17.7 Steroids Cholesterol and Steroid Hormones

Chapter 17 Lipids
17.7
Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts,
and Steroid Hormones
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1
Structures of Lipids
2
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Steroid Nucleus
A steroid nucleus consists of
 3 cyclohexane rings.
 1 cyclopentane ring.
 No fatty acids.
steroid nucleus
3
Cholesterol
Cholesterol
 Is the most abundant steroid in the body.
 Has methyl CH3- groups, alkyl chain, and -OH
attached to the steroid nucleus.
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
4
Cholesterol in the Body
A normal, open artery.
Cholesterol in the body
 Is obtained from meats,
milk, and eggs.
 Is synthesized in the liver.
 Is needed for cell
membranes, brain and
nerve tissue, steroid
hormones, and Vitamin D.
 Clogs arteries when high
levels form plaque.
An artery clogged by
cholesterol plaque
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 5
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cholesterol in Foods
Cholesterol is TABLE 17.4

 Synthesized in
the liver.
 Obtained from
foods.
 Considered
elevated if
plasma
cholesterol
exceeds 200
mg/dL. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6
Learning Check
Match the components of the cholesterol molecule with

the following:
___ carbon chain ___hydroxyl group
___ steroid nucleus ___methyl group
D
CH3 CH3
CH3
B
CH3
CH3
A
C
HO 7
Solution
Match the components of the cholesterol molecule with
the following:
D carbon chain A hydroxyl group
C steroid nucleus B methyl group
D
CH3 CH3
CH3
B
CH3
CH3
A
C
HO 8
Bile Salts
Bile salts
 Are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol.
 Are stored in the gallbladder.
 Are secreted into the small intestine.
 Have a polar and a nonpolar region
 Mix with fats to break them part.
 Emulsify fat particles to provide large surface area.
9
Bile Salts
cholic acid, a bile acid glycine, an amino acid
O
CH3 CH2
OH C
N COO- Na+
CH3
H Polar region
CH3
HO OH
Nonpolar region
sodium glycocholate, a bile salt
10
Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins
• Combine lipids with proteins and phospholipids.
• Are soluble in water because the surface consists of
polar lipids.
11
Types of Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins
 Differ in density, composition, and function.
 Include low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and high-
density lipoprotein (HDLs).
TABLE 17.5
12
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transport of Lipoproteins in
the Body
13
Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones
 Are chemical
messengers in cells.
 Are produced from
cholesterol.
 Include sex hormones
such as androgens
(testosterone) in
males and estrogens
(estradiol) in females.
14

Adrenal Corticosteroids
Adrenal corticosteroids are steroid hormones that
 Are produced by the adrenal glands located on
the top of each kidney.
 Include aldosterone, which regulates electrolytes
and water balance by the kidneys.
 Include cortisone, a glucocorticoid, which
increases blood glucose level and stimulates the
synthesis of glycogen in the liver.
15
Adrenal Corticosteroids
16
Anabolic Steroids
Anabolic steroids
 Are derivatives of testosterone.
 Are used illegally to increase muscle mass.
 Have side effects including fluid retention, hair growth,
sleep disturbance, and liver damage.
17
Learning Check
Identify each as a
1. fatty acid 2. steroid 3. triacylglycerol
4. phospholipid 5. sphingolipid
A. cholesterol
B. glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate, and choline
C. glyceryl tristearate
D. sphingosine, fatty acid, phosphate, and choline
E. estradiol
F. bile salts
G. lipids in plasma membranes
18
Solution
A. cholesterol 2 steroid
B. glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate, and choline
4 phospholipid
C. glyceryl tristearate 3 triacylglycerol
D. sphingosine, fatty acid, phosphate, and choline
5 sphingolipid
E. estradiol 2 steroid
F. bile salts 2 steroid
G. lipids in plasma membranes
4 phospholipid, 5 sphingolipid
.
19

17.7 Steroids Cholesterol and Steroid Hormones

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Chapter 17 Lipids

Cholesterol is TABLE 17.4

Match the components of the cholesterol molecule with

cholic acid, a bile acid glycine, an amino acid

sodium glycocholate, a bile salt

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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