PC-CDI4 REVIEWER- MIDTERM EXAM

A - Assume nothing but pretend to assume Judicial Investigation - formal legal investigation conducted in a matter of
B - Believe no one but pretend to believe public concern by a judge
C - Check everything but pretend to check nothing Judicial Confession - plea of guilty in arraignment
Extra - Judicial Confession - statement made by the suspect outside the
SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION - consists of special investigative court
techniques that concentrates upon obtaining physical evidence, its collection Confession - it is a declaration made at any time by a person, voluntarity
and preservation with the collaboration of crime laboratories acknowledging that he had committed or participated in the commission of
- it is a study of modern techniques in the investigation of a serious and crime.
specific crime includes M,H,R,A,R,AK,B,CN,CN.
- it focuses on specific crimes by which their nature are complex and QUALITIES OF INVESTIGATOR
difficult to solve.
1. Perseverance
CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLE S OF CRIME INVESTIGATION 2. Incorruptible honesty and integrity
3. Endurance
Investigation - an examination, study ,analysis, research of facts for the 4. The intelligence and wisdom of solomon
purpose of rendering a conclusion of proof. 5. The knowledge of psychological and other natural sciences-
6. Acting Ability
Crime Detection and Investigations - both an art an d a science 7. Mastery of oral and written communication
8. The keen power of observation and description
Criminal investigation seeks all facts associated with a crime to 9. Courage
determined the truth. 10. Working knowledge of criminal law,evidence, criminal procedures and
special penal laws
TERMS AND DEFINITION : 11. Sense of justice and fair play
Criminal Investigator - skilled person who is in-charge with the duty of 12. The power to read between the line
conducting in investigation. 13. Working knowledge of martial arts and firearm proficiency

Crime Scene - place where the crime has been committed THREE (3) TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGAON

Suspect - person though to be guilty of the crime has been committed. 1. Information - the knowledge of fact that investigator have gathered and
Person of Interest - a person who believed to be possibly involved in a acquired from persons or documents which concerns with criminal activity
commission of crime but not been arrested. 2. Instrumentation - process of applying instrument in criminal detection.

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3. Crime reconstruction - assessment made by the investigator after the

crime investigation on how the crime is committed.

INFORMATION CLASSIFIED AS TO SOURCE: CLASSES OF EVIDENCE

1. Regular Source - records, files from agencies, new items 1. Object or real evidence -it is tangible evidence such scars that are visible
2. Cultivated Source - these information’s by informants evidence of injury or murder weapon
3. Grapevine Source- coming from underworld character such prisoner or 2. Documentary evidence - it consists of any writing material such letters,
ex-convict numbers, symbols and any mode of writing expression that can be use as
proof by its content
Interrogation - process of obtaining an admission or confession from those 3. Testimonial Evidence - can be an oral or written assertion offered to court
suspect as proof of what is truth and what is being stated. ( ORAL - what a witness
Field inquiry - general questioning of all individuals at the crime scene says during the trial. WRITTEN - can be affidavit or deeds of sales )
conducted by investigator. 4. Documentary evidence - immovable evidence like cars in the accident

OBJECTIVES OF INVESTIGATION EVIDENCE AS TO MATERIALITY

1. Identify the perpetrator 1. Material evidence - tend to prove the facts in issue of a case
2. Locate the offender 2. Immaterial evidence - does not tend to prove the facts of an issue
3. Provide evidence to prove his guilt
4. Act as a witness in favor of the prosecutor EVIDENCE AS TO ADMISSIBILITY
1. Competent evidence - not excluded by the laws and rules
IDENTIFICATION OF CRIMINALS 2. Inadmissibility evidence - excluded by the laws and rules
1. By admission or confession of the criminal himself
2. By identification and testimonies made by witnesses EVIDENCE AS TO RELEVANCY
3. Identification based on evidence 1. Relevant evidence - tending to prove or disprove a material facts
4. Identification based on modus operandi 2. Irrelevant or unrelated evidence - no tendency in reason to established the
probability of the facts in issue
EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL CASES
1. Guilt or the accused has to be proven beyond reasonable doubt EVIDENCE AS TO ORIGINALITY
2. An offer of compromise by the accused may be received in evidence as an 1. Primary evidence - law regards as affecting the greatest certainty of the
implied admission of guilt facts ( e.g., which are visible in CS like cadaver, body , weapon )
3. The accused enjoys the presumption of innocence under the constitution
4. The concept of confession is applicable

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2. Secondary Evidence - evidence itself indicates the existence of a more - in begins with general examination of all facts, and other types of
original source of information ( e.g., supporting info’s of witnesses, DNA, information secured during prelim investigation
finger print) -Tracing and locating criminals
3. Concluding Investigation ( Final investigation)
-the outgrow of previous stage
HISTORICAL FEATURE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS - Investigators work closely to the prosecution
-provide evidence for the guilt of the suspect
1. Jonathan Wild - most famous theft catcher in 1720’s SIGNIFICANCE OF RECONSTRUCTIVE THE PAST
-His methods made popular : employing a theft to catch a theft. 1. People -social being and information on them can usually be founded in
2. Henry Fielding - an English man who wrote entitled “ TOM JONES “ the possession of family.
-appointed as magistrate (sheriff) in Westminster and Middle Age, - can be pick accidentally through those witness who saw the victim of
London. crime.
- creator of “BOW STREET RUNNER” while he was a magistrate
3. Sir John Fielding - took over the control of BOW STREET COURT in 2. Physical evidence - any object or material in nature is potential evidence
1753 (PURPOSE: to answer the question arises during the conduct of
4. Eugene “ Francois “ VIDOCQ - he was criminal who turned to be Paris investigation or trial that may lead to convict the criminal.)
Investigator
-notorious theft-catcher in France 3. Records - very important physical evidence.
- he is the founder of L.A Suerte
( FRANCE NATIONAL DETECTIVE ORGANIZATION. ELEMENTS OF MANAGING SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
5. 1852, USA Allan Pinkerton -the most famous American private 1. Initial Investigation
investigator 2. Case Screening
- founder of criminal investigation in USA 3. Continuing Investigation
6. Kate Wayne - first woman detective in the history of Criminal 4. Police-prosecution relation
investigation 5. Investigative monitoring system

PHASES OF SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION EVIDENCE AS TO CONTAVERSION

1. Prima Face Evidence - sufficient to establish a facts
1. Preliminary Investigation -first exposure of criminal offense to the 2. Rebutting Evidence -support an explanation
investigation effort. It serves as the foundation of the case 3. Conclusive Evidence - “ incontrovertible”, that is to say either not open or
2. In-depth Investigation ( Follow-up investigation ) not able to be questioned

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EVIDENCE AS TO CONTENT OF TESTIMONY

1. Character of Reputation evidence - attesting to one’s character and moral WHAT CAN BREAK THE CHAIN OF CUSTODY
standing in the community
2. Opinion Evidence -which witness think believes or infers to facts in -A number of factors can break the chain of custody including investigators
dispute waiting too long to collect evidence. Improper storage of
3. Expert Evidence - consist in the opinion of a witness evidence.Mislabeled evidence.
4. Ordinary evidence - consist of the testimony of a witness
EVIDENCE AS TO SOURCE
1. Intrinsic Evidence - information necessary for the determination of an
issue
2. Parole evidence - refers to evidence from a source outside the subject
document (witness : from other source)
3. Circumstantial evidence -may be deprived from motive, opportunity, and
intent.
4. Associative Evidence - refers to physical proof which make out the
identity of the perpetrator.

CHAIN OF CUSTODY

- chronological documentation or paper trail that records the sequence of

custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of materials, including
physical or electronic evidence.

PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THE CHAIN OF CUSTODY

-the most critical process of evidence documentation
- it must be assure the court of law that the evidence is authentic.

HOW DO YOU MAINTAIN THE CHAIN OF CUSTODY ?

-as a method of authenticating evidence, the chain of custody rule requires
that the admission of an exhibit be preceded by evidence sufficient to
support a finding that the matter in question is what the proponent claims it
to be.

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