—

Electric cars ?
—
We have only 12 years left to limit climate change catastrophe, warns UN
Why we want everybody to drive electric cars charged by clean, renewable energy

World is already 1 degC warmer today

There is now a growing recognition that the previous 2 degC

negotiated Paris limit is dangerous and we need to limit to 1.5
degC instead of 2 degC

At the current level of commitments, the world is on course for a

disastrous 3 degC of warming

To stay within 1.5 degC the global carbon pollution would have to
be cut by 45% by 2030 – compared with a 20% cut under the 2
degC pathway – and come down to zero by 2050, compared with
2075 for 2 degC.

2/3 of global carbon pollution comes from transport and energy

generation sector

July 15, 2020 Slide 2

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Well-to-wheel efficiency of alternative fuels
Range per year per m² of land

Most efficient energy crops (palm oil, sugar

Biofuel: 7km
cane) deliver 0.5L/m² including sowing,
fertilizing, harvesting, refinement and
distribution.
A vehicle drives 15km/L, so 0.5L gives
7km range.

Hydrogen: 160km A solar panel delivers 105 kWh/m²

After electrolysis, compression and distribution
63kWh goes into the tank.
The fuel cell generates 31.5kWh of electricity.
The vehicle drives 5km/kWh, so 31.5kWh gives
160km range.

Electric: 380km A solar panel delivers 105 kWh/m².

After distribution, charging and storage
in the battery, 77kWh is available to the motor.
An EV drives 5km/kWh, so 77kWh gives
380km range.
Remark: latest solar panels can be more efficient than those
mentioned here, which makes the gap bigger with biofuels, while
the difference between hydrogen and electric remains

Original source: Auke Hoekstra, Eindhoven University of Technology. Data was modified due to improved performance of biofuel and
July 15, 2020 Slide 3
hydrogen.
—
Jurisdictions with planned fossil-fuel vehicle bans
Source: Wikipedia (Status: 14/07/2020)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles

July 15, 2020 Slide 4

—
Cities and territories with planned fossil-fuel vehicle bans
Source: Wikipedia (Status: 14/07/2020)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles

July 15, 2020 Slide 5

—
The electrification of mobility
Outlook: sustainable and climate-friendly mobility (graph on Passenger Cars)

Increasing acceptance

Government
Early adopters

Environment

Economy

Mass market
Technology

Source: NPE Fortschrittsbericht 2018 (now Nationale Plattform Zukunft der Mobilität)
July 15, 2020
—
More than 38 million electric vehicles (EVs) will be on the road by 2025
China, North America and Europe are expected to continue to lead with China capturing half of market

China 2019 2025

Light-duty EVs 3.6M 18M
Residential 0.8M 4M
chargers
Public chargers 480k >1.1M
Medium & Heavy- 504k 1.3M
duty EVs
North America 2019 2025
Light-duty EVs 1.7M 7M Europe* 2019 2025
Residential 1.3M 4.5M Rest of world 2019 2025
Light-duty EVs 1.8M 8.1M
chargers Light-duty EVs 0.8M 3.7M
Residential 1.1M 3.6M
Public chargers 135k 0.5M chargers Residential 0.5M 2.2M
Medium & Heavy- 969 11.2k Public chargers 186k 0.7M chargers
duty EVs
Medium & Heavy- 1079 8.6k Public chargers 39k 187k
duty EVs
Source: Wood Mackenzie
*Note: Europe includes the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (U.K.) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

Not to be distributed electronically outside ABB, Internal-use only

July 15, 2020 Slide 7
—
2020 tipping point for EV market in Europe
Surge in EV models and production

• 2018 ↑ 2020 ↑ 2025 shows 60 ↑ 176 ↑ 333 EV models

• … of which BEV: 25 ↑ 72 ↑ 176

• ~2024 price parity of BEV with ICE car

• In 2025:
• EV production x 6 compared to 2019
• 4 M EVs to be produced (~20% of total EU car production)
• 2/3 by VW, PSA, Renault-Nissan, and Daimler
• ~60% of EVs will be BEV (and ~40% PHEV)
• only ~9 k FCEVs (0.2%) and ≤ 1% CNG/LPG

• Driving forces:
• EU CO2 target of 95 g/km mandatory in 2020
• Even lower target for 2025
• ‘Diesel Gate’ Source: T&E analysis of the IHS Markit database and forecast, Feb 2019 Number of BEV models on the market in Europe

July 15, 2020 Slide 8

—
DC-Fast Charging is happening in Europe
8.074 CCS/14.400 CHAdeMO fast charging stations in Europe (per 14/07/2020) – CCS figures are not updated anymore

CCS
(seems not to be updated anymore)
Europe: 8.074
USA: 2.000 approx./no update
Other: 1.000 approx./no update
Globally: 11.074 approx.

CHAdeMO
Europe: 14.400
North America: 4.600
Japan: 7.700
Other: 5.500
Globally: 32.300 (figures do not add
http://ccs-map.eu/ www.chademo.com up)

July 15, 2020 Slide 9

—
Market (cars & standards)
—
AC charging versus DC charging
On-board versus Off-board equipment

AC Charging DC Charging

DC Fast
On-board CHAdeMO Charging
module
Charger Station

BMS
Li-ion
Li-ion battery
battery

Every vehicle needs to have its own Infrastructure investment is shared with
onboard equipment hundreds of users

July 15, 2020 Slide 11

—
ABB is following the Car-OEM’s Fast Charging standards
20-100 kW CHAdeMO/ 22-43 kW AC/ 20-350 kW CCS 2

From Q4-2012 onwards

22-43 kW AC

From Q4-2013 onwards From Q4-2010 onwards

CCS 2 Very roughly said: A standard in fact is defined as the combination CHAdeMO
of the physical connector + the communication protocol

July 15, 2020 Slide 12

—
Combined Charging System (CCS) for Europe
Also sometime referred to as “Combo”, or CCS-2

Car inlet

Source of picture: Phoenix Contact

July 15, 2020 Slide 13

—
Tesla Model 3 in Europe
Model 3 with CCS-2 & Tesla begins Supercharger CCS upgrade ahead of Model 3 rollout

Tesla Model 3 coming to Europe with CCS-2 Supercharger CCS upgrade in Europe
Tesla finally confirmed that Model 3 is getting a CCS Combo 2 plug It is still a couple of months before Model 3 deliveries in Europe are
in Europe and an adapter is coming for Model S and Model X. expected to begin, but Tesla is already starting the rollout of dual-
charge CCS Superchargers in the region.
Furthermore, Tesla said that they will start retrofitting European Tesla plans to fully retrofit Europe’s Supercharger Network with
Supercharger stations with “dual charge cables” to both support its dual charge CCS system, allowing the Model 3 to have access to
the existing connector and CCS standard. Tesla’s expansive charging infrastructure

Source: https://electrek.co/2018/11/14/tesla-model-3-ccs-2-plug-europe-adapter-model-s- Source: https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-supercharger-dual-charge-ccs-upgrade-model-3-

model-x/ europe-rollout/

July 15, 2020 Slide 14

—
Tesla CHAdeMO and CCS adapters
For Tesla Model S and Model X

CHAdeMO adapter CCS adapter

Ordering e.g. via Tesla Webshop First pictures from a Tesla CCS adapter (03/04/2019)
Source: https://electrek.co/2019/04/03/tesla-ccs-adapter-first-look/

Tesla S charging @ 135 kW on ABB CCS Fastned station with CCS adapter
Source: https://insideevs.com/news/357998/tesla-model-s-135-kw-ccs-adapter/

The technical functioning of the Tesla CHAdeMO adapter with CHAdeMO-certified charge The technical functioning of the Tesla CCS adapter with CCS charge stations is the
stations is the responsibility of Tesla Motors. responsibility of Tesla Motors.

July 15, 2020 Slide 15

—
Follow the car through Europe, and open standard protocols
2010 - 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022, …
320 km
DC high-power charging CCS (≥ 150 kW @800V)
450 km
? AstonMartin >400 km
600 km
Audi etron GT BMW i4/iNext
665 km ?? km
VW ID Vizzion Porsche Macan
Porsche Taycan FF 91 650 km RapidE
??? km ?? km 500 km 1000 km
500 km ?? km
DC high-power charging CCS (≥150 kW @400 V) >400 km 650 km Maserati Alfieri
Audi etron SUV Jaguar XJ VW ID Crozz Volvo Polestar2 Tesla Roadster Lucid Air VW ID Buzz
350 km ??? km 725 km 600 km
>400 km BMW
Audi etron sportback 500 km? iX3 500 km?
Tesla Model 3 JLR RoadRover VW ID 4 (Golf)Lightyear One 500 km
??? km 500 km BMW i4
500 km
460 km 520 km
600 km >300 km FMC Byton Mercedes EQB
Fisker Emotion Mercedes EQA Aiways U5 ion Audi Q4 etron BMW i5
200 km 340 km 250 km ??? km Mercedes EQS ??? km
190 km 310 ?? km
130 km 300 km
DC fast charging CCS (50-150 kW @400 V) 300 km
450 km km
250 kmPeugeot e-208 500 kmGM Crossover
BMW i3 Jaguar i-Pace Saic EV80Mini Cooper SE Peugeot e-2008 VW ID 3 Smart EV 500 km
BMW i3 450 km Toyota C-HR
Opel Ampera-e VW e-Golf 1.1 330 km 500 km Mini Rochketman
180 km 165 500 km
110 km 450 km Skoda Vision iV
130 km km 390 km Hyundai Kona Mercedes EQC 300 km Geely Geometry A
Volvo XC40 350 km
140 km Focus Electric Kia Niro 300 km Opel Corsa-e Genesis Mint
VW e-Golf 200 km? ?? km
VW e-UP! VW e-Golf 400 km Seat El-Born
Hyundai Ioniq Renault Zoe ZE 50 Skoda Citigo ?? km
DS3 Crossback 250 km Ford eSUV
425 km ??? kmVW T7
450 km 300 km
SsangYong eSIV
180 km
Sono Sion MG eSZ Honda e Lexus CT
200 km 300 km
110 km 300 km Chloe EV
DC fast charging 120 km 110 km 130 km 450 km 320 km
450 km Hyundai Saga 500 km
CHAdeMO Tesla + adapter
150 km
320 km DR DR3 EV
(50-150 kW Nissan Leaf 1.0 Citroën C-Zero
Peugeot Partner
Nissan Leaf 1.1 Tesla Model X NEVS 9-3 Kia-Soul2 300 km
SF Motors SF5
@400 V) 110 km + adapter Visoniary Brick3EV
110 km 110 km 110 km 40 km 150 km
200 km ??? km 360 km
e.GO Life
? 250 km
Fiat 500e
200 km ?? km 360 km
Mitsubishi Kia Soul-EV Nissan e-NV200 Mitsubishi ??? kmMazda EV VW e-Up Fiat Ducato El.
Nissan Leaf Nissan e-NV200 Nissan
Mitsubishi i-MiEV Peugeot iOn Outlander PHEV mini EV
Citroën Berlingo Leaf E+
Mitsubishi SUV
AC fast charging 43 kW 130 km ?? km
Renault Zoe ZE Infinity QX inspiration
200 km?
450 km 130 km 200 km ?? km
110 km
AC 22 kW OBC Tesla Model S Renault Zoe
Daimler Smart ED Renault Kangoo
Renault Zoe 1.1 Daimler E-Smart
AC 11 kW OnBoardConverter 140 km
Mercedes B250E
400 km
Tesla Model S
August 2019
200 km
Only AC slow
(3.6-7.2 kW)
110 km
Mahindra e20 • All cars can be charged with AC via the
Mercedes
Vito E-cell
Smart ED
Gen 1
Renault Renault
Fluence ZE Twizy
Ford
Renault Kangoo ZE
200 km
Citroën E-Mehari On-Board Convertor (OBC) of the car
•
Focus 100 km
Electric Honda Fit
Citroën E-Mehari Fast charging is realized via DC charging

July 15, 2020 Slide 16

—
Development of light commercial vehicles in Europe, and North America,..
2010 - 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023, …

DC high-power charging CCS (≥ 150 kW @800V)

DC high-power charging CCS (≥150 kW @400 V)

500 km

VW ID Buzz ???

Rivium VAN

200 km
DC fast charging CCS (50-150 kW @400 V) 370-650 km??
Saic EV80
300 km
220 km Rivium

VW T7
VW (ABT) e-Caddy

2oo ^ 300 km 200^^300 km 360 km

???

Peugeot e-Expert
Fiat Ducato El. Ford F150 el.
Opel Vivaro-e 200^^300 km
???

DC fast charging 110 km 225 ^ 270 km (NEDC)

110 km 200 km Citroen Jumpy
CHAdeMO Citroen Berlingo
(50-150 kW Peugeot Partner
200 km? ??? km
@400 V) Nissan e-NV200
Citroen Jumper/Peugeot Boxer
Citroën Berlingo Mitsubishi
Renault Kangoo
mini EV

AC 11 kW OnBoardConverter 140 km
DC charging CCS < 50 kW @ 400V
Mercedes B250E
114 km
Only AC slow
(3.6-7.2 kW)
Mercedes Renault Kangoo ZE Jan 2020
Vito E-cell StreetScooter
MAN eGTE
Honda Ft

July 15, 2020 Slide 17

—
Ranges of new BEVs
Numbers as published by the car makers

Tesla Model 3 Long Range 560 km DS 3 E-Tense: 320 km*

Volkswagen ID.3 550: 550 km* Peugeot e-2008: 310 km*
Kia e-Niro: 455 km BMW i3: 310 km
Kia e-Soul: 452 km* BMW i3s: almost 300 km
Hyundai Kona Electric: 449 km Hyundai Ionic Electric: 294 km
Opel Ampera-e: 423 km Nissan Leaf 40: 270 km
Volkswagen ID.3 420: 420 km* MG ZS EV Comfort 263 km
Tesla Model 3 Standard Range plus: 409 km Skoda Citigo i-EV/Seat Mii Electric: 260 km*
Renault Zoe: 390 km* Volkswagen e-Up: 250 km*
Nissan Leaf 62: 385 km* Mini Electric: 235 km*
Peugeot e-208: 340 km* Volkswagen e-Golf: 230 km
Opel Corsa-e: 330 km* Honda-e: < 200 km*
Volkswagen ID3. 330: 330 km* Smart EQ: 160 km
Source: https://www.nu.nl/auto/5973758/deze-betaalbare-elektrische-autos-komen-
eraan.html from August 12th, 2019, except Tesla Model 3 Long Range and MG ZS EV Comfort
*new model

July 15, 2020 Slide 18

—
Prices of new BEV’s
Pricing as indicated on importer sites in NL

Smart EQ ForTwo Coupé: 23.995 euro Hyundai Kona Electric: 41.595 euro
Volkswagen ID.3 330: < 30.000 euro* BMW i3: 42.300 euro
MG ZS EV Comfort 30.985 euro Kia e-Soul: 42.995 euro
Opel Corsa-e: 30.990 euro DS 3 e-Tense: 43.190 euro
Mini Electric: 34.900 euro Opel Ampera-e: 44.779 euro
Renault Zoe: < 35.000 euro Kia e-Niro: 45.510 euro
Nissan Leaf 40: 36.990 euro Nissan Leaf 62: 45.850 euro
Peugeot e-208: 36.250 euro BMW i3s: 45.995 euro
Hyundai Ionic Electric: 36.995 euro Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Plus: 47.800 euro
Volkswagen ID.3 420: < 40.000 euro* Volkswagen ID3. 550: < 50.000 euro*
Volkswagen e-Golf: 41.005 euro Tesla Model 3 Long Range 58.300 euro

*price indication based on German price setting

Source: https://www.nu.nl/auto/5973758/deze-betaalbare-elektrische-autos-komen-
eraan.html from August 12th, 2019 except Tesla Model 3 Long Range and MG ZS EV Comfort

July 15, 2020 Slide 19

—
Porsche’s vision into high-end EV future
Porsche Taycan (previously Porsche Mission E) demonstrates advanced possibilities

Porsche 400/800V technology

– Porsche 400/800V technology allows charging at 400V & 800V

DC chargers

– Charging at 800V opens up future possibility to reach charging

powers of up to ~300 kW
https://presse.porsche.de/prod/presse_pag/PressResources.nsf/Content?ReadForm&la
nguageversionid=545926

– For charging at 400-volt charging points, an on-board DC

charger, initially with 50 kW and optionally 150 kW, is installed.
An on-board AC charger with 11 kW for charging using
alternating current is also installed.
https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/products/taycan/charging-18558.html

July 15, 2020 Slide 20

 —
Charging powers going up from 100 => 150 => 250+kW
Some recent reports from the marketplace: just a few examples

Jaguar i-Pace (max. around 105kW) Tesla Model 3 Long Range (250kW - 3C for short moment !!)
(Source: https://support.fastned.nl/hc/nl/articles/360000788848-Laden-met-een-Jaguar-I- (source: https://insideevs.com/tesla-model-3-charging-v3-supercharger-taper/
PACE

Audi Quattro e-tron (straight curve on 150kW from 10-80% SOC) Porsche Taycan (max. 270kW)
(Source: https://support.fastned.nl/hc/nl/articles/360000815988-Laden-met-een-Audi-e-tron) (Source: https://electricrevs.com/2019/01/28/porsche-taycan-owners-will-get-free-ultra-
fast-charging-for-3-years/)
• Prototypes of the car’s powertrain have been seen charging at 250 kW or
more
• More recent information shows up to 270kW

July 15, 2020 Slide 21

—
Charging powers going up from 100 => 150 => 250+kW
Some recent reports from the marketplace: just a few examples

Source: https://www.electrive.com/2020/03/25/p3-charging-index-which-electric-car-charges-best-on-long-distance-trips/

July 15, 2020 Slide 22