Digital Image Question

This set of Digital Image Processing Multiple Choice Questions & Answers focuses on “Basics
Of Image Sampling & Quantization”.
1. To convert a continuous sensed data into Digital form, which of the following is required?
a) Sampling
b) Quantization
c) Both Sampling and Quantization
d) Neither Sampling nor Quantization
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The output of the most sensor is a continuous waveform and the amplitude and
spatial behavior of such waveform are related to the physical phenomenon being sensed.
2. To convert a continuous image f(x, y) to digital form, we have to sample the function in
__________
a) Coordinates
b) Amplitude`
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: An image may be continuous in the x- and y-coordinates or in amplitude, or in
both.
3. For a continuous image f(x, y), how could be Sampling defined?

a) Digitizing the coordinate values
b) Digitizing the amplitude values
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Sampling is the method of digitizing the coordinate values of the image.
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4. For a continuous image f(x, y), Quantization is defined as

a) Digitizing the coordinate values
b) Digitizing the amplitude values
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Sampling is the method of digitizing the amplitude values of the image.
5. Validate the statement:

“For a given image in one-dimension given by function f(x, y), to sample the function we take
equally spaced samples, superimposed on the function, along a horizontal line. However, the
sample values still span (vertically) a continuous range of gray-level values. So, to convert the
given function into a digital function, the gray-level values must be divided into various discrete
levels.”
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Digital function requires both sampling and quantization of the one-dimensional
image function.
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6. How is sampling been done when an image is generated by a single sensing element combined
with mechanical motion?
a) The number of sensors in the strip defines the sampling limitations in one direction and
Mechanical motion in the other direction.
b) The number of sensors in the sensing array establishes the limits of sampling in both
directions.
c) The number of mechanical increments when the sensor is activated to collect data.
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d) None of the mentioned.
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When an image is generated by a single sensing element along with mechanical
motion, the output data is quantized by dividing the gray-level scale into many discrete levels.
However, sampling is done by selecting the number of individual mechanical increments
recorded at which we activate the sensor to collect data.
7. How does sampling gets accomplished with a sensing strip being used for image acquisition?
a) The number of sensors in the strip establishes the sampling limitations in one image direction
and Mechanical motion in the other direction
b) The number of sensors in the sensing array establishes the limits of sampling in both
directions
c) The number of mechanical increments when the sensor is activated to collect data
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When a sensing strip is used the number of sensors in the strip defines the sampling
limitations in one direction and mechanical motion in the other direction.
8. How is sampling accomplished when a sensing array is used for image acquisition?
a) The number of sensors in the strip establishes the sampling limitations in one image direction
and Mechanical motion in the other direction
b) The number of sensors in the sensing array defines the limits of sampling in both directions
c) The number of mechanical increments at which we activate the sensor to collect data
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When we use sensing array for image acquisition, there is no motion and so, only
the number of sensors in the array defines the limits of sampling in both directions and the output
of the sensor is quantized by dividing the gray-level scale into many discrete levels.
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9. The quality of a digital image is well determined by ___________
a) The number of samples
b) The discrete gray levels
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The quality of a digital image is determined mostly by the number of samples and
discrete gray levels used in sampling and quantization
1. Assume that an image f(x, y) is sampled so that the result has M rows and N columns. If the
values of the coordinates at the origin are (x, y) = (0, 0), then the notation (0, 1) is used to signify
:
a) Second sample along first row
b) First sample along second row
c) First sample along first row
d) Second sample along second row
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The values of the coordinates at the origin are (x, y) = (0, 0). Then, the next
coordinate values (second sample) along the first row of the image are represented as (x, y) = (0,
1).
2. The resulting image of sampling and quantization is considered a matrix of real numbers. By
what name(s) the element of this matrix array is called __________
a) Image element or Picture element
b) Pixel or Pel
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Sampling and Quantization of an image f(x, y) forms a matrix of real numbers and
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each element of this matrix array is commonly known as Image element or Picture element or
Pixel or Pel.
3. Let Z be the set of real integers and R the set of real numbers. The sampling process may be
viewed as partitioning the x-y plane into a grid, with the central coordinates of each grid being
from the Cartesian product Z2, that is a set of all ordered pairs (zi, zj), with zi and zj being
integers from Z. Then, f(x, y) is said a digital image if:
a) (x, y) are integers from Z2 and f is a function that assigns a gray-level value (from Z) to each
distinct pair of coordinates (x, y)
b) (x, y) are integers from R2 and f is a function that assigns a gray-level value (from R) to each
c) (x, y) are integers from R2 and f is a function that assigns a gray-level value (from Z) to each
d) (x, y) are integers from Z2 and f is a function that assigns a gray-level value (from R) to each
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In the given condition, f(x, y) is a digital image if (x, y) are integers from Z2 and f a
function that assigns a gray-level value (that is, a real number from the set R) to each distinct
coordinate pair (x, y).
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4. Let Z be the set of real integers and R the set of real numbers. The sampling process may be
viewed as partitioning the x-y plane into a grid, with the central coordinates of each grid being
from the Cartesian product Z2, that is a set of all ordered pairs (zi, zj), with zi and zj being
integers from Z. Then, f(x, y) is a digital image if (x, y) are integers from Z2 and f is a function
that assigns a gray-level value (that is, a real number from the set R) to each distinct coordinate
pair (x, y). What happens to the digital image if the gray levels also are integers?
a) The Digital image then becomes a 2-D function whose coordinates and amplitude values are
integers
b) The Digital image then becomes a 1-D function whose coordinates and amplitude values are
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integers
c) The gray level can never be integer
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In Quantization Process if the gray levels also are integers the Digital image then
becomes a 2-D function whose coordinates and amplitude values are integers.
5. The digitization process i.e. the digital image has M rows and N columns, requires decisions
about values for M, N, and for the number, L, of gray levels allowed for each pixel. The value M
and N have to be:
a) M and N have to be positive integer
b) M and N have to be negative integer
c) M have to be negative and N have to be positive integer
d) M have to be positive and N have to be negative integer
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The digitization process i.e. the digital image has M rows and N columns, requires
decisions about values for M, N, and for the number, L, of max gray level. There are no
requirements on M and N, other than that M and N have to be positive integer.
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about values for M, N, and for the number, L, of max gray levels. There are no requirements on
M and N, other than that M and N have to be positive integer. However, the number of gray
levels typically is
a) An integer power of 2 i.e. L = 2k
b) A Real power of 2 i.e. L = 2k
c) Two times the integer value i.e. L = 2k
View Answer
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Answer: a
Explanation: Due to processing, storage, and considering the sampling hardware, the number of
gray levels typically is an integer power of 2 i.e. L = 2k.
about values for M, N, and for the number, L, of max gray levels is an integer power of 2 i.e. L =
2k, allowed for each pixel. If we assume that the discrete levels are equally spaced and that they
are integers then they are in the interval __________ and Sometimes the range of values spanned
by the gray scale is called the ________ of an image.
a) [0, L – 1] and static range respectively
b) [0, L / 2] and dynamic range respectively
c) [0, L / 2] and static range respectively
d) [0, L – 1] and dynamic range respectively
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In digitization process M rows and N columns have to be positive and for the
number, L, of discrete gray levels typically an integer power of 2 for each pixel. If we assume
that the discrete levels are equally spaced and that they are integers then they lie in the interval
[0, L-1] and Sometimes the range of values spanned by the gray scale is called the dynamic
range of an image.
8. After digitization process a digital image with M rows and N columns have to be positive and
for the number, L, max gray levels i.e. an integer power of 2 for each pixel. Then, the number b,
of bits required to store a digitized image is:
a) b=M*N*k
b) b=M*N*L
c) b=M*L*k
d) b=L*N*k
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In digital image of M rows and N columns and L max gray levels an integer power
of 2 for each pixel. The number, b, of bits required to store a digitized image is: b=M*N*k.
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9. An image whose gray-levels span a significant portion of gray scale have __________
dynamic range while an image with dull, washed out gray look have __________ dynamic range.
a) Low and High respectively
b) High and Low respectively
c) Both have High dynamic range, irrespective of gray levels span significance on gray scale
d) Both have Low dynamic range, irrespective of gray levels span significance on gray scale
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: An image whose gray-levels signifies a large portion of gray scale have High
dynamic range, while that with dull, washed out gray look have Low dynamic range.
10. Validate the statement “When in an Image an appreciable number of pixels exhibit high
dynamic range, the image will have high contrast.”
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In an Image if an appreciable number of pixels exhibit high dynamic range
property, the image will have high contrast.
11. In digital image of M rows and N columns and L discrete gray levels, calculate the bits
required to store a digitized image for M=N=32 and L=16.
a) 16384
b) 4096
c) 8192
d) 512
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In digital image of M rows and N columns and L max gray levels i.e. an integer
power of 2 for each pixel. The number, b, of bits required to store a digitized image is:
b=M*N*k.
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For L=16, k=4.
i.e. b=4096.
1. A continuous image is digitised at _______ points.

a) random
b) vertex
c) contour
d) sampling
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The sampling points are ordered in the plane and their relation is called a Grid.
2. The transition between continuous values of the image function and its digital equivalent is
called ______________
a) Quantisation
b) Sampling
c) Rasterisation
d) None of the Mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The transition between continuous values of the image function and its digital
equivalent is called Quantisation.
3. Images quantised with insufficient brightness levels will lead to the occurrence of
____________
a) Pixillation
b) Blurring
c) False Contours
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: This effect arises when the number brightness levels is lower that which the human
eye can distinguish.
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4. The smallest discernible change in intensity level is called ____________

a) Intensity Resolution
b) Contour
c) Saturation
d) Contrast
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Number of bits used to quantise intensity of an image is called intensity resolution.
5. What is the tool used in tasks such as zooming, shrinking, rotating, etc.?
a) Sampling
b) Interpolation
c) Filters
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Interpolation is the basic tool used for zooming, shrinking, rotating, etc.
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6. The type of Interpolation where for each new location the intensity of the immediate pixel is
assigned is ___________
a) bicubic interpolation
b) cubic interpolation
c) bilinear interpolation
d) nearest neighbour interpolation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Its called as Nearest Neighbour Interpolation since for each new location the
intensity of the next neighbouring pixel is assigned.
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7. The type of Interpolation where the intensity of the FOUR neighbouring pixels is used to
obtain intensity a new location is called ___________
a) cubic interpolation
b) nearest neighbour interpolation
c) bilinear interpolation
d) bicubic interpolation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Bilinear interpolation is where the FOUR neighbouring pixels is used to estimate
intensity for a new location.
8. Dynamic range of imaging system is a ratio where the upper limit is determined by
a) Saturation
b) Noise
c) Brightness
d) Contrast
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Saturation is taken as the Numerator.
9. For Dynamic range ratio the lower limit is determined by

a) Saturation
b) Brightness
c) Noise
d) Contrast
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Noise is taken as the Denominator.
10. Quantitatively, spatial resolution cannot be represented in which of the following ways
a) line pairs
b) pixels
c) dots
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d) none of the Mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All the options can be used to represent spatial resolution.
1. The most familiar single sensor used for Image Acquisition is

a) Microdensitometer
b) Photodiode
c) CMOS
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Photodiode is the most commonly used single sensor made up of silicon materials.
2. A geometry consisting of in-line arrangement of sensors for image acquisition

a) A photodiode
b) Sensor strips
c) Sensor arrays
d) CMOS
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Sensor strips are very common next to single sensor and use in-line arrangement.
3. CAT in imaging stands for

a) Computer Aided Telegraphy
b) Computer Aided Tomography
c) Computerised Axial Telegraphy
d) Computerised Axial Tomography
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Industrial Computerised Axial Tomography is based on image acquisition using
sensor strips
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This set of Digital Image Processing Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum”.
1. Of the following, _________ has the maximum frequency.

a) UV Rays
b) Gamma Rays
c) Microwaves
d) Radio Waves
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Gamma Rays come first in the electromagnetic spectrum sorted in the decreasing
order of frequency.
2. In the Visible spectrum the ______ colour has the maximum wavelength.
a) Violet
b) Blue
c) Red
d) Yellow
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Red is towards the right in the electromagnetic spectrum sorted in the increasing
order of wavelength.
3. Wavelength and frequency are related as : (c = speed of light)

a) c = wavelength / frequency
b) frequency = wavelength / c
c) wavelength = c * frequency
d) c = wavelength * frequency
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It is usually written as wavelength = c / frequency.
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4. Electromagnetic waves can be visualised as a

a) sine wave
b) cosine wave
c) tangential wave
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Electromagnetic waves are visualised as sinusoidal wave.
5. How is radiance measured?

a) lumens
b) watts
c) armstrong
d) hertz
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Radiance is the total amount of energy that flows from the light source and is
measured in Watts.
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6. Which of the following is used for chest and dental scans?

a) Hard X-Rays
b) Soft X-Rays
c) Radio waves
d) Infrared Rays
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Soft X-Rays (low energy) are used for dental and chest scans.
7. Which of the following is impractical to measure?

a) Frequency
b) Radiance
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c) Luminance
d) Brightness
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Brightness is subjective descriptor of light perception that is impossible to measure.
8. Massless particle containing a certain amount of energy is called

a) Photon
b) Shell
c) Electron
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Each bundle of massless energy is called a Photon.
9. What do you mean by achromatic light?

a) Chromatic light
b) Monochromatic light
c) Infrared light
d) Invisible light
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Achromatic light is also called monochromatic light.(Light void of color)
10. Which of the following embodies the achromatic notion of intensity?

a) Luminance
b) Brightness
c) Frequency
d) Radiance
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Brightness embodies the achromatic notion of intensity and is a key factor in
describing color sensation
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1. How is array operation carried out involving one or more images?
a) array by array
b) pixel by pixel
c) column by column
d) row by row
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Any array operation is carried out on a pixel by pixel basis.
2. The property indicating that the output of a linear operation due to the sum of two inputs is
same as performing the operation on the inputs individually and then summing the results is
called ___________
a) additivity
b) heterogeneity
c) homogeneity
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: This property is called additivity .
3. The property indicating that the output of a linear operation to a constant times as input is the
same as the output of operation due to original input multiplied by that constant is called
_________
a) additivity
b) heterogeneity
c) homogeneity
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: This property is called homogeneity .
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4. Enhancement of differences between images is based on the principle of ____________
a) Additivity
b) Homogeneity
c) Subtraction
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A frequent application of image subtraction is in the enhancement of differences
between images .
5. A commercial use of Image Subtraction is ___________

a) Mask mode radiography
b) MRI scan
c) CT scan
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Mask mode radiography is an important medical imaging area based on Image
Subtraction.
Check this: Electrical Engineering MCQs | Electronics Engineering MCQs
6. Region of Interest (ROI) operations is commonly called as ___________

a) Shading correction
b) Masking
c) Dilation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A common use of image multiplication is Masking, also called ROI operation.
7. If every element of a set A is also an element of a set B, then A is said to be a _________ of

set B.
a) Disjoint set
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b) Union
c) Subset
d) Complement set
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A is called the subset of B.
8. Consider two regions A and B composed of foreground pixels. The ________ of these two
sets is the set of elements belonging to set A or set B or both.
a) OR
b) AND
c) NOT
d) XOR
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: This is called an OR operation.
9. Imaging systems having physical artefacts embedded in the imaging sensors produce a set of
points called __________
a) Tie Points
b) Control Points
c) Reseau Marks
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: These points are called “known” points or “Reseau marks”.
10. Image processing approaches operating directly on pixels of input image work directly in
____________
a) Transform domain
b) Spatial domain
c) Inverse transformation
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View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Operations directly on pixels of input image work directly in Spatial Domain
“Smoothing Spatial Filters”.
1. Noise reduction is obtained by blurring the image using smoothing filter.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Noise reduction is obtained by blurring the image using smoothing filter. Blurring
is used in pre-processing steps, such as removal of small details from an image prior to object
extraction and, bridging of small gaps in lines or curves.
2. What is the output of a smoothing, linear spatial filter?

a) Median of pixels
b) Maximum of pixels
c) Minimum of pixels
d) Average of pixels
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The output or response of a smoothing, linear spatial filter is simply the average of
the pixels contained in the neighbourhood of the filter mask.
3. Smoothing linear filter is also known as median filter.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
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Answer: b
Explanation: Since the smoothing spatial filter performs the average of the pixels, it is also called
as averaging filter.
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4. Which of the following in an image can be removed by using smoothing filter?

a) Smooth transitions of gray levels
b) Smooth transitions of brightness levels
c) Sharp transitions of gray levels
d) Sharp transitions of brightness levels
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Smoothing filter replaces the value of every pixel in an image by the average value
of the gray levels. So, this helps in removing the sharp transitions in the gray levels between the
pixels. This is done because, random noise typically consists of sharp transitions in gray levels.
5. Which of the following is the disadvantage of using smoothing filter?

a) Blur edges
b) Blur inner pixels
c) Remove sharp transitions
d) Sharp edges
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Edges, which almost always are desirable features of an image, also are
characterized by sharp transitions in gray level. So, averaging filters have an undesirable side
effect that they blur these edges.
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6. Smoothing spatial filters doesn’t smooth the false contours.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
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Answer: b
Explanation: One of the application of smoothing spatial filters is that, they help in smoothing
the false contours that result from using an insufficient number of gray levels.
7. The mask shown in the figure below belongs to which type of filter?
a) Sharpening spatial filter

b) Median filter
c) Sharpening frequency filter
d) Smoothing spatial filter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This is a smoothing spatial filter. This mask yields a so called weighted average,
which means that different pixels are multiplied with different coefficient values. This helps in
giving much importance to the some pixels at the expense of others.
8. The mask shown in the figure below belongs to which type of filter?
a) Sharpening spatial filter

b) Median filter
c) Smoothing spatial filter
d) Sharpening frequency filter
View Answer
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Answer: c
Explanation: The mask shown in the figure represents a 3×3 smoothing filter. Use of this filter
yields the standard average of the pixels under the mask.
9. Box filter is a type of smoothing filter.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A spatial averaging filter or spatial smoothening filter in which all the coefficients
are equal is also called as box filter.
10. If the size of the averaging filter used to smooth the original image to first image is 9, then
what would be the size of the averaging filter used in smoothing the same original picture to
second in second image?
a) 3
b) 5
c) 9
d) 15
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: We know that, as the size of the filter used in smoothening the original image that
is averaging filter increases then the blurring of the image. Since the second image is more
blurred than the first image, the window size should be more than 9.
11. Which of the following comes under the application of image blurring?
a) Object detection
b) Gross representation
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c) Object motion
d) Image segmentation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: An important application of spatial averaging is to blur an image for the purpose of
getting a gross representation of interested objects, such that the intensity of the small objects
blends with the background and large objects become easy to detect.c
12. Which of the following filters response is based on ranking of pixels?

a) Nonlinear smoothing filters
b) Linear smoothing filters
c) Sharpening filters
d) Geometric mean filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Order static filters are nonlinear smoothing spatial filters whose response is based
on the ordering or ranking the pixels contained in the image area encompassed by the filter, and
then replacing the value of the central pixel with the value determined by the ranking result.
13. Median filter belongs to which category of filters?

a) Linear spatial filter
b) Frequency domain filter
c) Order static filter
d) Sharpening filter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The median filter belongs to order static filters, which, as the name implies,
replaces the value of the pixel by the median of the gray levels that are present in the
neighbourhood of the pixels.
14. Median filters are effective in the presence of impulse noise.

a) True
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b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Median filters are used to remove impulse noises, also called as salt-and-pepper
noise because of its appearance as white and black dots in the image.
15. What is the maximum area of the cluster that can be eliminated by using an n×n median
filter?
a) n2
b) n2/2
c) 2*n2
d) n
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Isolated clusters of pixels that are light or dark with respect to their neighbours, and
whose area is less than n2/2, i.e., half the area of the filter, can be eliminated by using an n×n
median filter.
This set of Digital Image Processing Interview Questions and Answers focuses on “Basic
Intensity Transformation Functions”.
1. Which of the following expression is used to denote spatial domain process?

a) g(x,y)=T[f(x,y)]
b) f(x+y)=T[g(x+y)]
c) g(xy)=T[f(xy)]
d) g(x-y)=T[f(x-y)]
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Spatial domain processes will be denoted by the expression g(x,y)=T[f(x,y)], where
f(x,y) is the input image, g(x,y) is the processed image, and T is an operator on f, defined over
some neighborhood of (x, y). In addition, T can operate on a set of input images, such as
performing the pixel-by-pixel sum of K images for noise reduction.
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2. Which of the following shows three basic types of functions used frequently for image
enhancement?
a) Linear, logarithmic and inverse law
b) Power law, logarithmic and inverse law
c) Linear, logarithmic and power law
d) Linear, exponential and inverse law
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In introduction to gray-level transformations, which shows three basic types of
functions used frequently for image enhancement: linear (negative and identity transformations),
logarithmic (log and inverse-log transformations), and power-law (nth power and nth root
transformations).The identity function is the trivial case in which output intensities are identical
to input intensities. It is included in the graph only for completeness.
3. Which expression is obtained by performing the negative transformation on the negative of an

image with gray levels in the range[0,L-1] ?
a) s=L+1-r
b) s=L+1+r
c) s=L-1-r
d) s=L-1+r
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The negative of an image with gray levels in the range[0,L-1] is obtained by using
the negative transformation, which is given by the expression: s=L-1-r.
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4. What is the general form of representation of log transformation?

a) s=clog10(1/r)
b) s=clog10(1+r)
c) s=clog10(1*r)
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d) s=clog10(1-r)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The general form of the log transformation: s=clog10(1+r), where c is a constant,
and it is assumed that r ≥ 0.
5. What is the general form of representation of power transformation?

a) s=crγ
b) c=srγ
c) s=rc
d) s=rcγ
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Power-law transformations have the basic form: s=crγ where c and g are positive
constants. Sometimes s=crγ is written as s=c.(r+ε)γ to account for an offset (that is, a measurable
output when the input is zero).
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6. What is the name of process used to correct the power-law response phenomena?
a) Beta correction
b) Alpha correction
c) Gamma correction
d) Pie correction
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A variety of devices used for image capture, printing, and display respond
according to a power law. By convention, the exponent in the power-law equation is referred to
as gamma .The process used to correct these power-law response phenomena is called gamma
correction.
7. Which of the following transformation function requires much information to be specified at

the time of input?
a) Log transformation
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b) Power transformation
c) Piece-wise transformation
d) Linear transformation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The practical implementation of some important transformations can be formulated
only as piecewise functions. The principal disadvantage of piecewise functions is that their
specification requires considerably more user input.
8. In contrast stretching, if r1=s1 and r2=s2 then which of the following is true?

a) The transformation is not a linear function that produces no changes in gray levels
b) The transformation is a linear function that produces no changes in gray levels
c) The transformation is a linear function that produces changes in gray levels
d) The transformation is not a linear function that produces changes in gray levels
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The locations of points (r1,s1) and (r2,s2) control the shape of the transformation
function. If r1=s1 and r2=s2 then the transformation is a linear function that produces no changes
in gray levels.
9. In contrast stretching, if r1=r2, s1=0 and s2=L-1 then which of the following is true?
a) The transformation becomes a thresholding function that creates an octal image
b) The transformation becomes a override function that creates an octal image
c) The transformation becomes a thresholding function that creates a binary image
d) The transformation becomes a thresholding function that do not create an octal image
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If r1=r2, s1=0 and s2=L-1,the transformation becomes a thresholding function that
creates a binary image.
10. In contrast stretching, if r1≤r2 and s1≤s2 then which of the following is true?

a) The transformation function is double valued and exponentially increasing
b) The transformation function is double valued and monotonically increasing
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c) The transformation function is single valued and exponentially increasing
d) The transformation function is single valued and monotonically increasing
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The locations of points (r1,s1) and (r2,s2) control the shape of the transformation
function. If r1≤r2 and s1≤s2 then the function is single valued and monotonically increasing.
11. In which type of slicing, highlighting a specific range of gray levels in an image often is
desired?
a) Gray-level slicing
b) Bit-plane slicing
c) Contrast stretching
d) Byte-level slicing
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Highlighting a specific range of gray levels in an image often is desired in gray-
level slicing. Applications include enhancing features such as masses of water in satellite
imagery and enhancing flaws in X-ray images.
12. Which of the following depicts the main functionality of the Bit-plane slicing?
a) Highlighting a specific range of gray levels in an image
b) Highlighting the contribution made to total image appearance by specific bits
c) Highlighting the contribution made to total image appearance by specific byte
d) Highlighting the contribution made to total image appearance by specific pixels
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Instead of highlighting gray-level ranges, highlighting the contribution made to
total image appearance by specific bits might be desired. Suppose , each pixel in an image is
represented by 8 bits. Imagine that the image is composed of eight 1-bit planes, ranging from bit-
plane 0 for the least significant bit to bit-plane 7 for the most significant bit. In terms of 8-bit
bytes, plane 0 contains all the lowest order bits in the bytes comprising the pixels in the image
and plane 7 contains all the high-order bits.
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“Sharpening Spatial Filters”.
1. Which of the following is the primary objective of sharpening of an image?

a) Blurring the image
b) Highlight fine details in the image
c) Increase the brightness of the image
d) Decrease the brightness of the image
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The sharpening of image helps in highlighting the fine details that are present in the
image or to enhance the details that are blurred due to some reason like adding noise.
2. Image sharpening process is used in electronic printing.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The applications of image sharpening is present in various fields like electronic
printing, autonomous guidance in military systems, medical imaging and industrial inspection.
3. In spatial domain, which of the following operation is done on the pixels in sharpening the
image?
a) Integration
b) Average
c) Median
d) Differentiation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: We know that, in blurring the image, we perform the average of pixels which can
be considered as integration. As sharpening is the opposite process of blurring, logically we can
tell that we perform differentiation on the pixels to sharpen the image.
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4. Image differentiation enhances the edges, discontinuities and deemphasizes the pixels with
slow varying gray levels.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Fundamentally, the strength of the response of the derivative operative is
proportional to the degree of discontinuity in the image. So, we can state that image
differentiation enhances the edges, discontinuities and deemphasizes the pixels with slow
varying gray levels.
5. In which of the following cases, we wouldn’t worry about the behaviour of sharpening filter?
a) Flat segments
b) Step discontinuities
c) Ramp discontinuities
d) Slow varying gray values
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: We are interested in the behaviour of derivatives used in sharpening in the constant
gray level areas i.e., flat segments, and at the onset and end of discontinuities, i.e., step and ramp
discontinuities.
Check this: Electronics Engineering Books | Electronics Engineering MCQs
6. Which of the following is the valid response when we apply a first derivative?
a) Non-zero at flat segments
b) Zero at the onset of gray level step
c) Zero in flat segments
d) Zero along ramps
View Answer
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Answer: c
Explanation: The derivations of digital functions are defined in terms of differences. The
definition we use for first derivative should be zero in flat segments, nonzero at the onset of a
gray level step or ramp and nonzero along the ramps.
7. Which of the following is not a valid response when we apply a second derivative?
a) Zero response at onset of gray level step
b) Nonzero response at onset of gray level step
c) Zero response at flat segments
d) Nonzero response along the ramps
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The derivations of digital functions are defined in terms of differences. The
definition we use for second derivative should be zero in flat segments, zero at the onset of a
gray level step or ramp and nonzero along the ramps.
8. If f(x,y) is an image function of two variables, then the first order derivative of a one
dimensional function, f(x) is:
a) f(x+1)-f(x)
b) f(x)-f(x+1)
c) f(x-1)-f(x+1)
d) f(x)+f(x-1)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The first order derivative of a single dimensional function f(x) is the difference
between f(x) and f(x+1).
That is, ∂f/∂x=f(x+1)-f(x).
9. Isolated point is also called as noise point.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
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Answer: a
Explanation: The point which has very high or very low gray level value compared to its
neighbours, then that point is called as isolated point or noise point. The noise point of is of one
pixel size.
10. What is the thickness of the edges produced by first order derivatives when compared to that
of second order derivatives?
a) Finer
b) Equal
c) Thicker
d) Independent
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We know that, the first order derivative is nonzero along the entire ramp while the
second order is zero along the ramp. So, we can conclude that the first order derivatives produce
thicker edges and the second order derivatives produce much finer edges.
11. First order derivative can enhance the fine detail in the image compared to that of second
order derivative.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The response at and around the noise point is much stronger for the second order
derivative than for the first order derivative. So, we can state that the second order derivative is
better to enhance the fine details in the image including noise when compared to that of first
order derivative.
12. Which of the following derivatives produce a double response at step changes in gray level?
a) First order derivative
b) Third order derivative
c) Second order derivative
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d) First and second order derivatives
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Second order derivatives produce a double line response for the step changes in the
gray level. We also note of second-order derivatives that, for similar changes in gray-level values
in an image, their response is stronger to a line than to a step, and to a point than to a line.
his set of Digital Image Processing Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Combining Spatial Enhancements Methods”.
1. Which of the following make an image difficult to enhance?

a) Narrow range of intensity levels
b) Dynamic range of intensity levels
c) High noise
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All the mentioned options make it difficult to enhance an image.
2. Which of the following is a second-order derivative operator?

a) Histogram
b) Laplacian
c) Gaussian
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Laplacian is a second-order derivative operator.
3. Response of the gradient to noise and fine detail is _____________ the Laplacian’s.
a) equal to
b) lower than
c) greater than
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d) has no relation with
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Response of the gradient to noise and fine detail is lower than the Laplacian’s and
can further be lowered by smoothing.
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4. Dark characteristics in an image are better solved using ___________

a) Laplacian Transform
b) Gaussian Transform
c) Histogram Specification
d) Power-law Transformation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It can be solved by Histogram Specification but it is better handled by Power-law
Transformation.
5. What is the smallest possible value of a gradient image?

a) e
b) 1
c) 0
d) -e
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The smallest possible value of a gradient image is 0.
Check this: Electronics Engineering MCQs | Electrical Engineering Books
6. Which of the following fails to work on dark intensity distributions?

a) Laplacian Transform
b) Gaussian Transform
c) Histogram Equalization
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d) Power-law Transformation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Histogram Equalization fails to work on dark intensity distributions.
7. _____________ is used to detect diseases such as bone infection and tumors.

a) MRI Scan
b) PET Scan
c) Nuclear Whole Body Scan
d) X-Ray
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Nuclear Whole Body Scan is used to detect diseases such as bone infection and
tumors
8. How do you bring out more of the skeletal detail from a Nuclear Whole Body Bone Scan?
a) Sharpening
b) Enhancing
c) Transformation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Sharpening is used to bring out more of the skeletal detail.
9. An alternate approach to median filtering is ______________

a) Use a mask
b) Gaussian filter
c) Sharpening
d) Laplacian filter
View Answer
Answer:a
Explanation: Using a mask, formed from the smoothed version of the gradient image, can be
used for median filtering.
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10. Final step of enhancement lies in _____________ of the sharpened image.
a) Increase range of contrast
b) Increase range of brightness
c) Increase dynamic range
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Increasing the dynamic range of the sharpened image is the final step in
enhancement.
This set of Digital Image Processing Interview Questions and Answers for freshers focuses on
“Histogram Processing – 2”.
1. The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is represented by a
discrete function:
a) h(r_k)=n_k
b) h(r_k )=n/n_k
c) p(r_k )=n_k
d) h(r_k )=n_k/n
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is a discrete
function h(rk )=nk, where rk is the kth gray level and nkis the number of pixels in the image having
gray level rk.
2. How is the expression represented for the normalized histogram?

a) p(r_k )=n_k
b) p(r_k )=n_k/n
c) p(r_k)=nn_k
d) p(r_k )=n/n_k
View Answer
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Answer: b
Explanation: It is common practice to normalize a histogram by dividing each of its values by the
total number of pixels in the image, denoted by n. Thus, a normalized histogram is given by
p(rk )=nk/n, for k=0,1,2…..L-1. Loosely speaking, p(rk ) gives an estimate of the probability of
occurrence of gray-level rk. Note that the sum of all components of a normalized histogram is
equal to 1.
3. Which of the following conditions does the T(r) must satisfy?

a) T(r) is double-valued and monotonically decreasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1
b) T(r) is double-valued and monotonically increasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1
c) T(r) is single-valued and monotonically decreasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1
d) T(r) is single-valued and monotonically increasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For any r satisfying the aforementioned conditions, we focus attention on
transformations of the form
s=T(r) For 0≤r≤1
That produces a level s for every pixel value r in the original image.
For reasons that will become obvious shortly, we assume that the transformation function T(r)
satisfies the following conditions:
T(r) is single-valued and monotonically increasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1.
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4. The inverse transformation from s back to r is denoted as:

a) s=T-1(r) for 0≤s≤1
b) r=T-1(s) for 0≤r≤1
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c) r=T-1(s) for 0≤s≤1
d) r=T-1(s) for 0≥s≥1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The inverse transformation from s back to r is denoted by:
r=T-1(s) for 0≤s≤1.
5. The probability density function p_s (s) of the transformed variable s can be obtained by using
which of the following formula?
a) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/ds|
b) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|ds/dr|
c) p_r (r)=p_s (s)|dr/ds|
d) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/dr|
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The probability density function p_s (s) of the transformed variable s can be
obtained using a basic formula: p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/ds|
Thus, the probability density function of the transformed variable, s, is determined by the gray-
level PDF of the input image and by the chosen transformation function.
6. A transformation function of particular importance in image processing is represented in

which of the following form?
a) s=T(r)=∫0 (2r)pr (ω)dω
b) s=T(r)=∫0 (r-1)pr (ω)dω
c) s=T(r)=∫0 (r/2)pr (ω)dω
d) s=T(r)=∫0 pr (ω)dω
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A transformation function of particular importance in image processing has the
form: s=T(r)=∫0 r pr(ω)dw, where ω is a dummy variable of integration. The right side of is
recognized as the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of random variable r.
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7. Histogram equalization or Histogram linearization is represented by of the following equation:
a) sk =∑k j =1 nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1
b) sk =∑k j =0 nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1
c) sk =∑k j =0 n/nj k=0,1,2,……,L-1
d) sk =∑k j =n nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A plot of pk_ (rk) versus r_k is called a histogram .The transformation (mapping)
given in sk =∑k j =0)k nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1 is called histogram equalization or histogram
linearization.
8. What is the method that is used to generate a processed image that have a specified histogram?
a) Histogram linearization
b) Histogram equalization
c) Histogram matching
d) Histogram processing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In particular, it is useful sometimes to be able to specify the shape of the histogram
that we wish the processed image to have. The method used to generate a processed image that
has a specified histogram is called histogram matching or histogram specification.
9. Histograms are the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Histograms are the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques.
Histogram manipulation can be used effectively for image enhancement.
10. In a dark image, the components of histogram are concentrated on which side of the grey
scale?
a) High
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b) Medium
c) Low
d) Evenly distributed
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We know that in the dark image, the components of histogram are concentrated
mostly on the low i.e., dark side of the grey scale. Similarly, the components of histogram of the
bright image are biased towards the high side of the grey scale
This set of Digital Image Processing Interview Questions and Answers for freshers focuses on
“Histogram Processing – 2”.
1. The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is represented by a
discrete function:
a) h(r_k)=n_k
b) h(r_k )=n/n_k
c) p(r_k )=n_k
d) h(r_k )=n_k/n
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is a discrete
function h(rk )=nk, where rk is the kth gray level and nkis the number of pixels in the image having
gray level rk.
2. How is the expression represented for the normalized histogram?

a) p(r_k )=n_k
b) p(r_k )=n_k/n
c) p(r_k)=nn_k
d) p(r_k )=n/n_k
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is common practice to normalize a histogram by dividing each of its values by the
40 | P a g e
total number of pixels in the image, denoted by n. Thus, a normalized histogram is given by
p(rk )=nk/n, for k=0,1,2…..L-1. Loosely speaking, p(rk ) gives an estimate of the probability of
occurrence of gray-level rk. Note that the sum of all components of a normalized histogram is
equal to 1.
3. Which of the following conditions does the T(r) must satisfy?

a) T(r) is double-valued and monotonically decreasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1
b) T(r) is double-valued and monotonically increasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1
c) T(r) is single-valued and monotonically decreasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1
d) T(r) is single-valued and monotonically increasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For any r satisfying the aforementioned conditions, we focus attention on
transformations of the form
s=T(r) For 0≤r≤1
That produces a level s for every pixel value r in the original image.
For reasons that will become obvious shortly, we assume that the transformation function T(r)
satisfies the following conditions:
T(r) is single-valued and monotonically increasing in the interval 0≤r≤1; and
0≤T(r)≤1 for 0≤r≤1.
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4. The inverse transformation from s back to r is denoted as:

a) s=T-1(r) for 0≤s≤1
b) r=T-1(s) for 0≤r≤1
c) r=T-1(s) for 0≤s≤1
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d) r=T-1(s) for 0≥s≥1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The inverse transformation from s back to r is denoted by:
r=T-1(s) for 0≤s≤1.
5. The probability density function p_s (s) of the transformed variable s can be obtained by using
which of the following formula?
a) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/ds|
b) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|ds/dr|
c) p_r (r)=p_s (s)|dr/ds|
d) p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/dr|
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The probability density function p_s (s) of the transformed variable s can be
obtained using a basic formula: p_s (s)=p_r (r)|dr/ds|
Thus, the probability density function of the transformed variable, s, is determined by the gray-
level PDF of the input image and by the chosen transformation function.
6. A transformation function of particular importance in image processing is represented in

which of the following form?
a) s=T(r)=∫0 (2r)pr (ω)dω
b) s=T(r)=∫0 (r-1)pr (ω)dω
c) s=T(r)=∫0 (r/2)pr (ω)dω
d) s=T(r)=∫0 pr (ω)dω
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A transformation function of particular importance in image processing has the
form: s=T(r)=∫0 r pr(ω)dw, where ω is a dummy variable of integration. The right side of is
recognized as the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of random variable r.
42 | P a g e
7. Histogram equalization or Histogram linearization is represented by of the following equation:
a) sk =∑k j =1 nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1
b) sk =∑k j =0 nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1
c) sk =∑k j =0 n/nj k=0,1,2,……,L-1
d) sk =∑k j =n nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A plot of pk_ (rk) versus r_k is called a histogram .The transformation (mapping)
given in sk =∑k j =0)k nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1 is called histogram equalization or histogram
linearization.
8. What is the method that is used to generate a processed image that have a specified histogram?
a) Histogram linearization
b) Histogram equalization
c) Histogram matching
d) Histogram processing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In particular, it is useful sometimes to be able to specify the shape of the histogram
that we wish the processed image to have. The method used to generate a processed image that
has a specified histogram is called histogram matching or histogram specification.
9. Histograms are the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Histograms are the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques.
Histogram manipulation can be used effectively for image enhancement.
10. In a dark image, the components of histogram are concentrated on which side of the grey
scale?
a) High
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b) Medium
c) Low
d) Evenly distributed
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We know that in the dark image, the components of histogram are concentrated
mostly on the low i.e., dark side of the grey scale. Similarly, the components of histogram of the
bright image are biased towards the high side of the grey scale
1. The output of a smoothing, linear spatial filtering is a ____________ of the pixels contained in
the neighbourhood of the filter mask.
a) Sum
b) Product
c) Average
d) Dot Product
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Smoothing is simply the average of the pixels contained in the neighbourhood.
2. Averaging filters is also known as ____________ filter.

a) Low pass
b) High pass
c) Band pass
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Averaging filters is also known as Low pass filters.
3. What is the undesirable side effects of Averaging filters?

a) No side effects
b) Blurred image
c) Blurred edges
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d) Loss of sharp transitions
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Blue edges is the undesirable side effect of Averaging filters.
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4. A spatial averaging filter in which all coefficients are equal is called _______________.
a) Square filter
b) Neighbourhood
c) Box filter
d) Zero filter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is called a Box filter.
5. Which term is used to indicate that pixels are multiplied by different coefficients?
a) Weighted average
b) Squared average
c) Spatial average
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is called weighted average since more importance(weight) is given to some
pixels.
Check this: Digital Image Processing Books | Electrical Engineering Books
6. The non linear spacial filters whose response is based on ordering of the pixels contained is
called _____________.
a) Box filter
b) Square filter
c) Gaussian filter
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d) Order-statistic filter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It is called Order-statistic filter.
7. Impulse noise in Order-statistic filter is also called as _______________

a) Median noise
b) Bilinear noise
c) Salt and pepper noise
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is called salt-and-pepper noise because of its appearance as white and black dots
superimposed on an image.
8. Best example for a Order-statistic filter is ____________________

a) Impulse filter
b) Averaging filter
c) Median filter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Median filter is the best known Order-statistic filter.
9. What does “eliminated” refer to in median filter?

a) Force to average intensity of neighbours
b) Force to median intensity of neighbours
c) Eliminate median value of pixels
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It refers to forcing to median intensity of neighbours.
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10. Which of the following is best suited for salt-and-pepper noise elimination?
a) Average filter
b) Box filter
c) Max filter
d) Median filter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Median filter is better suited than average filter for salt-and-pepper noise
elimination.
This set of Digital Image Processing Questions and Answers for Aptitude test focuses on
“Smoothing Linear Spatial Filters”.
1. Smoothing filter is used for which of the following work(s)?

a) Blurring
b) Noise reduction
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Smoothing filter is used for blurring and noise reduction.
2. The response of the smoothing linear spatial filter is/are __________

a) Sum of image pixel in the neighborhood filter mask
b) Difference of image in the neighborhood filter mask
c) Product of pixel in the neighborhood filter mask
d) Average of pixels in the neighborhood of filter mask
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The average of pixels in the neighborhood of filter mask is simply the output of the
smoothing linear spatial filter.
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3. Which of the following filter(s) results in a value as average of pixels in the neighborhood of
filter mask.
a) Smoothing linear spatial filter
b) Averaging filter
c) Lowpass filter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The output as an average of pixels in the neighborhood of filter mask is simply the
output of the smoothing linear spatial filter also known as averaging filter and lowpass filter.
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4. What is/are the resultant image of a smoothing filter?

a) Image with high sharp transitions in gray levels
b) Image with reduced sharp transitions in gray levels
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Random noise has sharp transitions in gray levels and smoothing filters does noise
reduction.
5. At which of the following scenarios averaging filters is/are used?

a) In the reduction of irrelevant details in an image
b) For smoothing of false contours
c) For noise reductions
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Averaging filter or smoothing linear spatial filter is used: for noise reduction by
reducing the sharp transitions in gray level, for smoothing false contours that arises because of
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use of insufficient number of gray values and for reduction of irrelevant data i.e. the pixels
regions that are small in comparison of filter mask.
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6. A spatial averaging filter having all the coefficients equal is termed _________
a) A box filter
b) A weighted average filter
c) A standard average filter
d) A median filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: An averaging filter is termed as box filter if all the coefficients of spatial averaging
filter are equal.
7. What does using a mask having central coefficient maximum and then the coefficients
reducing as a function of increasing distance from origin results?
a) It results in increasing blurring in smoothing process
b) It results to reduce blurring in smoothing process
c) Nothing with blurring occurs as mask coefficient relation has no effect on smoothing process
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Use of a mask having central coefficient maximum and then the coefficients
reducing as a function of increasing distance from origin is a strategy to reduce blurring in
smoothing process.
8. What is the relation between blurring effect with change in filter size?
a) Blurring increases with decrease of the size of filter size
b) Blurring decrease with decrease of the size of filter size
c) Blurring decrease with increase of the size of filter size
d) Blurring increases with increase of the size of filter size
View Answer
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Answer: d
Explanation: Using a size 3 filter 3*3 and 5*5 size squares and other objects shows a significant
blurring with respect to object of larger size.
The blurring gets more pronounced while using filter size 5, 9 and so on.
“Smoonthing Nonlinear Spatial Filter”.
1. Which of the following filter(s) has the response in which the central pixel value is replaced
by value defined by ranking the pixel in the image encompassed by filter?
a) Order-Statistic filters
b) Non-linear spatial filters
c) Median filter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: An Order-Statistic filters also called non-linear spatial filters, response is based on
ranking the pixel in the image encompassed by filter that replaces the central pixel value. A
Median filter is an example of such filters.
2. Is it true or false that “the original pixel value is included while computing the median using
gray-levels in the neighborhood of the original pixel in median filter case”?
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A median filter the pixel value is replaced by median of the gray-level in the
neighborhood of that pixel and also the original pixel value is included while computing the
median.
3. Two filters of similar size are used for smoothing image having impulse noise. One is median
filter while the other is a linear spatial filter. Which would the blurring effect of both?
a) Median filter effects in considerably less blurring than the linear spatial filters
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b) Median filter effects in considerably more blurring than the linear spatial filters
c) Both have the same blurring effect
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For impulse noise, median filter is much effective for noise reduction and causes
considerably less blurring than the linear spatial filters.
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4. An image contains noise having appearance as black and white dots superimposed on the
image. Which of the following noise(s) has the same appearance?
a) Salt-and-pepper noise
b) Gaussian noise
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: An impulse noise has an appearance as black and white dots superimposed on the
image. This is also known as Salt-and-pepper noise.
5. While performing the median filtering, suppose a 3*3 neighborhood has value (10, 20, 20, 20,
15, 20, 20, 25, 100), then what is the median value to be given to the pixel under filter?
a) 15
b) 20
c) 100
d) 25
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The values are first sorted and so turns out to (10, 15, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 25, and
100). For a 3*3 neighborhood the 5th largest value is the median, and so is 20.
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6. Which of the following are forced to the median intensity of the neighbors by n*n median
filter?
a) Isolated cluster of pixels that are light or dark in comparison to their neighbors
b) Isolated cluster of pixels whose area is less than one-half the filter area
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The isolated cluster pixel value doesn’t come as a median value and since are either
are light or dark as compared to neighbors, so are forced with median intensity of neighbors that
aren’t even close to their original value and so are sometimes termed “eliminated”.
If the area of such isolated pixels are < n2/2, that is again the pixel value won’t be a median
value and so are eliminated.
Larger cluster pixels value are more pronounced to be a median value, so are considerably less
forced to median intensity.
7. Which filter(s) used to find the brightest point in the image?

a) Median filter
b) Max filter
c) Mean filter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A max filter gives the brightest point in an image and so is used.
8. The median filter also represents which of the following ranked set of numbers?
a) 100th percentile
b) 0th percentile
c) 50th percentile
View Answer
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Answer: c
Explanation: Since the median filter forces median intensity to the pixel which is almost the
largest value in the middle of the list of values as per the ranking, so represents a 50th percentile
ranked set of numbers.
9. Which of the following filter represents a 0th percentile set of numbers?

a) Max filter
b) Mean filter
c) Median filter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A min filter since provides the minimum value in the image, so represents a 0th
percentile set of numbers.
“Spatial Filtering”.
1. In neighborhood operations working is being done with the value of image pixel in the
neighborhood and the corresponding value of a subimage that has same dimension as
neighborhood. The subimage is referred as _________
a) Filter
b) Mask
c) Template
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Working in neighborhood operations is done with the value of a subimage having
same dimension as neighborhood corresponding to the value in the image pixel. The subimage is
called as filter, mask, template, kernel or window.
2. The response for linear spatial filtering is given by the relationship __________
a) Sum of filter coefficient’s product and corresponding image pixel under filter mask
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b) Difference of filter coefficient’s product and corresponding image pixel under filter mask
c) Product of filter coefficient’s product and corresponding image pixel under filter mask
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In spatial filtering the mask is moved from point to point and at each point the
response is calculated using a predefined relationship. The relationship in linear spatial filtering
is given by: the Sum of filter coefficient’s product and corresponding image pixel in area under
filter mask.
3. In linear spatial filtering, what is the pixel of the image under mask corresponding to the mask
coefficient w (1, -1), assuming a 3*3 mask?
a) f (x, -y)
b) f (x + 1, y)
c) f (x, y – 1)
d) f (x + 1, y – 1)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The pixel corresponding to mask coefficient (a 3*3 mask) w (0, 0) is f (x, y), and so
for w (1, -1) is f (x + 1, y – 1).
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4. Which of the following is/are a nonlinear operation?

a) Computation of variance
b) Computation of median
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Computation of variance as well as median comes under nonlinear operation.
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5. Which of the following is/are used as basic function in nonlinear filter for noise reduction?
a) Computation of variance
b) Computation of median
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Computation of median gray-level value in the neighborhood is the basic function
of nonlinear filter for noise reduction.
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6. In neighborhood operation for spatial filtering if a square mask of size n*n is used it is
restricted that the center of mask must be at a distance ≥ (n – 1)/2 pixels from border of image,
what happens to the resultant image?
a) The resultant image will be of same size as original image
b) The resultant image will be a little larger size than original image
c) The resultant image will be a little smaller size than original image
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If the center of mask must be at a distance ≥ (n – 1)/2 pixels from border of image,
the border pixels won’t get processed under mask and so the resultant image would be of smaller
size.
7. Which of the following method is/are used for padding the image?
a) Adding rows and column of 0 or other constant gray level
b) Simply replicating the rows or columns
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In neighborhood operation for spatial filtering using square mask, padding of
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original image is done to obtain filtered image of same size as of original image done, by adding
rows and column of 0 or other constant gray level or by replicating the rows or columns of the
original image.
8. In neighborhood operation for spatial filtering using square mask of n*n, which of the
following approach is/are used to obtain a perfectly filtered result irrespective of the size?
a) By padding the image
b) By filtering all the pixels only with the mask section that is fully contained in the image
c) By ensuring that center of mask must be at a distance ≥ (n – 1)/2 pixels from border of image
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: By ensuring that center of mask must be at a distance ≥ (n – 1)/2 pixels from border
of image, the resultant image would be of smaller size but all the pixels would be the result of the
filter processing and so is a fully filtered result.
In the other approach like padding affect the values near the edges that gets more prevalent with
mask size increase, while the another approach results in the band of pixels near border that gets
processed with partial filter mask. So, not a fully filtered case.
“Filtering in Frequency Domain”.
1. Which of the following fact(s) is/are true for the relationship between low frequency
component of Fourier transform and the rate of change of gray levels?
a) Moving away from the origin of transform the low frequency corresponds to smooth gray
level variation
b) Moving away from the origin of transform the low frequencies corresponds to abrupt change
in gray level
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Moving away from the origin of transform the low frequency corresponds to the
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slowly varying components in an image. Moving further away from origin the higher frequencies
corresponds to faster gray level changes.
2. Which of the following fact(s) is/are true for the relationship between high frequency
component of Fourier transform and the rate of change of gray levels?
a) Moving away from the origin of transform the high frequency corresponds to smooth gray
level variation
b) Moving away from the origin of transform the higher frequencies corresponds to abrupt
change in gray level
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Moving away from the origin of transform the low frequency corresponds to the
slowly varying components in an image. Moving further away from origin the higher frequencies
corresponds to faster gray level changes.
3. What is the name of the filter that multiplies two functions F(u, v) and H(u, v), where F has
complex components too since is Fourier transformed function of f(x, y), in an order that each
component of H multiplies both real and complex part of corresponding component in F?
a) Unsharp mask filter
b) High-boost filter
c) Zero-phase-shift-filter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Zero-phase-shift-filter multiplies two functions F(u, v) and H(u, v), where F has
complex components too since is Fourier transformed function of f(x, y), in an order that each
component of H multiplies both real and complex part of corresponding component in F.
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4. To set the average value of an image zero, which of the following term would be set 0 in the
frequency domain and the inverse transformation is done, where F(u, v) is Fourier transformed
function of f(x, y)?
a) F(0, 0)
b) F(0, 1)
c) F(1, 0)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For an image f(x, y), the Fourier transform at origin of an image, F(0, 0), is equal to
the average value of the image.
5. What is the name of the filter that is used to turn the average value of a processed image zero?
b) Notch filter
c) Zero-phase-shift-filter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Notch filter sets F (0, 0), to zero, hence setting up the average value of image zero.
The filter is named so, because it is a constant function with a notch at origin and so is able to set
F (0, 0) to zero leaving out other values.
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6. Which of the following filter(s) attenuates high frequency while passing low frequencies of an
image?
b) Lowpass filter
c) Zero-phase-shift filter
View Answer
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Answer: b
Explanation: A lowpass filter attenuates high frequency while passing low frequencies.
7. Which of the following filter(s) attenuates low frequency while passing high frequencies of an
image?
b) Highpass filter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A highpass filter attenuates low frequency while passing high frequencies.
8. Which of the following filter have a less sharp detail than the original image because of
attenuation of high frequencies?
a) Highpass filter
b) Lowpass filter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A lowpass filter attenuates high so the image has less sharp details.
9. The feature(s) of a highpass filtered image is/are ___________

a) Have less gray-level variation in smooth areas
b) Emphasized transitional gray-level details
c) An overall sharper image
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A highpass filter attenuates low frequency so have less gray-level variation in
smooth areas, and allows high frequencies so have emphasized transitional gray-level details,
resulting in a sharper image.
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10. A spatial domain filter of the corresponding filter in frequency domain can be obtained by
applying which of the following operation(s) on filter in frequency domain?
a) Fourier transform
b) Inverse Fourier transform
c) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Filters in spatial domain and frequency domain has a Fourier transform pair
relation. A spatial domain filter of the corresponding filter in frequency domain can be obtained
by applying inverse Fourier transform on frequency domain filter.
11. A frequency domain filter of the corresponding filter in spatial domain can be obtained by
applying which of the following operation(s) on filter in spatial domain?
a) Fourier transform
b) Inverse Fourier transform
c) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Filters in spatial domain and frequency domain has a Fourier transform pair
relation. A frequency domain filter of the corresponding filter in spatial domain can be obtained
by applying inverse Fourier transform on spatial domain filter.
12. Which of the following filtering is done in frequency domain in correspondence to lowpass
filtering in spatial domain?
a) Gaussian filtering
b) Unsharp mask filtering
c) High-boost filtering
View Answer
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Answer: a
Explanation: A plot of Gaussian filter in frequency domain can be recognized similar to lowpass
filter in spatial domain.
13. Using the feature of reciprocal relationship of filter in spatial domain and corresponding filter
in frequency domain, which of the following fact is true?
a) The narrower the frequency domain filter results in increased blurring
b) The wider the frequency domain filter results in increased blurring
c) The narrower the frequency domain filter results in decreased blurring
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The characteristics feature of reciprocal relationship says that the narrower the
frequency domain filter becomes it attenuates more low frequency component and so increases
blurring.
1. Smoothing in frequency domain is achieved by attenuating which of the following component

in the transform of a given image?
a) Attenuating a range of high-frequency components
b) Attenuating a range of low-frequency components
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Since, edges and sharp transitions contribute significantly to high-frequency
contents in the gray level of an image. So, smoothing is done by attenuating a range of high-
frequency components.
2. Which of the following is/are considered as type(s) of lowpass filters?

a) Ideal
b) Butterworth
c) Gaussian
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View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Lowpass filters are considered of three types: Ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian.
3. Which of the following lowpass filters is/are covers the range of very sharp filter function?
a) Ideal lowpass filters
b) Butterworth lowpass filter
c) Gaussian lowpass filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Ideal lowpass filter covers the range of very sharp filter functioning of lowpass
filters.
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4. Which of the following lowpass filters is/are covers the range of very smooth filter function?
a) Ideal lowpass filters
b) Butterworth lowpass filter
c) Gaussian lowpass filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Gaussian lowpass filter covers the range of very smooth filter functioning of
lowpass filters.
5. Butterworth lowpass filter has a parameter, filter order, determining its functionality as very
sharp or very smooth filter function or an intermediate filter function. If the parameter value is
very high, the filter approaches to which of the following filter(s)?
a) Ideal lowpass filter
b) Gaussian lowpass filter
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View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For high value of filter order Butterworth lowpass filter behaves as Ideal lowpass
filter, while for lower order value it has a smoother form behaving like Gaussian lowpass filter.
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6. Butterworth lowpass filter has a parameter, filter order, determining its functionality as very
sharp or very smooth filter function or an intermediate filter function. If the parameter value is of
lower order, the filter approaches to which of the following filter(s)?
a) Ideal lowpass filter
b) Gaussian lowpass filter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For high value of filter order Butterworth lowpass filter behaves as Ideal lowpass
filter, while for lower order value it has a smoother form behaving like Gaussian lowpass filter.
7. In a filter, all the frequencies inside a circle of radius D0 are not attenuated while all
frequencies outside circle are completely attenuated. The D0 is the specified nonnegative
distance from origin of the Fourier transform. Which of the following filter(s) characterizes the
same?
a) Ideal filter
b) Butterworth filter
c) Gaussian filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In ideal filter all the frequencies inside a circle of radius D0 are not attenuated
while all frequencies outside the circle are completely attenuated.
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8. In an ideal lowpass filter case, what is the relation between the filter radius and the blurring
effect caused because of the filter?
a) Filter size is directly proportional to blurring caused because of filter
b) Filter size is inversely proportional to blurring caused because of filter
c) There is no relation between filter size and blurring caused because of it
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Increase in filter size, removes less power from the image and so less severe
blurring occurs.
9. The characteristics of the lowpass filter h(x, y) is/are_________

a) Has a dominant component at origin
b) Has a concentric, circular components about the center component
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: the lowpass filter has two different characteristics: one is a dominant component at
origin and other one is a concentric, circular components about the center component.
10. What is the relation for the components of ideal lowpass filter and the image enhancement?
a) The concentric component is primarily responsible for blurring
b) The center component is primarily for the ringing characteristic of ideal filter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The center component of ideal lowpass filter is primarily responsible for blurring
while, concentric component is primarily for the ringing characteristic of ideal filter.
11. Using the feature of reciprocal relationship of filter in spatial domain and corresponding filter
in frequency domain along with convolution, which of the following fact is true?
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a) The narrower the frequency domain filter more severe is the ringing
b) The wider the frequency domain filter more severe is the ringing
c) The narrower the frequency domain filter less severe is the ringing
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The characteristics feature of reciprocal relationship says that the narrower the
frequency domain filter becomes it attenuates more low frequency component and so increases
blurring and more severe becomes the ringing.
12. Which of the following defines the expression for BLPF H(u, v) of order n, where D(u, v) is
the distance from point (u, v), D0 is the distance defining cutoff frequency?
a)
b)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: BLPF is the Butterworth lowpass filter and is defined as:
13. Which of the following defines the expression for ILPF H(u, v) of order n, where D(u, v) is
the distance from point (u, v), D0 is the distance defining cutoff frequency?
a)
b)
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View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: ILPF is the Ideal lowpass filter and is defined as:
14. State the statement true or false: “BLPF has sharp discontinuity and ILPF doesn’t, and so
ILPF establishes a clear cutoff b/w passed and filtered frequencies”.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: ILPF has sharp discontinuity and BLPF doesn’t, so BLPF establishes a clear cutoff
b/w passed and filtered frequencies.
15. A Butterworth filter of what order has no ringing?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A Butterworth filter of order 1 has no ringing and ringing exist for order 2 although
is imperceptible. A Butterworth filter of higher order shows significant factor of ringing
“Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions”.
1. Which gray-level transformation increase the dynamic range of gray-level in the image?
a) Power-law transformations
b) Negative transformations
c) Contrast stretching
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View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Increasing the dynamic range of gray-levels in the image is the basic idea behind
contrast stretching.
2. When is the contrast stretching transformation a linear function, for r and s as gray-value of
image before and after processing respectively?
a) r1 = s1 and r2 = s2
b) r1 = r2, s1 = 0 and s2 = L – 1, L is the max gray value allowed
c) r1 = 1 and r2 = 0
View Answer
3. When is the contrast stretching transformation a thresholding function, for r and s as gray-
value of image before and after processing respectively?
a) r1 = s1 and r2 = s2
c) r1 = 1 and r2 = 0
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If r1 = r2, s1 = 0 and s2 = L – 1, the contrast stretching transformation is a
thresholding function.
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4. What condition prevents the intensity artifacts to be created while processing with contrast
stretching, if r and s are gray-values of image before and after processing respectively?
a) r1 = s1 and r2 = s2
c) r1 = 1 and r2 = 0
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d) r1 ≤ r2 and s1 ≤ s2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: While processing through contrast stretching, if r1 ≤ r2 and s1 ≤ s2 is maintained, the
function remains single valued and so monotonically increasing. This helps in the prevention of
creation of intensity artifacts.
5. A contrast stretching result been obtained by setting (r1, s1) = (rmin, 0) and (r2, s2) = (rmax, L – 1),
where, r and s are gray-values of image before and after processing respectively, L is the max
gray value allowed and rmax and rmin are maximum and minimum gray-values in image
respectively. What should we term the transformation function if r1 = r2 = m, some mean gray-
value.
a) Linear function
b) Thresholding function
c) Intermediate function
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: From (r1, s1) = (rmin, 0) and (r2, s2) = (rmax, L – 1), we have s1 = 0 and s2 = L – 1 and if
r1 = r2 = m is set then the result becomes r1 = r2, s1 = 0 and s2 = L – 1, i.e. a thresholding function.
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6. A specific range of gray-levels highlighting is the basic idea of __________

a) Contrast stretching
b) Bit –plane slicing
c) Thresholding
d) Gray-level slicing
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: gray-level slicing is being done by two approach: One approach is to give all gray
level of a specific range high value and a low value to all other gray levels.
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Second approach is to brighten the pixels gray-value of interest and preserve the background.
I.e. in both highlighting of a specific range of gray-level is been done.
7. What is/are the approach(s) of the gray-level slicing?

a) To give all gray level of a specific range high value and a low value to all other gray levels
b) To brighten the pixels gray-value of interest and preserve the background
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: There are basically two approach of gray-level slicing:
One approach is to give all gray level of a specific range high value and a low value to all other
gray levels.
Second approach is to brighten the pixels gray-value of interest and preserve the background.
8. Which of the following transform produces a binary image after processing?

b) Gray-level slicing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The approach of gray-level slicing “to give all gray level of a specific range high
value and a low value to all other gray levels” produces a binary image.
One of the transformation in Contrast stretching darkens the value of r (input image gray-level)
below m (some predefined gray-value) and brightens the value of r above m, giving a binary
image as result.
9. Specific bit contribution in the image highlighting is the basic idea of __________
b) Bit –plane slicing
c) Thresholding
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d) Gray-level slicing
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Bit-plane slicing highlights the contribution of specific bits made to total image,
instead of highlighting a specific gray-level range.
10. In bit-plane slicing if an image is represented by 8 bits and is composed of eight 1-bit plane,
with plane 0 showing least significant bit and plane 7 showing most significant bit. Then, which
plane(s) contain the majority of visually significant data.
a) Plane 4, 5, 6, 7
b) Plane 0, 1, 2, 3
c) Plane 0
d) Plane 2, 3, 4, 5
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In bit-plane slicing, for the given data, the higher-ordered bits (mostly top four)
contains most of the data visually signified.
11. Which of the following helps to obtain the number of bits to be used to quantize each pixel.
a) Gray-level slicing
b) Contrast stretching
c) Contouring
d) Bit-plane slicing
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Bits-plane slicing helps in obtaining the importance played by each bit in the image
by separating the image into bit-plane
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This set of Digital Image Processing Multiple Choice Questions & Answers focuses on “Basics

Of Image Sampling & Quantization”.

3. For a continuous image f(x, y), how could be Sampling defined?

4. For a continuous image f(x, y), Quantization is defined as

5. Validate the statement:

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1. A continuous image is digitised at _______ points.

4. The smallest discernible change in intensity level is called ____________

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9. For Dynamic range ratio the lower limit is determined by

1. The most familiar single sensor used for Image Acquisition is

2. A geometry consisting of in-line arrangement of sensors for image acquisition

3. CAT in imaging stands for

1. Of the following, _________ has the maximum frequency.

3. Wavelength and frequency are related as : (c = speed of light)

4. Electromagnetic waves can be visualised as a

5. How is radiance measured?

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6. Which of the following is used for chest and dental scans?

7. Which of the following is impractical to measure?

8. Massless particle containing a certain amount of energy is called

9. What do you mean by achromatic light?

10. Which of the following embodies the achromatic notion of intensity?

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5. A commercial use of Image Subtraction is ___________

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6. Region of Interest (ROI) operations is commonly called as ___________

7. If every element of a set A is also an element of a set B, then A is said to be a _________ of

1. Noise reduction is obtained by blurring the image using smoothing filter.

2. What is the output of a smoothing, linear spatial filter?

3. Smoothing linear filter is also known as median filter.

4. Which of the following in an image can be removed by using smoothing filter?

5. Which of the following is the disadvantage of using smoothing filter?

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6. Smoothing spatial filters doesn’t smooth the false contours.

a) Sharpening spatial filter

a) Sharpening spatial filter

9. Box filter is a type of smoothing filter.

12. Which of the following filters response is based on ranking of pixels?

13. Median filter belongs to which category of filters?

14. Median filters are effective in the presence of impulse noise.

1. Which of the following expression is used to denote spatial domain process?

3. Which expression is obtained by performing the negative transformation on the negative of an

4. What is the general form of representation of log transformation?

5. What is the general form of representation of power transformation?

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7. Which of the following transformation function requires much information to be specified at

8. In contrast stretching, if r1=s1 and r2=s2 then which of the following is true?

10. In contrast stretching, if r1≤r2 and s1≤s2 then which of the following is true?

1. Which of the following is the primary objective of sharpening of an image?

2. Image sharpening process is used in electronic printing.

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9. Isolated point is also called as noise point.

1. Which of the following make an image difficult to enhance?

2. Which of the following is a second-order derivative operator?

4. Dark characteristics in an image are better solved using ___________

5. What is the smallest possible value of a gradient image?

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