Handout 2 - Continuation

21 st Century Literature SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
from the Philippines and the World
III. The American Regime (1898- 1941)

A. The Characteristics of Literature during this period are as follows:
1. During the first year of the American period, the languages used in writing
were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the different regions but
Spanish and Tagalog predominated.
2. In 1910, a new group started to write in English. Hence, Spanish, Tagalog,
the vernaculars and finally, English were the mediums used in literature
during these times.
3. Three groups of writers contributed to Philippine Literature during this period.
a. The writers in Spanish were wont to write on nationalism like honoring
Rizal and other heroes.
b. The writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of
the country and their attempts to rouse love for one’s native tongue.
c. The writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.
B. The three literatures during this period are:
1. Literature in Spanish
a. The inspiration of our Filipino writers in Spanish was Rizal not only
because of his being a national leader but also because of his novels
NOLI and FILI.
b. Those inspired to write in praise of him were:
Authors Works English Translation

CECILIO APOSTOL A Rizal (poem) To Rizal
FERNANDO MA. Invocacion A Rizal A Call to Rizal
GUERRERO (poem)
JESUS BALMORI (a He defended Olvido Forgetfulness
debater)
MANUEL BERNABE
CLARO M. RECTO Bajo Los Cocoteros Under the Coconut
(A Collection of his Trees
Poems)
2. Literature in Tagalog
a. FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas and URBANA AT FELISA
of Modesto de Castro became the inspiration of the Tagalog Writers.
b. Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds of Tagalog poets:
 Poet of the Heart

 Lope K. Santos
 Inigo Ed. Regalado
 Carlos Gatmaitan
 Pedro Gatmaitan
 Jose Corazon De Jesus
Ang Isang Punongkahoy
Poet of Love
HANDOUT NO. 2
 Poet of Life
 Lope K. Santos Banaag at Sikat
Father of the National Language Grammar
Apo of the Tagalog Writers
 Jose Corazon De Jesus
 Carlos Gatmaitan
 FlorentinoCollantes
 Amado V. Hernandez
Ang Panday
 Poets of the Stage

 Aurelio Tolentino Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas
 Patricio Mariano Ninay, Anak ng Dagat
 Severino Reyes Walang Sugat
Father of the Tagalog Drama
 Tomas Remigio
3. Philippine Literature in English
a. This period is divided into three frames:

i. The Period of Re-orientation (1898- 1910)
1. POETRY: In 1907, Justo Juliano’s SURSUM CORDA
was the first work to be published in English.
ii. The Period of Imitation (1910- 1924)
1. The genres during this period were ESSAYS and
SHORT STORIES.
2. Essayists: (serious/editorial type of essays) Carlos P.
Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro Mendez and
Vicente Hilario. (informal essay/ criticism/ journalistic
column) Ignacio Manlapaz, Godefredo Rivera,
Federico Mangahas, Francis B. Icasiano, Salvador P.
Lopez, Jose Lansang and Amado G. Dayrit.
3. Short Story writers: Paz Marquez Benitez (Dead
Stars)
iii. The Period of Self Discovery (1925- 1941)
1. By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery
of English writing.
2. They went into all forms of writings like the novel and
drama.
3. Jose Garcia Villa, the first to break away from the

conventional forms and themes of Philippine poetry,
placed the Philippines on the literary map with the
publication of his books in US. One of the poems he
wrote was Poems by Doveglion.
4. The following genres flourished:
Poetry, Short story, Essays and other Prose Styles,
Biography, History, Publications, Drama
HANDOUT NO. 2
IV. The Japanese Period (1941- 1945)

A. When the Japanese came to our country, Philippine literature in English came to
a halt.
B. Except for the TRIBUNE and PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in
English were stopped by the Japanese.
C. Juan Laya, who used to write in English, turned to Filipino because of the strict
prohibitions of the Japanese regarding English writings.
D. In other words, Filipino Literature was given a BREAK during this period. Other
call this period “THE GOLDEN AGE OF TAGALOG LITERATURE.”
E. Three types of poems emerged this period:
1. Haiku
It is made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines (5-7-5).
Tutubi
Hila mo’y tabak…
Ang bulaklak nanginig
Sa paglapit.
2. Tanaga
It has four lines and each line is composed of seven syllables. It is short but it
has measure and rhyme.
SIPAG
Magsikhayngmabuti
Saaraw man o gabi
Hindi mamumulubi
Magbubuhaynahari.
3. Karaniwang Anyo
It is the usual form of poetry.
F. Filipino Drama during the Japanese Period
 Jose Ma. Hernandez wrote PandayPira.
 Francisco Soc Rodrigo wrote Sa Pula, Sa Puti.
G. The Filipino Short Story during the Japanese Period
 The best writings in 1945 were:
LupangTinubuan by Narciso Reyes
UhawangTigang na Lupa by Liwayway Arceo
LunsodNayon at Dagat-dagatan by NVM Gonzales
H. Philippine Literature in English
 Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing
and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature experienced a dark
period.
 Noteworthy writer of period was Carlos P. Romulo who won Pulitzer Prize
for his bestsellers like I Saw the Fall of the Philippines.
 Also worthy of noting were the following writings:
Like the Molave (poetry) by Rafael Zulueta da Costa
How My Brother Leon brought Home a Wife (short story)by Manuel
E. Arguilla
Literature and Society (essay) by Salvador Lopez
His Native Soil (novel) by Juan Laya
HANDOUT NO. 2
V. THE NEW REPUBLIC

A. Period of maturity and originality (1945-1960)
1. Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and essay
2. Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves with diverse
techniques
3. Literary “giants” appeared.
a. Palanca Awardees for Literature
 Jose Garcia Villa
 Nick Joaquin
 NVM Gonzales
 Bienvenido Santos
 Gregorio Brillantes
 Gilda Cordero Fernando
b. National Artists
 Jose Garcia Villa
 Nick Joaquin
B. Contemporary/modern period (1960 – 2000)
1. Characteristics
a. Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom
of the press
b. Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message,
at the face of heavy censorship
c. Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil.
Educational Theater Association) and UP Theater.
From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and
innovation.
1970- 1972
THE SEED OF ACTIVISM
The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. We
can, however, say that the seeds were earlier sown from the times of Lapu-lapu,
Lakandula, and Rizal. The revolution against the powerful forces in the Philippines can
be said to be the monopoly of the youth in whose veins flow the fire in their blood. What
Rizal said of the youth being the hope of the Fatherland – is still valid even today.
THE LITERARY REVOLUTION

A. The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was proven not only
in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk expressions but also in literature.
Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers
developed awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint
the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
1. They attacked the ills of society and politics. Any establishment became the
symbol of the ills that had to be changed. The frustrations of youth could be felt
in churches and school. Even the priests, teachers and parents, as authorities
HANDOUT NO. 2
who should be respected became targets of the radical youth and were though of
as hindrances to the changes they sought.
2. The literature of the activists reached a point where they stated boldly what
should be done to effect these changes. Some of those who rallied to this
revolutionary form of literature were Rolando Tinio, Rogelio Mangahas,
EfrenAbueg, Rio Alma, and Clemente Bautista.
REFERENCES
Chua, R.G. (2016). 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World. Makati
City: DIWA Learning Systems
Croghan SJ, Richard V. (1975). The Development of Philippine Literature in English.

Quezon City: Alemar-Phoenix Publishing House
Fosdick, Carolyn, Tarrosa (1954). Literature for Philippine High Schools. New York:
Macmillan Company.
SIGLIWA, “Salubungin ang (bagong) Daluyong ng mga Agos sa Disyerto, Agosto

20,2019, https://panitikanatbp.wordpress.com/2009/08/20/salubungin - ang-
bagong-daluyong-ng-mga-agos-sa-disyerto
Balud, A.et.al.(2020).21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Quarter
1-Module 1: Geographic, Linguistic and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine
Literary History from Pre-Colonial to the Contemporary.Cainta, Rizal:
Department of Education-Region IV-A Calabarzon
Uychoco, M.(2016).21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World.Quezon
City: Rex Book Store
HANDOUT NO. 2
IN

Handout 2 - Continuation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Handout 2 - Continuation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Handout 2 - Continuation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

21 st Century Literature SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

from the Philippines and the World

III. The American Regime (1898- 1941)

B. The three literatures during this period are:

Authors Works English Translation

 Poet of the Heart

 Poets of the Stage

3. Philippine Literature in English

a. This period is divided into three frames:

3. Jose Garcia Villa, the first to break away from the

IV. The Japanese Period (1941- 1945)

V. THE NEW REPUBLIC

THE LITERARY REVOLUTION

Croghan SJ, Richard V. (1975). The Development of Philippine Literature in English.

SIGLIWA, “Salubungin ang (bagong) Daluyong ng mga Agos sa Disyerto, Agosto

You might also like