CHAPTER І

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, food storage, Global warming and other uncertain weather conditions pose a
threat to plants and crops cultivation. In order to address this problem, greenhouse
practice has been existed for a very long time. Now, people are modernizing and
deploying the greenhouse systems in many parts of the world. Among them, the
automatic greenhouse system is one of the technical approaches in which plants and
vegetables can be grown under a created optimum environment. But this technology has
not been embraced by many developing countries. In a developing country like Myanmar,
the agriculture plays an important role in the economy and development of the country.
Because of Myanmar is the agriculture-based country. In general, most of the planting
systems in Myanmar are manually operated. The motivation for this thesis came from the
following factors:
 Preventing plant and crops damage due to global climate change conditions.
 Greenhouse gardens can be grown anywhere when agricultural land is scarce due
to growing urbanization around the world.
 Reducing the labor involved in plant maintenance benefits rural farmers in
Myanmar.
Greenhouse is a glass made structure that provides an adjustable environment in order to
grow plants productively. The greenhouse also protects plants from harsh weather
conditions, insect and diseases. The behavior of the greenhouse system is highly
depending on temperature, humidity and soil moisture and light intensity. Therefore, in
this project, using DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor and 12V fan for its
temperature, YL-69 soil moisture sensor and water pump are used for soil moisture
condition, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and 12V DC light bulb are used for light, by
controlling them with Arduino Uno. Furthermore, Using LCD display in order to show
the climatic condition of the greenhouse. In this system, Arduino can sense the
surroundings by receiving input signal from a variety of the sensors and can affect its
environment via controlling fan, water pump and light bulb. The controlling system for
this thesis involves the serial steps
 1. Acquisition of data through sensors.
2. Processing of data, comparing it with desire states and finally deciding what must
be done to change the state of system.
3. At last, actuators carrying the necessary action.
This thesis has many advantages. They are:
 It has the ability to monitor different climate parameters with low power
consumption.
 It comprises sensor nodes that can be used to collect real-time- environmental
data.
 It allows communication between the sensor and actuators.
 Moreover, the system is easy to use and maintenance is relatively cheap and easy.
According to these factors, this thesis design is extremely chief design for these kinds of
greenhouse system.
 CHAPTER П

BACKGROUND THEORY

2.1 Arduino Uno R3

The Arduino was invented over 10 years ago by the Interaction Design Institute of Ivrea
in Turin, Italy. The original purpose if the project was to support students in creating a
simple and powerful interactive system. Since then, Arduino software and hardware have
grown steadily. Today, the Arduino has become a powerful platform. Not only it is
versatile, it is also an inexpensive microcontroller board. The group of Arduino Board
consist of Arduino UNO, Arduino Mega, Arduino Nano, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino
DUE and Arduino YUN. Among them, Arduino Uno board is the most commonly used
Arduino Board. It is the latest third version of an Arduino and released in the year 2011.
This board is mainly included DIP (dual-inline-package), detachable and ATmaga328
based microcontroller board. Its advantage is if we make a mistake, we can change the
microcontroller on the board. Arduino UNO R3 is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328p. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get start.

The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial release
of Arduino Software. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino
boards; it and version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino,
which have now evolved to newer releases. The ATmega328 on the board comes
preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of
an external hardware programmer.

This board includes digital I/O pins-14, a power jack, analog i/ps-6, ceramic resonator-
A16 MHz, a USB connection, an RST button, and an ICSP header. All these can
support the microcontroller for further operation by connecting this board to the
computer. The power supply of this board can be done with the help of an AC to DC
adapter, a USB cable, otherwise a battery.

2.1.1 Power Supply

The Arduino Uno power supply can be done with the help of a USB cable or an external
power supply. The external power supplies mainly include AC to DC adapter otherwise a
battery. The adapter can be connected to the Arduino Uno by plugging into the power
jack of the Arduino board. Similarly, the battery leads can be connected to the Vin pin
and the GND pin of the POWER connector. The suggested voltage range will be 7 volts
to 12 volts.

2.1.2 Input & Output

The 14 digital pins on the Arduino Uno can be used as input & output with the help of
the functions like pinMode(), digitalWrite(), & Digital Read().

Pin1 (TX) & Pin0 (RX) (Serial): This pin is used to transmit & receive TTL serial data,
and these are connected to the ATmega8U2 USB to TTL Serial chip equivalent pins.

Pin 2 & Pin 3 (External Interrupts): External pins can be connected to activate an

interrupt over a low value, change in value.

Pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, & 11 (PWM): This pin gives 8-bit PWM o/p by the function of
analogWrite().

SPI Pins (Pin-10 (SS), Pin-11 (MOSI), Pin-12 (MISO), Pin-13 (SCK): These pins
maintain SPI-communication, even though offered by the fundamental hardware, is not
presently included within the Arduino language.

Pin-13(LED): The inbuilt LED can be connected to pin-13 (digital pin). As the HIGH-
value pin, the light emitting diode is activated, whenever the pin is LOW.

Pin-4 (SDA) & Pin-5 (SCL) (I2C): It supports TWI-communication with the help of the
Wire library.
AREF (Reference Voltage): The reference voltage is for the analog i/ps with
analogReference().

Reset Pin: This pin is used for reset (RST) the microcontroller.

2.1.3 Memory

The memory of this Atmega328 Arduino microcontroller includes flash memory-32 KB

for storing code, SRAM-2 KB, EEPROM-1 KB.

2.1.4 Communications

The Arduino has several modes of communications.

USB: The Arduino Uno uses an onboard ATmega16U2 to connect the serial TX and RX
pins on the ATmega328. The 16u2 replaces the FTTI USB chip used on other boards.
This serial data is sent out by the USB chip to appear as a virtual com port on the
computer connected to the USB port. The Arduino IDE Serial monitor also uses the USB
port to send serial data to and from the Arduino board. The TX and RX LEDs will flash
when data is sent and received via the USB port.

Serial TTL: The Arduino Uno board has a TTL level (5V) serial communication on the
digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). This could also be connected to a RS232 or RS484 chip to
provide serial communications to another device. Note: The onboard TX and RX LEDs
will NOT flash when using serial comms on digital pins 0 and 1. These LEDS are USB
comms only. I2C and SPI communications: The Arduino Uno supports both of these
serial communication formats. Use the Wire library for the I2C bus. Use the SPI library
for the SPI bus.
Table2.1: Arduino Uno specifications

Feature Specification

Microcontroller chip ATmega328p

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (Limits) 6-12V

Digitals I/O pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current for I/O Pin 40mA

DC Current for 3.3V pin 50mA

Flash Memory 32KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5KB used

by boot loader

SRAM 2KB (ATmega328)

1KB 1KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16MHz

On Board LEDs On/Off, L (Pin 13), TX, RX

Length 68.6mm

Width 53.44mm

Weight 25g
Figure2.1: Arduino Uno R3 Pin Diagram
2.2 DHT11 Temperature and humidity sensor
The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor comes
with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the
values of temperature and humidity as serial data, offering fabulous quality, quick
reaction, hostile to obstruction capacity and expense adequacy. The sensor is also factory
calibrated and hence easy to interface with other microcontrollers. By utilizing the
selective computerized sign securing system and temperature & dampness sensing
innovation, it ensures high reliability and 19 excellent long-term stability.
Each DHT11 component will be entirely balanced in the lab that will be to a great degree
exact on dampness adjustment. The adjustment coefficients are put away as projects in
the OTP memory, which are utilized by the sensor's inner sign distinguishing
methodology. The single-wire serial interface makes framework reconciliation brisk and
simple. Its little size, low power utilization and up-to-20-meter signal transmission
settling on it the best decision for different applications, including those most requesting
ones. The part is 3-pin single line pin bundle. It is advantageous to associate and unique
bundles can be given in response to popular demand.

2.2.1 DHT11 Specifications

 Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V
 Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)
 Output: Serial data
 Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
 Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
 Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit
 Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%
 Figure2.2:
DHT11
Temperature and
Humidity sensor

Table2.2: DHT11 Pinout Configuration

No: Pin Name Description

For DHT11 Sensor

1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V

2 Data Outputs both Temperature

and Humidity through serial
Data

3 NC No Connection and hence

not used

4 Ground Connected to the ground of

the circuit

For DHT11 Sensor module

1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V

2 Data Outputs both Temperature

and Humidity through serial
Data

3 Ground Connected to the ground of

the circuit

2.3 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor is an electronic component that is sensitive to
light. When light falls upon it, then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the
LDR may change over many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the
level of light increases. They are also called as photo resistor, photo conductive cells or
simply photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
When light hits the device, the photons give electrons energy. This makes them jump into
the conductive band and thereby conduct electricity. A light ward resistor deals with the
guideline of photo conductivity. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with
increasing incident light intensity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive
detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits.
A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor
can have a resistance as high as a few megaohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor
can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor
exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons
enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resistance range and sensitivity of a
photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique
photoresistors may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength
bands. This is the most well-known working standard of LDR. LDR has a simple
structure with minimal effort and often used as a light sensor. They are utilized when
there is a need to recognize absences or habitations of light.
Figure2.3: Light Dependent Resistor
diagrams
2.4 YL-69 Soil Moisture sensor

The soil moisture sensor or the hygrometer is usually used to detect the humidity of the
soil. So, it is perfect to build an automatic watering system or to monitor the soil moisture
of your plants. The sensor is set up by two pieces: the electronic board (at the right), and
the probe with two pads, that detects the water content (at the left). The sensor has a built-
in potentiometer for sensitivity adjustment of the digital output (D0), a power LED and a
digital output LED. The voltage that the sensor outputs change accordingly to the water
content in the soil. when the soil is dry voltage is high and when soil is wet voltage is
low. The output can be a digital signal (D0) LOW or HIGH, depending on the water
content. If the soil humidity exceeds a certain predefined threshold value, the modules
outputs LOW, otherwise it outputs HIGH. The threshold value for the digital signal can
be adjusted using the potentiometer. The output can be an analog signal and so you’ll get
a value between 0 and 1023.
This sensor works by using the relationship between electrical resistance and water
content to gauge the moisture levels of the soil. An electrical current is sent from one
probe to the other, which allows the sensor to measure the resistance of the soil between
them. When the water content in the soil is high, it has a higher electrical conductivity
(water is a good conductor of electricity!). Hence, a lower resistance reading is obtained
which indicates high soil moisture. When the water content in the soil is low, it has poorer
electrical conductivity. Hence, a higher resistance reading is obtained, which indicates
low soil moisture. This sensor includes an on-board voltage regulator which gives it an
operating voltage range of 3.3 ~ 5.5V.  This soil moisture sensor is compatible with 3-pin
"Gravity" interface, which can be directly connected to the Gravity I/O expansion shield.
YL69 Soil Moisture Sensor gives you two types of digital and analog output. Digital
output is sample to use but not as accurate as the analog output. It is ideal for monitoring
an urban garden plant's water level. This is an essential tool for a connected garden. So, in
this thesis, this sensor is used with analog output.
Figure2.4 (a) YL-69 soil moisture sensor
 Figure2.4 (b) YL-69 sensor board physical
pins

Table2.3: YL-69 Soil Moisture sensor specifications

Vcc power supply 3.3 V or 5 V

Current 35mA

Signal output 0 – 4.2 V

Digital Outputs 0 or 1

Analog Resistance (Ω)

Panel Dimension 3.0 cm by 1.6 cm

Probe Dimension 6.0 cm by 3.0 cm

GND Connected to ground

2.5 5V 4-Channels Relay Module
A relay is an electrically operated switch that can be turned on or off. Letting the current
go through or not, and can be controlled with low voltages, like 5V provided by Arduino.
The four-channel relay module contains four 5V relays and the associated switching and
isolating components, which makes interfacing with a microcontroller or sensor easy with
minimum components and connections. The contacts on each relay are specified for
250VAC
and 30VDC and 10A in each case, as marked on the body of the relays. The four-channel
relay module presents the main components. They are 5V relay, terminal blocks, male
headers, transistors, optocouplers, diodes, and LEDs. In this thesis, this relay module is
used to control the actuators.

Specification:
• Digital output controllable
• Compatible with any 5V microcontroller such as Arduino.
• Rated through-current: 10A (NO) 5A (NC)
• Control signal: TTL level
• Max. switching voltage 250VAC/30VDC
• Max. switching current 10A
• Size: 76mm x 56mm x 17mm
 Figure2.5(a): 4-Channels Relay Pin
Diagram
 Figure2.5(b): 4-Channels Relay Module Schematic diagram

Table2.4: 5V Four-Channel Relay Module Pinout

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 GND Ground reference for the module

2 IN1 Input to activate relay 1

3 IN2 Input to activate relay 2

4 IN3 Input to activate relay 3

5 IN4 Input to activate relay 4

 6 VCC Power supply for the relay module

7 VCC Power supply selection jumper

8 JD-VCC Alternate power pin for the relay module

2.6 16 × 2 LCD display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated
optical device which find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic
module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it
can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. In an LCD, an electric current is used to switch segments
of liquid crystals from a transparent phase to a cloudy phase, each segment forming part
of a number or letter. The segments can also be in the shape of tiny dots or pixels, and
they can be arranged in rows and columns. They are turned on and off individually to
either block or allow polarized light to pass through. When the light is blocked, a dark
spot is created on the reflecting screen. A 16×2 LCD has two registers like data register
and command register. The main function of the command register is to store the
instructions of command which are given to the display. The main function of the data
register is to store the information which is to be exhibited on the LCD screen. the ASCII
value of the character is the information which is to be displayed on the screen of LCD.
The benefits of using them are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there
are no limitations for displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc. In
this thesis, the LCD is used to display the microclimate conditions inside the greenhouse.
Features of LCD 16 x 2:
• The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V
• It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
• The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
• Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixels box
• The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
• Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
• These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
• It displays a few custom generated characters
Figure2.6: 16 × 2 LCD Pin Diagram