ASSIGNMENT 1

NAME: ANOBA ZAHEER

REG NO: NDU-BS-20/S-1696
Each of the following passages contains a single argument. Using the letters “P” and “C,”
identify the premises and conclusion of each argument, writing premises first and
conclusion last.

1. Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and happen
to have just the right chemical properties, to fit neatly into cavities within
hemoglobin molecules in blood that are normally reserved for oxygen molecules.
Consequently, carbon monoxide diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
P: Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and happen to
have just the right chemical properties, to fit neatly into cavities within hemoglobin
molecules in blood that are normally reserved for oxygen molecules
C: Consequently, carbon monoxide diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

2. When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of

privacy in it that they might have had. Therefore, a warrantless search or seizure of
abandoned property is not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.
P: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of
privacy in it that they might have had.
C: Therefore, a warrantless search or seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable
under the Fourth Amendment.

3. The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the
average student, and administrators simply are ancillary to this effort. For this
reason, classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the equivalent of administrators
at all levels, including the superintendent.
PI: The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the
average student. P2: Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort. C: For this reason
Classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the equivalent of administrators at all levels,
including the superintendent

4. Cats can think circles around dogs! My cat regularly used to close and lock the door
to my neighbor’s doghouse, trapping their sleeping Doberman inside. Try telling a
cat what to do, or putting a leash on him—he’ll glare at you and say, “I don’t think
so. You should have gotten a dog.
P1 My cat regularly used to close and lock the door to my neighbor’s doghouse, trapping
their sleeping Doberman inside. P2Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leash on him
—he’ll glare at you and say, “I don’t think so. You should have gotten a dog.
C: Cats can think circles around dogs!
 5. To every existing thing God wills some good. Hence, since to love anything is
nothing else than to will good to that thing, it is manifest that God loves everything
that exists.
P: To every existing thing God wills some good. & since to love anything is nothing else
than to will good to that thing

C: Hence, it is manifest that God loves everything that exists.

6. Women of the working class, especially wage workers, should not have more than
two children at most. The average working man can support no more and the
average working woman can take care of no more in decent fashion.
P: The average working man can support no more and the average working woman can
take care of no more in decent fashion.
C: Women of the working class, especially wage workers, should not have more than two
children at most.

The following arguments were taken from magazine and newspaper editorials and letters
to the editor. In most instances the main conclusion must be rephrased to capture the full
intent of the author. Write out what you interpret the main conclusion to be
1. University administrators know well the benefits that follow notable success in
college sports: increased applications for admissions, increased income from
licensed logo merchandise, more lucrative television deals, postseason game revenue,
and more successful alumni fund drives. The idea that there is something ideal and
pure about the amateur athlete is self-serving bunk.
Conclusion: The success in college sports is beneficial to a university in many mays.as college
sports are as much driven by money as professional sports so it should be promoted.

2. In a nation of immigrants, people of diverse ethnic backgrounds must have a

common bond through which to exchange ideas. How can this bond be
accomplished if there is no common language? It is those who shelter the immigrant
from learning English by encouraging the development of a multilingual society who
are creating a xenophobic atmosphere. They allow the immigrant to surround
himself with a cocoon of language from which he cannot escape and which others
cannot penetrate.

Conclusion Immigrants need to learn English if they are to feel a part of their new
society./ In order to assimilate to their new society, Immigrants must be able to learn to
communicate with the people in their new society, otherwise they will be secluded and
will be treated as an outsider by that new society
Determine which of the following passages arguments are. For those that are, identify the
conclusion. For those that are not, determine the kind of non-argument.
1. If public education fails to improve the quality of instruction in both primary
and secondary schools, then it is likely that it will lose additional students to the
private sector in the years ahead.

Ans Not an argument. It is a conditional statement, also called an “If-then”

statement.

2. Freedom of the press is the most important of our constitutionally guaranteed

freedoms. Without it, our other freedoms would be immediately threatened.
Furthermore, it provides the fulcrum for the advancement of new freedoms.

Ans Argument; conclusion: Freedom of the press is the most important of our
constitutionally guaranteed freedoms.

3. It is strongly recommended that you have your house inspected for termite
damage at the earliest possible opportunity.

Ans .Non- argument. It is a piece of advice.

4. Mosquito bites are not always the harmless little irritations most of us take them to
be. For example, some mosquitoes carry West Nile virus, and people who are infected
can become very sick or even die.

5. Five college students who were accused of sneaking into the Cincinnati Zoo and
trying to ride the camels pleaded no contest to criminal trespass yesterday. The
students scaled a fence to get into the zoo and then climbed another fence to get
into the camel pit before security officials caught them, zoo officials said.

Ans Non-Argument .It is report.

6. Mortality rates for women undergoing early abortions, where the procedure is legal,
appear to be as low as or lower than the rates for normal childbirth. Consequently,
any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently hazardous
procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to forgo it, has largely
disappeared.

It is an expository passage.
 7. The pace of reading, clearly, depends entirely upon the reader. He may read as
slowly or as rapidly as he can or wishes to read. If he does not understand
something, he may stop and reread it, or go in search of elucidation before
continuing. The reader can accelerate his pace when the material is easy or less
than interesting, and can slow down when it is difficult or enthralling. If what he
reads is moving he can put down the book for a few moments and cope with his
emotions without fear of losing anything.

Ans Not an argument. It is an expository passage.

ASSIGNMENT 2
Hanson robotics is now manufacturing robots which are having artificial intelligence (AI)
along with emotional intelligence (EI). Elon Musk predicts that robots’ will eventually
take-over the human race, and latest developments in robotics (particularly in EI) set the
grounds for the claim. Whereas, JACK MA (founder of ALIBABA) is very optimistic
about human race and claimed that machines can never beat humans’ in WISDOM. What
is your take on this? Do you have any survival plan? How will you compete with machines?
Humans who have invented the robot ,so how come the robots can replace them when they
are invented by humans .The robots can’t take over the ones who actually built them.no
doubt that artificial intelligence is technology that allows computers and machines to function
intelligently that as a machine replaces human labor to work for men a more effective and
speedier result to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation but it can’t beat
humans as the robot's intelligence algorithm is designed by concepts that were incorporated by
humans. Robots can have emotional intelligence and artificial intelligence, but they still can't
compete with the human brain as their being is a true thinking of human minds .the robots are
controlled by humans as the actions installed in them are pre planned and emotional intelligence
would also be then only what humans will feed in them so how that can be real as humans.
The ultimate control of the robot will still be in the hands of a human. Hence, how the robot
behaves and acts is ultimately dependent on how the human brain has designed the algorithm for
the machine. I believe we will remain in charge of the technology for a decently long time and
will control the functions of robots .at the end of the day robots are still machines and with
emotion intelligence would still be controlled by humans as also said by Sophia a humanoid
robot in one interview that Even as technology advances, artificial intelligence will only do what
humans create space for it to do,” she said.
Every machine has its settings that can be altered when needed, similarly robots also have
settings that can be changed if required. Humans can any time power off it.robots can’t take over
as the complexity of human hands is something that science is still far from replicating. Robotic
hands currently employed in practical applications are clumsy. The more advanced hands created
in laboratories are not strong enough and do not possess the delicacy of human hands.
Additionally, when it comes to interpreting and responding to the information received from the
tactile sensors, the software used by robots to handle sensor input is not even close to the level of
sophistication reached by the human brain. The robots can’t be creative enough and cant function
on their own even the all the interviews taken from Sophia the humanoid were scripted  and the
Q&A inquiries were shared with Sophia’s team prior to the presentation so they were able to
prep Sophia on how to respond.so this clearly shows that The survival of a robot therefore
depends on a human which I think completely nullifies that robots can take over humans with
artificial intelligence too if they have someone who can’t even know ow what to say and only
say what is feeded in them you can imagine it yourself. Robots are dependent on humans to
work, the input. Computers are just one of many intelligent technologies that humans have
eventually create. I believe we shouldn't be concerned about the machines we created for
ourselves.