CHAPTER-I FIELD CRAFT AND

BATTLE CRAFT

INDEX
CHAPTER-IV FIELD CRAFT AND BATTLE CRAFT JD/JW SD/SW

SECTION-1 Introduction √ √
FIELD CRAFT

SECTION-2 Description of Ground

√ √
SECTION-3 Observation and Concealment
√ √
SECTION-4 Judging Distance
√ √
SECTION-5 Recognition, Description and
Indication of Targets
- √
SECTION-6 Movement With & Without Arms (Only for SW)
-
BATTLE CRAFT
SECTION-7 Field Signal
√ √
SECTION-8 Section Formation
√ √
SECTION-9 Fire and Movement
√ √
SECTION-10 Section Battle Drill
√ √
SECTION-11 Fire Control Orders
- √
SECTION-12 Types and Conduct of Patrols (Only for SD)
-
SECTION-1

INTRODUCTION TO FIELD
CRAFT AND BATTLE CRAFT

Field Craft

1. Filed Craft is an important aspect of military training as it relates to the conduct

of a soldier in face of the enemy. Field Craft is an art of using the ground and the
weapon available to the best of one’s own advantages.
2. Field Craft includes the following subjects:-

(a) Description of Ground.

(b) Observation and concealment.

(c) Judging distance.

(d) Recognition and description of targets.

(e) Movement with and without Arms

Battle Craft

3. Battle drill are very useful in tackling minor tactical problems. They save time,
ensure rapid action and avoid confusion. Knowledge of field signals and section
and platoon formations, however, is essential in the execution of battle drill.

4. Battle Craft includes the following subjects:-

(a) Field signals.

(b) Section formation

(c) Fire control orders.

(d) Fire and movements.

(e) Section battle drill.

5. Each of the above subjects have been discussed at length in subsequent sections.

FIELD CRAFT

SECTION-2

DESCRIPTION OF GROUND

General

1. A standard, quick and accurate procedure is necessary to enable commander to

describe an area to his men quickly and the men to understand it correctly and vice
versa.

Definition

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2. Broadly speaking there are four types of ground:-

(a) Broken Ground. It is uneven and is generally interspersed with

nullahs, bumps and field in the ground. It is suitable for move of infantry and
hinders observation of activities.

(b) Flat and Open Ground. It is even ground with little cover e.g. bushes,
hedges and similar foliage. It is not suitable for move of Infantry by day.

(c) High Ground. Ground far above the general level of the area e.g. hill. It
facilitates domination of area around it by observation or fire or both.

(d) Dead Ground. Ground that is hidden from an observer’s view. It can
not be covered by flat trajectory weapons.

Important Points

3. The following points should be remembered about various types of ground:-

(a) Though an open ground is easy to travel, it is dangerous to do so in the

vicinity of the enemy. Whether moving or taking fire position in an open
area one is vulnerable to enemy from view and fire.

(b) Broken ground when correctly used affords protection from flat trajectory
weapons. It does not afford cover from air or protection from high
trajectory weapons.

(c) Dead ground does not afford cover from high trajectory weapons.

Procedure of Description

4. The normal method of scanning and describing ground is by dividing it as

follows:-

(a) Fore Ground Up to 300 yards

(b) Middle Distance From 300 yards to 500 yards

(c) Distance Beyond 500 yards

5. For indication give the following:-

(a) General Line of Direction. Start by giving the general line of direction by
pointing out a centrally located, if possible, prominent land mark, e.g. No
1 section 500 RED HOUSE,

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 (b) Boundaries. After giving general line of direction give LEFT and RIGHT
boundaries of your area e.g.

(i) No. 1 section – Aadha baen 600 PILI JHONPRI nam JHONPRI
section ke baen wale jawan se JHONPRI tak ki line baen had.

(ii) Similarly indicate right boundary.

(iii) Dived the ground into fore ground, middle and distance. Having
done so start from LEFT to RIGHT systematically and describe.

(iv) In attack describe the ground nearest to you first i.e. foreground,
then middle and then distance, in defence reverse the procedure.

Sequence

6. While describing the ground bounded by particular arc after giving the boundaries
start from LEFT to RIGHT. If the ground all around is to be described start after
general line of direction to the right and finish at general line of direction by
completing the indication all around.

Conclusion

7. A cadet should have an eye for the ground. He should keep on observing and
judging the ground even while advancing and section commander should keep on
explaining continuously while on move.

SECTION-3

OBSERVATION AND CONCEALMENT

General

1. To observe is to penetrate the concealment of the enemy’s observation. Visual

training, is training in observation and concealment, which are two aspects of the same
subject.

Importance of Observation and Concealment.

2. Observation and concealment are important in battle because:-

(a) A soldier who is trained in both can locate and kill his enemy without being
seen himself.

(b) Ground observation of enemy provides one of the most valuable sources of
information on which the plans of higher commanders are based.
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 (c) In defence good concealment enables a defender to mystify and deceive the
enemy and in the event of an attack repel the enemy by producing fire at
close range from an unexpected quarter.

3. Normally men look at, observe or watch some actions being performed and only
get a very general picture but a great deal of detail is missed out. This is due to the
fact that in normal life detailed observation is rarely necessary and so the habit is
not acquired.

4. Proficiency in observation comes more from mental training and mental attitude
than from good eye sight. A good observer is the man who had been training to
notice all the details of what he is watching, to make the correct deductions from
what he sees and to understand the meaning of what he sees.

Personal Camouflage and Concealment

5. The real test of field craft is the soldier’s ability to kill the enemy without getting
killed himself. To avoid being killed, a soldier must detect enemy’s observation.
Concealment is the use of artificial and natural aids to mystify and deceive the enemy and
defeat his observation. The successful achievement depends on the correct use of natural
cover and skilful use of artificial aids to obtain concealment.

6. To understand the principles of concealment fully it is essential to first know what

factors make objects visible. These factors are explained earlier in para 4 of section
-7 of chapter Field Engineering.

Correct Use of Cover

7. The use of various types of ground and natural cover is very essential to achieve
concealment. A cadet however, skillfully camouflaged, not making correct use of
cover is likely to be detected. Certain fundamentals for correct use of cover are
as follows:-

(a) Whenever possible look through the cover and not over it.

(b) If it is not possible to look through the cover, look round it rather than over
it.

(c) It is necessary to look over the cover, avoid breaking straight line.

(d) The sky-line is the worst background you could choose, but if you can not
avoid observing over the cover and against the sky line, use something to
break your silhouette.

(e) When firing from inside a building keep well back making use of the
shadow.

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 (f) A rough, dark and irregular background which matches your clothing,
provides considerable cover from view.

(g) Isolated cover is dangerous because it will attract attention of the enemy
and can be easily indicated in a fire order.

(h) Avoid sky line.

(j) Avoid regular spacing.

(k) Avoid gaps for fire position.

(l) Cross gaps as a body and at irregular interval at the double.

Conclusion

8. Concealment is an aid to tactical deception and misinforms the enemy as to our

intentions and strength. Cover is mother earth’s gifts to a solider which changes
into a grave for those who do not use the gift properly and correctly. The art of
camouflage and concealment reduces the different varieties of soldiers into two
main varieties i.e. ‘the good and the dead’.

SECTION 4

JUDGING DISTANCE

General

1. Accurate fire with any weapon depends on the correct judging of distance.
Although a cadet is not normally required to open fire at range over 100 yards, he
must be able to judge distance up to about 1000 yards, so that he:-

(a) Knows when to open fire.

(b) Can indicate targets to supporting arms or to men in a sub-unit.

(c) Can pass back information accurately when acting as an observer.

Method of Judging Distance

2. The following are the six methods of judging distance.

(a) Unit of measure.

(b) Appearance method.

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 (c) Section average.

(d) Key ranges.

(e) Halving.

(f) Bracketing.

How to use these Methods

3. Unit of Measure. This method is also termed as the 100 yards method. The unit
of measure chosen is normally 100 yards and therefore one should form a good
idea of 100 yards distance on the ground. The length of a hockey field is the best
yard stick for this purpose.

4. The distance of a given object will be a multiple of the imaginary unit of 100 yards,
as placed between the observer and the object.

5. This method is not accurate above 100 yards and is of little use if there is dead
ground between the observer and the object.

Appearance Method

6. The distance can be judged by noting the detailed appearance of man at various
ranges. This is the best method under service conditions. The following is a guide
to distance:-

(a) At 200 yards, all parts of the body are distinct.

(b) At 250 yards, blade of the foresight covers a kneeling man.

(c) At 300 yards the face becomes blurred.

(d) At 400 yards the body remains same in shape but face is difficult to
distinguish. Blade of the foresight covers a standing man.

(e) At 500 yards body appears to taper slightly from the shoulder but movement
of limbs can still be seen.

(f) At 600 yards head appears as a dot. Details are not visible and body tapers
from shoulders downwards noticeably.

Section Average

7. Each man in the section is asked to judge the distance of a given object. The
average of the answers given by the whole section is then accepted as the distance.
Here caution must be exercised in the estimation of a few who may foolishly over
7
 estimate the distance. This method may be resorted to under the following
circumstances:-

(a) Ample time is available.

(b) Judging of distance is made difficult by mist or darkness.

(c) Judging of a long distance is involved e.g. beyond 400 yards.

Key Range

8. If the range of the certain object is known, distance to other objects can be found
in relation to the known range. This method is called ‘Key Range’ method.

Halving

9. An object is selected half way between the observe and the target, the distance to
the selected object is judged and doubled to get the distance to the target.

Bracketing

10. The observer works out the maximum and the minimum possible distance of the
object and then accept the mean as the distance e.g. maximum possible distance
1000 yards, minimum possible distance 500 yards therefore estimated range is 750
yards. The greater the range wider the bracket. In no case the bracket should be
less than 300 yards.

Practical Hints

11. During Night. Judging distance at night will depend upon the visibility. The only
suitable method is the ‘Key Range’. Therefore mark prominent objects and work
out their distances while there is still day light.

12. During Day. Condition which mislead the observer when judging distances are as
follows:-

(a) Distance are over-estimated when:-

(i) Light is bad.

(ii) The sun is in the observer’s eye.

(iii) The object is small in relation to its surroundings.

(iv) Looking through a valley of narrow lane e.g. street.

(v) Lying down.

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 (b) Distance are under- estimated when:-

(i) The light is bright or the sun is shining from behind the observer.

(ii) The object is large in relation to its surrounding.

(iii) There is some dead ground between observer and the object.

(iv) Looking up hill.

SECTION-5

RECOGNITION, DESCRIPTION AND

INDICATION OF TARGETS

General

1. Landmarks and other objects on the ground on a battle field may be either indistinct
due to climatic conditions or other reasons. There may be too many of the same
type. Every effort should, therefore be made to indicate their location and extent
carefully and accurately.

2. To ensure quick and accurate indication by commanders and recognition by

individual soldiers a standard procedure has been laid down in the Army. Even the
aids to be used for indicating difficult targets have been laid down.

Definition

3. The following terminologies are commonly used:-

(a) Target. It is an object which is indicated with a view to bring down fire
on it, whenever required.

(b) Landmarks and Reference Points. A reference point is a prominent and

unmistakable object from which the position of target in the vicinity can be clearly
indicated. A landmark can be used as a reference point. The main difference
between the two is that whereas a reference point is used as an aid in the indication
of objects, landmark is an object which is indicated and used in the embodiment of
operation orders (00s). A reference point must be specific. A landmark may not
be specific that is a start line (SL) for an attack could be a road or track, or for a
forming up place (FUP) the landmark may be a field or crop.

Principles of Indication

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4. The principle of indication is that the most direct and quickest method is the best
and should be used. For example, if a boundary runs along the only railway line in
sight, say so.

Method of Indication of Easy Targets

5. Easy Targets. Can be indicated by the following methods:(a) Indication by

Description. An obvious target can often be described directly. For example ‘No.
1 Section BRIDGE’ Here BRIDGE is so obvious that no body can make a mistake
in recognizing it.

(b) Indication by Direction or Range or Both. In slightly less obvious cases other
aids should be used e.g. direction or range or both. An example of each is given
below:-
(i) Indication by Direction. No 1 Section BAEN BGHICHA.

(ii) Indication by Range. No 1 Section 600 BAGHICHA.

(iii) Direction and Range. When indicting a landmark indicate

direction first and than range e.g. BAEN-600, BAGHICHA.

Indication of Difficult Targets

6. The target which can not be indicated by the methods given above are termed
difficult targets. The methods to indicate these are explained in succeeding
paragraphs.

The Direction Method

7. This is used to indicate the following:(a) The general line of direction, or

(b) A known reference point, or

(c) Another landmark.

8. Unless otherwise stated all direction are taken to be with reference to the general
line of direction. The following direction will be used:-
Direction Measuring
Slight Left/Right Approximately 10 degrees

Quarter Left/Right Approximately 22 ½ degrees

Half Left/Right Approximately 45 degrees
Three Quarter Left/Right Approximately 67 ½ degrees
Full Left/Right Approximately 90 degrees
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The Reference Point Method

9. One or more (as per requirement) prominent reference points should be selected
before hand and made known to all concerned. The following points should be
borne in mind while selecting reference points:-

(a) The number of reference points selected will depend on the width of the arc
and the nature of the ground.

(b) Reference points should be so distributed over the arc as to be helpful in

indicating targets in any part of the arc.

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 If more than one reference point is chosen they must be well spaced out.

(d) Each reference point must be specific, if a reference point is large and
measure more than one degrees, a point of it must be specified.

(e) Do not select such a reference point which is likely to be confused with a
nearby object or another reference point.

(f) Reference points should differ from each other as regards type, name,
colour and range.

Selecting and Naming a Reference Point

10. Naming of the reference point is essential to get them indicated and recognized at
the same time. An example is given below:-

No. 1 Section -600 Right White House, name-White House reference point No. 1.

11. While using a reference point for indicating a target start with naming the reference
point to draw attention to it and then indicate taking it as centre using other method
in conjunction as required. An example is given below:-

No. 1 Section – 800- White House-slightly right PIPAL TREE name PIPAL.

12. Range given out is the range to the target and to the reference point. Also direction
slightly right is from the reference point and not from general line of direction.
Some times the last target can also be used as reference point. An example is given
below:-

No. 1 Section – 900- last target, -slightly LEFT two trees name Twin Trees.

The Clock Ray Method

13. The method is used in conjunction with the reference point method as an additional
help in indicating target. To use this method it is necessary to imagine the centre
of clock face, held vertically on the reference point. The word LEFT or RIGHT
are given as preliminary indications. The direction of the object is then given by
naming the clock house at which it appears to lie e.g.
Explanation Indication

Reference point GOLD DARAKHAT

Direction DAEN

Clock CHAR BAJE

Object AAM KA JHUND

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 (c)
14. It must be remembered, however, that the nature of ground under observation will
determine the type of clock face either vertical or horizontal is to be used for
indication of targets. For instance, if the observer is observing from a higher
altitude looking down on a flat bit of country and wishes to make use of the clock
ray for target indication, he has no option but to visualize a clock face placed
horizontally on the ground, if on the other hand, the observer is observing from a
low altitude to the ground then his line of sight used for indication of targets must
be visualized as vertical.

15. Keep the persons, to whom a clock indication is being given as close as possible to
you. From a point even a short distance to flank, the object may not necessarily
be on the clock ray indicated.

16. The word ‘Above’ and ‘Below’ will not be used in conjunction with 12 and 6
O’clock rays. The direction, that is, LEFT or RIGHT can not in this case be
specified.
The Degree Method

17. When there is a possibility of confusion in case of more than one similar object in
the same direction of the clock ray, this method is used in conjunction with the
reference point and the clock ray method. This is a method of indicating how far
the object is from the reference point.

18. Degrees can be measured with various aids. These aids are given below:-

(a) Binoculars , The various degree measurements are given in the diagram

below:-

(b) Hand Angles. This is a rough method which is sufficiently accurate for
practical purposes. The various degree measurements are given in the diagrams
below. Remember to keep the left (LEFT) hand fully stretched and tilt it in the
required direction. As the size of hand varies considerably the figures given
below are approximate only. Each person should with the help of a degree scale
check his hand for degrees.

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 Sight and Sight Protectors of the Rifle

The rifle held in the aiming position gives the following degree measurements:-

(i) Within the inner edges of back-sight (i) Within the inner edges of
protector 6 degree. fore-sight protector 1 degree.

(ii) Length of the rectangle of the (ii) Bed of fore- sight protector
bladeback-sight – 3 degree. ½ degree.

Finger’s Breadth and Hand Span Method

19. This is a rough alternative to the degree method for use as an elementary training
aid. In this method the LEFT arm is outstretched. One eye is closed and deflections
to the Left and Right are given in fingers, ie hold the hand so that the left edge of
a finger is in line with the reference point, if the Right edge of the same finger is in
line with the object, the object, is one finger width to the Right of the reference
point. Announce this lateral interval, announce it as ‘Right one finger’. When
two fingers can be applied to this lateral interval, announce it as ‘Right two
fingers’ Similarly this interval can be measured as hand span (Hindustani
equivalent ‘Balisht’) representing the distance
between the thumb and little fingers when the arm hand and fingers are outstretched. Avoid
intervals of more than one hand span as they are difficult to measure. This method can be
used with or without clock ray i.e.

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 (c)
“GATE, DAHINE – EK Baje-ek ungal JHONPARI:

Or
“GATE, BAEN-EK Balisht – JHONPARI”

Miscellaneous Methods

20. Some miscellaneous methods are given below:-

(a) Firing a Burst from LMG. This method should be used with discretion as
it is likely to give away own position, and surprise will be lost.

(b) Moving Object. Useful aids for drawing attention but not for using a
reference point. One does often come across moving objects like cattle.

(c) Use of Pointer Staff. Indicating targets to individuals with the aid of a
pointer staff.

(d) An Unusual Object. Something which is not part of the natural pattern,
will be recognized easily and quickly provided there are not too many in
the area e.g. smoke rising or hay stack.

(e) Use of Intermediate Object. An intermediate object may be used for

indicating a difficult target. Example No 1 Section-reference Darakht
Baen-9 baje 8 degrees – do chhoti jharian-baen jhari 7 baje – 3 degree ghas
ki ganji.

21. If an object is not recognized after being indicated use a different method of
indication.

Verification

22. To ensure that an indication has been correctly recognized it may be desirable to
check back. To do this the person indicating will say ‘ Check back’. The recipient
will
then indicate some other landmark using the target previously indicated as his reference
point e.g.

(a) The indicator might say-

‘TEMPLE-DAHINE 2 baje – CHHOTA DARAKHT.

Call it CHHOTA DARKHT – Check back.

(b) The recipient might say

15
 “CHHOTA DARAKHT – BAEN – 7 baje – 2 degree PULIA”

23 Only those who have not recognized object or target after it has been indicated, will
shout ‘ Not seen”, silence will imply that the indication has been followed.

How to Describe

24. Some point are given below:-

(a) When describing an area on the ground which includes landmark in the rear
of an observer, such as an assembly area, start with the general line of direction.
Then go round in clock wise direction finishing with the landmark first pointed out.
(b) When describing an area within an arc, in front of an observe, start with
the general line of direction and then indicate the landmark from LEFT to RIGHT.
Reference points, if required, are given out after the general line of direction.

When two land marks are in the same line, describe the one nearer to you
first and the distant one later in case initiative is with you, if the initiative is with
the enemy, describe the distant land mark first and nearer one subsequently.

Sequence of Indication

25. The easy way to remember this sequence is to remember the word ‘GRAD’. The
sequence is as follows:-

(a) Designation of Group. Designation or name of the group to be given out

first i.e. No.1 Section.

(b) Range.Range to the target to be given out next i.e. No. 1 Section -200, the
word ‘Yards’ will not be used as it is understood that the range is in yards. Note
that the range should be given in fifty and hundred only. For example 350, 250,200
and NOT 325 or 275 and so on.

(c) Aid. If an aid such as direction has been used it will be given out after the
range. The direction will be in relation to the general line of direction.

Description

26. (a) Describe the target (No 1 Section – 350- Adha baen – Pul). (b) If no aid is used
then the description of the target will follow the range e.g ‘No. 1 Section - 200 Pull’
Description of the target is the most important of all.
It should be clear and unmistakable. This can be achieved by describing some
prominent trait or characteristic of the target e.g. Kale tane wala darakht’. Or Do
Khirkion wala ghar’.

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 (c)
(c) Some-time it may be necessary to describe a target by its position in relation to
the objects e.g. ‘Ganne ke khet pe baen kone wali mitti ki dheri’.

Conclusion.

27. To achieve success in war it is of utmost importance that the target is understood
and recognized by the troops. It is of no use reaching/capturing a target not
intended to as this may jeopardise the plans.

SECTION-6

MOVEMENT WITH & WITHOUT ARMS

(ONLY FOR SW)

General

1. A knowledge of how to move correctly and how to use ground is important to

enable individuals and groups of individuals to close with the enemy, while
exposing themselves as little as possible to enemy’s view and fire. A knowledge
to move
correctly using correct cover as per the ground is essential. This is also essential for snipers
and the patrols to accomplish their tasks. Every feature, natural and artificial, must be
used to provide cover from the fire and view.

2. The method of movement are given below:(a) Crawling by Day with Rifle

(i) Monkey run.

(ii) Leopard crawl.

(iii) Walk.

(iv) Roll.

(b) Crawling by Day with LMG

(i) Knee crawl.

(ii) Side crawl.

(iii) Leopard crawl.

(c) Crawling by Night

(i) Ghost walk.

(ii) Cat walk.

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 (iii) Kitten crawl.

Crawling by Day

3. Monkey Run.Ther is useful for moving behind low cover upto about two feet
high. Go fast for about 15 yards, drop flat, pause and then crawl further. The
method of crawling is explained below:-

(a) Without Arms. This is done on hands and knees. Hands are moved
forward in turn and so are the knees. Every time a hand is moved forward,
the

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 knee corresponding to it is also moved forward to the spot vacated by the hand.
When silence is more important then speed. The knee should be placed on the
exact spot vacated by the hand. When silence is more important than speed, the
knee should be placed on the exact spot vacated by the corresponding hands. The
hand should reach forward to safe place.

(b) With Rifle. The rifle may be held in the Right hand at the point of balance.
Care must be taken to keep the muzzle up to prevent dirt from getting in.

4. Leopard or Stomach Crawl. This is useful for moving behind low cover. The
method of crawling is explained below:-

(a) Without Arms. This is done on elbows and knees. Hug the ground with
chest and crouch flat on the ground and arms, outstretched in front.
Propulsion is obtained from alternate elbows and knees movement. While
crawling roll slightly from side to side as each knee is bent. Avoid kicking
up the heels and keep the head, body and elbows close to the ground.
Alternatively, one knee only can be used the other led trailing along the
ground.

(b) With Rifle. This is done on knees and elbows by moving the rifle forward
holding the RIGHT hand under the rifle between the point of balance and
the outer hand. An alternative method is to grip the rifle diagonally across
the body with small of the butt underneath the RIGHT arm pit.

5. Walk

(a) Never walk with the head bent as this affords no protection but hinders
observation. Walk with head up and observe all the while. Silence is important
when crossing hard ground, the least noise is made if the outside of the sole of
the boot is placed first on the ground. Balance is essential to silent movement and
this is assisted by keeping the knees slightly bent.

(b) With Rifle. Rifle is held in the LEFT hand across the body, ready for
instant action. Carry the rifle so that it looks as a part of you. The
alternative method is to carry rifle near the front swivel and the RIGHT
hand holding the small of the butt.

6. Roll

(a) Roll away keeping the arms to the sides or stretched forward. This is often
the quickest way of getting away from a spot where the enemy has seen
you. Practice is necessary if the tendency to giddiness is to be overcome.

(b) With Rifle. When rolling to the right keep the rifle into the RIGHT side
and vice versa.

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Crawling with LMG

7. Knee Crawl (No.1)

(a) This is useful for moving behind waist height cover e.g. wall, hedge rows.

(b) This one is with the LMG only. The LMG is held in the left HAND. LEFT
foot, Right knee and Right hand are placed on the ground. The body weight
is taken on the RIGHT knee. The Right and the Left foot are moved
forward simultaneously followed by the RIGHT knee.

8. Side Crawl (No. 1). Lie on a side and rest the gun on the instep of lower leg
which is kept flat to the ground. Hold the carrying handle with the Right hand
and the barrel with the LEFT. Propulsion is obtained by kicking with upper leg.

9. Leopard Crawl (No. 1). Take the gun forward to the limit of the extent of the
arms and propel the body forward by legs using the leopard crawl method.

10. Combined Leopard Crawl (Nos 1 & 2). No 1 grips the small of the butt in her
left hand, No 2 grips the bipod legs in her Right hand. They both move forward
using the leopard crawl. No 1’s LEFT arm and leg keep step with No. 2’s RIGHT
arm and leg and vice versa.

11. Combined Leopard Crawl by Bounds (Nos 1 & 2) . Nos 1 & 2 crawl forward
2 to 3 yards, and lift the gun forward. In this method the gun is kept continuously
in the firing position.

Crawling by Night

12. Ghost Walk. For all night movements silence is more important then speed.
Silence can only be achieved by perfect balance. Stand up, lift the legs high to
avoid long grass and sweep them outwards in a semicircular motion. Feel gently
with the toes for a foothold. Makes sure that one foot is safe before the next foot
moves, and knee slightly bent. Always lie down when you halt at night

13. Cat Walk. Get down on the hands and knee and move each hand forward
searching the ground carefully, making sure there are no twigs, then raise the
knee and put it sown on the spot where the hand is. Then move the hand forward
again. This is very slow method but very sure.

14. Kitten Crawl. If the ground is covered with twigs the normal stomach crawl make
noise. When moving very close to the enemy and when perfect silence is essential
the only sure method is to keep raising the whole body off the ground on the
forearms and the toes pressing forwards lowering the body, feeling carefully with
hands each time. This is very slow and tiring method which requires considerable
practice, but is invaluable. Accurate information at night can often only be
obtained by movement very close to the enemy.

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15. Stalk. Ground however carefully selected together with camouflage alone is not
sufficient to enable us approach the enemy. One must use it like an animal
staking its prey instinctively and unerringly. The use of ground and camouflage
combined with the actual move forms the basis of all minor tactics.

Points to Remember

16. (a) Move from cover to cover and make use of natural camouflage. Stop, observe
and listen from bound to bound and do not keep moving forward the whole time.

(b) Watch your front and flanks.

(c) Crawl slows the movement and hiders observation, therefore crawl only
when you must. After crawling for some distance stop, listen and observe
and then crawl further.

(d) Weapons must always be kept ready for use.

(e) Look carefully and all round for enemy.

(f) Double across small gaps.

(g) If shot at, drop and crawl away to a side.

(h) Check equipment for noise.

(j) Always consider an alternative route.

(k) Do not disturb the birds, if this can be helped.

BATTLE CRAFT

SECTION-7

FIELD SIGNAL

General

1. It is not always possible to give verbal orders through words of mouth because of
battle noise, security reasons and intervening distance being too great for effective voice
control.

Signal With Hand

2. (a) Deploy Right arm fully extended above head and waved
from side to side, palm open.

21
(b) Advance Right arm swung from rear to front in ‘under arm
blowing’ fashion.
(c) Halt Right arm raised to full extent above head.

(d) Turn About Right arm raised and bent above head.

(e) Change direction Right arm raised to front in line with shoulder. Body
then turned in required direction.

(f) Close Right hand place on top of head, elbow to the right.

(g) Quick Time Right hand raised to line of shoulder, elbow close to the side.

(h) Double March Right fist clenched, moved up and down between thigh and
shoulder several times.
(j) Follow me Right arm swung from rear to front above the shoulder, in ‘over
arm bowling’ fashion.
(k) Last order Right hand to salute, then arm raised in air finger completed
extended.
(l) Last order Not Both hands, cupped behind the ears.
understood
(m) Commander to close Right arm to the side at 45 degrees to the body, first
clenched.
(n) Enemy in sight Both arms waved on sides ‘Bird fashion’ followed specific
numbers by number, indicated by number of fingers held up.
(o) Enemy Both hands open, palm inwards at waist level, Approaching with
inwards scooping motion.
(p) Enemy position Both hands, first clenched, raised to shoulder level,
suspected followed by indication of direction.
(q) Enemy LMG firing Right hand thumb down signal.
(r) Engage Target by Both hands clasped above the head (boxer fashion).
Fire
(s) Attack Punching motion with Right or Left hand according to direction of
attack.
(t) Closed to Close sign followed by both hands clasped in front Rendezvous
of body at waist level.
(u) Infantry obstacle Both hands crossed in front of body at the waist, ahead
palm open downwards.

22
Signals With Weapons

3. (a) Enemy in Sight in Rifle held above the head parallel to the ground, small
number muzzle in the direction of the enemy.

(b) Enemy in Sight in As per (a) above, but arm moved up and down large
number several times.
(c) Advance Both arms raised to form the letter ‘U’.
Signals With Whistle

4. (a) Cautionary Blast A short blast to draw attention to a signal or order about to
be given.
(b) The Alarm Blast A succession of alternate long and short whistle.
(c) Enemy Aircraft A succession of short blasts.
(d) Enemy Aircraft Two long blasts repeated at interval of five
second.
departed

SECTION- 8

SECTION FORMATION

1. The factors which influence the section commander in his choice of

formation are as follows:-

(a) Ground.

(b) Task.

(c) Type and direction of enemy fire.

(d) Need for security and control by the section.

(e) Necessity of producing the maximum fire with minimum delay.

2. A section is normally split into two groups, namely the LMG group and the rifle
group. These groups facilitate fire and movement.

3. The LMG group should usually be on the open flank or the flank which will
provide the best intermediate fire positions. The interval between individuals
should be about 4.6 m (5 yards) by day. The distances between groups will vary
to suit the ground.

23
4. Section formations, with advantage and disadvantages, are as follows:-
Formation Advantage Disadvantage
(a) Single File Bad for fire production,
Good for control, not vulnerable vulnerable to frontal fire.
to enfilade fire, useful for
moving along ditches, narrow
defiles and so on.
(b) File. Good for control. Useful for Not good for fire
moving along broad roads, production, vulnerable to
wide nullahs and so on. frontal fire.
(c) Diamond. Good for control, not Present a good target to
vulnerable to enfilade fire, frontal fire. Not very good
good for all round fire for fire production to the
production and observation. front.
(d) Arrow-head Good depth, not vulnerable to Control more difficult than
frontal fire, good for fire in diamond.
production, probably the best
formation for crossing open
ground.
(e) Spread-head Good depth, less vulnerable to Control difficult. Delay in
enfilade fire than arrow head, fire production.
LMG group not committed
immediately on contact.
(f) Extended Line The formation used in the final Control difficult. Very
assault. Very good for fire vulnerable to enfilade fire,
production (from the hip) and no depth.
bayonet fighting.
5. In each of the section formations, the positioning of the LMG and rifle groups
is the responsibility of the section commander. He may order a gap to be left
between groups and may even split his rifle group into parts as is frequently
done in jungle fighting. His own position in the section should ensure good
command and control.

SECTION-9

FIRE AND MOVEMENT

General

1. The primary aim of the infantry is to close with the enemy and destroy him.
It is only possible to move forward against opposition by skilful use of
ground, with the help of supporting fire or by a combination of both. The
24
 enemy will select positions which, as far as possible, give no ground cover
to the attackers. By means of fire, mines and other obstacles he will attempt
to halt the latter’s advance. Supporting fire is, therefore, necessary to keep
the enemy’s head
down and make movement possible. The combination of fire and movement is
the basis of platoon and section tactics. It demands from the soldier the highest
standards of weapon training and fieldcraft.

2. There are five basic considerations for fire and movement. These are as
follows:-

(a) There should be no exposed ground without covering fire.

(b) Control by the commander.

(c) The angle of covering fire from direct firing weapons should be as
wide as possible without loss of control or time.

(d) Full use should be made of all available cover. When cover is lacking
the use of smoke (smoke grenade) should be considered.

(e) Full use should be made of all available weapons for covering fire.

Ground Appreciation

3. In a battle, fire and movement is applied according to the type of country

over which it is fought. In open country the problem is how to find
cover; in close country, there is the difficulty of finding positions with good
observation and field of fire. In attack or defence, the skilful use of ground
can help to gain in developing an eye for ground. Ground should be
considered from the enemy’s point of view. It should be appreciated under
the following headings:-

(a) Fire positions.

(b) Observation positions.

(c) Cover from fire.

(d) Cover from view.

(e) Obstacles.

4. Types of Cover. Cover from view is often not cover from fire, especially if
the move to cover has been seen by the enemy. Concealment from enemy
air and ground observation is the chief means of gaining surprise. Some
of the main types of cover are:-

25
 (a) Undulating ground which is the least obvious form of cover; when
skillfully used, it protects from direct fire and gives no ranging marks
to the enemy.

(b) Sunken roads, beds of streams and ditches which give good cover
from view and often from fire as well. However, there is always
a danger that the enemy may pay special attention to them; they may
be mined or booby-trapped and precautions against ambush must be
taken. If the roads or ditches are straight, the enemy will be able to
fire down them in enfilade.

(c) Hedges and bushes give cover from view but not from fire. In open
country they may make good ranging marks for the enemy.

(d) Standing crops give cover from view but movement through them
can generally be detected.

(e) Woods which give cover to men and vehicles from enemy air and
ground observation. They give some protection from small arm
fire but HE bombs and shells will explode in the branches of trees
and will cause heavy casualties unless troops are dug in and have
overhead protection.

(f) Buildings and walls afford concealment and protection from small
arms fire and shell splinters. When isolated they make good ranging
marks for the enemy.

5. Dead Ground. Ground which a soldier can not see from his position is called
dead ground. Platoon and section commanders should be able to recognise
ground which is likely to be dead to the enemy. Ground can only be
described as dead in relation to the position of an observer. Troops under
cover or in dead ground are safe from enemy observed fire but not from
indirect fire. These areas are always likely to be selected by the enemy as
defensive fire tasks for his artillery and mortars. Dead ground is also safe
from detection by battle field surveillance radars, as these have line of sight
limitations.

6. Common Mistakes. The wrong use of ground may lead to casualties

and loss of surprise; some common mistakes are:-

(a) Carelessness by troops while making a reconnaissance, such as

unfolding a map in the open or not using a covered approach to an
OP.

(b) Unnecessary movement in a position overlooked by the enemy.

26
 (c) Using conspicuous landmarks such as isolated trees, bushes or
cottages.

(d) Halting troops near road or track junctions or other mapped features
which are always registered as targets by the enemy.

(e) Bad track discipline.

(f) Failure to guard against enemy air observation.

Maps and Air Photographs

7. Maps and air photographs should be used together to obtain the best picture
of the ground. The two aids are complementary as is shown by listing the
advantages and limitation of air photographs:-

(a) Advantage.

(i) Are more up-to-date.

(ii) Gives more detail.

(iii) Show the size and shape of features accurately.

(iv) Allow gradient to be seen in relief with a stereoscope.

(b) Limitations

(i) Complete geographical cover almost impossible.

(ii) Expensive to produce.

(iii) Scales vary.

(iv) Details of heights not given.

8. Only the topographical information given by air photographs needs to be

understood. The interpretation of the details of enemy defences is the task
of the experts. Very little time need be spent in mastering the theoretical
knowledge of map reading but a great deal of practice is required. The use
of the prismatic compass and the protractor must also be mastered by sub-
unit commanders. Navigation is a science and never a guess. An officer
must have complete trust in his compass; this only comes with practice.

Selection of Fire Positions

9. The ideal fire position should:(a) Provide cover from fire.

27
 (b) Provide cover from view.

(c) Afford a good view of the ground to be watched or target to be engaged.

(d) Provide room in which to use the weapon freely.

(e) Have a covered approach.

(f) Be easy to advance from.

10. The selection of fire positions requires a knowledge both of the characteristics of
weapons and of the use of ground. A direct firing weapon must be sited with
an eye at the level from which it is to fire. A target which is clear to a man standing
may be invisible to one lying down.

11. Sometimes it may be necessary to site fire positions on trees, rooftops, haystacks
or walls to produce fire effect. This may result in plunging fire, but this must be
overcome by accurate shooting. Cunning concealed fire positions will puzzle
the enemy, protect the troops from observed fire and safeguard them against air
attack.

Fire Control in Attack and Defence

12. There is a big distinction between fire control in attack and in defence. In attack
men should be allowed a great deal of latitude in opening fire. Speed and
immediate fire effect is what is required. With a well concealed enemy it will
often be necessary to “neutralise” an area by fire since few definite targets will
be visible. In defence, the
vital factor in fire control is that early opening of fire may give away positions to the
enemy and jeopardize concealment. Normally, a section commander will lay down a
line in front of his section post beyond which fire will not be opened without his orders.
This is particularly important where a long field of fire is available. In any case fire will
normally be opened on the orders of the section commander.

Movement

13. Movement in the face of the enemy should be covered by fire. This does not
mean that it is impossible to move unless a heavy weight of fire is brought down
on the enemy. An important part of an attack is the movement towards the
objective, supporting fire is one of the aids to that movement. A knowledge of
how to move and how to use ground for movement is essential to enable troops
to close with the enemy with minimum casualties, undetected in the zone of
arc of battle field surveillance radars.

14. Usually, troops advancing by day in action will move at a brisk walking pace until
they make contact; in the final stages of the assault, they will double. They may
have to double or crawl at other times; for example if attacking troops move

28
 into enemy defensive fire, it is usually best to double forward and through it; to
lie down is often dangerous as well as useless. Doubling and crawling are both
tiring however, and should only be used in short spells in critical situations
particularly for crossing open ground in full view of the enemy. The commander
must himself decide on his pace from his personal knowledge of the state of
fitness of his men. In general the aim must always be to keep moving
determinedly towards the enemy at the best possible speed.

15. When crossing an open space like a gap in a hedge, it is best for the whole section
or group to double across it together, before the enemy has time to fire
effectively. When wider gaps are under enemy observation, it may be necessary
to filter men across now and again by crawling in ones and twos.

SECTION-10

SECTION BATTLE DRILL

General

1. A section will rarely be employed in an operation by itself but the action of a

section is the basis for action of bigger subunits or units and, therefore, it must be
thoroughly understood.

2. The Section Battle Drill is divided into 4 stages.

(a) Stage – 1 – Action on coming under effective fire.

(b) Stage – II – Locating and neutralising the enemy.

(c) Stage – III- Attack.

(d) Stag – IV- Re–organization.

Action on Coming under Effective Fire

3. The Section Commander, as he advances, will constantly be on the look out for:-

(a) New reference point for fire control orders. He may describe these to the
section as they advance and each may acknowledge with a signal or shout
‘Not seen’ if he had failed to recognize the reference points, and.

(b) Position where the section can take cover in the event of coming under
effective fire. Whenever, possible the section commander will indicate
such positions in form of anticipatory orders e.g. ‘if we come under
effective fire, LMG group takes cover in those bushes, rifle group along
that bank’.

29
4. It is instinctive to most men to drop down on the ground, when under fire. The
men should not go to ground till the effective fire of the enemy is brought down
or the order ‘Take Cover’ is given by the Section Commander. On receiving order
for taking cover the following action will normally be taken by each man of the
section:-

(a) Run to the nearest cover or that already indicated by the Section
Commander in his anticipatory orders.

(b) Every man will dive or drop into the cover and crawl away so that the
enemy has not got his sights on anyone when he re-appears.

(c) Take position and observe the enemy.

(d) Apply sight and fire on spotting the enemy without waiting for an order
from the section commander.

(e) Bunching together should be avoided at times and apart from No 1 and 2
of sthe LMG group, when necessary, no man in the open by day should
ever be less than 5 yards from his nearest fellow , depending on the cover
available.

(f) On ‘TAKE COVER’ order by the section commander, DASH-

DOWNCRAWL-OBSERVE-SIGHTS-FIRE (If the enemy has been
located).

Locating and Neutralizing the Enemy

5. Locating. The location of enemy and its fire is usually not easy. The following
drill will be followed for locating the enemy.

(a) By Observation. Look in the area from which the ‘thump’ came.
The time between the ‘crack’ and the ‘thump’ gives an indication of the range. If
nothing is seen after about 30 seconds or so, it is very unlikely that enemy will
be located by looking.

(b) By Fire. The section commander will give a fire control order to a couple
of rifleman to fire two shots each into likely cover. The rest of the section
will observe their area of observation carefully. If there is no answer to
fire, then the section commander should try another couple of rifleman at
some other target. If there is still no enemy fire, either they are well trained
or they have withdrawn.

(c) By Movement. The section commander will order one or two men to
get up and double forward about 10 yards to a different cover. He might
do this again if it draws no fire. If the enemy troops are there, they must
be extremely well trained not to fall for these tricks and start firing at such

30
 poor targets. (A man getting up and moving fast for about 10 yards is a
very difficult target to hit). If there is still no enemy reaction then the
section commander must continue the advance.

Target Indication

6. If any soldier of the section located the enemy before the section commander, he
will insert a tracer round into his rifle, shout ‘Watch my Tracer’ and fire and
continue to fire, until, the section commander issues fire control order or orders
to stop the fire.

Neutralisation

7. (a) As soon as the section commander knows the position of the enemy he must
give a fire control order to bring on the enemy sufficient weight of the section
fire power to neutralize them. If certain individuals have already started the firing,
the section commander will resume control by preceding his fire control order
with the order ‘STOP’.

(b) Having won the fire fight, the section commander must retain the fire initiative
by cautiously bringing fire down on the enemy whilst he manoeuvers closer in
order to assault them.

The Assault

8. The section commander will decide whether to attack from the flank or right
flank depending upon the position of the LMG group, the position of the enemy
and the routes available.

9. The section commander’s orders, for the assault are confined to :-

(a) LEFT or RIGHT flanking (to indicate which side of the LMG group, the
rifle group will work).

(b) Which group will move first and.

(c) Place to which LMG group will move, if it is to move first.

10. The main points to note are:-

(a) The section commander will lead the rifle group in person, he is normally
in the centre.

(b) Covering fire will be provided for all movements in the open. The angle
of the fire should be as wide as possible.

(c) When the rifle group gets down into fire position after a bound, the LMG
group must move forward into a new fire position automatically. Once
31
 the LMG group is in a position from which it can support the assault from
a good angle, the rifle group will move in one bound. Before the assault
goes in, the rifleman armed with the grenade discharger cup and the
projector strim grenade should be ordered to remove these from their rifle,
if necessary.

(d) Normally the assault will start at the ‘walk’ with firing being carried out
from the shoulder or the hip (marching fire). The section doubles only
during last 100 to 50 yards when the section commander gives order
‘CHARGE’.

(e) No 1 and No 2 of the LMG group must carry sufficient magazines to

support a normal section attack.

(f) As the assault goes in, the LMG group will fire as long as possible and
then switch its fire across the objective just in front of the rifle group.

Re-Organisation

11. Once the assault is made the following action will take place as drill:-

(a) The LMG group will rejoin the fire group ‘at the double’ immediately it
sees the rifle group take cover after the assault.

(b) The section commander will organize a search of the area of the objective
for any enemy hiding or wounded. Rifle numbers detailed to search will
be covered by other rifleman.

(c) The section commander will check positions of rifleman and LMG group,
allot arcs of observation and detail reference points.

(d) The section commander will check:-

(i) Causalities,
(ii) Ammunition expenditure, and (iii) Refilling of
LMG magazine.
(e) The section commander will await the platoon commander for
furtherorders.

SECTION-11

FIRE CONTROL ORDERS

Introduction

32
1. By opening of fire indiscriminately, too early or at too great a range, the defender’s
position will be disclosed prematurely which will mean wasting of
ammunition without advantage. This means Section Commander should be able to control
the fire of his section by exercising good fire discipline.

Important Terms

2. Certain terms given below are commonly used in connection with fire control:-

(a) Fire Unit. Any number of men firing under the command of one man,
usually, a section. The person responsible for giving the executive order
of fire, is the fire unit commander.

(b) Fire Direction Orders. These are the orders which the fire unit
commander receives from his superior, telling him when, at what target and
with what intensity to open fire. A section commander will receive fire
direction orders from his platoon commander. They include special
directions about opening and withholding fire.

(c) Fire Control Orders. These are orders given by the fire unit
commander to direct and control the fire of the section. Emphasis should be on
control and supervision. These orders are the final with complete instructions after
all factors have been considered and before fire is actually opened.

(d) Arc of Fire. This denotes the area of ground for which the fire unit is
responsible and with in which it will engage targets. An arc of fire, must
not be confused with field of fire which is the area upon which it will be
possible to fire effectively in any direction.

Points for Section Commander

3. There are certain points which must be remembered before giving a fire control
order. These are explained below:-

(a) Indication. No fire control order can be effective unless the target is clearly
indicated and can be easily recognized by the men of the fire unit.

(b) Range Visibility and Vulnerability. It should be considered if the range,

visibility and vulnerability of the target justify fire at all. Would it be better
to wait and get a more vulnerable or more complete surprise?

(c) Best Weapon to Use . What is the best weapon to use, although the
LMG is the main weapon of the section, the target may be more suitable
for the fire of the riflemen only or for a combination of both weapons.

(d) Single Round or Burst. Should the fire be in single rounds or in burst.
Should it be rapid or at the normal rate? Rapid rate is justified only on a

33
 comparatively few occasions when it allows the maximum effect to be
gained from surprise when an especially vulnerable target presents itself or
to cover move in the final phase of an assault.

How to Give Fire Orders

4. Having decided to open fire, the next problem is how to give the orders. The four
main rules which must be followed are as under:-

(a) The orders should be given clearly, calmly and consciously.

(b) It should be given loudly, so as to be heard over the noise of battle but
should not be louder than required.

(c) It must be given as an order, and obeyed as such.

(d) It must be given with adequate pauses, so that those being addressed may
have time to take the correct action, for example, there must be time for
sight adjustment after the range is ordered. No 1 Section (Pause) 300
(Pause) fire when you see a target.

Types of Control Orders

5. There are four types of control orders. These are explained below:-

(a) Delayed Fire Order

(i) “ No. 1 Section – 600-enemy approaching await my orders”.

(ii) “No. 1 Section 600-enemy advancing through jungle, fire when

enemy reaches, open ground”.

(b) Opportunity Fire Order

“No. 1 Section. Enemy hidden in broken ground, fire when seen”.

(c) LMG Group Fire Order. “LMG group sight down – enemy running
left to right – fire”

(d) Full Fire Order

(i) Pin Point Target. “No 2 Rifleman – 300 Tree Right – 50 RED
HUT- enemy sniper-fire”.

(ii) Area Target. “LMG-Group -500-Tree-Right Grove, enemy

section, burst fire”.

34
Sequence of Fire Order

6. An accepted sequence should always be used in order to avoid confusion, or

misunderstanding. The suggested code work is ‘GRIT’, each letter of which
signifies stage in fire orders as follows:-

G-The Group of the section which is addressed, that is the LMG group or the
whole section. An order starting with “No 1 Section” indicates that the whole of
No. 1 Section will fire. “LMG-Group or Rifles Group” means that the group
named only will fire.

R-The Range to the target. To ensure accuracy of fire and to concentrate attention
on a limited area of ground.

I- The Indication of the point of aim by its description.

T-The type of fire to be employed.
Conclusion

7. Fire control orders are essential to maintain surprise, save ammunition and engage
targets with speed. The correct sequence must be followed to avoid confusion.

SECTION-12

TYPES AND CONDUCT OF PATROLS

(ONLY FOR SD)

General

1. Patrolling is the acid test of a trained cadets individual training. The success of any
operation depends largely on the availability of accurate and timely information
about the enemy. This information is mostly obtained by patrols.

2. Patrolling develops four essential qualities of the fighting man:-

(a) Discipline
(b) Comradeship (c) Aggressiveness.
(d) Alertness.
Functions

3. There are two functions performed by patrols:-

(a) Reconnaissance. To obtain information upon which commanders can base

their plans.

35
 (b) Protection. It involves preventing enemy patrols from obtaining
information or giving early warning of the approach of enemy forces.

Types of Patrols

4. There are two types of patrols:-

(a) Reconnaissance Patrols (Recce Patrols) (b) Protective Patrols.

Recce Patrols

5. The aim is to gain information secretly and silently without getting involved in
fight. It may however have to fight some times for information which should be
conveyed to proper commander in time to be of value.

6. Composition. The party should be small. It should consist of a patrol leader

usually an officer or a JCO and his escort of one or two men. Where it is evident
that information can not be obtained unless the patrol is prepared to fight, its
strength must be adjusted in accordance with the requirements.

7. Arms. It is ideal to carry only close quarter battle weapons. Heavier weapons
should be avoided.

Protective Patrols

8. Duties. Patrols engaged in protective duties will have to patrol on the front allotted
to them. Their tasks will include to deny approaches to enemy patrols and obtain
earliest possible information of the approach of the enemy.

Strength and composition

9. Patrols engaged in protective duties should be prepared to fight and should be

organized accordingly. The strength will depend on the task. This must be
supported by a carefully worked out fire plan if required.

Technical Representatives

10. Patrols whose tasks are solely of obtaining information of technical nature will
include representatives of technical arms. The commanders of such patrols are
infantry officers, irrespective of the rank of the specialist representatives included
in the patrol.

Stages of Patrolling

11. There are three stages of patrolling:-

(a) Preparation.
(b) Conduct.
36
 (c) Debriefing.

TASKS

General

12. Patrols may be employed for various tasks according to the needs of the situation.
The main tasks are however as follows:-

Recce Patrols

13. Tasks

(a) Location and details of enemy position.

(b) Location of obstacles laid by enemy and constant plotting of features.

(c) Study enemy habits.

(d) Any other specific information asked.

Protective Patrols

14. (a) To deny approaches to enemy patrols and obtain earliest possible information
of the approach of the enemy.

(b) To gain and confirm topographical information including that of artificial

obstacles.

(c) To give early warning of the enemy’s intentions.

(d) To deny information to enemy patrols.
(e) To dominate ‘No Man’s Land’.
(f) To protect flanks by aggressive patrolling.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF PATROL LEADER AND SCOUTS

Responsibilities of Patrol Leader

15. The patrol leader being the commander of the patrol party, is responsible and
accountable for the following:-

(a) Quick thinking and out line planning.

(b) Selection of men. Same man should not be taken time and again. None
should be suffering from cough or other ailment. Keep few reserves.
(c) Details of arms and ammunition to be carried by each.
37
 (d) Any special equipment to be carried.
(e) Communication.
(f) Gaining maximum information.

(g) Detailed recce and planning.

(h) Briefing of patrol.
(j) Rehearsals. Rehearsals of the following should be carried out when ever time
is available.

(i) Formations.
(ii) Method of crossing obstacles.
(iii) Action on meeting the enemy.
(iv) Protective measure during the halts.

(k) Final inspection.

(l) Successful conduct of the patrol and completion of assigned tasks.
(m) Debriefing.

RESPONSIBILITY OF SCOUTS

General

16. Scouts are a pair of soldiers from the section who work ahead of the section when
it is on move except when another section is leading. These two men work as the
eyes and the ears of the section. Their function is to:-
(a) Protect the section by giving early warning of the enemy and to prevent
their section from getting either ambushed or from under enemy fire
unexpectedly.
(b) Increase the speed of move of their section by permitting it to move more
closed up than it would if there was no one between the section and the
enemy.

Some Points to Remember

17. (a) Scouts should move from cover to cover using the correct methods of
observation around cover.
(b) Scouts should move by short bound in area where enemy is suspected.

(c) A pair of scouts should move one behind another and should keep each
other within easy voice control .The leading scout should often look over

38
 his shoulder to ensure that he has the second scout in visual contact.
However, it is for the second scout to keep up.
(d) Scouts must always be alert.
(e) Scouts must protect each other by placing themselves in such a way that
they can cover each other by fire.
(f) Scouts move as individuals making use of ground and cover.
(g) Scouts must always remain in contact with the unit through the sub-units
commander.

(h) Communication are from front to rear. Contact is visual.

(j) Scouts must so move on ground and take cover in such a way that they do
not give away each others position.
(k) Scouts must not bunch together on bounds.
Conclusion

18. The training and efficiency of a section is judged from the work of the scouts. Its
speed and safety depends upon them. They should work in pairs making intelligent
use of the ground.

ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS

General
19. In any military operation however, large or small scale it be, the administrationis
of paramount importance and plays a vital role in the ultimate analysis. No
operation can sustain for long without an effective and sound administrative back
up and hence need no emphasis.

20. For the successful conduct of a patrol the following administrative aspects should
be borne in mind:-

(a) Composition of patrol and selection of men.

(b) Dress and equipment.
(c) Arms, amn and equipment.
(d) Food including extra rations to be carried.
(e) Water consumption and discipline.
(f) Evacuation of casualties if any.
(g) Rest and refit.
(h) Communication with in and out side patrol.
(i) Security, Items of security value should be discarded.

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 (k) Any special equipment specially required for night operations.

CONDUCT OF PATROL

21. Formations. The formation adopted by a patrol will depend on

(a) Cover.
(b) Control.
(c) Protection.
(d) Ground.

22. The exact formation adopted will also be affected by the size of the patrol and
individual preference of the patrol leader. It must at all times provide for effective
control by the commander and the security of the patrol.

23. Patrol Base. A patrol base is established in an area of tactical importance close
to the enemy but not observed or dominated by him. Radio sets, stretcher bearers
and the men and material not required by subsidiary patrols are left here. Necessity
of patrol base will arise when:-

(a) ‘No Man’s Land’ is wide,

(b) Two more small patrols are required to be sent from there, and

(c) There is a danger of small isolated patrols suffering serious interference

from the enemy on the way.

24. A patrol base should be:-

(a) Suitable for defence and always have enough strength for this,

(b) Neither too close to be safe, nor too far to be useful, 500 to 700 yds by day
and 300 to 400 yds by night is a rough guide in open country.

(c) Easily recognisable at night.

Some Practical Hints

25. The following points are worth noting:-

(a) For better observation move on high ground during day and on low ground
during night.

(b) Be alert and avoid obvious places like bridges, villages, roads, tracks,
junctions. Patrols should use land marks to keep direction while keeping
clear of them.

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 (c) Move by bounds, one foot on the ground.

(d) Do not give away your presence by shine, light, coughing or rattling.

(e) Observe and note down whatever you can while enroute.

(f) Be aggressive if you meet the enemy and cannot avoid without being
detected. In an encounter the patrol which shoots first is likely to win.

(g) While returning, do not lose the information gained by unnecessarily

getting involved in a fight.

(h) If not sure whether an object is moving, do not look at it continuously but
fix its position relative to a star or another object. Look away and look back
to see whether its position has changed. A bush will ‘present arm’ if you
stare at it long enough.

(j) Noises at night sound closer than they really are conversely any noise made
by your own patrol goes a long way.

(k) A careful balance must be maintained between speed and silence. At night,
it is easier to hear than to see. You cannot listen on the move. It is advisable,
therefore, in the early stages, to move rapidly from point to point, stop frequently
and listen. Nearing the enemy, silence is more important than speed.

(l) Detail one man (Get away man) before setting out, who, if the patrol gets
heavily involved, may be ordered to try and return with such information as has
been obtained. For such patrols RVs detailed are usually the bounds, so that the
men know where to re-assemble it they are scattered.
Debriefing

26. Immediately on return to its own unit, the patrol leader should report the return of
the patrol and give a brief report of his task. Any thing of urgent nature which may
affect the conduct of operation should be told immediately. A detailed
interrogation should be done of the whole patrol preferably by the same officer
who briefed. Debriefing should be done when the patrol has collected the thoughts
but before their memory becomes dim. The following points should be
remembered:-

(a) Air photographs should be used for checking information regarding

ground.

(b) The patrol commander should be allowed to tell his own story without
interruptions.

(c) Important information should be cross-checked with other members of the

patrol. A great deal of tact and care is required in this. It is not necessary to
interrogate every member of the team,but key personnel and the
representatives of other arms, if any, should always be interrogated.

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 (d) Any information of immediate importance must be passed on at once to
those affected by it. The interruption thus caused in the interrogation of the
patrol has to be accepted.

(e) Tired men are not very communicative. Detailed interrogation should be
carried out after the patrol has had some rest. Hot tea and a smoke can be
a great help.

(f) There is a normal tendency for exaggeration but it should not be taken for
granted that all reports are exaggerated.

(g) Patrolling is difficult and very tiring. Interrogation should, therefore, be

done with sympathy and understanding.

(h) All information collected by interrogation should be checked with any

other information if already available.
Conclusion

27. The success of any patrol depends upon careful preparation, good leadership,
determination of all member of the patrol, good warning and high morale.

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