INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA, A CASE OF NAROK

COUNTY

KOSHAL EVANS SADALA

CB15/00004/18

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN TOURS AND TRAVEL MANAGEMENT IN THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND
ECONOMICS OF KISII UNIVERSITY

NOVEMBER 2021

ii
DECLARATION

Student declaration
This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other
University.

Signature_____________________ Date _______________

Name: Koshal Evans Sadala

Reg No: CB15/00004/18

Supervisors’ declaration
This thesis has been submitted for review with our approval as University supervisors.
Signature _____________________ Date _____________________

Dr. Paul Makori

Department of Tourism and Hospitality

Kisii University

iii

DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to my Parents, Mr Abraham and Mrs Rachael, my brothers‟ Festus, Dominic,
Edward and Caleb, my Sisters Caroline, Evalyne and Vivian" for the sacrifice they made for me to
complete this thesis. Their love, care, concern, support, encouragement and enthusiasm inspired me to
achieve this goal.
iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank God for the grace and the far I have come. I wish to acknowledge Kisii University for providing
me with a conducive environment for studies. I am sincere and most grateful to my supervisors Dr. Paul
Makori for guidance and mentorship. I also thank my classmates for the good study company we have
had along until this time.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................ x

LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... xii

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................. xiii

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ...................................................... xiv

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xvi

CHAPTER ONE:

1.0 Introduction......................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study..........................................................................................2
1.2 Statement of the Problem ..............................................................3
1.3 Purpose of the Study.................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Objectives ..................................................................................................5
1.5 Research Questions......................................................................................6
1.6 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................7
1.7 Scope of the study ................................................................................................8
1.8 Limitations of the Study..........................................................................................9
1.9 Basic Assumptions of the Study..................................................................................................10
1.10 Conceptual Framework............................................................................................11
1.11 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................12
1.12 Operational Definitions................................................................................................9

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction...................................................................10

2.1 Influence of cultural festivals on tourism development in Narok County.........11

2.2 Influence of Customs and Artifacts on tourism development in Narok County....12

2.3 Influence of traditional rituals on tourism development in Narok County............13

2.4 Summery of Literature review................................14

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction..........................................................15

3.1 Study Area.............................................................16

3.2 Research Design...................................................17

3.3 Target Population........,.........................................18

3.4 Sample size and sampling techniques................19

3.5 Research instrument/ Data Collection Instruments..20

3.6 Data Collection procedures..........................................21

3.7 Data analysis and presentation techniques...............22

3.8 Ethical Considerations..................................................23

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Response Rate

4.2 Background Information

4.3 Analysis for Objective one

4.4 Analysis for Objective two

4.5 Analysis for Objective three

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

5.1 Summery of Findings

5.1.1 Summery of Findings for Objective one

5.1.2 Summery of Findings for Objective two

5.1.3 Summery of Findings for Objective three

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation of the study

5.4 Recommendation for further study

1.0 Introduction
Presented herein is the research theme and incorporates the foundation of the study,the statement of
the problem, statement of the problem and purpose and the research questions. The section
additionally demonstrates the examinations that addressed the existing problem in charge of the
current issue. The scope of the study are is presented.

1.1 Background of the Study

Culture is a primary 'force factor' which impacts guests' underlying choice to travel to a particular
destination in various parts of the world (Liu, 2004). Thus in many areas of the world, especially in
Europe and North America, social attractions have turned out to be imperative in the advancement of
tourism (Buhalis, 2010). At the worldwide level, tourism attractions because of culture are normally seen
as being symbols of vibrant surges of worldwide culture which enhances appreciation of cultural
diversity among people from various regions of the world and forms a basis for tourism attraction
(Richards, 2011).Culture and tourism have a commonly gainful relationship which can support the
competitiveness and desirability of regions and nations (Rumberger & Rotermund, 2012). Culture is
progressively a critical component of the tourism item, which additionally makes uniqueness out of
congested worldwide markets in areas such as Kenya, Botswana, Ethiopia and Egypt (Bond, 2014).
Tourism gives essential ways for cultural enhancement and income generation which bolsters and
strengthens cultural heritage, social generation and creativity (Dwyer & Kim, 2013).

Establishment of solid connection between tourism and culture can in this manner enable destinations
to be competitive and attractive as areas to live, visit, to work and put resources into or investments
(Akama, 2012). The development of tourism in Africa in general, and the development of cultural
tourism in particular, are at its incipient stage

Generally, in Africa the development of tourism together with specific improvement of cultural tourism
are all at its initial steps (Vesley, 2014). Nonetheless, a great disparity exists in tourism development
levels among the 53 states of Africa. Despite this, an extraordinary discrepancy exists on levels of
tourism advancement among the fifty-three countries in Africa. Inside the spectrum of tourism
development, well established tourism sector is found in countries such as Kenya (East), Morocco and
Tunisia (North), Cote d‟ivoire and Senegal (West), Mauritius and Seychelles (Indian Ocean) and South
Africa and Zimbabwe (South) of Africa continent (which are the success stories in Africa). At the same
time other states including Cameroon, Nigeria, Angola, Sierra Leone and Eritrea for a motive of
insecurity, lack of infrastructure and inadequate tourism marketing have restricted tourism
advancement, however when compared with other counties have impressive potential for future
tourism improvement (Dieke, 2010).As indicated by Kiprutto, Akama and Sitati (2007) there are
numerous parts of cultures which can be

presented for tourism in the North Rift area, and incorporates conventional Kalenjin homesteads; for
example, those of the Pokot and by extension that of non-Kalenjin Turkanas. Additionally, there are
social relics (cultural artifacts), ceramics, iron smelting items, musical instruments, adornments, clothing
guards and furniture of the groups that have resided in the locale for a considerable length of time
(Vesley, 2004).Narok is a mixture of cultures that are depicted as a melting pot of cultural interactions
(Akama, 2012). The numerous communities including the Pokot, Ilchamus, Tugen and a large group of
other Kenyan people have discovered a home in Narok County making Narok the perfect meaning of
social and diversity in culture (Narok County report, 2015). The Maasai Community Cultural Centre is
located in Nenkai in Narok town road on the way to Maasai mara game researve. Whenever tourists visit
Maasai Mara, they can make a stopover at the center to have a glimpse of the Maa culture. The Tugen
cultural Centre is located on the way to Maasai Mara making the business center accessible especially by
tourists. Cultural tourism conveys an expanded income/revenue to the heritage locale, and more
comprehensively, to the community and the host country. Simply, it can be a motor of financial
development and economic growth (Britton, 1989). Cattle rustling is also one of the cultural activity in
Baringo County (Musyoki, 2005) which warrant peace races to establish harmony among the warring
communities and a result of the peace races, tourists gets an opportunity to visit the area during the
peace races.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Tourist arrivals in Africa have stayed low compared to different continents like Europe and USA
(UNWTO, 2013). Europe remains the most well-known destination, followed by Asia and the Pacific then
America, whereas Africa commands the least piece of the market pie (UNWTO, 2007). Kenyan tourism is
the fastest developing industry and as of now the second most noteworthy foreign exchange recipient
after tea with 25% obligation to GDP (GOK, 2014). Tourism developed from $ 699 million in 2005 to $
803 million in 2006 (UNWTO, 2007). Undesirably, spatial tourism in the nation is exhibited widely;
Nairobi topped as the best destination in the nation winning 29.6 percent of the visitors, trailed by
Mombasa at 14.7 percent, Naivasha 12.1 percent, Nakuru 5.6 percent and Diani Beach at 2.9 percent
(KNBS, 2008). Only few regions like Maasai Mara national park and Costal region receive substantial
number of tourists (Ringa, 2015).The current tourism trend in the country is tilted towards wildlife,
natural sceneries and summer seasons (Ringa, 2016). The cultural tourism is mostly associated with the
Maasai community because of the Masai Mara National park which is proximate to the community.
However, there are other communities with almost/more cultural practices than the Maasai community.
The Kalenjin and Maasai inhabiting Narok County have cultural practices that are unique to them and
can influence tourism destination. The study focused on the cultural practices of purk, Loita and Kalenjin
that can influence tourism destination.Narok County is a potential cultural diversity region (Mkutu,
2010). The numerous communities including the Maasai and a large group of other Kenyan people have
discovered a home in Narok County making Narok the perfect meaning of social and diverse culture
(CBK, 2008). Although Narok is known for cultural diversity, there is by and large a threat of cultural
tourism researches being item based instead of market-based in the perspective of tourism
advancement evaluation (CBK, 2008). More so, with expanding supply of cultural attractions in Narok
there is intense competition among attractions at the all destination level (Ipsos, 2013). However,
creating attractions for cultural tourism does not fundamentally imply that visitor will troop to that
destination (Buhalis, 2010). Richards (2011) commented that, “tourists will not come unless their needs
are met”. This study investigated the influence of cultural practices on tourism development in Narok
County. Few studies have explored this area but from the available studies no study focused on the
influence of cultural practices on tourism development in Narok County, thus exists a knowledge gap.
Therefore, this study was conducted so as to bridge the gap.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The study investigated the influences of cultural practices on tourism development in Narok County. The
study specifically established the influence of cultural festival, custom and artefacts, traditional rituals
and cattle rustling influences on the development of tourism in Narok County.

1.4 Research objectives

1. To Establish the influence of cultural festivals on tourism in Narok county.

2. To establish the influence of customs and artifacts on tourism development in Narok county

3.To establish the influence of traditional ritual practices on tourism development in Narok County.

1.5 Research Questions

1.What is the influence of cultural festivals on tourism development in Narok county?

2. What is the influence of traditional rituals on the development of tourism in Narok county?

3. What are the influences of customs and artifacts on the development of tourism in Narok county?

1.6. Significance of the Study

The study findings may enable the government to formulate strategies which may boost culture as an
economical product, more precisely as a touristic product, generating touristic flows and touristic
consumption. It will enable them focus on policies that will diversify tourism from the conventional
products to new potential tourism items in culture. Through continous practices of the diverse culture in
the country can lead to its preservation and can be appreciated by the next generation.Investors on
tourism industry can infer from the study findings and employ various cultural artefacts and traditional
music to spice up their hospitality and tourism activities. Scholars and academicians would use the study
to undertake further research in this or related field of tourism. The study will expand knowledge on
cultural practices and their effect on

tourism development. It will also be used as a reference in the future endeavors in the field of tourism
and hospitality.
1.7 Scope of the study

Narok County is the area in which the research was carried out at. This was informed by the diverse
culture embraced in the county by the numerous communities that include Tugen, Pokot, Ilchamus and
other communities that have been hosted in Narok and have discovered new homes due to the social
and culture diversity exhibited in the county. Exploratory research design was adopted in the study in
which the target population included destination managers, community members, county officials and
tourists. The stratified sampling technique was used to categories each cluster of respondents in which
appropriate method was used to select the sample size accordingly. Questionnaires and interview guide
were the data collection instruments which gave the direct views and opinions of the respondents.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

In the course of research progression, a number of constraints were found but they were
inconsequential to the expected outcome. First limitation was topographical/geographic spread of the
area. The researcher was required to travel and in some cases send the questionnaires by email; this
lead to delays in receiving responses as emails were not responded in the required time, which
warranted the physical presence of the researcher. Data collection instrument and procedures that were
adopted by the researcher also exhibited a challenge. The survey questionnaires used were a structured
self-report and self-administered instrument which was dependent on the respondent‟s integrity. The
questionnaires were purely based on a survey on

the perception of the respondents; hence they were highly subjective in nature. These shortcomings
were solved by the hiring of research

1.9 Basic Assumptions of the Study

i.It was assumed that the respondents honestly answered the questionnaire.
ii.It was assumed that the cultural practices were up to date.

1.10 Conceptual Framework

In accordance with Kombo and Tromp (2009), a concept is a thought that is of general idea assembled or
got from specific cases. Conceptual framework is a pictorial outline that shows the interaction of
concepts/ideas under study. It sometimes explains how the interaction can be measured and deduction
made. Below is a diagram representing the conceptualization of cultural practices and tourism
development in Narok County
 Cultural festivals
 Cultural clothing
 Traditional homestead
 Folk songs and dances Tourism Development
 Traditional food  Number of Tourists
 Revenue

Customs and Artefacts

 Beads and Jewelry
 Presence of archaeological sites
 Museums archives

Independent Variable Depedent variable

1.11 Theoretical Framework

The study‟s independent variables are cultural festivals comprising cultural clothing, traditional
homestead, traditional foods, folk songs and dances; customs and artifacts comprise of beads and
jewelry, archeological sites and museums; traditional rituals comprise of circumcision and customary
marriages. Cattle rustling comprises of peace races, constant insecurity and wars. The dependent
variable is tourism development comprising increased number of tourist‟ and Revenue. Cultural
Marketing
Traditional
practices tend rituals
to influence tourist‟s destination choice because of their uniqueness and attachment to a
 Branding
 Traditional
particular set up.Circumcisions events can define the distinctiveness of a tourist‟s destination thereby
Rich cultural practices
 Product Promotion
 Traditional
affecting tourismcustomary
developmentweddings
in that particular region. It helps to market a destination as tourist would
attendants
want to experience and be part of a certain culture and way of life for particular people.Finally, the
intervening variable is the marketing which involves the extent in which tourism destinations is known
globally. For a destination to be known there must be marketing which starts from branding to product
promotion. Whilst marketing is chiefly oriented towards purchase of product on offer it also serves build
confidence of the tourists about destination choice. Where marketing is nonexistent then a destination
might not be known even if it has unique products.

12. Operational Definition of terms

i. Cultural Practices: Attractions that can be offered for tourism and they include cultural festivals
customs & artifacts and traditional rituals that belong to a particular community that has resided in a
particular region for eras

ii. Tourist: Is an individual who visits a country or a region in the world and resides there for a period
above twenty-four hours with a sole purpose of participating in non-remunerated exercises. She/he can
be a nationality of any country.

Cultural festivals: involves a celebration event that occurs periodically and is characterized by cultural
presentation, competitions, exhibitions, cultural dances, folk songs, traditional homesteads, musical
instruments and cultural clothing

iii.Customs and artifacts: is an item which when found relays important information about a community
that resided in that specific location. The vital information that can be unearth may include that of their
social welfare, political set ups and religion. The major artefacts that are overlooked are the presence of
beads, jewelry, archaeological sites and museums.

iv. Traditional rituals: An ordered group of exercises including signals, lyrics, and objects, carried on in
an isolated place, and performed by set succession; examples are circumcisions‟ and customary
weddings.

v. Tourism Development: is the planning and implementation of strategies with the objective to develop
the tourism sector. The goal of tourism development is to increase the attractions of a destination by
attracting more tourists.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The chapter discusses the various theories that have informed the study on its theoretical framework.
Presented also is the empirical literature review which is done as per the objectives. Findings of the
review are critiqued to conceal the knowledge gaps in which the study will bridge. Information from
relevant journal articles, seminar papers and conference reports are relied upon for this section.

2.1 Influence of cultural festivals on tourism development in Narok county.

Sofia (2017) conducted a study on the assessment of the impact and contribution of cultural festivals on
the tourism development in Thessaloniki. Findings indicated that there were several cultural festivals
organized at different level of the Thessaloniki. The cultural festivals held included music, drama, dances
and shows. These cultural festivals spurred the local economy as participants could contribute in terms
of money for them to be part of the festivals. They also created new jobs despite being seasonal.
Shaw and Williams (2004) clarified that worldwide origination of culture has prompted the designation
of World Heritage locales which draws in a huge number of tourists yearly. Though, at the national as
well as local level, culture is viewed as assuming an imperative part in building and strengthening
individuals' uniqueness and a feeling of having a place or belonging within a specific region (Sindiga,
2009). The acknowledgment of the function of culture in making and strengthening individuals'
personality has, as of late, assumed a critical part in the developing enthusiasm for differing aspects of
heritage tourism, particularly in the developed world (Crush, 2004).

Dwyer and Kim (2013) distinguished the elements that decide tourism competitiveness as accessible
resources (common assets, cultural resources and items on heritage), resources created (tourism
framework, the exercises on offer, and so on.), supporting components (foundation as a whole, the
nature of administration, destination access among others.) and destination administration factors. The
study underscored the part of benefits which are acquired or made and the manner by which these
advantages are composed and distributed in the market. Keeping in mind the key elements that
facilitates decision making on destination choice, resources are important in all dimension of tourism
competitiveness.
Ondimu's (1994) attests that culture has high capability of pulling in more tourists to the locale. This is
more importantly on cultural festivals that stimulate tourists to pay homage to a particular destination.
Fascinating cultural festivals such as dances and music can define a destination for tourists. Beside this,
Mckercher et al. (2004) revealed components identifying with tourism product, experience and
promoting tourism as key to prevalence of cultural attractions in Hong Kong, and that cultural place
must be operational so as attractions can be well known. Be that as it may, the communities in North
Rift locale have not bundled their cultural heritage for offer to tourism visitors because of non-
availability of cultural centers to showcase their culture. As such, culture, similar to some other vacation
destination must be created and packaged/bundled before it is advanced (Vukonic, 1996; Gunn, 1994).
Nonetheless, the collection of customary items in North Region needs a gallery/museum for housing and
show (Musyoki, 1995). While communities living in the North Rift region have not packaged their
cultural products, Narok County can use such opportunity to profile, package and market its cultural
tourism products, thereby creating a destination niche

2.2 Influence of customs and artifacts on tourism development in Narok county

Akama, (2012) observed that culture and tourism have a commonly advantageous rapport which can
reinforce the attractiveness quality and destination competitiveness. Culture is progressively a critical
component of the tourism item, which equally makes uniqueness out of a crowded market, centers
worldwide (Sunguh & Katana, 2007). In the meantime, tourism gives an imperative means for upgrading
culture and generating income which can bolster and strengthen cultural heritage, cultural generation
and innovativeness (Rajotte, 2007). Influencing a strong association among tourism and culture can in
this way empower destinations to be all more engaging, competitive and focused as zones to live, visit,
to work and place assets into (Nyeki, 2002).
Wikhal (2012) contends that the ability to attract individuals by offering a decent personal satisfaction is
of critical significance for local competitiveness. The competitiveness of a local arises from their unique
products such as homesteads, clothing and other unique cultural sites. In concentrating in regional
attractiveness, it is critical not utterly to consider what influences individuals to move to a specific area
but additionally what influences individuals need to remain. This study observed that culture was one of
the factors considered alongside others (lodging, work, and so on.) in destination choices, and that
culture had a tendency to be appreciated most by the well taught and especially those with an aesthetic
education (Ritcher, 2002). It is therefore evident that culture can influence the destination choice of a
tourist as well as tourism development in a particular region.

2.3 influences of traditional rituals on the development of tourism in Narok county.

As indicated by the National Restaurant Association and the Travel Industry Association of America
(2008), traditional food was integral to choosing get-away destination for no less than 25 percent of
relaxation travelers and 58 percent expressed that they are sometimes extremely inspired by traveling
to take part in traditional rituals or wine related exercises. This depicts traditional food as part of
decision choice when considering a destination to visit. Destinations with favorite cuisines are likely to
attract large numbers of visitors as compared to destinations with less favorable cuisines. So
conventional foods and beverages serves to determine destination choice.

Torres-Sovero, González, Martín-López, and Kirkby, (2012) contend that in numerous destinations, the
"creative industries" or the "cultural ventures" have additionally been distinguished as having a critical
association with tourism. As tourism progressively moves from its past preoccupation with natural
resources and landscapes (sun, beach and sand, for instance), tourists turn out to be more engaged with
symbolic and sensory utilization and consumption of pictures and thoughts related with specific
destinations (Dwyer and Kim, 2013). Individuals need to go to destinations which are related with
specific popular individuals, thoughts or occasions to have sights experience, sounds and tastes when
they visit (Buhalis, 2010). Through the interaction with the rituals the occasion can leave a memory that
the tourists keep revising on when to visit the destination again (Vanphanom Sychareun & Phengsavanh,
2009). Therefore, traditional rituals are capable of providing events that are captivating in terms of
sound, sight and taste. The rituals can create a uniqueness of a destination thereby making it
competitive. This therefore stands a chance to be researched on which the current study focused on
establishing the influence of traditional rituals on tourism development.

2.4 Summery of literature Review

This part assessed the different theories that clarified the predictor and target variables of the study
which were then evaluated for appropriateness to particular factors. Furthermore, an empirical
appraisal was done where past investigations,worldwide and local were evaluated in accordance with
the objectives of the study. It is out of these evaluations that the exploration/research gap was
distinguished.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
The section examines the methodology that was utilized when collecting the data, analyzing the data
and revealing the outcomes. The techniques and instruments that were utilized to gather and analyze
the data to get legitimate information identified with the subject under investigation are also outlined.
The section likewise discusses the research design, study area, population and the sample estimate. The
section additionally discusses the rationality and dependability checks which were performed on the
questionnaire. Finally, it shows the ethical practices.

3.1 Study Area

The research was carried out in Narok county one of the arid and semi-arid county in the Rift Valley
province of Kenya. It is situated between latitude 35°30' and 36°30' East and latitude 00°10 South and
00°140' North, and spreads in a territory of 10,949 km2, of which around 165 km2is surface water
(Stevens & Momsen, 2008). The area is occupied by the Maasai and Kalenjins whose significant
occupation is keeping livestock. Narok County having two major communities with different cultures
makes it diverse cultural hub that is ideal for the study on the influence of cultural practiceson tourism.
Narok County also hosts wild lifes are the favorite tourist destination in the Rift making it an
appropriate area of study for tourism products offered. Attached at the appendix is the map of Narok
County where the study took place (Map of Narok-attached at Appendix 5.6).

3.2 Research Design

Research plans have been characterized by different writers, as per Bryman and Bell (2011) research
design/plan is, a 'blue-print' that empowers the researcher to think of answers forproblems and aides
during the process of gathering, analyzing, and deciphering the information and perceptions. Therefore,
research design provides a framework which can allow data collecting and analysis of the data to
provide meaningful answers.

An exploratory research design was adopted for this study. Data was gathered using qualitative and
quantitative technique so as to attain the sole research purpose. The study design is deemed suitable for
this investigation since it provides uniformity in the data gathered and comparison over numerous
respondents (Maxwell, 2012).Further, the outline offers the researcher a chance to capture populace
attributes.This would help the researcher explain the impact of cultural practices on tourism
development in Narok County

3.3 Target Population

3.4 Sample size and sampling techniques

Kothari (2004) explains a sample as the nominated respondent on behalf of the population. Stratified
sampling technique was used to categorize the respondents of the study which were in four clusters
that included destination managers, tourists, community members and county tourism officials. All the
Destination managers were used as sample since the population was small while tourists and
community members were sampled using the Fishers‟ exact formula for sample determination (Fisher
et al; 1998).

3.5 Research Instruments/ Data Collection Instruments

Burns and Grove (2003) characterize data collection as the exact, efficient gathering of data significant
to the examination sub-problems, utilizing techniques, for example, interviews, member perceptions,
focused group discussions, stories and case studies. Primary data was used in the study. Primary data
are the direct views and opinions of the respondent pertaining the question/s at hand. This was
obtained from questionnaires and interviews carried out thus gathered from original sources (Orodho,
2008).Quantitative data from the original source was assembled by the utilization of semiorganized
questionnaires captured through a 5-point category Likert scale (Vagias, 2006). Likert scale is an interim
scale that particularly utilizes five or some other grapples of unequivocally disagreement, nonpartisans,
and firm agreement scale (Vagias, 2006). The likert measures the level of assertion or contradiction in a
scale (Vagias, 2006). Likert scale is important in estimating observation, attitude, valuesand conduct
(Upagade & Shende, 2012). The Likert questionnaires were produced to address particular research
inquiries of the study. Data were collected from specifically defined groups of tourists, community
members, destination managers and government officials. Qualitative data was captured through
interview guides that were used to obtain information from the resort managers and county officials.
The managers were interviewed according to the schedule and responses recorded. The responses were
then transcribed according to the themes outlined

3.6 Data Collection procedures

University approval was acquired to carry on the investigation; authorization from the National
Commission of Science Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) was obtained. The researcher then paid a
call to the Baringo County Tourist Board. From that point a letter to the County tourism administration
was composed requesting for authorization to conduct the investigation in the County. Questionnaires
were then distributed to the available respondents and gathered same day to improve theresponse rate.
Respondents who were not available during the study time when engaged at their convenient time. The
data on tourists were collected during their high season (summer) when there was tourist‟s influx in the
county. Interviews were conducted after producing the NACOSTI letter and authorization from the
university to conduct research on the destination managers

3.7 Data analysis and presentation

Data analysis insinuates the utilization of thinking to fathom the data that has been gathered with the
point of choosing reliable example and delineating the relevant components revealed in the
examination (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, & Griffin, 2010).Data was analyzed primarily by utilization of content
analysis and Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS).The statistics generated for each objective
were descriptive statistics which were the mean, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages. The
inferential statistics are the Pearson correlation and regression analysis and the entire objective involved
a multiple linear regression model. Multiple linear regression models were used to quantify the
connection between the autonomous factors and the reliant variable which are clarified in the model.
The regression model demonstrates the greatness and direction of connection between the factors of
the examination using coefficients like the correlation, coefficient of assurance and the significance
level.

Y = β0+ β 1X1+ β 2X2+ β 3X3+ β 4X4 + 

Where:
Y = Tourism Development
Xi for;
X1 = Cultural Festivals

X2 = Customs and Artifacts‟

X3 = Traditional Rituals
X4 = Cattle Rustling
Where { β i; i=1,2,3,4} = The coefficients for the various independent variables
In the model a is the constant term while the coefficient β1 to β4 are used to measure
the sensitivity of the dependent variable (Y) to unit change in the independent
variable (X1, X2, X3,X4). ,is the error term which takes care of the unexplained
variations in the model. Presentation of the result was done in tables and pie charts.

3.8 Ethical Considerations

Ethical issues identify with the moral principles that the researcher ought to consider in all phases of the
study plan. After obtaining the University permission/approval, an authorization was acquired from the
County tourism board. In the research three standards of morals were utilized, to be specific;
gratefulness, regard for human dignity and equity (Polit et al., 2003). Following the three standards,
sensitivity to the participants' feelings was observed while testing questions that could mentally hurt the
participants and also protection of the participants from unfavorable circumstances. Full disclosure,
reasonable treatment and privacy protection were likewise practiced.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 Introduction

The chapter represents the findings, results and interpretation of the variables including the response
rate and descriptive statistics. Correlation and multiple regression analysis for the variables were
performed.
4.1 Response Rate

130 (399 for community members and 395 for Tourists) were administered to the respondents.
However, a total of 100 (275 for community members and 266 for Tourists) and 7 Interview guides were
appropriately answered and returned. 253 of the respondents never returned the questionnaires while
3 of the respondents for interview guides were not reachable/available. The response rate result is
shown in Table 4.1.

State your level of income

level of income

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

less than 20000 20 20.0 20.0 20.0

21000-30000 31 31.0 31.0 51.0

Valid 31000-50000 30 30.0 30.0 81.0

above 50000 19 19.0 19.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

The results in figure 4.2 indicated that majority of the respondents (31.0%) earned a salary of
between 21000-30000, 30.0% of the respondents earned a salary of between 31000-50000
while 20.0% of the respondents earned a salary of less than 20000. Similarly, 19.0% of the
respondents earned a salary of above 50000 .The finding of this examination conforms to the
general that majority of the respodents earned a salary of between 21000-30000.
State your Ethnicity

state of ethinicity

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

aftrican 20 20.0 20.0 20.0

european 39 39.0 39.0 59.0

Valid asian 20 20.0 20.0 79.0

american 21 21.0 21.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

State your marital status

state of marital status

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

single 30 30.0 30.0 30.0

married 40 40.0 40.0 70.0

Valid
any other 30 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Analysis of : INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL FESTIVALS ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Statement SA A N D SD

Cultural festival and dressing attire have 30.0% 31.O% 19.0% 10.0% 10.0%
made Narok a favorite tourists destination

Cultural dances have been potential tourists 30.0% 39.0% 10.0% 11.0% 10.0%
event in Narok County

Traditional music festivals are popular tourists 29.0% 31.0% 20.0% 10.0% 10.0%
attraction events in Narok County

Most tourists attend cultural folk songs 20.0% 30.0% 21.0% 19.0% 10.0%
events in Narok County as their favorite
destinations.

Traditional foods present during cultural 49.0% 21.0% 20.0% 0.0% 10.0%
events fascinates tourists.
Analysis of INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONAL RITUALS ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Statement SA A N D SD

Traditional blessings ceremony are popularly attended by 9.0% 40.0% 20.0% 22.0% 9.0%
tourists.

Tourists are always present to experience the sights and 19.0% 51.0% 10.0% 20.0% 0.0%
the taste of the Maasai traditional rain making process

Traditional wedding ceremonies among the maasai 40.0% 20.0% 30.0% 10.0% 0.0%
community have attracted many tourists to the area.

Pass out/graduation of Morans among the Maasai 20.0% 30.0% 21.0% 19.0% 10.0%
community has been a popular tourists‟ attraction event.

Cultural cleansing ceremony celebration stage is an 30.0% 20.0% 31.0% 10.0% 9.0%
increasingly important element of the tourism product
Analysis of INFLUENCE OF CUSTOMS AND ARTIFACTS ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Statement SA A N D SD

Customs and artifacts has made Narok county a unique 29.0% 40.0% 11.0% 10.0% 10.0%
tourist destination hence leading to the growth of tourism

Maasai traditional homestays are favorite residence for 20.0% 40.0% 20.0% 10.0% 10.0%
tourists who visits Narok County

Traditional clothing and adornments among the Maasai 20.0% 29.0% 31.0% 11.0% 9.0%
has made the area popular among the tourists

Archeological sites and fossils in Maasai mara Narok 20.0% 30.0% 21.0% 19.0% 10.0%
County remain the most popular tourists destination.

Musical instruments, pottery, iron smelting products and 30.0% 40.0% 10.0% 10.0% 10.0%
hunting tools have made Narok County a distinct tourist
destination

4.2 Background Information

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
The chapter outlined the synopsis of the findings, the inferences and the recommendations done on the
basis of each of the objectives. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of cultural
practice on tourism development in Narok County.

QUESTIONNAIRES

I am Kelvin Wambua, student in Kisii University undertaking bachelor’s degree in

Tourism and hospitality management. It is a requirement that I carry out a research on “The
influence of cultural heritage on the growth of tourism in Kenya, Kisii county.” You are
requested to participate in this study by completing the following questionnaire.

Do not write your name anywhere.

Section A: General Background Information

(Kindly tick or fill where appropriate)

Biodata
1. Gender

Male

Female

2. State your age

20 and below
21 to 40

41 to 60

61 nd above

3.Education level

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

University

Section B: influence of monuments on the growth of tourism

This section seeks information concerning the influence of monuments on the growth of tourism
in Kenya, Please state the level of agreement with the following statements
Where: SA-Strongly Agree, A- Agree, N-Neutral, D-Disagree, SD-Strongly Disagree

NO Statements SA A N D SD
.

1 Cultural festival and dressing attire have made Narok a

favorite tourists destination
 2 Cultural dances have been potential tourists event in Narok
County

3 Traditional music festivals are popular tourists attraction

events in Narok County

4 Most tourists attend cultural folk songs events in Narok

County as their favorite destinations.

5 Traditional foods present during cultural events fascinates

tourists.

Section C: lnfluence of traditions on the growth of tourism

This section seeks information concerning the influence of traditions on the growth of tourism in
kenya. Please state the level of agreement with the following statements.
Where: SA-Strongly Agree, A- Agree, N-Neutral, D-Disagree, SD-Strongly Disagree

NO Statements S A N D SD
. A

1 Traditional blessings ceremony are popularly attended by

tourists.

2 Tourists are always present to experience the sights and the

taste of the Maasai traditional rain making process

3 Traditional wedding ceremonies among the maasai

community have attracted many tourists to the area.

4 Pass out/graduation of Morans among the Maasai

community has been a popular tourists‟ attraction event.

5 Cultural cleansing ceremony celebration stage is an

increasingly important element of the tourism product

Section D: influence of Artifacts on the growth of tourism

This section seeks information concerning the influence of Artifacts on the growth of tourism in
Kenya.

Please state the level of agreement with the following statements

Where: SA-Strongly Agree, A- Agree, N- Neutral, D-Disagree, SD-Strongly Disagree

NO Statements SA A N D SD
.

1 Customs and artifacts has made Narok county a unique

tourist destination hence leading to the growth of tourism

2 Maasai traditional homestays are favorite residence for

tourists who visits Narok County

3 Traditional clothing and adornments among the Maasai has

made the area popular among the tourists

4 Archeological sites and fossils in Maasai mara Narok County

remain the most popular tourists destination.

5 Musical instruments, pottery, iron smelting products and

hunting tools have made Narok County a distinct tourist
destination