3 Basic Concept of Hazard

DISASTER READINESS
AND
RISK REDUCTION
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2023
Course Outline
❑ Disaster and Disaster Risk
❑ Exposure andVulnerability
❑ Basic Concept of Hazard
❑Earthquake Hazard
❑Volcanic Hazards
❑Other Related Geological Hazard
❑Hydrometeorological Hazard
❑Fire Hazard
❑Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
❑What to expect from the State and the Citizen
BASIC CONC EPT
OF HAZARD
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2023

Basic Concept of Hazard
• Hazards are the potentials for damage
to man and his environment that may
result from the occurrence of natural
events such as volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, floods, and storm surge.
Basic Concept of Hazard
• An event per se does not constitute a
hazard. Without a threat to a
population, the eruption of an isolated
volcano remains an event but when
volcanic activity occurs close to or right
at the center of a populated area, a
mere even becomes a hazard.
Types of Hazard
❑Natural Hazards – hazards that results

from earth’s natural processes. (e.g.
volcanic eruption, earthquakes)
❑Secondary Hazard – are hazards that
resulted or consequence of other
hazards. (e.g. landslides, tsunamis)
Types of Hazard
❑Technological Hazards – man-made

hazards. (e.g. radiation leaks, toxicity of
land due to pesticides)
❑Quasi-natural Hazards – hazards that
results from the interaction of natural
processes and human activities. (smog,
desertification)
Classification of Hazard
❑Geologic Hazards
1. Earthquake (Vibrations, Ground
Rapture, Liquefaction, Earthquake-
induced Landslide,Tsunami)
2. Volcanic Eruption ( Lava Flow,Volcanic
Gas, Pyroclastic flow,Tephra Fall,
Lahar,Volcanic Debris, Avalanche)
❑Geologic Hazards
3. Rainfall-induced landslide
4. Rapid sediment movement
5. Subsidence
6. Sinkhole Formation
7. Impacts with space objects
❑Hydrologic Hazards
1. Floods
2. Wave action
3. Drought
4. Rapid Glacier Avalanche
❑Atmospheric Hazards
1. Typhoons or Hurricanes
2. Thunderstorm
3. Excessive rainfall
4. Tornadoes
5. Heavy snowfalls
6. Hail
7. Blizzards
8. Glaze storm
9. Freezing rain
10. High wind speeds
11. Extreme temperatures
12. Lightning
❑Biologic Hazards
1. Epidemic in humans
2. Epidemic in plants
3. Epidemic in animals
4. Locusts
❑Man-made Hazards
1. Transportation accidents
2. Industrial explosions and fires
3. Accidental release of toxic chemicals,
radiological material, biologic
material, oil, etc.
4. Nuclear accidents
❑Man-made Hazards
5. Collapse of public buildings
6. Weapons of Mass destruction
7. Computer viruses
Hazard Profiling
• Profiling hazards is important in
predicting the possible disasters that a
certain hazard can bring.
They are useful in planning for a
disaster especially if the same impacts
are likely to brought by a hazard that
frequents a certain place.
Hazard Profiling
• Hazards can be profiled in different
ways; magnitude of event (high- scale
or low-scale), frequency (number of
times in a year), duration (short-term or
long-term), and causality effects (direct
or indirect).
Hazard Profiling (Magnitude)
• The magnitude of the hazard can be
assessed by the measurements
obtained from scientific instruments.
Sometimes, scaling can vary depending
on the reference tables used per
country.
Hazard Profiling (Magnitude)
For example, magnitude 5.0 above is
considered high scale in earthquakes
based on the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS). Floods reaching 1.0 meter is
likewise considered high-scale. Typhoons
with winds up to 150 kph are deemed
strong and powerful.
Hazard Profiling (Frequency)
• The frequency of the hazard to occur in

an area is important because it tells
its(area) proneness to hazard. This is
usually, but not always, associated with
the area’s geographical location.
• On Earth or its topographical condition.

For example, a coastal community may
be frequented by storm surges if it
belongs to the typhoon belt.
• Coastal community may be frequented
by flooding, and not storm surges, if its
topography or level of ground is lower
than the sea level.
Hazard Profiling (Duration
• The impact of hazards varies in duration. The
assessment of the duration is either short or
long. In earthquakes for example, the length
of shaking, trembling, and even the after-
shocks are recorded. If this event happened
in a span of more than a minute, the
earthquake is deemed to be long.
Hazard Profiling (Duration
• Another example is the volcanic

eruption that can last for days.
The assessment of this duration can
have implications on how extensive
preparatory activities should be and even
the post disaster plans.
Hazard Profiling (Casualties)
• The impact of hazards can also be

assessed based on the causality of
events, that is, whether the exposed
element receives the likely disaster
directly or indirectly.
Hazard Profiling (Casualties)
• Sometimes, other elements that are

not visibly present in the site of event
also suffer some degree of
consequences because all communities
interact within and outside their
territory.
Answer the following questions:
1. Why natural hazards are

inevitable?
2. When does hazards happen?
3. Why is that, Philippine is an

area prone to hazard?
P H as Hazard Prone Area
• A hazard-prone area is a location where a
natural hazard is likely to happen if
preventive measures are not implemented.
• Due mainly to its geography, the Philippines
is considered prone to natural hazards, and
hence natural disasters as well.
• It is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, an
area surrounding the basin of the Pacific
Ocean where many volcanoes have formed.
Thus, seismic activities such as earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions frequently occur in
the region. Around 90 percent of the world’s
earthquakes occur in this region.
• Another reason the Philippines is considered
prone to disasters is its major tectonic
feature, the Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ). A
fault is a crack or break Earth’s crust along
which rocks have moved. A rapid or sudden
movement of rocks releases a large amount
of seismic waves, which cause the ground to
move or to shake. This sudden shaking of the
ground is called an earthquake.
• The PFZ is a series of interrelated faults that
cut across the country from northwestern
Luzon to southern Mindanao. Some of the
disastrous earthquakes in the Philippines are
located in the PFZ.
• Another reason the Philippines is considered
as hazard-prone area is its location in the
Western Pacific Basin, the part of the world
that is most often visited by typhoons. The
region is also called the typhoon belt. This
explains why an average of 20 typhoons hit
the country every year.
Impacts of Hazards
• The impacts of hazards are the likely
outcome of disaster. The exposed elements
will initially receive all the negative impacts.
In some cases, however, not all the
impacts
of hazards are adverse. Some natural
hazards result in changes that may be
beneficial or supportive of the other existing
elements:
Impacts of Hazards
1. Physical Elements
2. Socioeconomic Elements
3. Environmental Elements
Impacts of Hazards (Socio-economic)
• The positive impacts of hazards on the

socioeconomic elements may be in the form
of introducing new habits, practices,
systems, or values that may be geared
toward the values of resiliency and recovery.
The impacts will induce adaptation on the
part of the affected community.
• They will tend to create new operations or
ways of living that can withstand the next
possible occurrence of the same hazard.
• Hazards can also bring negative impacts to
these types of elements. In the economic
point of view, areas most frequented by
hazards usually would have lower standards
of living or poor living conditions.
• One reason is their inability to join in market

competitions given limited or constrained
resources. They may not be considered in the
network of trade because of their proneness
to a hazard.
Impacts of
Hazards (Environmental)
• Just like other exposed elements, perhaps
the initial impact of hazard to the
ecosystems and other organisms in them
may be disastrous. However, in some cases,
again due to adaptation, or because natural
hazards are natural events and hence part of
the natural cycles on Earth, the occurrence
may benefit certain components of Earth.
• For instance, the ashes spewed out during
the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo revealed to
have made some soils in Zambales fertile.

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DISASTER READINESS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2023

❑Natural Hazards – hazards that results

❑Technological Hazards – man-made

• The frequency of the hazard to occur in

• On Earth or its topographical condition.

• Another example is the volcanic

• The impact of hazards can also be

• Sometimes, other elements that are

1. Why natural hazards are

2. When does hazards happen?

3. Why is that, Philippine is an

• The positive impacts of hazards on the

• One reason is their inability to join in market

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