STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE AWARENESS LEVEL OF JIMMA UNIVERSITY

UNDER GRADUATE STUDENTS TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION; THE CASE STUDY

OF COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE.

BY:- TAMI RAT KIFLE AND

ታምራት ክፍሌ ህርገጦ
TEYIBA BERISO
ADVISOR:- GIRMA TEFERA (M.sc)

A SENIOR RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

STATISTICS COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN JIMMA UNIVERSITY PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC)
DEGREE IN STATISTICS.

JUNE, 2014; JIMMA , ETHIOPIA

APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that the research project entitled “Statistical Analysis on the Awareness towards
blood donation among Jimma university under Graduate Students of Collage Natural
Science”.Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in statistics of the regular graduate program of the department of statistics, Jimma
university, and is a record of research project carried out by Tamirat Kifle and Teyiba Beriso
and no part of the research project has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
The assistance and the help received during the course of this study have been duly
acknowledged. Therefore, we recommend that it may be accept as fulfilling the research project
requirements.

_______________________ ____________ ____________

Name of Advisor Signature Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we like to give thanks to our GOD to keep as full of health to achieve and up with
research out come and also thanks to Jimma University department of statistics for giving this
chance to us in order to study and investigate further program.
We would like to give our gratitude to our advisor GIRMA TEFERA for his continuous
cooperation in designing a questionnaire, in giving us constructive ideas and valuable suggestion
for the improvement and fulfillment of the research. In addition, we would like also thank for the
students of collage of natural science in giving responses to question of the questionnaires.
Finally we would also like to thank our families who contribute to supporting us in different
direction from the beginning to now.

I
 ABSTRACT
This study would be conducted on Jimma University on Statistical Analysis on the Awareness of
Jimma university under graduate students towards blood donation; the case study of college of
natural science . To meet this we would collected the data by using self-administered
questionnaire, which is distributed to the respondents. The sampling tehnique is stratified random
sampling we classify strata based on their department we have seven strata.We can collect data
by simple random sampling; we have taken the representative sample n=92 from the study
population N=1654. The study would used chi-square test of association the variable age, health
status, residence area and interest of individual have significant association and binary logistic
regression. In this study the variable, residence area and interest of individuals on blood
donation have significance on the awareness of students.

II
Table of Contents page
Acknowledgment.............................................................................................................................I
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................II
Chapter One.....................................................................................................................................1
1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study............................................................................................................1
1.2Statement of the problem............................................................................................................3
1.3 Objectives..................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General Objectives.................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific Objectives.................................................................................................................3
1.4 Signifcance of the study............................................................................................................4
1.5 Limitation of the study..............................................................................................................4
Chapter Two.....................................................................................................................................5
2. Literature Review.........................................................................................................................5
2.1 Blood donation...........................................................................................................................5
Chapter Three...................................................................................................................................9
3. Methodologies .....................................................................................................................9
3.1 Study area..................................................................................................................................9
3.2 Source of population..................................................................................................................9
3.3 Study population .....................................................................................................................9
3.4 Study design.............................................................................................................................10
3.5 Sources of data type.................................................................................................................10
3.6 Data collection instrument.......................................................................................................10
3.7 Sampling technique and sample
size .determination.............................................................................................................................
...10
3.7.1 Sample size determination...................................................................................................10
3.7.2 sampling technique...........................................................................................................,...11
3.8 Study  variables...................................................................................................................,....12
3.9 Methods of data analysis......................................................................................................,...12
3.9.1 Descriptive statistics..........................................................................................................,..13
3.9.2 Inferential  statistics...........................................................................................................,..13
3.9.2.1 Logistic Regression.......................................................................................................,....13
3.9.3 Binary logistic regression...........................................................................................,.........13
3.9.4 Chi-square test of independence.....................................................................................,....14
Chapter four.....................................................................................................................,.............16
 III
4.1 Descriptive statistics................................................................................................................16
4.2 inferential statistics..................................................................................................................19
4.2.1 chi-square..............................................................................................................................19
4.2.2 bnary logistic regression.......................................................................................................20
4.2.2.1 odds ratio interpretation.....................................................................................................21
4.2.2.2 Goodness of fit...................................................................................................................21
4.3 Discusion..................................................................................................................................22
Chapter five....................................................................................................................................23
5 conclusion.and
recommendation.............................................................................................................................23
5.1 conclusion................................................................................................................................23
5.2 recommendation.............................................................................................................,,........23
Reference.......................................................................................................................,...............24
Appendex.........................................................................................................................,,............25
 VI
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Blood donation is giving some of your blood so that it can be used to help someone else.
Donated blood helps people who have lost blood in an accident or who have an illness such as
cancer, anemia, sickle cell disease or hemophilia.

Donated blood includes red blood cells and the other things that make up the blood, such as
platelets and plasma. Blood that contains all the parts is called whole blood.

You can donate blood at American Red Cross clinics or other clinics or blood banks. You may
be able to donate during blood drives at your workplace.

About 1 pint (480 mL) of blood is taken when you donate. It takes about 10 minutes. The whole
process including answering questions and having a short exam takes up to an hour.

Donated blood is tested to make sure that it is safe to use. It's also checked for its type. This
makes sure that the person who needs blood gets the right type.

 Who can donate blood?

To donate blood, you must:

 Be at least 17 years old. (In some states, you can donate if you are 16 years old and get
permission from a parent.)
 Weigh at least 110 lb (50 kg).
 Be in good health.

Some people can't donate because of health or other issues. For example, you may not be able to
donate if:

 You donated blood in the past 56 days.

 You don't have enough iron in your blood. Before you donate, you will have a test to
check your iron level.
  You are pregnant.
 You have traveled to certain countries.
 Your blood pressure is too high. Your blood pressure will be checked before you donate.
 You take certain medicines.
 You have certain health problems.

Having a long-term illness, such as diabetes, doesn't mean you can't donate. You may be able to
give blood if your health problem is under control. But you shouldn't donate blood if you feel
like you're getting a cold or the flu.

Before you donate, a health professional will ask about your current and past health to make sure
that you can donate. Some of these questions are very personal, so you will be asked them in
private. You will be asked these questions every time you give blood, because the list of who can
give blood may change, or your health may change.

 What should you do BEFORE you give blood?

You can do a few things before you give blood to make sure that you have a good experience:

 Make sure you feel good. Don't give blood if you feel ill.
 Eat a good breakfast or lunch. But avoid fatty foods. They can affect some of the tests
done on donated blood to make sure it's safe.
 Drink plenty of fluids.
Get plenty of sleep the night before.
Blood transfusions form a crucial and irreplaceable part in the medical management of many
diseases. The collection of blood from voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors from low risk
populations is an important measure for ensuring the availability and safety of blood transfusion.
In a state like Uttarakhand which is visited by lakhs of visitors during pilgrimage season and
where natural calamities and accidents are very common, the availability of blood is of utmost
importance.
In the Soviet period, the blood donation system operated in Lithuania exclusively on a
remunerative basis. After joining the EU, Lithuania committed itself to meeting the EU
requirements to provide all consumers within its boundaries with safe blood products made from
voluntary unpaid blood donations. However, the introduction of a non-remunerated donation
system may considerably affect donors' motivation and retention. Thus the aim of the current
research was to determine blood donation motives among the present donors and investigate
their attitude towards non-remunerated donation.
The Italian Twin Registry (ITR) has been carrying out several genetic-epidemiological studies.
Collection and storage of biological material from study participants has recently increased in the
light of biobanking development. Within this scenario, we aimed at investigating understanding,
awareness and attitude towards blood/DNA donation of research participants. About these quite
unknown dimensions more knowledge is needed from ethical and social perspectives.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Jimma university has been increased the number of students and/or departments as compared to
the past few years, However some students have lack of understand, lack of knowledge, lack of
interest(attitude) about on blood donation.
 What is the effect of socioeconomic, demographic factors on blood donation?
 What is the reason behind some of students’ lack of understanding, towards blood
donation?
 Why some students have no knowledge, towards blood donation?
 How is the interest of students, towards blood donation?

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General objective

To determine the awareness of the under graduate class students towards blood donation

1.3.2 Specific objective

 To determine the relation between awareness of students and socioeconomic,
demographic and health factors on blood donation.
 To know the students interest towards on blood donation.
 To know attitude of students towards on blood donation.
 To know the awareness of students towards blood donation.
1.4 Significance of the study
  The role of the study is:
 Findings would give to students more information and change students attitude
about blood donation.
 The study would give more information for blood bank.
 Helps to identify the major factor that affect the level of awareness towards on
blood donation.
 Furthermore, the result of this study can also be used as a source of information to
other researchers for further investigations to identify determinants for the awareness
towards on blood
1.5 Limitation of the study
     In conducting this study, we might encounter of the following limitation.
 Luck of reference book related to the topic
 Shortage of computer.
 In sufficient financial support
 Shortage of enough time to study.
 Some respondent was not answer the question completely and properly
 CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Blood donation
Blood transfusions form a crucial and irreplaceable part in the medical management of many
diseases. The collection of blood from voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors from low risk
populations is an important measure for ensuring the availability and safety of blood transfusion
Efforts continue worldwide to establish and maintain sufficient numbers of regular, volunteer
blood donors to ensure an adequate and safe blood supply. The constant concern with being able
to meet the demands for blood is because of the fact that only a small percentage of the eligible
population actually chooses to donate blood on a regular basis and that a significant percentage
of eligible donors are deferred temporarily or permanently because of strict deferral criteria
Continuously being added in the name of blood safety (Custer et al., 2004; Riley et al., 2007).
At the same time, the demand for blood and blood products in most countries continues to
increase because of the rise in human life expectancy and the implementation of new and
aggressive surgical and therapeutic methods requiring large quantities of blood and blood
products (Provan, 1999; Gillespie&Hillyer, 2002; Currie et al., 2004; Greinacher et al., 2007;
Mathew et al., 2007).
The fragile balance between blood supply and demand forces blood banks to constantly search
for more efficient ways to recruit blood donors (Ferguson, 1996). The method each country
adopts to attract blood donors and to cover its needs in blood supplies varies as a function of its
socio-economic structure (Rouger&Hossenlopp, 2005).
According to data collected by the Ministry of Health, in the year 2005, there were 610 056
blood donations in Greece, of which 322 370 (52·84%) were provided by replacement donors
(RDs) who donated blood to cover the transfusion needs of relatives and friends and 270 534
(44·35%) by volunteer donors (VDs) who donated on their own initiative. A small number, 17
152 (2·81%), of donors belonged to the armed forces. This last group is highly motivated to
donate voluntarily as they are compensated with days off from duty. Despite these figures,
however, and the slight increase in blood donations in 2005 compared with previous years, 24
000 red blood cell units were imported from Switzerland to cover the national needs for blood.
There are a number of reasons why Greece, like many countries, would like to increase the
number of regular VDs. As stated above, the number of donations is insufficient to cover the
Demand leading to the importation of blood from abroad almost every year. Also, VDs are
generally associated with safer blood supplies in terms of transfusion-transmitted diseases
(Maniatis et al., 1994; Liu et al., 1998). In fact, the World Health Organization and the Council
of Europe recommend that blood and blood components should only be collected from
voluntary, non-remunerated repeat donors (Dhingra, 2002; Council of Europe, 2003). In turn,
blood donation systems that rely on volunteer blood donors who donate on a regular basis can
better manage blood supplies and schedule transfusions. Finally, it is inappropriate, from an
ethical point of view, that relatives of a patient in need of blood should, under emotional
pressure, be obliged to search for people willing to donate blood for their relative's transfusion
needs.
Thus, the effort of the blood donation system in our country has two goals:
(1) The overall increase of blood units collected to ensure self-sufficiency in blood supply and
(2) The conversion of RDs into regular, VDs to increase the safety and facilitate the management
of the available blood supply.
In many countries of sub-Saharan Africans (SSA), family and replacement donors are
predominant (Takpoet al., 2007), reaching over 70% of blood donor populations in most
instances. These are either relatives or friends of the family, and in some instances are
’undercover’ paid donors, brought in to cater for their relative's blood needs. Clearly, such
donors present a greater risk than voluntary, regular, non-remunerated blood donors (VNRBD)
and should be discouraged as much as possible. However, VNRBD are scarce in SSA, where
according to Tapkoet al., (2007) they represent less than 50% of blood donors in 15 countries of
the 38 investigated. WHO advocates for 80–100% voluntary donations and for the organization
of centralized transfusion (Takpoet al., 2007). Doing away with the family replacement donors
would be desirable but should not worsen the insufficient blood supply. Replacement donors are
in the majority because they are readily available and cheaper to obtain, whereas supply based on
a voluntary donor system is more expensive for many countries (Hensheret al., 2000; Allainet al.,
2004; Lara et al., 2007).
Some controversy exists about there being insufficient voluntary donations. Countries need to
find ways of maintaining sufficient blood supply and improving blood safety from the available
replacement donors. In brief, the reason why replacement donors remain the main source of
blood in SSA is that it costs less to procure and fits well with the African culture of extended
family support.
Looking at blood donors in West and Central Africa, reports indicate that there is some disparity.
For example, a multicentre survey in Africa (TayouTagnyet al., 2009) reported that family
donors constituted 70 and 74·5% in Mali and Cameroon, whereas they constituted less than 20%
in Cote d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso (Takpoet al., 2007). Interestingly, in the Southern part of
Africa, some countries have more than 80% VNRBD including South Africa (De Coning, 2004).
Nevertheless, others still use replacement donors to some scale. Interestingly, it has been clearly
documented in a recent review that donor recruitment, quality assurance systems and blood
distribution mechanisms are major contributors to the high costs of blood from centralized
transfusion centers, with the costs of blood in this system being about four to eight times more
expensive than blood from hospital-based systems which rely on replacement donors (Bates et
al., 2007). The sustainability of centralized voluntary donor systems and their compatibility with
the levels of healthcare resource that exist in poor countries needs to be thought through,
although the burden of patients' families finding replacement donors might exacerbate poverty
and an unsafe blood supply. Thus, the availability of blood in most health facilities depends on
the blood donor system operated there.
Donor Age:
Several studies within the African context suggest that the African blood donor is mostly young.
In Kenya, Rajab et al. (2005) reported a mean age of 28·9 ± 8·5 years among their blood donors;
in Burkina Faso, Nébiéet al. (2007) reported a mean of 28 ± 7·9 years. In other countries of
East/Southern Africa, the mean ages reported are less than 28 years in Mozambique and Uganda
(Cunha et al., 2007; Hladik et al., 2006). Furthermore, in Rwanda, TayouTagny et al. (2009)
observed that more than 75% are less than 30 years.
These mean ages are 10–15 years less than those observed in European countries. For example,
in 2003 the proportion of blood donors under the age of 35 was less than 50% in France,
Belgium and the United Kingdom, and less than 45% in Switzerland and Finland
(Lefrère&Rouger, 2006). This difference may be explained by the fact that the voluntary donor
programmes in Africa tend to be centered on secondary school and university students
(Mandisodza et al., 2006).                                                                                                
Donor Gender:
Most studies in Africa report a male dominance in blood donation programmes. Agbovi et al.
(2006) in Togo reported 61% of their donor population to be males; Nébiéet al. (2007) reported
71·2% in blood donors in Burkina Faso, whereas Allain et al. (2008) reported that 90% of 3801
Ghanaian donors were males. In the recent survey in Central, Western and Eastern francophone
Africa regions, all seven countries surveyed reported less than 30% females in their donor
population (TayouTagny et al., 2009).
Donor Motivation:
Successful strategies have been introduced in various region s to supplement blood supply and
improve safety. For example, the Club 25 concept in Zimbabwe, where teenagers 16 years and
above are encouraged to donate 25 times in their lifetimes, has increased voluntary units of blood
and forms a vital part of the National Blood Transfusion Service (Mvere, 2002). The club 25
requires very high standards of dedication which are not easily reached in most of our settings,
but should be encouraged as a good practice. In South Africa, it has been clearly demonstrated
that it is useful to create a younger donor base to groom these young people as donors of the
future and to create a culture of blood donation amongst young communities. Efforts are needed
to retain voluntary donors. Added safety relies essentially on repeat donations, and hence the
need for donor motivation to come back. In Ghana, a niche of repeat volunteer donors has been
generated with little expense by creating a socially acceptable environment at a local radio
station premises (Allainet al., 2008).
During the 4-year period reported (2003–2006), 60% repeat donations have been collected from
3801 donors. Consequently, the overall voluntary donor percentage increased steadily from
44·1% in 2003 to 62·4% in 2006, and the prevalence of viral markers decreased dramatically
(e.g. a two-thirds reduction in HBsAg prevalence). In Ghana, this program has demonstrated
that providing an environment that adapts to the local cultural background is effective not only in
recruiting first-time donors but also in generating repeat donations at low cost (Allainet al.,
2008).                                                                                                                               
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGIE

 3.1 Study Area
Jimma University (JU) is one of the leading higher education institutions in the country located
south west of Ethiopia at Jimma town. Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine (JUCAVM) was established in 1952 as Jimma Agricultural Technical School (JATS)
following the agreement signed between the United States of America and the Imperial
Ethiopian Government under the joint affiliation of Ethiopian Ministry of Education (MoE) and
the Oklahoma State University (former Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College) for the
period between 1952 and 1956. From 1956 to 1968, the school was jointly administered under
the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and the Oklahoma State University. Following the
termination of the agreement with the Oklahoma State University, the school was under the
exclusive administration of the Ethiopian MoA for the period 1968 to 1979 and it was renamed
as Jimma Institute of Agriculture (JIA). From 1979 to 1990, the institute was under the
administration of Commission for Higher Education and the naming was once again tailored to
Jimma Junior College of Agriculture (JJCA).

At the end of 1990, the affiliation of the college was under the Higher Education Main
Department (HEMD) with a name Jimma College of Agriculture (JCA). In 1994, the college was
once again transferred back to the Ethiopian Ministry of Education (MoE) until the year 1999
that marked the amalgamation of Jimma Institute of Health Sciences (founded in 1983) and
Jimma College of Agriculture (JCA) as cofounders of Jimma University.

3.2 Source of population

All regular under graduate students of college of natural science

3.3 Study population

All students who were included in the sample

 3.4 Study design

Cross sectional study would be conducted to collect all information from under graduate
students of college of natural science

 3.5 Sources and data types

• Primary data: - are data, which are collected by the investigator or researcher for the purpose
the purpose of a specific study the on hand hence it is originate in Character, thus it provide first
hand information
In this study, primary data would be applicable on our study.

3.6 Data collection instrument

It is a document used for gathering and recording of data in a survey and basically there are two
types which are structured questionnaire and unstructured questionnaire. From these we would
used structured questionnaire. Therefore, all information would be collected by self-administer
questionnaire.

3.7 Sample size determination and sampling technique

3.7.1 Sample size determination

The sample size was calculated using the following assumption
1, the degree of confidence would be 95 %(Zα/2=1.96, α=0.05)
2, margin of error tolerated (10%)
3, no is the initial sample size and n is the required sample size
4,p awareness of blood donation among students of college of natural science
For our study we choose P=Q which is both 50% that is 0.5 in order to maximize sample size to
decrease error P=Q=0.5
5, N is the population size N=1654
The sample size was determined by the following formula
no = =96.04

no = 97

n=

n= = 91.16

n = 92

3.7.2 Sampling technique

There are two types of sampling technique. These are random sampling technique and non
random sampling technique. Random sampling technique divided probability sampling and non
probability sampling technique. In our study stratified sampling was used to determine sample
after the students were grouped in to their department. We have seven (7) strata we would collect
the data from each strata by distributing questionnaire.
The required sample was allocated proportionally for each department by using the following
formula

ni = *n

Ni = total number of students in each department

ni = total sample size in department i

N = total population

n= , i = 1, 2,.......,7

n1 = *92 = 13.68 14
n2 = *92 = 10.4 10

n3 =

n4 = *92 = 14.90685

n5 = *92 = 13.96

n6 = *92 = 13.516

n7 = *92 = 11.84767 12

Department Ni ni

Mathematics 246 14

Physics 187 10

Biology 246 14

Chemistry 268 15

Statistics 251 14

sport 243 13

Information science 213 12

Total 1654 92

3.8 Study Variables

3.8.1   Dependent variable

 The Awareness towards blood Donation(high or low )
3.8.2 Independent variables
 Sex (female(0) or male(1))
 Age (18-21(0), 22-25(1), >=26(2))
 Health status (excellent(0), good(1), poor(2))
 Residence area (urban(0) or rural(1))
 Interest of Individuals on blood donation(yes(0) no(1))
 Attitudes about blood transfusion (positive(0) or negative(1))

3.9 Methods of data analysis

The collected data would be analysis by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

  3.9.1 Descriptive statistics

In this study, the process would be used to organize and summarize masses of numerical data
into meaningful statistical techniques like that tabular presentation (table) and pie chart.

3.9.2 Inferential statistics

In this study, the methods used to generalize from the sample to population by performing
hypothesis testing. This implies we would make conclusion on the awareness of students towards
blood donation by taking the sample n=92 from the total under graduate students N=1654 to
attend in collage of natural science.

3.9.2.1 Logistic regression

Logistic regression model is popular statistical tool to model the probability of a certain events as
a function of continuous or categorical variables and used when the regressed, the dependent
variable or the response variable is qualitative in nature or categorical. Qualitative response
variable are either binary (dichotomous variable) or multiple category.

3.9.3 Binary Logistic regression

Binary logistic regression is the form of regression which is used when the dependent variable is
dichotomous and the independent variables are of any type.
It allows the effects of the explanatory variables (socioeconomic, demographic and health) to be
assessed across the logit models and provides estimates of the significance. In our study we
would be used binary logistic regression.
 Odds ratio (OR): it is usually to describe the chance that the binary response variable
leads to a success relative to failure. It is defined to be the ratio of the probability of
success to the probability of failure. [Odds ratio= Pi/ (1-pi)]
To perform tests of hypotheses regarding the fit of the model the deviance is compared to the
percentiles of a χ2 distribution. As mentioned above there is a linear model hidden within the
logistic model. An appropriate trans-formation of the response can reveal that linear model. Such
a transformation is called the legit trans-formation. The natural logarithm of the ratio of pi to
(1−pi), gives a linear model in Xi. Specifically,

logit [pi(x)] =log =βo+β1Xi……….+βkxk

Where pi=the probability (yi) of success in the independent variable xi.

1-pi= the probability (1-yi) of failure in the independent variable xi.
Bo=constant
Since pi is not known, use the observed proportion, pi and the logit transformation, logit
(pi/1−pi).
The logit transformation requires that we have observed proportions that are not zero or one.
  Assumption of Logistic regression:
 Logistic regression dose not assume a linear relation between the dependent and
independent variable.
 The dependent variable must be dichotomous.
 The independent variables not normally distributed, nor linearly related, nor of equal
variances within each group.
 Assume little or no multicolinearty
 Do not assume homoscedasticity.
3.9.4 Chi square test of independence
It is one of the most appropriate way to use with categorical variable (socioeconomic,
demographic and health) .It is a non parametric method hence it does not required any population
distribution.
The data will be used in the computations of the statistics are the frequency association with each
category of variables of interests.
 Assumption of chi-square test:.
 The observations must be independent of each other.
 The sample must be randomly selected from the population.
 In each sample the proportion falling in to each category
1. Hypothesis testing:
Ho: there is no association between the dependent and independent variables. vs. H1: not Ho
2. The level of significance α=5%                                                                                  
3.  Chi-square tabulated, x2tab=x2α(r-1) (c-1), where r=raw, c= column & α= level of
significance.                                                                                                                              
4. The test statistic is x2cal= ΣΣ (oij-eij)2/eij, where i=raw total, j= column total, oij=observational
frequency, eij=expected frequency.
5. Decision rule: we should reject Ho if x2cal>xα2(r-1) (c-1) at α=5% level of significance.
6. Conclusion
 Chapter four

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 DESCRPTIVE STATISTICS

 Table1 The students socio-economic, demographic and health factors in Jimma

University on collage of natural and science.
 The awareness
of the
Variable respondent Frequency Percent

High Low

Sex of the
respondent
Male 38 29 67 72.8

Female 18 7 25 27.2

Total 56 46 92 100

18-21 25 6 31 33.7

Age of the
respondent
22-25 21 24 45 48.9

>=26 10 6 16

17.4

Total 56 36 92 100

Excellent 29 31 60 65.2

Health status Good 22 4 26 28.3

of the
respondent Poor 5 1 6 6.5
From
table Total 56 36 92 100

1,Among Previous Urban 20 24 44 47.8

92 residence
area
sample of
students, Rural 36 12 48 52.2

72.8% of Total 56 36 92 100

the
Interest of Yes 26 28 54 58.7
students
Individual
was male No 30 8 38 41.3

Total 56 36 92

100

Attitudes Positive 28 28 56 56.5

and 27.2% of students was female, 33.7% of the respondents was age between 18 &21 and
48.9% of the respondents was age between 22& 25 and 17.4% of the respondents was greater
than or equal to 26 ages,65.2% of the students have an excellent health status and 28.3% of the
students have good health status 6.5% of the students have poor health status ,47.8% of the
students was previously lived in urban area and52.2% of the students was lived in rural area as
well as 58.7% of students have interested to donate blood and 41.3% of students have not
interested to donate blood, 56.5% of students have positive attitudes towards blood donation ,
43.5% have negative attitudes towards blood donation.
Figure1 (pie chart) the students awareness towards blood donation in JU on college of natural
science
From the above Pie chart, among 92 students, 60.9% of the students was high awareness towards
blood donation and 39.1% of the students was low level of awareness on blood donation.

4.2 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

4.2.1 Chi-square Analysis

Table 2 the chi square test of independent between the students’ awareness to on blood donation and
socioeconomic, demographic and health factor in JU on collage of natural science.

Variable Chi-square value DF p-value

Sex 1.786 1 0.181

Age 8.91 2 0.012

Health status 0.332 2 0.003

Residence area 0.289 1 0.004

Interest of individual towards 0.297 1 0.003

blood donation

Attitude of individuals towards 2.447 1 0.116

blood donation

 From the above Pearson Chi-Square table, the corresponding p-value of the
socioeconomic, demographic and health factors of sex and attitudes are greater
than α=0.05 level of significance. Then we don’t reject the null hypothesis. We
can conclude that the variable sex and attitudes have no significant association
between the awareness of the respondents towards blood donation. This shows
that the respondent’s awareness towards on blood donation did not affected by
the variable sex and attitudes.

 From the above Pearson Chi-Square table2, the corresponding p-value of the
socioeconomic, demographic and health factors of health status, previous
residence area and interest of individuals are less than α=0.05 level of
significance. Then we reject the null hypothesis. We can conclude that the
respondent’s age, health status, previous residence area and interest of
individuals have significant association between the awareness of the students

 Respondents towards blood donation. This shows the age, health status, previous
residence area and interest of individuals of the respondents did affect the
awareness towards on blood donation.
4.2.2 Binary Logistic Regression

Table 3 the overall significance of the respondents socioeconomic, demographic

and health factors on the respondent’s awareness towards blood donation in JU
on collage of natural science.

Variables in the Equation

B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)

Step 1a sex(1) -.852 .658 1.678 1 .195 .426
Age 4.014 2 .134
age(1) -1.085 .882 1.514 1 .219 .338
age(2) .285 .781 .133 1 .715 1.330
Health status 5.203 2 .074
Health status(1) .488 1.369 .127 1 .721 1.630
Health status(2) -1.170 1.479 .626 1 .429 .310
residence(1) 1.926 .664 8.403 1 .004 6.861
Interest of 1.973 .624 9.985 1 .002 7.194
individual(1)
Attitudes towards 1.003 .651 2.373 1 .123 2.726
blood donation(1)
Constant -2.904 1.481 3.846 1 .050 .055
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: sex, age, health status, residence, interest of
individual, attitudes towards blood donation.

From the above logistic regression table, the model of logistic for the level of awareness of the
respondent:

Log (p/1-p) =βo+β1sex (1) +β2age (1) +β3age (2) + β 4health (1) +β5health (2)+β6residence area (1) +β7interest (1) + β8attitudes(1)
Logit (p/1-p)=-2.904-.852sex (1) – 1.085age (1)+.285age (2)+0.488health (1) -1.17health (2)
+1.926residence area (1)+1.973interest (1)+1.003attitudes(1)
From the above logistic regression table the variables sex, age, health status and attitudes
towards blood donation have corresponding p-value is greater than α value and the variables
residence area and interest of individuals towards blood donation corresponding p-value is less
than α value. Therefore we conclude that the parameter of independent variables Sex, age,
attitude and health status have no significant effect on awareness towards on blood donation but,
the parameter of independent variables previous residence area and interest of individuals are
significant effect on awareness towards blood donation.
4.2.2.1The odds ratio interpretation

The estimated odds 6 .861 indicates that the students whose previous residence area was urban
for the effects of the awareness towards on blood donation who have high awareness was 6.861
times that of the student whose previous residence area was rural .

The estimated odds 7.194 indicates that the students interested for the effects of the awareness
towards on blood donation that have high awareness 7.194 times that of the student not interested
for the effect of the awareness towards on blood donation.

Sex, age, health status and attitudes of students are have no significant effect on the awareness of
students towards blood donation.

4.2.2.2Goodness of fit

Hosmer and Lemeshow Test

Step Chi-square Df Sig.

1 4.347 8 .825
H0: the model fit is good
H1: the model fit is not good
From the above Hosmer and Lemeshow test the p-value greater than α (0.05) value so we fail to
reject H0 and we conclude that the model fitted is good .The greater p-value show we have a
good model in our case the model match (significant)
 4.3 DISCUSSION

Among 92 students, 60.9% of the students have high level awareness towards blood donation
and 39.1% of the students have low level of awareness on blood donation (from A.M.U in 2011
done research among 96 sample 30% students have low level of awareness the remaining 70%
have high level of awareness).

Among 92 sample of students, 72.8% of the students was male and 27.2% of students was
female, 33.7% of the respondents was age between 18 &21 and 48.9% of the respondents was
age between 22& 25 and 17.4% of the respondents was greater than or equal to 26 ages,65.2% of
the students have an excellent health status and 28.3% of the students have good health status
6.5% of the students have poor health status ,47.8% of the students was previously lived in urban
area and52.2% of the students was lived in rural area as well as 58.7% of students have
interested to donate blood and 41.3% of students have not interested to donate blood, 56.5% of
students have positive attitudes towards blood donation , 43.5% have negative attitudes towards
blood donation.
In our study respondent’s age, health status, previous residence area and interest of individuals
have significant association between the awareness of the students towards blood donation (in
A.M.U 2011 age, previous residence area and interest of individuals have significant association
between the awareness of the students towards blood donation but not health status ). Attitude of
students have no association in our study but in Greece (Custer, 2004; Riley , 2007) have
significant association on blood donation
In our study independent variables Sex, age, attitude and health status have no significant effect
(in A.M.U interest, residence, age significant ) on awareness towards on blood donation but, the
parameter of independent variables previous residence area and interest of individuals are
significant effect on awareness towards blood donation in our study.

5. CONCLUSTION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSTION
The above result and discussion leads us to the following conclusions:
  As analyzed, the independence between the level of awareness towards on blood
donation with sex, age, attitude and heath status have no significant effect on the
awareness of students towards on blood donation. This shows that the level of
awareness towards on blood donation is not affected by sex, age, attitude and health
status of students.
 Generally from the analysis of chi-square test, the awareness towards on blood
donation is highly associated with respondent’s age, previous residence area health
status and interest of individuals on blood donation. Logistic regression shows that
awareness towards on blood donation is affected by interest of individuals on blood
donation and residence area of individuals.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
From the comment and suggestion forwarded by the students and conclusion above we would
like to recommend as follow:
 The college should advise (teach) about blood donation for students.

 The students should make their mind free from saying blood donation is harmful.

 The college and blood bank should have a time of penal discussion on how students
can donate blood freely.

 The college should give an idea support and establish the blood donor clubs which are
actively participated related the available blood supply in the country.

REFERANCE
 1. Alvarez-Ossorio L, Kirchner H, Kluter H, Schlenke P.(2000) Low ferritin levels indicate
the need for iron supplementation: strategy to minimize iron-depletion in regular blood
donors. Transfusion Medicine.
2. Cunha , 2007; Hladik et al., 2006
3. Custer B, Johnson ES, Sullivan SD, Hazlet TK, Ramsey ST, Hirschler NV, Murphy EL,
Busch MP. (2004) Quantifying losses to the donated blood supply due to donor deferral
and miscollection. Transfusion.
4. Custer et al., 2004; Rile, 2007
5. Danvey JR. (2004) Recruiting blood donors: challenges and opportunities. Transfusion.
6. Dhingra N. (2002) Blood safety in developing world and WHO initiatives. VoxSanguinis.
7. Dhingra, 2002; Council of Europe, 2003
8. Medicine.
9. Provan, 1999; Gillespie&Hillyer, 2002
10. Provan, 1999; Gillespie&Hillyer, 2002; Currie, 2004; Greinacher, 2007; Mathew, 2007).
11. Rouger&Hossenlopp, 2005
12. TayouTagny, 2009).

APPENDEX
Questionnaire
Dear respondent, this questionnaire is prepared to collect data on statistical analysis on the
awareness and attitude towards blood donation in JU in case of under graduate students in
collage of natural science. This questionnaire must fill by under graduate in collage of natural
science students. Your appropriate response is handy for the successful completion of the study.
Mark your answer in the box below (X) give your appropriate response to open ended questions
1) Sex: male Female
2) Age [18-21] [22, 25] >=26
3) Your health status: excellent good poor
4) Your previous residence area urban rural
5) Have you ever donated blood? Yes no
6) In question “5” If ‘no’ why?
7) What is your awareness level on blood donation? High low
8) Did someone ask you to donate blood? Yes no
9) If ‘yes’ in“8” who asked you? Friend’s parents workers of blood bank
10) Do you have interest to donate your blood? Yes no
11) In question “10”If ‘no’ how did you find out about the need to donate
blood?...................................................................................................
12) What is your attitude towards blood donation? Positive negative
13) If you want to donate blood, for whom do you donate? Family relatives (friends)
for anyone
14) Do you agree that money should be paid to donors? Yes no
15) In question “14” If ‘yes’
16) Do you think that blood donation is harmful to donors? Yes no do not know
17) In question’16’ if ‘yes’ why?.............................................................................
18) Do you think that the blood in the blood bank is safe? Yes no do not know
19) What do you think that when blood transfusion is necessary?
…………………………………………………………
20) Department………………………………………….
 Parameter coding

Frequency (1) (2)

healthstatus excellent 60 1.000 .000

good 26 .000 1.000

poor 6 .000 .000

age 18-21 31 1.000 .000

22-25 45 .000 1.000

>=26 16 .000 .000

attitudestowardsblooddonatio positive 52 1.000

n negative 40 .000

residence urban 44 1.000

rural 48 .000

interstofindividual yes 54 1.000

no 38 .000

sex female 25 1.000

male 67 .000

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