrochloride or commonly known as “Shabu", “Ice”, Meth", or by its any
other name. - Refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its isomers or
derivatives in any form. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine - (MDMA) or commonly known as
“Ecstasy", or by its any other name. - refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any
of its isomers or derivatives in any form. Minimal dose - amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the
smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect Narcotics substance (derived from the
"Greek word" narkotikos"-meaning “sleep”Any drug that produces sleep or stupor and also relieves pain
(medical); Depress the central nervous system to produce a marked reduction in sensitivity to pain, create
drowsiness and reduce physical activity;and A drug which therapeutic doses diminishes awareness of
sensory impulses, especially pain, by the brain, in large doses, it causes stupor, coma or convulsion.
Natural Drugs - are active ingredients, secondary metabolic products of plants and other living systems
that may be isolated by extraction. Opium - refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy(Papaver
somniferum L.) and embraces every kind, class and character of opium, whether crude or prepared; the
ashes or refuse of the same narcotic preparations thereof or therefrom; morphine or any alkaloid of
opium; preparations in which opium, morphine or any alkaloid of opium enters as an ingredient, opium
poppy; opium poppy straw; and leaves or wrappings of opium leaves, whether prepared for use or not.
Opium Poppy - refers to any part of the plant of the species Papaver somniferum L., Papaver setigerum
DC, Papaver orientale, Papaver bracteatum and Papaver rhoeas, which includes the seeds, straws,
branches, leaves or any part thereof, or substances derived therefrom, even for floral, decorative and
culinary purposes. Oral Ingestion - drug is taken by the mouth and must pass through the stomach
before being absorbed into the bloodstream. This is one of the most common ways of taking a drug.
Over-the-counter drugs - these are commercially-produced drugs that may be purchased legally without
prescription. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) (Filipino: Kawanihan ng Pilipinas Laban
sa Droga) is the lead anti-drugs law enforcement agency, responsible for preventing, investigating and
combating any dangerous drugs. controlled precursors and essential chemicals within the Philippines. The
agency is tasked with the enforcement of the penal and regulatory provisions of Republic Act
No.9165(R.A.9165), otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.PDEA is
under the supervision of the Office of the President. PDEA is the implementing arm of the Dangerous
Drugs Board (DDB). Person - any entity, natural or juridical, including among others. a corporation,
partnership, trust or estate, joint stock company association, syndicate, joint venture or other
unincorporated organization or group capable of acquiring rights or entering into obligations. Physical
dependence - is the result when a drug has been used for a long period of time. It is only identified when
a characteristics withdrawal or abstinence syndrome occurs after its use to discontinued. The body's
physical system changes until the body needs that particular drug in order to function. Planting of
Evidence - the willful act by any person of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding, or
attaching directly or indirectly, through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or in the immediate
vicinity of an innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing the
commission of any violation of this Act. Practitioner - any person who is a licensed physician, dentist,
chemist, medical technologist, nurse, midwife, veterinarian, or pharmacist in the Philippines.
Prescription abuse -refers to the improper utilization of controlled substance prescribed by the
physicians to the patient under treatments with medical problem. Any drug not used according to
directions. whether prescribed by a physician or over the counter medication, can be substance abuse.
Using a prescription in a manner not prescribed, for using another's prescription is illegal. Prohibited
drug - which includes opium and its active components and derivatives, such as heroin and morphine;
coca leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine; alpha and beta eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs. such as
mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other substances producing similar effects; Indian hemp
and its derivatives; all preparations made from any of the foregoing; and other drugs and chemical
preparations, whether natural or synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic or a hallucinogenic
drug; or (As amended by B.P. 179 dated March 2, 1982). Prostitution - is an act or practice of a woman
who engages or habitually indulged in sexual intercourse for money or profit. Prostitute- - is any woman
who engages herself in indiscriminate sexual intercourse or acts with males for hire. Protector/Coddler -
any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts provided for in this Act and uses
his her influence, power or position in shielding, harboring, screening of facilitating the escape of any
person he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the provisions of
this Act in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator. Psychological
dependence - refers to a state in which an individual has a compulsion to take a drug, but one in which
there may not be a physical dependence. Psychotropic substances - any substance, natural or synthetic or
any natural material that have a high potential for dependence and abuse. These drugs are highly addictive
but, despite the risk, they remain in medical use because no satisfactory non-addictive alternative
medication is available Pertaining to any drug or agent having a particular affinity for or effect on the
psyche Pusher. - any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses. delivers or gives away to another,
on any terms whatsoever, of distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs of who acts as
a broker in any of such transactions, in violation of this Act. Regulated Drug - which includes
self-inducing sedatives, such as secobarbital, Phenobarbital, pentobarbital, such as secobarbital, barbital,
amobarbital and any other drug which contains a salt or a derivative of a salt of barbituric acid; any salt,
isomer or salt of an isomer, of amphetamine, such as Benzedrine or Dexedrine, or any drug which
produces a physiological action similar to amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as methaqualone,
nitrazepam or any other compound producing similar physiological effects;(As amended by PD No. 1683
dated March 14,1980). Rehabilitation - is the outcome of treatment that refers to the reinstatement or
recovery of a previous level of functioning - social, emotional, physical and economic aspects of a drug
dependent. School - any educational institution, private or public, undertaking educational operation for
pupils/students pursuing certain studies at defined levels, receiving instructions from teachers, usually
located in a building or a group of buildings in a particular physical or cyber site. Screening Test – a
rapid test performed to establish potential/ presumptive positive result. Sell - any act of giving away any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical whether for money or any other
consideration. Sedatives and Hypnotics- calm the nerves, reduce tension and induce sleep. Stimulants
(uppers) - are drugs which increase alertness of physical disposition. They also reduce hunger and
provide a feeling of well-being. They produce the opposite to that of depressants. Instead of bringing
about relaxation and sleep, they produce increased mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger, and
provide a feeling of well-being. Cocaine and Amphetamines are the most common stimulants.
Suppositories - the drug is administered through the vagina or rectum is suppository form and the drug is
also absorbed into the bloodstream. Trading -transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous
drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not
limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers, and
chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration
in violation of this Act. Toxic dose - amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms.
Tranquilizers - are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or calm psychotic patients or mental
disorders without producing sleep. Example of Tranquilizer is Diazepam (also known as “Valium”). It is
the most commonly used tranquilizer, which has a slow onset but long duration of action. Prolonged use
may result to dependence both physical and psychological. Treatment - is the method that refers to all
methods and techniques utilized to help an individual to overcome some deficit or impairment. Vice -
may be defined as any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity, wickedness
or corruption. Volatile Substance, Liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing
toxic vapors or fumes or any chemical substance which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled, or introduced into
the physiological system of the body produce/induce a condition of intoxication, inebriation, excitement,
stupefaction, etc. White Slavery - is the procurement and transportation of women across satellite for
immoral purpose. Whore/Knocker- is the name often used for all types of prostitutes. Withdrawal of
symptoms – may refer to a characteristic reactions and behavior of varying intensity, depending on the
amount of the drug taken and length of time used which ensue upon abrupt cessation of drug upon the
body.