P1 REVIEWER

P1 REVIEWER
GEN004: Readings in Philippine History
Student Activity Sheet #2

Lesson Title: The Pre-Colonial Way of Living: Philippine Peopling

LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
TRUE 1. There were already people living inthe archipelago before the arrival ofthe Spaniards.
FALSE 2. The Ferdinand Magellan and his men discovered the Philippines.
Analysis: Even before Magellan and his crew arrived in 1521, the archipelago was already inhabited by
human settlements. This disproves the notion that Magellan discovered the Philippines.
FALSE 3. According to experts, humans reached the Philippines only through the use of land bridges or “tulay na lupa."
Analysis: The word “only” makes the statement false. Negritos used land bridges while Indonesians
and Malays used boats to come here.
TRUE 4. There are severaltheories that explain how people inhabited the archipelago.
FALSE 5 .People only started to inhabit the Philippines when Magellan discovered it.
Analysis:Same with item 2.
These archaeological findings prove that even during prehistoric period, human species inhabited the archipelago. Until now,
scientists continue to research how our ancestors started to populate the archipelago. Therehavebeen severalcompeting
theoriesraisedtoexplain this.These theoriesarecalled peoplingtheories.

William Meacham - Autronesians

Otley Beyer - Waves of Migration Theory (Indonesian A, Indonesian B, Malays)
*Debunked due to not enough supporting evidences.
William Solheim - (Negritos, Indonesians, Malays)
*Denisovan’s DNA were found in Negritos.
Peter Bellwood - Philippines and its neighboring countries have Austronesian heritage in terms of langauge, housing
and farming.

Activity 6. Windshield Check

FALSE 1. The first modern humans who arrived in the country were the Austronesians.
Analysis: Negritos were the first modern human in our country.
TRUE 2. Denisovan DNA was found in the Filipino indigenous group Ayta Magbukon, which entails the strong
potential presence of Denisovans in the country before the arrival of modern humans from Africa.
TRUE 3. Recent studies debunked the earlier theories raised by experts on peopling in the Philippines.
FALSE 4. There are three major strands of peopling theories: (1) first inhabitants of the Philippines were indigenous
people, (2) they were from outside of the region, (3) they came from southern regions of China.
Analysis: There are only 2 strands of peopling theory. Number 3 is not included.
FALSE 5. Magellan and his crew were the first inhabitants of the Philippines.
Analysis: Even before Magellan and his crew arrived in 1521, the archipelago was already inhabited by human
settlements. This disproves the notion that Magellan discovered the Philippines.
FALSE 6. The famous “waves of migration theory" remains to be the most reliable theory to explain peopling in
the Philippines.
Analysis: this theory is the most unreliable theory and was debunked due to lack of evidences.
TRUE 7. The Homo luzonensis is considered as new human species.
TRUE 8. Archeological discoveries of prehistoric fossils and tools in the Philippines prove the existence of human
activity and presence inthe country even before the arrival ofthe Spaniards.
FALSE 9. Filipinos and our regional neighbors have Australian heritage
Analysis: Austronesian heritage
TRUE 10. Peopling theories are competing theories that attempt to explain how our ancestors started to populate the
archipelago.
 P1 REVIEWER
GEN004: Readings in Philippine History
Student Activity Sheet #3

Lesson Title:The Pre-Colonial Way of Living: Its Structure and Way of Living

LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
Activity 1. Pretest
FALSE 1. Sandals and slippers were widely used during the pre-colonial times.
Analysis: they were barefooted
FALSE 2. Barangays within the archipelago are dependent with one another.
Analysis: Barangays are independent
FALSE 3. The social stratification during pre-colonial Philippines was strict.
Analysis: social stratification was not strict. They can be demoted or promoted
FALSE 4. Pre-colonial people have amonotheistic religion thatpraised Bathala asthe supreme god.
Analysis: They have polytheistic religion, they worship many Gods but Bathala is their supreme God.
FALSE 5. The free people are relatives of the datu and comprise the ruling class of the barangay
Analysis: Nobles are the ruling class of the Barangay.
FALSE 6. Wearing anything in dark blue denotes masculinity and bravery.
Analysis: Wearing red Putong denotes masculinity and bravery.
TRUE 7. Babaylans are spiritual leaders of barangays.
FALSE 8. Dependents are equivalent to slaves.
Analysis: although they are called “alipin” they are not treated as slaves.
TRUE 9. Tattoos were symbols of vanity and bravery for pre-colonial period.
FALSE 10. Barangays were located deep inside the lush forests of the country.
Analysis: Barangays are located near the riverbanks or seashores.

The term Barangay does not pertain to the place but rather the group of people living together. They are
headed by the datu. His primary duty is to protect the barangay and promote its welfare and interest. A datu
had executive, legislative, and judicial powers. Despite these wide powers, the datu is not an absolute ruler,
He is not considered as “kings” from a European perspective. He had a staff to assist him in his duties
(mostly nobles).

Barangays were composed of three groups of people: the nobles, the freemen, and the dependents. The nobles
consisted of the datu and his relatives who belong to the noble lineage. This group was considered as the ruling class of
thebarangay who wielded vast influence. Due to their high position in society, they guarded their lineage by making
sure that they only marry only those who belong to their rank. They also limited thenumber ofheirs though birthcontrol
andkept their daughters and sons secluded. The freemen were composed of offspring of inherently free people,
descendants of mixed marriage of nobles and commoners, and dependents who earned their freedom. They were
personal followers of the datu whose role was to help him in activities that involve the welfare of the barangay. The
dependents were generally composed ofpeople who werenotabletopaytheirdebts,cannot paytheirlegal fines,
captured inbattle,or borntodependent parents.

In the communities, there were three typesof houses. The first ones were permanent wooden structures that can
be considered as sort of town houses. These houses were occupied by datus. The second ones were cottages
made of light materials occupied by ordinary people. Lastly, there were tree houses that were only used during
wars.

Laws were either customary or written. Customary laws composed the majority of laws in a barangay and were
passed down orally. Written laws are written by the datu and his advisers when there’s a necessity for it.
Fashion trends were important during pre-colonial period, they show off one’s social standing. For Tagalog Males,
they wear kanggang (top), bahag (bottom) and putong (head dress). While Visayan Males wear Tattoo (no
kanggan), bahag and putong; and were called “pintados. For females they wear camisa (top), saya (skirt) and tapis
in their waist. They were all barefooted.

Babaylans wereconsidered asreligiousorspiritualleaders.Itwasahighlycrucialroleinthebarangay astheyserved asthe

channel to which the people could communicate with spirits and gods. They were of either sex but were usually
women from wealthy families. Male transvestites could also be a babaylan. Transvestites are people who wear
attire designed for the opposite sex or simply called as crossdressers. The giving of the role of babaylan to male
transvestites indicate the level of respect and inclusivity to homosexuality during pre-colonial era.

Activity 6. Windshield Check

TRUE 1. BeforethearrivaloftheSpaniards,the archipelago wascomposed ofseveral communities called barangay.
TRUE 2. Philippines was already a developing country even before thearrival of the Spaniards.
FALSE 3. Tagalogs were fond of tattoos, which was why theSpaniards called them pintados.
Analysis: Visayans
TRUE 4. Houses during the pre-colonial period were elevated off the ground.
TRUE 5. Women had an active role in the affairs of the barangay.
FALSE 6. A barangay was headed by a group of people called datus.
Analysis: There is only one datu in a barangay.
FALSE 7. A datu is ourequivalent of “king.“
Analysis: A datu doesn’t have absolute powers.
FALSE 8. The freemen were followers of the datu who were tasked to assist him in governing the barangay.
Analysis: Nobles
TRUE 9. A datu had executive, legislative, and judicial powers.
FALSE 10. Most barangays were located deep in the forests of the country.
Analysis: Near the riverbanks or seashores.
FALSE 11. Each barangay was isolated inthesense that they didnot have any contacts with the outside world.
Analysis: There are tradings between barangays and have communications.
FALSE 12. A datu gets his salary from more powerful datus.
Analysis: He gets his money from tributes of his people.
TRUE 13. There were people who assisted the datu in his job.
TRUE 14. The dependents were generally composed of people who were not able to pay their debts or fines.
FALSE 15. Most laws of the barangay were written laws.
Analysis:Customary laws.
 P1 REVIEWER
GEN004: Readings in Philippine History
Student Activity Sheet #4

Lesson Title: Transition Towards Colonization: Contextualizing the Arrival ofthe Spaniards

LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
Activity 1. Pretest
Age of Exploration 1. It was a period in time in which European states explored the unknown world in search for
territory and wealth.
Spain 2. Portugal and werethetopcompeting statesduringthisperiod.
New World 3. The unknown territories located by the Europeans were called the____.
Colonialism 4. Theexploration sparkedEuropean which oppressed the native population of the areas they
explored.
Ferdinand Magellan 5. He was considered as the first one to circumnavigate the globe.

Activity 2. Hook Activity

A. B.
D 1. Pedro Alvares Cabral a. Firstperson tosailthePacificOcean
B 2. Bartolomeu Dias b. First one to reach Cape ofGood Hope
C 3. Prince Henry the Navigator c. Financially supported Portuguese explorations
A 4. Ferdinand Magellan d. First one to reach Brazil
E 5. Vasco da Gama e. First to reach India sailing directly from Europe

The period from fifteenth through the early seventeenth century wascharacterized bygrowing European exploration ofthe
world.Thiswas a period in human history when Europeans began exploring in search for new trading routes, territories,
and wealth. This was a crucial stage in human history as European countries began to embark on a series of global
explorations that inaugurated a new chapter in world history. This period is commonly known as the Age of
Discovery or the Age of Exploration. The main motivations of this era are power and profit, European countries
especially Portugal and Spain used religion as their excuse to justify their need to explore. Both Portugal and Spain
were champions in spreading Christianity.

The traditionally known trading route was sailing East from Spain that leads to India. Ferdinand Magellan is a
portuguese explorer, he had the idea of sailing westward from Spain in order to dicover more trading routes. He first
pitched his idea to the King of Portugal but they turned him down, hence, he west to the King of Spain and they
granted him support by giving 5 old ships and 235 crewmen. He was the first person to sail across Pacific Ocean.

As they embarked in their journey, they came across the archipelago (Philippines) and arrived at Humonhon Island.
They were shown hospitality by our ancestors. As Magellan’s purpose was to find spices, they went to Cebu and met
Rajah Humabon. Magellan promised Humabon that if he helped him conquer the Island, he will be supported by the
King of Spain. Humabon happily agreed and told Magellan that he has a rival (Datu Lapulapu) and was showing
resistance. Lapulapu doesn’t have any grudge towards Magellan, in fact, he is also willing to help Magellan in his
mission, what made lapulapu reluctant was following Rajah Humabon as they are sworn enemies. Magellan defended
humabon and fought lapulapu (Battle of Mactan) and Magellan was shot with poison arrow by lapulapu’s subordinate
and died.

After Magellan Expedition, three more expeditions followed: Saavedra - Villalobos - Legazpi.
Villalobos named the archipelago “Filipinas” short for Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Spain’s Prince Philip II.
Legazpi was the one who totally conquered the Philippines by using three methods: Lack of Unity, Divide and
Conquer, Sword and Crosss.
Activity 6: Windshield Check
FALSE 1. It was the unity of the barangays that gave Legazpi a hard time conquering the archipelago.
Analysis: Lack of Unity
TRUE 2. Participation in the spice trading entailed possibility of huge profits for European countries.
TRUE 3. It was the Villalobos expedition that started to use the name “Filipinas“ to the archipelago.
FALSE 4.There was an immense demand for species to serve as slaves in the European market.
Analysis: demand for Spices
FALSE 5. Spreading religion was the main motivation for the age of exploration.
Analysis: Power and Profit
TRUE 6. On March 17, 1521, the crew landed on an island in Samar.
TRUE 7. Magellan was caught in the rivalry between Lapulapu and Humabon.
FALSE 8. Magellan theorized that the Spice Islands could bereached by simply sailing to the east from Europe.
Analysis: Westward
TRUE 9. Age ofexploration refers to the period in history when Europeans engaged in widespread exploration of
new territories.
FALSE 10. Magellan was supported by the king of Portugal.
Analysis: King of Spain
 P1 REVIEWER
GEN004: Readings in Philippine History
Student Activity Sheet #5

Lesson Title: Understanding Colonization: Spanish Occupation

Government:
When the Spaniards officially started to occupy the Philippines, they instituted several institutional changes in order to
pursue their interests in colonizing the country. The Spaniards also established a centralized government structure. Here
is a chart of its structure:

Resettlement:
Since the fragmentation of the different barangays proved to be a major hindrance in centralizing their rule over the
entire the archipelago, they initiated resettlement system for the native population. This is called the reduccion.
People from different barangays were placed into chosen areas. At the center of these areas was called poblacion, which serves
as the major population center of the area.It was here where the church and major government offices were located.
Surrounding each poblacions were barrios and sitios.

Taxes:
Taxation wasalso imposed tothecountry.It was consisted of direct and indirect taxes. One of the direct taxes extracted
was the buwis (tribute). It may be paid in cash or kind, partly or wholly, in form oflocal produce such as rice, tobacco, and
chicken. Thecollectionofbuwishadbeenassociated with rampant cruelty. Since the collection of buwis was not justifiable
for the people, they often defied the authorities and refused to pay it.Collectors sent soldiers to collect the buwis by force.
Those who cannot pay or could not pay were tortured or imprisoned. Some fled to the countryside only to have
their houses looted or burned down by the authorities toserve as punishment forthedefiance.

Labor:
Men between the ages of sixteen and sixty except chieftains and their eldest sons were required toserve for forty days
each year inthe labor pool.This system was called polo y servicio. Drafted men or polistas were obligatedtogive
personalservice toprojectssuchasconstruction of infrastructure, church construction, or cutting logs. This was similar
to a forced labor system.

People:
Peninsulares - They were full-blooded Spaniards who were born from Spain.
Insulares - They were full-blooded Spaniards who were born from Philippines.
Mestizos -born from foreign and native parents.Ifone happened tohave aSpanish father andnative mother or vice versa,
you would be considered as a mestizo.
Principalias - descendants of the nobles during the pre-colonial period who allied themselves with Spain.
Indios - They were formerly the freemen and the dependents. They had no foreign descent or prestige in society.
Sangleys - They were composed of Chinese citizens who instead of living in China, went to Philippines to pursue their
trading activities.