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Sometimes experience in other countries can help people to understand their own
identity better. Mahatma Gandhi was born 1869 at Porbandar in Western India. After
studying in India, he dreamt of going to England to study. He was told that his Hindu religion
did not allow voyages abroad. However, Gandhi was very determined and he finally left for
England in 1887. At first he tried to learn to behave like an English gentleman, but he soon
learned that it was better to be himself. He studied law in London, qualifying in 1891, he also
learnt about other religions.
He returned home to India and worked as a lawyer for two years. After some
problems, he was offered a job in South Africa. Here he experienced racism as a member of
the India community. He decided to fight for the rights of Indians using “passive resistance”.
He had three main beliefs, namely non-violence, religious tolerance, and truth. When he
finally returned to India in 1915, he became a great political leader. During the fight for
independence he was often put in prison, but his beliefs never changed.
Gandhi had studied in Britain, so he understood the British better than they
understood him. Gandhi’s leadership led to independence, but on Independence Day, 15
August, 1947, Gandhi refused to celebrate. He was in favor of Hindu-Muslim unity but
Muslims and Hindus could not agree, so a separate Muslim state was formed in Pakistan. In
1948, Gandhi started fasting to death as a protest against fighting between India and Pakistan.
He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic on 30th January 1984. India and Pakistan are still
fighting in Kashmir today. The fight for independence was a difficult one, but not as the fight
for non-violence, religious tolerance and truth.

1. The following statements are true about Mahatma Gandhi, EXCEPT ….

(A) Mahatma Gandhi’s studying in Britain was against Hinduism principles
(B) Mahatma Gandhi believed in non-violence, religious tolerance, and truth
(C) Mahatma Gandhi learned and understood about some religions well
(D) Mahatma Gandhi fought hard for unity of his nation
(E) Mahatma Gandhi did not like the idea of Hindu-Muslim unity in India

2. The passage above mainly deals with Mahatma Gandhi’s ….

(A) search for principles of his three main beliefs
(B) fighting against racism in South Africa
(C) political career as an important national leader
(D) experience to identify his life principles
(E) political struggle for India’s independence
 3. We can infer from the following statements about Mahatma Gandhi, EXCEPT ….
(A) He understood Hinduism and Islam equally well
(B) He knew well characteristics of the English people
(C) He had good knowledge about law issues
(D) He had the hardest time fighting for independence of his nation
(E) He experienced racism when he was in South Africa

4. The word non-violence in “he had three main beliefs, non-violence, religious tolerance
and truth” (in paragraph 2) can best be replaced by ….
(A) Favourable conducts
(B) Peaceful actions
(C) Religious prejudices
(D) Political spirits
(E) Passive behaviours

Questions 5 – 8 are based on the following passage.

The cause of tooth decay is acid, which is produced by bacteria in the mouth. The acid
removes minerals from tooth enamel, allowing tooth decay to begin: the saliva in your mouth
encourages remineralization and line neutralizes the acid. The rate at which bacteria in the
mouth produce acid depends on the amount of plaque on the teeth, the composition of the
microbial flora, and whether the bacteria of the plaque have been “primed” by frequent
exposure to sugar. To keep your teeth healthy, a regular dental hygiene program should be
followed.
Removing plaque with a toothbrush and dental floss temporarily reduces the numbers
of bacteria in the mouth and thus reduces tooth decay. It also makes the surfaces of the teeth
more accessible, enabling saliva to neutralize acid and remineralize lesions. If fluoride is
present in drinking water when teeth are forming, some fluoride is incorporated into the
enamel of the teeth, making them more resistant to attack by acid. Fluoride toothpaste seems
to act in another way, by promoting the remineralization of early carious lesions.
In addition to a regular dental hygiene program, a good way to keep your teeth
healthy is to reduce your intake of sweet food. The least cavity-causing way to eat sweets is
to have them with meals and not between. The number of times you eat sweets rather than
the total amount determines how much harmful acid the bacteria in your saliva produce. But
the amount of sweets that stay in your mouth a long time. Also try to brush and floss your
teeth after eating sugary foods. Even rinsing your mouth with water is effective. Whenever
possible, eat foods with fiber such as raw carrot sticks, apples, celery sticks, etc., that scrape
off plaque, acting as a toothbrush. Cavities can be greatly reduced if these rules are followed
when eating sweets.

5. What does this passage mainly discuss?

(A) Good nutrition for your teeth
(B) Food and fiber
(C) Ways to keep your teeth healthy
(D) Fluoridization and cavities
(E) The problem of tooth decay
6. According to the passage, all of the following statements about plaque are correct,
EXCEPT ….
(A) It consists of acid producing bacteria
(B) It relates to tooth decay
(C) It is not affected by eating sweets
(D) It can be removed from teeth by brushing and flossing
(E) It reduces the positive effect of saliva

7. We can infer from the passage that one benefit of fluoride to healthy teeth is …..
(A) It reduces the saliva production
(B) It stimulates saliva production
(C) It makes teeth be whiter
(D) It strengthens tooth enamel
(E) It is a replacement for brushing and flossing in dental care

8. The word “scrape off” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ….

(A) repel
(B) rub together with
(C) dissolve
(D) change
(E) Remove

Questions 9 – 10 are based on the following passage.

Lichens, of which more than twenty thousand species have been named, are complex
associations between certain algae. The lichen itself is not an organism: rather it is the
morphological and biochemical product of the association. Neither a fungus nor an alga alone
can produce lichen.
The intimate relationship between these two living components of lichen was once
erroneously thought to represent mutualism. In mutual relationships, both participants
benefit. With lichens, however, it appears the fungus actually parasitizes the algae. This is one
of the conclusions drawn from experiments in which the two components of lichens were
separated and grown apart.
In nature, lichen fungi may encounter and grow around several kinds of algae. Some
types of algae may kill the fungi; other types it may reject. Lichen algae are autotrophic,
meaning they make their own food through photosynthesis. Lichen fungi are heterotrophic,
meaning they depend upon the algae within the lichen to supply their food. Up to ninety
percent of the food made by the green alga cell is transferred to the fungus. What, if anything,
the fungus contributes to the association is not well understood.
Lichens are hardy. They grow in many habitats and are often pioneers in hostile
environments where few other organisms can flourish.
They have been known to grow endolithically, having been discovered thriving inside
of rocks in Antarctica. Lichen help reduce erosion by stabilizing soil. Several kinds of insect
glue lichens to their exoskeletons for camouflage.
Many species of birds use lichens as building materials for nests. Human have used
lichens for dyes and antibiotics.
9. What is the topic of the passage?
(A) Relationship between alga and fungus
(B) How lichen grows in nature
(C) Lichen’s endurance
(D) Fungus parasitizes alga
(E) Description of lichen

10. In Biology, mutualism occurs when two different organism live close together and ....
(A) one organism parasitizes the other
(B) both organisms benefit from the association
(C) both organisms are harmed by the association
(D) one organism benefits while the other does not or is harmed by the association
(E) the two organisms are separated by the association

Questions 11 – 14 are based on the following passage.

While reading to your baby, it may be the back-and-forth talking, not just for the sound
of words being read from a page, that is the key to language development, according to new
research at the University of Iowa (UI).
For the study, research observed how mothers responded to their 12 month-old
babies during book reading, puppet play, and toy play. They found that the babies made more
speech – like sounds during reading than when playing with puppets or toys. They also
discovered that mothers were more responsive to these types of sounds while reading to
their child than during the other activities.
These finding might help explain why reading has been so strongly associated with
language development in your children “A lot of research shows that book reading even to
infants as young as six month of age is important to language outcomes, but I am trying to
explain why by looking at the specifics, which could be responding to speech – like sounds,”
said Dr. Julie Gros-Louis, assistant professor of psychology at the UI and corresponding
author.
The researchers also found that no matter the context, mother’s responses to speech
– like sound were often imitations or an expansion of the sound. For instance, if the baby said,
“Ba,” the mother might respond with “Ba-ba” or “Ball,” even if it had nothing to do with the
story. Mother also frequently pointed at object in the pictures and identified them, such as
“horse.”
Gros Louis says she used mothers and their babies for this study because their
interactions have been studied more than those between fathers and their children that
would make it easier to compare the current results to past findings.

11. What does the passage discuss?

(A) Reading to infants is essentially important.
(B) First language is acquired through reading to babies.
(C) Mother and her baby develop crucial innate relationship.
(D) Infants start learning language at the age of 6 months.
(E) Infants learn more from their mother than father.
12. How does the first sentence in the second paragraph relates to the second sentence?
(A) The first sentence gives the idea of the study while the second gives the methodology.
(B) The first sentence explains the cause while the second gives the impacts.
(C) The first sentence describes the methodology while the second explains the findings.
(D) The first sentence contradicts the idea explained in the second sentence.
(E) The first sentence tells the problem of the study while the second explains the
solutions.

13. What is the most essential information according to the passage?

(A) Babies learn language through word repetition.
(B) Mother is the most influential figure to baby’s mother.
(C) A mother teaches language unconsciously to her baby.
(D) Reading to babies means introducing language to him/her.
(E) Reading activity is significant in children’ language development.

14. What likely motivates the author in writing the passage?

(A) Parents recently spend less time with their kids in their free time.
(B) There is an unresolved problem about mother’s role in social life.
(C) Not many people are able to take the advantage of sophisticated technology.
(D) Mothers need to realize their important role in their kids’ language development.
(E) There is a growing fears that fathers will not give enough time to their children due to
their hectic job hours.

Questions 15 – 18 are based on the following passage.

If you’re sitting in coffee shop, tapping away on your laptop, feeling safe from
hackers because you didn’t connect to the shop’s wifi, think again. The bad guys may be able
to see what you’re doing just by analyzing the low – power electronic signals your laptop
emits when it is not connected to the internet. Researchers at the Georgia Institute of
Technology are investigating where these information “leaks” originate so they can help
hardware and software designers develop strategies to plug them. By studying emissions
from multiple computers, the researchers have developed a metric for measuring the
strength of the leaks-known technically as “side –channel signal” to help prioritize security
efforts.
Side-channel emissions can be measured several feet away form an operating
computer using a variety of spying methods. Electromagnetic emissions can be received using
antennas hidden in a briefcase, for instance. Acoustic emissions – sounds produced by
electronic components such as capacitors – can be picked up by microphones hidden beneath
tables. Information on power fluctuations, which can help hackers determine what the
computer is doing, can be measured by fake battery chargers plugged into power outlets
adjacent to a laptop’s power computer.
Currently, there is no mention in the open literature of hackers using side-channel
attacks, but the researchers believe it’s only a matter of time before that happens. The
potential risks of side-channel emissions have been reported over the years, but not at the
level of detail being studied by the Georgia Tech researchers.
15. Which of the following statements is the main idea of the passage?
(A) People do not need to worry about their data security if there is no wifi.
(B) Side-channel signals can be used to help prioritize security efforts.
(C) Laptops are as safe as smartphones in terms of information protection.
(D) Researchers are working to counter new class of hackers.
(E) Hackers find it difficult to steal coffee shop information from customers

16. According to the passage, hackers can steal information by using the following tools,
EXCEPT....
(A) Artificial battery chargers
(B) Earphones hidden in a wallet
(C) Antennas hidden in a briefcase
(D) Microphones hidden beneath tables
(E) Fake power chargers plugged into power outlets

17. It can be inferred from the passage that the researchers.....

(A) interviewed various coffee shops owners and customers for their research.
(B) are former hackers, so they are very familiar with hackers’ work procedure.
(C) will probably study ways to prevent hackers from using side-channel attacks.
(D) are impressed with hackers’ advanced ideas and tricky ways of hacking data.
(E) stongly believe that people should not use laptops in public places with wifi.

18. The tone of this passage is....

(A) Alert
(B) Amused
(C) Cynical
(D) Hilarious
(E) Reckless

Questions 19 – 20 are based on the following passage.

An enterpereneur is someone who is more than just a business owner. If one is
considered an enterpreneur, he/she continuously develops new ideas (niches) for the market.
Creativity that is defined as a process which results in a both original and worthwhile product
or service of a sort, is somewhat synonymous to enterpreneurial endeavors. The competition
increases (both in numbers and in innovativeness as the market broadens and complexities.
It is crucial for an enterpreneur to step up the game so as to achieve full potential of his/her
business.
Creativity spurs new ideas, and new ideas bring new products/services.
Additionally, an innovative approach can decrease one’s costs and/or improve the quality of
the business as a whole. All these add to the competitiveness on the market. However, it is
not always easy to be creative or to think out of the box, especially when one’s livelihood
depends on it.
Many creative minds agree on the fact that separation between research and the
actual work is unavoidable if quality results are in mind. It is advisable to spend some time
just observing and collecting impressions regarding a theme – or just noticing consciously
everything around us. After some time, one should begin to formulate ideas. Eventually, upon
deciding on the specific project that is to be followed through, one should get to work. All
these things should be done separetely because if done simultaneously they cause chaos – or
at least an idea not formed to its full capacity. The mind must be focused on the objectives of
each stage to generate beneficial results.

19. The phrase “out of the box” in paragraph 2 has the closest meaning to?
(A) Very creative
(B) Convergent
(C) Adjusted
(D) Focused
(E) Unfocused

20. The word ‘should’ in paragraph 3 has the closest meaning to?
(A) Compulsion
(B) Commitment
(C) Responsibility
(D) Obligation
(E) Suggestion