Environment Management

Environmental Management
Module 1 : Introduction & Definition of

Environment
Faculty Name : Dr. Ashwini Naik

Lecture 1
Introduction & Definition of

Environment
Course Objectives:
1. Understand and identify environmental issues relevant to India and global

concerns
2. Learn concepts of ecology
3. Familiarize environment related legislations
3 Lecture 1 – Introduction to Environment Management

Course Outcomes
CO1: Understand the concept of environmental management.
CO2: Understand ecosystem and interdependence, food chain etc.
CO3: Understand and interpret environment related legislations
Lecture 1 – Introduction to Environment Management

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Module 1 Contents
 Significance of Environment Management for contemporary managers
 Career opportunities
 Environmental issues relevant to India
 Sustainable Development
 The Energy scenario

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Reference Book
 Environmental Management: Principles and Practice, C J Barrow, Routledge

Publishers London, 1999
 A Handbook of Environmental Management Edited by Jon C. Lovett and David

G. Ockwell, Edward Elgar Publishing
 Environmental Management V Ramachandra and Vijay Kulkarni, TERI Press
 Indian Standard Environmental Management Systems — Requirements With

Guidance For Use, Bureau Of Indian Standards, February 2005
 Environmental Management: An Indian Perspective, S N Chary and Vinod

Vyasulu, Maclillan India, 2000
 Introduction to Environmental Management, Mary K Theodore and Louise

Theodore, CRC
Lecture 1 – Introduction to Environment

6 Management
What is Environment Management ?

7 Management
Introduction
 Environmental management seeks to steer the development process to take

advantage of opportunities, try to avoid hazards, mitigate problems, and prepare
people for unavoidable difficulties by improving adaptability and resilience.
 Environmental management is a process concerned with human–environment

interactions
 Seeks to identify: what is environmentally desirable;
 What are the physical, economic, social and technological constraints to achieving
that;
 What are the most feasible options

8
Management
Characteristics of EM
 It supports sustainable development;

 It is often used as a generic term;
 It deals with a world affected by humans
 It demands a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or even ‘holistic’ approach;
 It has to integrate and reconcile different development viewpoints;
 It seeks to co-ordinate science, social science, policy making and planning;
 It is a proactive process;
 It generally embraces the precautionary principle;
 It recognises the desirability of meeting, and if possible exceeding, basic
human needs;
 The timescale involved extends well beyond the short term, and concern
ranges from local to global;
 It should identify opportunities as well as address threats and problems;
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Definition of EM
 An approach which goes beyond natural resources management to encompass the

political and social as well as the natural environment . . . it is concerned with questions
of value and distribution, with the nature of regulatory mechanisms and with
interpersonal, geographic and intergenerational equity (R. Clarke, Birkbeck College,
University of London: personal communication).
 Environmental management – a generic description of a process undertaken by

systems-oriented professionals with a natural science, social science, or, less commonly,
an engineering, law or design background, tackling problems of the human altered
environment on an interdisciplinary basis from a quantitative and/or futuristic
viewpoint
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Scope of EM
Environmental management must do three things:
(1) identify goals;

(2) establish whether these can be met;
(3) develop and implement the means to do what it deems possible.
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A typical scheme of practice adopted for environmental
management
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Lecture 1 Introduction to Environment Management
The evolution of environmental management
 Since prehistory, humankind has accumulated environmental know-how and

developed strategies for exploiting nature.
 To help regulate and sustain resource use people often evolved taboos, superstitions
and common rights, formulated laws to improve stewardship, and
 For centuries some have undertaken resource inventories
Lecture 1 – Lecture 1 Introduction to Environment

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Management
Motivation for environmental management
 Pragmatic reasons – fear or common sense makes people or administrators

seek to avoid a problem.
 Desire to save costs – it may be better to avoid problems or counter them
than suffer the consequences: pollution, species extinction, human deaths,
costly litigation.
 There may also be advantages in waste recovery, energy conservation and
maintaining environmental quality.
 Compliance – individuals, local government, companies, states and so on
may be required by laws, national or international agreement to care for the
environment.
 Shift in ethics – research, the media, individuals or groups of activists may
trigger new attitudes, agreements or laws.
 Macro-economics – promotion of environmental management may lead to
economic expansion: a market for pollution control equipment, use of
recovered waste, more secure and efficient energy and raw materials
supply; or there may be advantages in ‘internalising externalities’.
Lecture 1 – Lecture 1 Introduction to Environment
14 Management
The nature of environmental management
 ‘Management’ is difficult to define precisely – it is a dynamic process which can include

many aspects: reduction of uncertainty, leadership and motivation.
 In addition, ethics, management skills, quality standards, codes of conduct and

transparency are increasingly important.
 Environmental managers once consulted mainly with natural science advisers, planners
and administrators
 Environmental managers now commonly deal with historical data, policy formulation,
social capital and institutional issues, qualitative socio-economic information, social
development, social impact assessment, political ecologists, economists, lawyers,
business personnel, anthropologists and others
 A growing number of businesses and institutions employ environmental managers and

promote the field.
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Lecture 3 – The nature of environmental management
Cont..
 Environmental management has become more co-ordinatorial and participatory

and much more integrative; and it has also spread widely beyond the Western
‘liberal’ democracies where it originated.
 Environmental managers have to prompt awareness by using evidence from

environmental historians, palaeoecologists, archaeologists, geologists, those
modelling and forecasting future social, economic and social changes, and
others interested in human–environment interactions.
 Efforts to improve human material well-being and security have rarely been well
planned, intended to benefit a broad swathe of society and avoid environmental
damage.

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The process and goals of environmental management
 sustaining and, if possible, improving existing resources;

 the prevention and resolution of environmental problems;
 establishing limits;
 founding and nurturing institutions that effectively support environmental
research, monitoring and management;
 warning of threats and identifying opportunities;
 where possible improving ‘quality of life’;
 identifying new technology or policies that are useful.
Lecture 3 – The nature of environmental

17 management
Cont…
 Effective environmental management also demands ‘scoping’ (deciding

goals and setting limits on efforts) before starting to act;
 Some environmental managers express their overall vision and goals by

publishing environmental policy statements – to show intent, identify
priorities and principles, and to give a sense of purpose.
 Environmental managers must ensure there is an optimum balance

between environmental protection and allowing human liberty.
 Establishing where that balance lies depends largely on accepted ethics
 Environmental managers tend to follow risk-aversion strategies, including:

 working to safe minimum standards;
 adopting sustainability constraints;
 following a ‘win–win’ or ‘least regrets’ approach (i.e. actions which seek
benefits whatever the outcome or seek to reduce unwanted impacts,
respectively).
18 Lecture 3 – The nature of environmental management

Approaches to environmental management
 Ad hoc approach: approach developed in reaction to a specific situation.
 Problem-solving approach: follows a series of logical steps to identify problems and

needs and to implement solutions (see Figure 1.1).
 Systems approach: for example,

● ecosystem (mountain; high latitude; savanna; desert; island; lake and so on)
● agro-ecosystem
 Regional approach: mainly ecological zones or biogeophysical units, which may
sometimes be international (i.e. involve different states, e.g. an internationally
shared river basin).
For example, ● watershed , river basin, coastal zone, island, command area
development authority (irrigation-related) . administrative region ,sea (e.g.
Mediterranean; North Sea; Baltic; Aral Sea, etc.).

Cont..
 Specialist discipline approach: often adopted by professionals.

For example, air quality management ,water quality management,
land management , environmental health ,urban management
,ocean management , human ecology approach , tourism
Management/ecotourism , conservation area management.
 Strategic environmental management approach:
 Voluntary sector approach: environmental management by, or encouraged
and supported by, NGOs.
For example, debt-for-nature swaps , private reserves , ‘ginger
groups’ which try to prompt environmental management , private
funding for research or environmental management.
 Commercial approach: environmental management for business/public
bodies.
 Political economy or political ecology approach
 Human ecology approach

20 management
Classification EM
Environmental management may be subdivided into a number of fields,
 sustainable development issues;
 environmental assessment, modelling, forecasting and ‘hindcasting’ (using history or
palaeoecology for future scenario prediction), and impact studies;
 corporate environmental management activities;
 pollution recognition and control;
 environmental economics;
 environmental enforcement and legislation;
 environment and development institutions (including NGOs) and ethics; environmental
management systems and quality issues;
 environmental planning and management;
 assessment of stakeholders involved in environmental management;
 environmental perceptions and education;
 community participation for environmental management/sustainable development;
 institution building for environmental management/sustainable development;
 biodiversity conservation;
 natural resources management
 environmental rehabilitation/restoration;
 environmental politics;
 environmental aid and institution building.

21 management
The concept of ‘limits’ to development
 levels of consumption of the population (i.e. lifestyle);
 the type of technology used to satisfy consumption and dispose of waste

(Harrison, 1990);
 environmental conditions and/or environmental change.

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Time Horizon of World Model

Environmental issues relevant to India
 Environmental problems are becoming serious in India because of the

interacting effects of increasing population density, industrialization and
urbanization, and poor environmental management practices.
Some of the major factors responsible for increasing the severity of the
problems.
 Lack of political commitment

 lack of a comprehensive environmental policy,
 poor environmental awareness,
 functional fragmentation of the public administration system
 poor mass media concern, and
 prevalence of poverty
24 Lecture 4: Environmental issues relevant to India

Major Environmental issues
Lecture 4: Environmental issues relevant to

25 India
Pollution of Environmental Media

Air Pollution
 The emission of any impurity

into the air, such as smoke
(including tobacco smoke),
dust, cinders, solid particles,
gases, mists, fumes, odours and
radioactive substances.
 Air pollution and smoke

in New Delhi

Smoke from Factories
 Wadala residents say factory

fumes are triggering
headaches

Water Pollution
Lecture 4: Environmental issues relevant to

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India
Surface Water Pollution

Ground Water Pollution
Lecture 4: Environmental issues relevant to India

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Marine Water Pollution

Land Pollution:
 Plastic bag and general

waste dump beside
communal toilets on
riverbank

Hazardous wastes and Chemicals

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Land Degradation

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Lecture 6
Sustainable development
Sustainable development
 Sustainable development has three component goals: economic development

(especially poverty reduction); social development; environmental protection.
 Sustainable development is a key goal for environmental management.
 A goal of sustainable development may be used to help integrate diverse interests that
would probably co-operate.
 A definition which has become well known is: ‘to meet the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’
 Sustainability and sustainable development are not the same
 Sustainability is the quantification of status and progress (environmental or social)

and the goal of the sustainable development process.
37 Lecture 6 – Sustainable development

Strong & Weak
 Environmental economists often split sustainable development into two extremes:

strong and weak.
 Strong –
• The existing stock of natural capital should be maintained or improved.
• Rejection of strategies such as substitution (e.g. not burning oil, which is
non-renewable, and then invest some of the profit in sustainable energy
sources such as wind generators).
• The same amount of natural capital is passed on to future generations.
• Human misery is acceptable as a cost of reaching sustainable
development
• This means that development must be based on natural capital that can
be regenerated.

Strong & Weak
 Weak –
 The costs of attaining sustainable development are carefully weighed in
human terms
 unpleasant impacts are resisted, even if sustainable development is
delayed or endangered.
 Substitution is possible – i.e. if need be it is permissible to trade natural
capital through substitution (future generations receive about the same
total capital, but it may have been changed).
 What cannot yet be substituted is protected.
 Broadly, this viewpoint concedes that existing economics and development
strategies may be used .

Major decision-making steps in a typical environmental
management process
 Sustainable development is widely held to have three goals: economic
growth, environmental protection, and the health and happiness of people
 Plenty of academics have noted the conflict within the concept of

sustainable development – between wishing to remain within environmental
limits and seeking growth or development
 Sustainable development is a prime objective of environmental

management, but it is a challenge to find effective and workable strategies
 There has been no shortage of international meetings, agencies and NGOs

promoting sustainable development

Major decision-making steps in a typical environmental
management process

Strategies needed to ensure the Sustainable development
 Environmental management can support sustainable development by:

• identifying key issues;
• clarifying threats, opportunities and limits;
• establishing feasible boundaries and strategies
• monitoring to reduce the chance of surprises.
 The range of tools and approaches for the measurement, management and
promotion of sustainable development are growing.
 Promising approaches include strategic sustainable development ,

integrated appraisal; and industrial ecology
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Lecture 6 – Sustainable development
Energy Scenario
• Energy is the capacity to do work
Lecture 2 – Computer based

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Information System
Global Warming
Global Warming – Increase in Global temperatures.

 Abnormally high levels of Carbon di oxide concentrated in atmosphere
 Normal Co2 levels : Short wave and Long wave Radiation

 Sun emits short wave radiation (light waves)
 Short wave radiation is either absorbed in the earth’s surfaces or reflected back in to
space
Lecture 2 – Computer based Information System

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Effects of Global Warming
 Changes in climatic patterns
 Melting icecaps & glaciers
 Rise in sea level
 Coral reef bleaching
 Changes in biosphere
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Acid Rain
 Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic,
meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).
 Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids
 The chemicals in acid rain can cause paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such
as bridges, and erosion of stone statues.
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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND OZONE DEPLETION
 The two primary components of climate change include

(1) temperature elevation with concomitant weather instability and extremes and
(2) rising sea-level due to thermoexpansion.
These changes may result in

 an increased frequency of heat waves and
 hazardous air pollution episodes,
 reduced soil moisture,
 higher incidence of disruptive weather events,
 coastal inundation
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Public health effects from the major components of global climate change
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Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
 Stratospheric ozone depletion is occurring primarily from reactions with halogen free
radicals from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), along with other halocarbons and methyl
bromide.
 Ozone specifically blocks the penetration of ultraviolet B radiation (UVB), which

contains the most biologically destructive wavelengths.
 UVB levels are expected to rise disproportionately in temperate and arctic zones, since
a clear relationship has been established between higher latitudes and the extent of
ozone thinning
 The direct health impacts from stratospheric ozone depletion, which leads to increased
ambient UVB radiation, include (1) skin cancer (2) ocular diseases and (3)
immunosuppression.
 Indirect effects to health may occur from crop damage by ultraviolet radiation.
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Hazardous Waste
 With increasing manufacturing processes, solid, liquid, and/or gaseous emissions

generate as by‐products.
 Some of these wastes are potentially harmful to human health and environment and
thus need special techniques of management.
 Wastes are classified as hazardous if they exhibit one or more of ignitability,

corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity.
 According to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), hazardous wastes

are defined as any waste or combination of wastes which pose a substantial present
or potential hazard to human health or living organisms because such wastes are
non‐degradable or persistent in nature or because they can be biologically magnified
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Characteristics of Hazardous waste
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Industrial wastes
• Waste generated from industrial sources can have non‐hazardous and hazardous
components, with non‐hazardous waste usually representing the greater part of the
volume.
• The hazardous component of this waste is relatively small in volume
• This type of waste was identified as hazardous waste when proceeds toxicity test,
corrosively test, ignitability test, and some special character test.
• As a hazardous pollutant, it may impose serious impacts on surrounding environment

and such impacts should be quantitatively examined to assess the influence on human
health
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Household waste
 Households generate small quantities of hazardous wastes such as oil‐based

paints, paint thinners, wood preservatives, pesticides, insecticides, household
cleaners, used motor oil, antifreeze, and batteries.
 It has been estimated that household hazardous waste in industrialized

countries such as the United States accounts for a total of about 0.5% (by
weight) of all waste generated at home, while in most developing countries,
the percentage probably is even lower
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Biomedical waste
 Healthcare waste that is capable of producing injury or disease including many

sorts of hazardous wastes such as:
 Infectious waste
 Pathological waste
 Sharps
 Pharmaceutical waste
 Genotoxic waste
 Chemical waste
 Waste with high content of heavy metals
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Radioactive waste
 Nuclear applications have been rapidly developed recently, and several nuclear
power plants started to work throughout the world.
 The potential impact of released radioactive contaminants into the environment

has received growing attention due to nuclear accidents.
 Contamination of soil and water by radionuclides due to natural processes,

global fallout from nuclear weapon testing, discharges from nuclear installations,
disposal of nuclear waste, and occasional nuclear accidents (i.e., Chernobyl in
1986 and Fukushima in 2011) poses serious problems to biological systems.
 Radioactive waste includes a variety of radionuclides and occurs in a variety of

physical and chemical forms.
 It can be generally classified as low‐/intermediate‐level radioactive waste and

high‐level radioactive waste
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Hazardous Waste Management
 Waste management is an important component of environmental policy all

over the world.
 Priority of hazardous solid waste for environmental protection is formulated
on source reduction and reuse, recycling, treatment, and landfilling
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Waste Managemnet
 Radioactive waste management involves many steps keeping the position of

radioactivity clean.
 As nuclear power and arsenal grow, continuous monitoring and immobilization

of waste over several decades and centuries and deposition in safe repositories
assume great relevance and importance.
 The overall waste management generally includes the following steps:

segregation and sorting of the radioactive wastes, treatment, conditioning,
storage, transport, and final disposal.
 To achieve a satisfactory overall waste management strategy, component steps

must be complementary and compatible with each other
 For every nuclear activity, there should be a waste minimization program that aims to
reduce the amount of generated wastes.
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Waste minimization
 Waste minimization is a process aimed to reduce the amount and activity of

waste to a level as low as reasonably achievable.
 This process is now applied at all stages of nuclear processing from power
plant design through operation to decommissioning.
 It consists of reducing waste generation as well as recycling, reuse, and

treatment, with due consideration for both primary wastes from the original
nuclear cycle and secondary wastes generated by reprocessing and
clean‐up operations
 Some wastes may require treatment for safety, handling, or stability for
interim storage reasons.
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Waste minimization
 Treatment methods can be generally classified as chemical, physical, and/or

biological.
 According to IAEA, the disposal of radioactive waste is defined as the emplacement

of waste in an approved specific facility that is intended to isolate the waste from
human and environment and to prevent or limit a release of potentially harmful
substances such that human health and the environment are protected.
 Safety strategy for radioactive waste containment and isolation for the proposed
storage and transportation focuses on two objectives:
(1) to provide stabilization of the radioactive waste within the including package and
(2) to limit the radiation exposure dose of the public during the transportation or other
handling processes
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Loss of Biodiversity
 Biodiversity is the number and variety of organisms found in a specifi c

region.
 The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which

coordinates efforts to catalogue and preserve biodiversity worldwide,
defines biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all
sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the
ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within
species, between species, and of ecosystems.”
 Part of biodiversity also includes the variety of Earth’s ecosystems.
 In order for biodiversity to remain high, diverse ecosystems need to remain

sustainable.
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 Preserving and protecting individual species and the ecosystems they

inhabit are critical to maintaining biodiversity on Earth.
 Scientists use several methods to measure biodiversity. Th ese include

canopy fogging, quadrat sampling, transect sampling, and netting. Th e
method used depends on the types of organisms ecologists are counting
and on the habitat.
 over the past 50 years have been the cause of record losses in species –
tens to hundreds of times faster than the natural rate of extinction over the
past 10 million years. Since 1970 alone, vertebrate populations have fallen
by 40 per cent for land-based species, 84 per cent for freshwater species
and 35 per cent for marine species.
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 This is happening due to a number of human activities: accelerating land-

use change such as through farming and logging, overusing our seas and
oceans such as through fishing, polluting our air, soil and water systems,
hunting and also – voluntarily or involuntarily – transporting invasive species
across distant regions. And this is happening on an unprecedented,
worldwide scale.
 One of the things the report highlights is the deep dependence of all
humans on nature. We depend on nature to have a fulfilling life no matter
where we live – often without realizing it. We depend on nature for our
physical sustenance, cultural continuity and sense of identity.
 Exception of the production of food, energy and raw materials, all of the
other contributions nature gives to people – about 14 out 18 kinds – are
declining globally.
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 Furthermore, climate change is increasingly interacting with all of the other

human-induced drivers of biodiversity loss in complex ways, so the future
looks extremely grim for most people around the world, and much worse for
some more than others in just the next 30-40 years.
 This loss of biodiversity reportedly poses as serious, and urgent, a threat to

humans as climate change.
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and widespread public

protests
 The report sheds light on how the issues of sustainable development,

climate change and biodiversity are interrelated.
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 The three instruments you mention need to consider all three pillars – a
good quality of life for all, the climate and biodiversity
 There are a number of fixes that can be done easily and quickly such as
creating more protected areas, improving waste treatment systems, banning
plastics, improving fishing gear and recycling more. This can all help
enormously but only if done together because on their own it’s won’t be
enough.
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Endangered life-species
 Any species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or part of its range.
Specially Protected Areas
 'Endangered' in relation to a particular migratory species means that the

migratory species is danger of extinction throughout all or a significant
portion of its range.
 Species are one element of biodiversity.
 There has been growing realisation over the last hundred years that
humanity is influencing the natural world and is responsible for the
extinction of numerous species.
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 Endangerment is the exposure to risk. The exact origin of the concept is

ambiguous.
 In the late 19th century there were a number of books published about the
decline in British species .
 The first American piece of legislation for endangered species, the Lacey
Act, was established in 1900, written in response to growing public concern
over the decline of the passenger pigeon .
 Mounting concern over the loss of species over subsequent decades

resulted in widespread enactment of associated national legislation across
the world.
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 The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of

Threatened Species global approach for evaluating the conservation status
of plant and animal species.
 The goal of the IUCN Red List is to provide information and analyses on the
status, trends and threats to species in order to inform and catalyse action
for biodiversity conservation.
 Identifying species at risk of extinction is often the first step in their

protection and lists of endangered species are produced to help inform
conservation priorities
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzY-sDXpV3k
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Industrial/Man-made disasters,
 Disasters can be defined as a sudden, accidental event of great magnitude

that causes considerable damage to life and property.
 They are sudden, drastic and normally occur without any alarm or warning.
 Some disasters may be short lived such as earthquakes and some other
may be of long duration, such as floods.
 However, irrespective of the duration of a disaster, the damage in the form

of deaths, injuries and losses of property is immense.
 The magnitude of the disasters can be judged by the fact that only during
the past two decades, occurrences of floods, earthquakes, landslides,
cyclones, etc. have killed several million people.
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Classification of Disaster
 Most of the disasters have a natural origin, however, some disasters are
manmade as well. On this basis, disasters can be broadly classified into two
groups:
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Natural disasters
 When disasters occur due to natural forces they are called natural disasters,
over which man has hardly any control.
 Some common natural disasters are earthquakes, landslides floods,
droughts, cyclones, etc.
 Tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and wildfires are also included under natural
disasters. These disasters cause enormous loss to life and property.
 Earthquakes:
 An earthquake is the shaking of the earth’s surface caused by rapid
movement of the earth’s crust or outer layer.
 Ever since it came into existence 4.6 billion years ago, the earth has been a
dynamic, evolving system.
 The position of the different continents and oceans that we see today, has
changed a number of times in the earth’s history.
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Earthquake
• The Earth’s outer layer or crust is made up of a number of zig-saw pieces like structures
that interlock into one another.
• These pieces are called tectonic plates.
• These plates are in continuous motion over the mantle, which is known as tectonic
movements.
• These tectonic processes are also responsible for the mountain building processes.
• The plates that are moving past over one another are slowed by friction along their
boundaries.
• Due to this, the rocks are under strain.
• When the stress on the rocks exceeds certain limits, the rocks rupture and form a fault
along which the rocks are displaced during tectonic movements.
• This sudden rupture of the rocks releases energy in the form of earthquake waves.
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Volcano
 Volcanoes can also form where

there is stretching and thinning of
the crust's interior plates, e.g., in
the East African Rift and the Wells
Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and
Rio Grande Rift in North America.
This type of volcanism falls under
the umbrella of "plate hypothesis“.
 A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows
hot lava , volcanic ash , and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
 Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that
float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle.
 Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or
converging.
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Tsunami
 It is a Japanese term meaning ‘harbour waves’.

 Tsunamis are massive sea waves that are mainly caused due to
earthquakes in the ocean floor or possibly due to an undersea landslide or
volcanic eruption.
 When the ocean floor is tilted or offset during an earthquake a set of waves
is created similar to the concentric waves generated by an object dropped
into the water.
 These waves are massive in size and gain height as they approach the
seashore.
 Tsunamis up to the height of 30 m are recorded. Tsunamis are the most
catastrophic among natural disasters as they affect a very wide
geographical area.
 The tsunami of 26 December, 2004 killed around three lakh people and
affected parts of Indonesia, Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India, Sri
Lanka and even Somalia.
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Tsunami
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Floods
 Floods refer to the ‘inundation of large parts of land which otherwise remain
dry by water for some duration of time’.
 Floods are one of the most common natural disasters occurring in many
parts of the world every year.
 Floods occur due to heavy rainfall within a short duration of time in a
particular region which causes the rivers and streams to overflow.
 Since most of the precipitation occurs within span of two to three months
during the rainy season, most floods occur during that time.
 The floods in the mountainous regions due to cloudbursts or damming of
streams are referred to as flash-floods.
 In flash-floods, the water drains away quickly but only after causing
extensive damage.
 The plain areas of a region which are drained by a number of rivers, are the
places most affected by floods.
78
Floods
In India, states like Assam, Bihar and parts of Gangetic Uttar Pradesh are quite prone
to floods during the rainy season. The Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers and their
tributaries are most susceptible to floods.
79
Drought
 Drought is a condition of abnormally dry weather within a geographic region.

 Drought refers to the lack or insufficiency of rain for an extended period of
time in a specific region.
 During droughts, rainfall is less than normal causing a water imbalance and
resultant water shortage.
 It occurs when the rate of evaporation and transpiration exceeds
precipitation for a considerable period.
 Drought should not be confused with dry climate, as in the Sahara or Thar
Desert.
 It is marked by an unusual scarcity of water and food for the humans as well
as animals.
80
Drought
The main drought prone areas of the country are parts of Rajasthan , Maharashtra,
Karnataka , Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh.
81
Cyclones
 Cyclone is an area of low atmospheric pressure surrounded by a wind

system blowing in anti-clockwise direction, formed in the northern
hemisphere.
 In common terms, cyclone can be described as a giant circular storm
system.
 In a cyclone, the wind speed must be more than 119 km/hr.
 Cyclones generate in the seas and oceans and move with a very high
speed towards the land.
 Cyclones form when moisture evaporates from the warm oceans during the
hot season.
 The air rises, condenses and gathers momentum as it moves over the
ocean.
 Due to the extreme low pressure in the Centre, more and more air rushes
inwards and it grows to a considerable size and intensity
82
Cyclones
83
Landslides
 Landslides refer to a rapid down-slope movement of rocks or soil mass

under the force of gravity.
 It is also known as slope failure and mass wasting. Landslides may be
typed as mudflow where there is down-slope movement of soil and debris
flow, which is the down-slope movement of coarse material and rocks.
 Landslides may occur when water from rain and melting snow, seeps
through the earth on a sloppy surface and encounters a layer of loose,
unstable material such as clay.
 Landslides mostly occur on unstable hillsides by the action of rain or snow
that seep through the soils and rocks.
 This results in the sliding of earth and rock masses down the hill slopes.
 These are further triggered due to deforestation and human encroachment
on unstable slopes.
 All the hilly regions of our country are prone to landslides.
84
Landslides
85
Man-Made Disasters
 Man-made disasters are the result of carelessness or human errors during

technological and industrial use.
 The disasters are in the form of accidents, which occur all of a sudden and
take a huge toll on life and property.
 Mostly such disasters cause injuries, diseases and casualties where they
occur
 Local disasters:
 These are small-scale disasters such as train accidents, plane crashes
and shipwrecks
86
Industrial and technological disasters
 These are much larger in scale and are the result of technology failures or
industrial accidents.
 Such disasters affect both local population and may even cover a much
larger area. Industrial disasters result due to accidental leakage of water or
air pollutants.
 Many of the chemicals are extremely toxic and carcinogenic which affect the
human population in an adverse way.
 Some people die instantly while others are crippled for whole life in the form
of blindness, paralysis and many other chronic diseases.
87
Industrial and technological disasters
88
Bhopal Gas Tragedy (BGT)
 The most serious industrial disaster occurred on December 3, 1984 at

Bhopal, India, which is known as the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (BGT).
 The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred due to leakage of methyl isocyanides
(MIC) gas from the factory of Union Carbide of India Ltd. MIC gas is used as
an ingredient in pesticides.
 It leaked from the factory and formed the deadly cloud over Bhopal.
 People living in slums in the vicinity of the factory were the most affected
and more than 5000 people were killed, half of them due to direct exposure
and other half due to after affects.
 MIC is a colourless gas which causes severe irritation, violent coughing,
swelling of the lungs, bleeding and death due to direct inhalation.
 It also caused loss of eye-sight in more than 1000 people. More than 50,000
people were affected with respiratory, eye, gastric, neurological and
gynecological problems.
89
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
 This nuclear disaster occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, which
was one of the largest power plants in the Ukrainian Republic of erstwhile
USSR, on April 26, 1986.
 It is the worst nuclear disaster recorded in a nuclear power plant. This
nuclear power plant had four reactors of 1000 megawatt each for electricity
generation.
 A sudden power surge resulted in two explosions, which destroyed the
reactor core and blasted a large hole in the roof of the reactor building.
 The Radioactive debris moved up through that hole to heights of 1 km.
 Approximately 100 to 150 million curies of radiation (radioactive isotopes of
iodine and caesium) escaped into the atmosphere.
 To reduce emissions, the rescue team bombarded the reactor with 5,000
metric tonnes of shielding material consisting of lead, boron, sand and clay.
 Soviet officials placed the toll of human lives to 31.
90
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
91
Terrorism
 Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence for
political or religious purposes.
 It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in
the context of war against non combatants (mostly civilians and neutral
military personnel).
 The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution
of the late 18th century but gained mainstream popularity in the 1970s
during the conflicts of Northern Ireland, the Basque Country and Palestine.
 There are various different definitions of terrorism, with no universal
agreement about it.
 Terrorism is a charged term. It is often used with the connotation of
something that is "morally wrong".
 Governments and non-state groups use the term to abuse or denounce
opposing groups.
 Varied political organizations have been accused of using terrorism to
achieve their objectives.
92
Terrorism
93
Terrorism
94
War
 Disasters are also caused by socio-political conflicts that escalate into

violence
 War is defined as a conflict between to large groups of population, which
involves physical force, violence and the use of weapons. Sometimes war is
identified by such terms as “armed conflict”, not only for populist reasons, but
to avoid national and international law concerning warfare.
 A civil war defines a conflict between two opposed parties within one country.
 A Guerrilla War defines the conflict of small, independent, partisan fighters
who oppose a ruling government.
 A conflict can result from economic measures such as boycotts and
sanctions.
 Riot defines the moment when a protest or an act of civil disobedience
escalates into violence (between two crowds), either accidentally or on
purpose.
95
War
96
Environmental Policies
 The Ministry of Environment and Forests is primarily concerned with the

implementation of policies and programmes relating to conservation of the
country’s natural resources including lakes and rivers, its bio-diversity,
forests and wildlife, ensuring the welfare of animals and prevention and
abatement of pollution.
 The broad objectives of the Ministry are:

• Conservation and survey of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife,
• Prevention and control of pollution,
• Afforestation and regeneration of degraded areas,
• Protection of the environment, and
• Ensuring the welfare of animals.
Lecture 3: Impact of IT on organizations, Importance of IS to

97
Society
 These objectives are well supported by a

 set of legislative and regulatory measures,
 aimed at the preservation,
 conservation and protection of the environment.
 Besides the legislative measures, a National Conservation Strategy and Policy

Statement on Environment and Development, 1992, National Forest Policy,
1988, a Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution, 1992 and a National
Environment Policy, 2006 have also been evolved.
Lecture 3: Impact of IT on organizations, Importance of IS to

98
Society
 The Working Group on Environment and Environmental Regulatory

Mechanisms for the Environment and Forest sector for the 11th Five Year
Plan set up Six sub groups to examine and recommend possible strategies
and approaches.
 A sub group was set up for each of the thematic areas:

• Air pollution,
• Water pollution,
• Land degradation,
• Solid Waste Management,
• International Cooperation and Regulatory Regimes.
99 Lecture 3: Impact of IT on organizations, Importance of IS to Society

The National Environment Policy
 Human Beings are at the Centre of Sustainable Development Concerns
 The Right to Development
 Environmental Protection is an Integral part of the Development Process
 The Precautionary Approach
 Economic Efficiency
 Other Policies
10
0
Regulatory Mechanism and Assessment
The following rules under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 further
complement the provisions under the Act
• The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986

• The Manufacture, Storage and import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989
amended 2000
• The Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 amended
2000, 2003
• The Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous micro-
organisms Genetically engineered organisms or cells Rules, 1989
• The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and
Response) Rules, 1996
• The Bio – Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 as
amended 2000 and 2003.
• The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation) Control Rules, 2000
10
1
Existing Schemes and Programmes
 Central Pollution Control Board

 Industrial Pollution Abatement through Preventive Strategies
 Establishment of Environment Protection Authorities and Environment
Commission and Tribunal
 Assistance for Abatement of Pollution and Environment Policy & Law
 Clean Technology
 Creation of Management Structure for Management Substances
 Environmental Impact Assessment
 Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP)
 Taj Protection Mission
10
2
CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
 Environmental quality refers to the quality of the total environment.

 The concept of environmental quality encompasses the following four broad
areas:
 shelter, which depends upon the quality and adequacy of residential,
commercial, and industrial buildings;
 public health and safety, which concern the prevention of diseases,
accidents, and pollution of air, water, soil etc.;
 efficiency factor of the environment, which facilitates various human
activities and movement; and
 creation of an environment, which maximizes peoples' comfort and
enjoyment of living. This area has more of intangible amenity variables
such as privacy or visual and aesthetic beauty.
10
3
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
 Environmental Management Planning
 Environmental Impact Assessment
 Environmental Auditing
 Life Cycle Assessment and Management
10 Lecture 3: Impact of IT on organizations, Importance of IS to

4 Society
Environmental Management Planning
• Human population
• Sustainability
• Global perspective
• Urbanization
• Newer and emerging technologies
• Values and knowledge
10 Lecture 3: Impact of IT on organizations, Importance of IS to

5 Society
Environmental Impact Assessment
• EIA Studies
• The areas of study are: land-use, water-use, soil, hydrology, water
quality, meteorology, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecology, and
noise.
• Methodology of EIA
10
6
Environmental Auditing
The common types of audits carried out for different aspects of EIA process
are:
1. Decision point audit - examines the effectiveness of EIA as a decision
making tool.
2. Implementation audit - ensures that consented conditions have been met.
3. Performance audit - examines the responses of agencies concerned with
project management.
4. Project impact audit - examines environmental changes arising from project
implementation.
5. Prediction technique audit - examines the accuracy and utility of predictive
techniques by comparing actual against predicted environmental effects.
6. EIA procedure audit - critically examines the methods and approach adopted
during the EIA study.
10
7
Life Cycle Assessment and Management
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool that can be used to evaluate the
environmental effects of a product, process, or activity that are the outcome
of, or that happens repeatedly, in a production process in a cyclic manner.
• It evaluates the environmental effects associated with any given activity

from the initial gathering of raw materials from earth such as petroleum, coal,
ores and so on, up to the point at which all materials are returned to the
earth
10
8
10
9
The LCA methodology has four stages:

i) Goal definition and scoping,
ii) Life cycle inventory (LCI),
iii) Impact assessment (IA), and
iv) Improvement assessment.
110
111
An overview of IS0 14000 Environmental Management System
112
An IS0 14001 Environmental Management System Model
113
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Environmental Management

Module 1 : Introduction & Definition of

Faculty Name : Dr. Ashwini Naik

Introduction & Definition of

1. Understand and identify environmental issues relevant to India and global

2. Learn concepts of ecology

3. Familiarize environment related legislations

3 Lecture 1 – Introduction to Environment Management

CO1: Understand the concept of environmental management.

CO2: Understand ecosystem and interdependence, food chain etc.

CO3: Understand and interpret environment related legislations

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Environment Management

 Significance of Environment Management for contemporary managers

 Environmental issues relevant to India

 The Energy scenario

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Environment Management

 Environmental Management: Principles and Practice, C J Barrow, Routledge

 A Handbook of Environmental Management Edited by Jon C. Lovett and David

 Environmental Management V Ramachandra and Vijay Kulkarni, TERI Press

 Indian Standard Environmental Management Systems — Requirements With

 Environmental Management: An Indian Perspective, S N Chary and Vinod

 Introduction to Environmental Management, Mary K Theodore and Louise

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Environment

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Environment

 Environmental management seeks to steer the development process to take

 Environmental management is a process concerned with human–environment

 Seeks to identify: what is environmentally desirable;

 What are the most feasible options

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Environment

 It supports sustainable development;

 An approach which goes beyond natural resources management to encompass the

 Environmental management – a generic description of a process undertaken by

Environmental management must do three things:

(1) identify goals;

 Since prehistory, humankind has accumulated environmental know-how and

 For centuries some have undertaken resource inventories

Lecture 1 – Lecture 1 Introduction to Environment

 Pragmatic reasons – fear or common sense makes people or administrators

 ‘Management’ is difficult to define precisely – it is a dynamic process which can include

 In addition, ethics, management skills, quality standards, codes of conduct and

 A growing number of businesses and institutions employ environmental managers and

 Environmental management has become more co-ordinatorial and participatory

 Environmental managers have to prompt awareness by using evidence from

Lecture 3 – The nature of environmental management

 sustaining and, if possible, improving existing resources;

Lecture 3 – The nature of environmental

 Effective environmental management also demands ‘scoping’ (deciding

 Some environmental managers express their overall vision and goals by

 Environmental managers must ensure there is an optimum balance

 Environmental managers tend to follow risk-aversion strategies, including:

18 Lecture 3 – The nature of environmental management

 Ad hoc approach: approach developed in reaction to a specific situation.

 Problem-solving approach: follows a series of logical steps to identify problems and

 Systems approach: for example,

19 Lecture 3 – The nature of environmental management

 Specialist discipline approach: often adopted by professionals.

Lecture 3 – The nature of environmental

Lecture 3 – The nature of environmental

 levels of consumption of the population (i.e. lifestyle);