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Wave Properties
Light intensity = 𝐼 ∝ 𝐸 2

Particle Properties
Light intensity: 𝐼 = 𝑁ℎ𝑓

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 Quantum Theory of Light
Under a constant frequency, the smallest
energy unit of light is quantized.

For one photon

ℎ𝑐
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 =
For N photon
𝜆
Etotal= 𝑁ℎ𝑓
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Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation

Free electrons in resonance Nucleus

Transition of bound electrons in atoms

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 1.3.2 Photoelectric effect

http://lectureonline.cl.msu.edu/~mmp/kap28/PhotoEffect/photo.htm

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Photoelectric effect applet

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 Einstein’s interpretation
Under a constant frequency, the smallest
energy unit of light is quantized.

E = h

One photon can at most

release one electron,
regardless of the photon
energy

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Work Function, W– the minimum energy for
electron to escape from the metal surface

hf = K + W
where K is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron
Photocurrent I p = nq

where  is the quantum efficiency, n number of

photons striking to the electrode per second, q
electron charge

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The number of photons striking to the electrode is
related to the light intensity IL by

A
n = IL
h

Where A is the area of the electrode exposed to

light.

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Contoh
Sebuah logam memiliki work function (fungsi kerja) 2 eV

a. Berapa frekuensi ambang agar terjadi efek foto listrik

b. Berapa panjang gelombang maksimum agar terjadi efek foto listrik

𝑊 2 𝑒𝑉
𝐸 = ℎ 𝑓 → 𝑊 = ℎ𝑓0 → 𝑓0 = = 4,135 𝑥10−15 𝑒𝑉.𝑠 = 0,48 𝑥1015 𝐻𝑧 = 4,8𝑥1014 𝐻𝑧
ℎ

𝑚
ℎ𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 3𝑥108 𝑠
𝑊= → 𝑓0 = → 𝜆0 = = 4,8 𝑥1014/𝑠 = 0,625 𝑥 10−6 𝑚 = 625 𝑥 10−9 𝑚 = 625 𝑛𝑚
𝜆0 𝜆0 𝑓0

Jika logam disinari dengan cahaya 400 nm, berapa kinetik elektron?

ℎ𝑐 −15
3𝑥108
𝐸𝑘 = − 𝑊 = 4,135 𝑥 10 𝑒𝑉. 𝑠𝑥 − 2 𝑒𝑉 = 3,1 𝑒𝑉 − 2 𝑒𝑉 = 1,1 𝑒𝑉
𝜆 400 𝑥 10−9 𝑚

Stopping voltage = 1,1 volt

 Threshold frequency

When K = 0, there is no photoelectrons. The

frequency reaches the threshold frequency, i.e.

h o = W

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 Stopping voltage
The reverse biasing voltage: where the photoelectrode
is positively biased and the other negatively biased.

When the biasing

voltage increases
from zero, the
photocurrent
decreases. At V  VS,
IP = 0

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 Stopping voltage
The physical meaning is that the potential
difference barrier is decelerating the electron,
and finally consumes all its kinetic energy. Thus,
the stopping voltage gives us a tool to determine
the kinetic energy,
K = qVS v=0
1 2
mv
K 2 mgh qVS

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Stopping voltage against frequency
qVS = K = h − W Stopping
Voltage
VS
h W
VS =  −
q q Slope = h /q

o 

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 Observations
• Monochromatic light is incident to one of the
electrodes made by a particular metal. The
induced current called photocurrent is
collected.
• If V is fixed, there exists a threshold frequency
o, below which there is no photocurrent.
• Different electrode materials have threshold
frequency o

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 Observations
• The photocurrent is constant above the threshold
frequency under a constant illumination, regardless of
the frequency.
• The photocurrent is proportional with the intensity.
• The energy of electron is proportional with the
frequency.
• For a particular electrode and frequency of light, a
stopping voltage Vs exists. No photocurrent can be
collected regardless of the intensity of light.
• There is no measurable tie lag between the illumination
of light and the release of photoelectrons. (10-9s)

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Graphical presentations

o 

Energy of photoelectrons is
proportional to the frequency;
Existence of threshold frequency

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Photocurrent is proportional to light
intensity
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Cahaya panjang 400 nm mengenai logam yang luasnya 10 cm2 dengan intensitas
cahaya nya 10 mW/cm2. Berapa arus yang muncul pada rangkaian foto listriknya jika
efisiensi 10 %

ℎ𝑐 𝐽
Energi satu foton 𝐸 = = 3,1 𝑒𝑉 𝑥 1,6 𝑥10−19 𝑒𝑉 = 4,96 𝑥10−19 𝐽
𝜆

𝐽 J
Daya atau energi cahaya per detik = 10 𝑥10−3 𝑠𝑐𝑚2 x10 cm2 = 0,1 s

0,1
Jumlah foton yang datang per detik = 𝑛𝑓 = 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑎/energi satu foton =4,96𝑥10−19 foton
per detik

Jumlah elektron yang dilepas = efisiensi x jumlah foton yang datang perdetik
0,1
𝑛𝑒 = 𝜂 𝑥𝑛𝑓 = 0,1 𝑥 4,96𝑥10−19

0,1 1,6 𝑥10−19 𝑥0,1𝑥0,1 0,01

Arus = 𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑡𝑜 = 𝑞 𝑥 𝑛𝑒 = 1,6 𝑥10−19 𝑥0,1𝑥 = 𝐽 = =
4,96𝑥10−19 3,1 𝑒𝑉 𝑥 1,6 𝑥10−19 𝑒𝑉 3,1
3,225 x10−3 A = 3,225 mA
Different frequency of light has different
stopping voltage
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Stopping voltage varies with
(1)electrode material for the same
frequency
(2) increases with frequency of light for
the same electrode Fisika Modern
Example:

Cahaya ultraviolet dengan panjang gelombang 300 nm dan intensitas 1 W/m2

mengenai permukaan elektroda yang “work function” nya 2.2 eV.
a. Hitung energi kinetik elektron yang dilepas oleh elektroda tersebut.
b. Jika 1% dari photon yang datang diubah menjadi fotoelektron, berapa jumlah
elektron yang dilepas per detik jika luas permukaan 1 cm2
Diketahui konstanta Planck =6.626x10−34 Js = 4.136x10−15 eVs

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 Failure of classical theory
• In 1902, Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
observed that the energy of the emitted
electrons increased with the frequency of the
light. This was at odds with James Clerk
Maxwell's wave theory of light, which
predicted that the energy would be
proportional to the intensity of the radiation.

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• Within the experimental accuracy, (about 10-9
second), there is no time delay for the emission
of photoelectrons. In terms of wave theory, the
energy is uniformly distributed across its
wavefront. A period of time is required to
accumulate enough energy for the release of
electrons.

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 1.3.1 What is blackbody?
• Under thermal equilibrium, an object of a finite
temperature emit radiation (supposed to be EM
wave).
• It is found that an object that absorbs more also
emits more radiation.
• A perfect absorber is an object with black surface
that must of the incident energy is absorbed. It is
also expected to be a perfect radiator.
• Consequently, a blackbody is a perfect radiation.

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 Phenomena for a blackbody
• Temperature-dependence emission spectrum.
• Reciprocal relation between wavelength at the peak
intensity max and ambient temperature T
• Inconsistency between observed spectrum and the
prediction from classical theory (Reyleigh and Jeans)
• A model suggested by Planck (quanta of light energy)

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 Inconsistency of Classical wave theory and
experiment

8kT
I~
4

8hc 1

 exp( hc / kT ) − 1
5

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Temperature dependence of emission
spectrum

http://webphysics.davidson.edu/alumni/MiLee/java/bb_mjl.htm

http://surendranath.tripod.com/AppletsJ2.html

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Classic: Rayleigh – Jeans Formula

𝐸ത = 𝑘𝐵 𝑇

Total Energy in the cavity with frequency interval between v and v+dv

8𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2
𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐸ത 𝐺 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑐3

Planck Radiation

ℎ𝑣
𝐸ത =
ℎ𝑣
exp −1
𝑘𝐵 𝑇

8𝜋ℎ 𝑣3
𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐸ത 𝐺 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 3 𝑑𝑣
𝑐 exp ℎ𝑣 − 1
𝑘𝐵 𝑇
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 Inconsistency of Classical wave theory and
experiment

8kT
I~
4

8hc 1

 exp( hc / kT ) − 1
5

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 Blackbody radiation – Stefan’s Law

An object having a surface temperature T will emit radiation power P which is

proportional to the surface area A of the object and to the fourth power of the
temperature.

P = AT 4

 is the Setfan’s constant and is equal to 5.67 x 10-8 Wm-2K-4(Jm-2s-1K-4)

 is the emissivity of the object and is 0   1

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 Stefan ‘s law
The total power (area
below a constant
temperature curve P)

P = AT 4

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Wein displacement Law

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-Hitung panjang gelombang yang dipancarkan tubuh anda

- Berapa energi yang dipancarkan oleh tubuh anda?

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 Blackbody radiation and ultra-violet catastrophe
Blackbody radiation and ultra-violet catastrophe

From Maxwell E.M. theory we know that a dipole oscillating with frequency  will on average emits energy r()
r() = const. 2 E  where E  is the average energy of the oscillating dipole.
Rayleigh - Jean's Law

Maxwell-Boltzman distribution gives the energy state number density N(E) at energy E as N ( E )  e − E / kT
 total number of possible energy state =  N ( E )dE


0
Rayleigh-Jeans
and r()

Total energy =  EN ( E )dE Blackbody
0
radiation
Hence the average energy:
Totale.nergy
 E = UV
catastrophe
Total.number.of .energy.states
as we do the integration

 

=
 EN ( E )dE
0
=
0
Ee − E / kT dE
= kT


 
 N ( E )dE 
− E / kT
e
0 0 Fisika Modern
 Ultra-violet catastrophe

This result is in fact well known from kinetic theory where the energy of
vibrational degree of freedom = kT

The energy of rotational / bending degree of freedom = 12 kT

So now we have
r() = Const. 2T
Rayleigh-Jeans Law describes the beginning part of the blackbody radiation correctly at
low frequency (long wavelength) but it obviously wrong at high . As  increases r()
increases without limit, i.e. At  → , as we do the integration  , r(), the
0
radiate energy goes to infinity!

This is called UV catastrophe.

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 Planck's derivation of blackbody radiation
 
 EN ( E )dE =  Ee
− E / kT
Rayleigh - Jean's Law: dE
 E = 0

0

= kT
 N ( E )dE  e
− E / kT
0 0

This integration assume continuous distribution of energy, i.e. the oscillator can take up any value.
Plank made the hypothesis that the oscillator will only take up discrete energies
0, E0, 2E0, 3E0, .....etc.

the average energy is obtained from a summation instead of integration.



 nE e − nE0 / kT

0 + E0 e − E0 / kT + 2 E0 e −2 E0 / kT + 3E0 e −3E0 / kT + .....

0
E = n =0
 =
e
n =0
− nE0 / kT
1 + e − E0 / kT + e −2 E0 / kT + e −3E0 / kT + .....

Let x = e − E0 / kT (1 − x )−1
1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + ..... 
  E  = E0 x  
 1 + x + x + ..... 
2

E0 x (1 − x )−2
=
(1 − x )
E0
=
1
( − 1)
x
E0
E = Fisika Modern
e E0 / kT
−1
 Blackbody radiation

http://surendranath.tripod.com/Applets.html

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 Conclusion
• Rayleigh – Jeans ‘s derivation is only valid at
long wavelengths (low frequencies) and fails
at short wavelength.
• Planck made an assumption: energy emitted
from the radiator at a frequency , E = nh,
where n and integer, h the Planck constant
(energy is discretized)
• Implication: classical theory predicts energy is
continuous

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