George Washington University

An Interpretation of Pastoral in The Winter's Tale

Author(s): Philip M. Weinstein
Source: Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Spring, 1971), pp. 97-109
Published by: Folger Shakespeare Library in association with George Washington University
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 of Pastoralin
An Interpretation
Tale
The Winter's
PHILIP M. WEINSTEIN

Did younotnamea tempest,

A birthand death?
(PericlesV. iii. 33-34)
or one destroyed.
Theylookedas theyhad heardofa worldransomed,
TaleV. ii. 14-15)
(The Winter's

S is well known, the Pastoral Scene in The Winter'sTale

functions, basicallyand indisputably, as a contrastwith life
in the Sicilian court.And this purposeis so well achieved,
the sense of rebirthso strong,that E. M. W. Tillyardhas
written:"Now the latestplays aim at a completeregenera-
tion; at a meltingdown of the old vesseland a recastingof
it into somethingnew. Thus Florizel and Perdita re-enactthe marriageof
Leontesand Hermione,but withbettersuccess."'No one would rejectoutright
Tillyard'sstatement,but in an importantway it overstatesthe case, asserting
resolutionwhere therestill remainsconsiderableconflict.Seeking to define
how the PastoralScene functions in the play as a whole,thispaper will assess
what resolutionsdo and do not take place by analyzingseveralpairsof motifs
-such as realityand fantasy,realismand idealization,past and present,art
and nature-as theyappearin bothpartsoftheplay.

To the degreethat thesemotifsare harmonized,the Pastoral Scene does

constitute affirmation
a "perfectly-timed But to thedegreethatsuch
of rebirth."2
motifsremainunresolved,the scene will mirror,not redeem,life as we have
seen it in "thatfatalcountrySicilia." Indeed,fromthislack of resolutionthe
sceneattainsits vividand conflict-breeding realism(so unexpectedin pastoral),
while at the same time enoughof the play'sproblemsare resolvedto convey
the essentialthemeof symbolicregeneration. What resultsis a conflationof
realismand symbolismin the Pastoral'Scene that not only ballaststhe sym-
bolism-as many criticshave stressed-butalso limits,even indicatesthe in-
adequacyof,thatsymbolism.
We mightbeginbyconsidering thetwinmotifsofdeathand rebirth. The Old
Shepherdformulates them explicitlywhen, afterhis son has relatedthe ship-
wreckand the devouringof Antigonus, he says,"Heavy mattersl heavy mat-
1 E. M. W. Tillyard,Shakespeare'sLast Plays(London,1962), p. 22.
2 D. A. Traversi,"A Readingof the PastoralScene of The Winter'sTale", The Winter'sTale,
ed. FrancisFergusson(The LaurelShakespeare,
I959), p. 20.

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98 SHAKESPEARE QUARTERLY

ters!But look theehere,boy.Now blessthyself: thoumet'stwiththingsdying,

I withthingsnew-born"(III. iii. III-II3).3 One tendsto forgetjust how joined
thesephenomenaare throughout theplay,and theusual readingof thePastoral
Scene as pure spring(as pure symbolicrebirth)failsto observethatthe sheep-
shearingfeastoccursin the waning of the year,"Not yeton summer'sdeath
nor on the birth/Oftremblingwinter" (IV. iv. 8o-8i). Since the images of
growthand rebirthin thisscenehave been widelyrecognized,I would like to
glance at some of the less emphasizedimagesof deathor diminution.
Perdita'sflowerspeechis filledwithan awarenessofbothvigorand decay:
0 Proserpina,
For theflowers nowthat,frighted,thoulet'stfall
FromDis's waggon!daffodils,
Thatcomebefore theswallowdares,and take
The windsofMarchwithbeauty;violets, dim,
Butsweeter thanthelidsofJuno'seyes
Or Cytherea's breath;paleprimroses,
That die unmarried, eretheycanbehold
BrightPhoebusin hisstrength (a malady
Mostincident tomaids);boldoxlips,and
The crownimperial;liliesofall kinds,
The flower-de-lucebeingone.0, theseI lack,
To makeyougarlandsof;andmysweetfriend,
To strewhimo'erando'er!
Florizel: What,likea corpse?
Perdita: No, likea bank,forlovetolie and playon;
Not likea corpse;orif-nottobe buried,
Butquick,andin minearms. (IV. iv. ii6-132)
The power of theselines comes fromthe juxtapositionof robustand fragile
images: bravedaffodilsand bold oxlipsare silhouetted by dim violetsand pale
primroses,and the short-lived frailtyof the latteris curiouslydescribedas a
sexual shynessor failure.In like termsFlorizel is demonstrably a quick and
ardentlover,but-like those"primroses/ That die unmarried"-he is for a
momentglimpsednot as a vigorousyoung man but as a short-lived one, a
corpsestrewnwithflowers.
Such darkermotifsare more than merelyglimpsed.Non-pastoralfigures
like Polixenes and Camillo hoverin disguisethroughoutmost of the scene,
threatening at any momentto dispel its mirth.And Polixenes,the intruder
fromthe courtworld,is not withoutauthority. "'Tis timeto partthem"(IV.
iv. 345), he curtlysays,and shortlythereafter he eruptsinto a grislydiatribe
upon old age:
Is notyourfathergrownincapable
Of reasonableaffairs?
is he notstupid
Withage andalt'ring rheums? canhe speak?hear?
Know manfromman?disputehisownestate?
Lies he notbed-rid?
andagaindoesnothing
Butwhathe didbeingchildish?(IV. iv.398-403)

3 The Winter'sTale, ed. J.H. P. Pafford(London: The ArdenShakespeare,1963). All textual

references
are basedupon thisedition.

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 AN INTERPRETATION OF PASTORAL IN THE WINTER'S TALE 9
Polixenes'harshoutburstpointsobsessively
to humandecayand senility.His
lastquestionnotonlyparodies
the"symbolicrebirth"theme,butauthoritatively
rebukesFlorizel'syouthful
andtime-denyingidealism.
It reveals
thenether
side.
The King growsmoreangry.To theShepherd he says:
Thou,oldtraitor,
I amsorry
thatbyhangingtheeI can
Butshorten
thylifeoneweek.(IV. iv.421-423)
And he warnsPerditathatif evershe tempthis son again,"I will devisea
deathas cruelforthee/As thouarttender
to 't" (IV. iv.44I-442). ButthePas-
toralScene'sconcernwithdeathsurelyreachesits apotheosis in Autolycus'
"solemn" prophecytothequakingClown:
He has a son,whoshallbe flayedalive,then'nointed overwithhoney,
setontheheadofa wasps'nest,thenstandtillhebe threequartersanda
dramdead;thenrecoveredagainwithaqua-vitae
orsomeother hotinfusion;
then,rawas he is,andin thehottest
dayprognosticationproclaims,
shall
he be setagainsta brickwall,thesun lookingwitha southward eye
uponhim,wherehe is to beholdhim,withfliesblownto death.
(IV. iv.786-793)
My point,of course,
is notthatThe Winter'sTale is uniformly obsessedwith
deathand thepassageoftime-inActIV, Sceneiv,as wellas elsewhere-but
ratherthatthePastoralScenein no wayavoidsthesematters, as critics
tendto
avoidthemin theirreadingofthescene.Forpastoral in The Winter's Tale is a
greatdeal morenuancedthanFlorizel'sblithereassurance to Perdita,"Appre-
hend/ Nothingbutjollity"(IV. iv.24-25),wouldindicate, and it equallyes-
capesthesimplistic
confinesof Polixenes'
earlieridyllicreminiscencesto Her-
mione:
We were,fairqueen,
Twoladsthatthought
there wasnomorebehind,
Butsucha daytomorrow as today,
Andtobeboyeternal.
(I. i 62-65)
The PastoralScene,as Northrup Frye suggests,operatessimultaneously
on severallevels."To Florizelit is a kindofbetrothal maskand'a meeting of
thepetty gods';totheCourtParty, PolixenesandCamillo,itis an illusionwhich
theysnatchaway;to Autolycus it is an opportunityto sellhis'trumpery'and
stealpurses."4Butthisis notall. To Perditait is at oncea gameof"borrowed
flaunts",and a hypnotic celebration in which"thisrobeofmine/ Does change
mydisposition" (IV. iv.134-135). To theOld Shepherd and
it is thedignified
movingre-enactment ofa traditional ceremony,whiletohissonit is an oppor-
tunity forrevelryand lightlovemaking. An adequatereading ofthescenemust
see it through all of thesecharacters, ratherthansee it onlythrough theen-
chanted eyesofFlorizelgazinguponPerdita.
Alongwithits variety of characters and perspectives,the playexhibits a
spectrum of motivesand eventsthatrangesfromthegrosslyrealistic to the
wildlyfanciful.Moreover, Shakespeare's implicit
attitude towardhischaracters'
4"Recognition in The Winter'sTale", Essayson Shakespeareand ElizabethanDrama,ed. Rich-
ard Hosley (Columbia,Missouri,1962), p. 238.

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1oo SHAKESPEARE QUARERLY

behavior-rational farfromconstant.
or fantastic-is For instance,theplayis
ruthlessly of thepassionofLeontes,in whicha dreamworldhas been
critical
spawnedwherefancyreplacesfact:"Thou [his passion]dostmakepossible
thingsnot so held,/ Communicat'st withdreams"(I. ii. 139-140).Leontes
withthisnewandinsubstantial
equatesallofreality fabric:
Is thisnothing?
Whythentheworld, andallthat's in't,isnothing,
Thecovering skyisnothing, Bohemia nothing,
Mywifeisnothing, nornothing havethese nothings,
Ifthisbe nothing.(I. ii.292-296)
He becomes
wholly toothers:
incomprehensible
isolated,
Hermione: Sir,
You speaka languagethatI understand not:
Mylifestandsin thelevelofyourdreams,
WhichI'll laydown.
Leontes: Youractionsaremydreams.
You had a bastardbyPolixenes,
And I butdream'dit! (III. i. 77-82)

The ironyofthelastlineis heavyas Leontesscornfully speakstruth whilepre-

paringtoactuponfantasy. Dreamsinthiscaseleadtoillusion andmadness.
Still,Antigonus will fatallylearnthatsomedreamsdo cometrue,even
thoughtheirlogicis obscure.And,by extension, a statuecomingto lifeis
certainlyincredible,
possessing logic,easily"hootedat
no clearand self-evident
/ Like an old tale" (V. iii. ii6-iI7). This last complication-whichsuggests
thatfantasyor fablelies at the heartnot onlyof the structure, but also of the
title and the meaningsof the play-brings up deeper connectionsbetween
dreamsand realitywhichI shallnotdiscussuntillater.
Shiftingslightlyfromdreamsand realityto idealismand realism,we are
perhapssurprisedto discoverjust how substantial,how factualis the sheep-
shearingfeast.Here Shakespeareis farthest fromthepastoralconventions, foras
W. W. Greg observeson thenatureof pastoral,the shepherdhas been chosen
as a fittingimage of sophisticatedand oftensentimental artlessnessby a com-
plex societyseekingleisure.Therefore"the shepherdsare primarilyand dis-
tinctivelyshepherds;theyare notmererusticsengagedin sheepcraft as one out
ofmanyof theemployments ofmankind."5
But in The Winter'sTale Shakespearedoes just theopposite.His shepherds
are realistic,unsophisticated
rustics,and, as Tillyardsays (p. 43), "the country
lifeis giventhe fullestforceof actuality."When the Clown speaksof the cele-
bration,we almosttastetheitemson his list:
Let me see; whatam I to buyforour sheep-shearing feast?Threepound
of sugar,fivepoundof currants,rice. . I musthavesaffron to colorthe
wardenpies; mace; dates,none-that'sout of mynote;nutmegs, seven;a
raceor two of ginger,but thatI maybeg; fourpoundof prunes,and as
manyofraisinso' th'sun.
(IV. iii. 36-49)
5 W. W. Greg,PastoralPoetryand PastoralDrama (New York,1959), p. 3.

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 AN INTERPRETATION OF PASTORAL IN THE WINTER'S TALE I0I

If in additionto theserealisticelementsone considersthe far fromoutdated

tricksof Autolycusand the livelyfolk dances,one becomesconvincedof the
scene'sactualityand itsfirmentrenchment in theElizabethanEnglishcountry-
side. It is conspicuouslyhere and now ratherthan thereand then,closerto
"rusticsengaged in sheepcraft" than to the more artificialand self-conscious
pastoral.In thissensethereis verylittleartifice
or idealization.
Greg notesalso (p. 4) thatwhatis constantin different versionsof pastoralis
"the recognitionof a contrast, implicitor expressed,betwenpastorallife and
some more complextypeof civilization."Such a contrastobviouslyexistsin
The Winter'sTale, but its implicationsare not clear-cut.On theone hand the
frolicand festivity, the frankand healthyattitudetowardlove in the pastoral
scene are surelypreferable to the jaded and stiflingatmosphereof sensuality,
grief,and death that broods about Leontes and "that fatal countrySicilia."
Further,Autolycuskeenlysatirizescourtsnobberywhen he saysto thegullible
Clown: "Receivesnotthynosecourt-odor fromme? reflect I noton thybaseness,
court-contempt? ... I am courtiercap-a-pe"(IV. iv. 732-736).But thisis no sim-
ple-mindedpreference for pastoralpurity.The ironycuts both ways, as the
Clown is greatlyimpressedby such unmistakable"authority":"This cannotbe
but a greatcourtier"(IV. iv. 749). Moreover,the rusticsin generalare syste-
maticallygulled: Autolycusis prologueand epilogueto the scene,and he pros-
pers.In fact,onlytheunmaskingofPolixenescheckshim:

... and had nottheold mancomein witha whoo-bub againsthisdaughter

and theking'sson,and scaredmychoughsfromthechaff, I had notleft
a pursealivein thewholearmy.
(IV. iv.6i6-620)
The characters are realistically
presentedas falliblein bothpartsof theplay;
the rusticsas well as a King are capable of being imposedupon. Like Leontes
theywill accepta dream,an impossiblefableas thetruth.Mopsa saysof Autol-
ycus'ballads: "Praynow,buysome:I lovea ballad in print,a life,forthenwe are
suretheyare true"(IV. iv. 26i-262). So gullibleas to be able to believeAutoly-
cus' outrageousballads,the rusticsthus bringhome to us the whole prickly
question of belief-our belief,the characters'belief-in somethingpatently
"false"like Leontes'dreams,or Shakespeare's"winter'stale".One wonderswho
is beinggulled.The balancebetweenfantasyand realityis byno meansresolved
in Act IV, Scene iv, and thereis littlechanceforsuccessfuland idyllicleisure
when Autolycusis on theprowl,and Polixenesand Camillo are waitingin dis-
guise.
If myprecedinganalysisis correct, thenTillyardomitsa greatdeal whenhe
writes(p. 43) that "the whole countrysettingstandsout as the cleanestand
mostelegantsymbolof thenew lifeintowhichtheold horrorsare to be trans-
muted."For Shakespearethistypeof transmutation is much too importantto
be relegatedto landscape.The countryis surelydifferent-andimportantly so
-from thecity,but notnecessarily its antidote;thedistinctions
betweenreality
and fantasyare stillunresolved:what is new in the PastoralScene is the way
resolutionis attempted.
Here Shakespeare'suse of pastoralbeginsto achieveitsmeaning.If theplay
is to bridgethegap betweenLeontes'sin and his regenerated virtue,it can only

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102 SHAKESPEARE QUARTERLY

do so by recreatingthe situationof Leontes'fall,and yetsomehowavoidinga

secondfall.The past innocenceof Leontes'boyhood,his youthfulwooing and
idealisticlove,mustbe reconstructed vicariously,
but the reconstruction
can be
persuasiveonlyifthechallengeto it is likewisepresent.
The friendshipbetweenthetwokingshasrestedso faron theyouthful state
of innocence;based on a sentimental ignoringof the realityof the tem-
poralprocess,
it has assumedwithpathetic simplicitythatit was possibleto
remain"boyeternal."The realitiesof humannature,however, makethis
impossible.... Onlythrough a consciousreactionto tragedy,and thecon-
sequentacceptance of deeperexperience,can thisidyllicstateof childhood
growintoan independent, consciousmaturity.6
For genuineresolutionto occur,theremust be some firmand sane middle
groundbetween"twinn'dlambs"frisking"i' th' sun" (I. ii. 67) and "paddling
palms,and pinchingfingers"(I. ii. II5). A balance betweenideal youthand
realisticadulthoodmustbe struck, one thatweldsthepastand thepresent.
The Sheep-shearing Scene renderspreciselyboth sides of this balance; its
pastoralelementsexpressthosequalitiesof idealismand youthneeded to rein-
vigorateLeontes' deadenedcapacityforinnocenceand joy, while the realistic
elementsof thesceneexposetheinadequacyof thatidealism.For thescenedoes
notfinallyeffecta triumphant bridgebetweenyouthand adulthood;it supplies
insteadthe indispensableand otherwisemissingelementof passionateloyalty.
Its greatvirtueis in the way it suppliesthiselementsimultaneously with an
announcement ofitslimitation.
Because theidyllicis onlyone strandwithina complexweb,Shakespearecan
grantFlorizel some of the mostbeautifullines in the play. His lyricand ex-
travagantdevotionto Perditaatones,as it were,fortheharshbrutality of Leon-
tes'earlierinsultsto Hermione:
Theseyourunusualweeds,to eachpartofyou
Do givea life:no shepherdess,
butFlora
Peeringin April'sfront.
Thisyoursheep-shearing
Is as a meeting
ofthepettygods,
Andyouthequeenon't.(IV. iv. I-5)
Florizelbelievesin therealityof thisdream,acceptsas genuinethepastoralroles
he and Perdita are playing; theyenable him to expressthe plenitudeof his
love,unclutteredbyotherconcerns. He is magnificentlyexcessive:
I takethyhand,thishand,
As softas dove'sdownandas whiteas it,
Or Ethiopian'stooth,orthefa'nn'd snowthat'sbolted
By thenorthern blaststwiceo'er.(IV. iv.363-366)
But theimpatient
realistPolixenesis thereto bringhimdownto earth:
Whatfollowsthis?
How prettily
theyoungswainseemstowash
The handwas fairbefore!(IV. iv.366-368)
It is as thoughMirandahad said,"O bravenew world,/ That has suchpeople
6 Traversi,An Approachto Shakespeare(Garden City,N. Y., i956), pp. 264-265.

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 AN INTERPRETATION OF PASTORAL IN THE WINTER'S TALE 103
in't!" and Prosperohad wiselyreplied,"'Tis new to thee" (The TempestV. i.
i83-i84) .
Shakespearehas constructed a world in which Florizel sees only Perdita,
while we see Polixenesand Camillo as well. And the pastoralconventionsare
potentenoughto embroider thefabricof Florizel'sfancyso as to makeit almost
irresistible.
We have the idealized world of Leontes' and Polixenes' youth,
recreatedas it mighthave been-even to its oversimplification-and simul-
taneouslythe infringing pressuresof realitywhichchallengedand, forLeontes,
destroyed thatidealism.
But thereis a difference here.Florizel and Perditahave solvedtheproblem
of the blood. They have joined physicaldesirewith loyaltyto one another,al-
thoughtheyare stillincapableof integrating theirprivatefeelingsintothe do-
main of publicresponsibility. Unlike Florizel,however,Perditaremainsaware
of thisproblem,and thoughherlovermaynaivelycounsel,"Apprehend/ Noth-
ing but jollity",she is not amazed when Polixenesrevealshis presence:
I toldyouwhatwouldcomeofthis:beseechyou,
Of yourownstatetakecare:thisdreamofmine-
Beingnowawake,I'll queenitno inchfarther.
(IV. iv.448-450)
Perdita is not merelyrealistic;she too has had a dream,one in which she
was at one time the wifeof a princeand-during the feast-becamethe god-
dess Flora: "sure this robe of mine / Does change my disposition.""Being
now awake,"she declaresherlove to have been a dream:"I'll queen it no inch
farther."And yetthisdreamof her love and her queenship,while onlya fan-
tasyto her,will be revealedin ActV as true.
Dreams in the play are both misleadingand prophetic;only theirtrialin
timecan provethemto be realityor fantasy.By remainingconstantto his love,
Florizel symbolicallyrepudiatesthe lack of loyaltythat Leontes had shown
towardHermione: "I am but sorry,not afeard;delay'd,/ But nothingalter'd:
what I was, I am" (IV. iv.464-465).Tested, as Leontes was tested,Florizel
retainshis loyalty;by weatheringduress he will transform his dream into
reality.
The situation,however,is even more complicated,and the youngprinceis
unequal to its otherstresses.
AlthoughFlorizel'sardoris praiseworthy,is there
notsomething slightlyfatuousabouthisexaltation?
ThatwereI crown'dthemostimperial monarch
Thereofmostworthy,wereI thefairest
youth
Thatevermadeeyeswerve, hadforceandknowledge
Morethanwaseverman's,I wouldnotprizethem
Withoutherlove.(IV. iv.373-377)
Perdita remainssilentduringthis declamation;Florizel goes on to mention
withcomplacentpride(and unintendedcruelty):
One beingdead,
I shallhavemorethanyoucan dreamofyet;
Enoughthenforyourwonder.(IV. iv.388-390)
Moreover,when Camillo,in a rolehe has playedbefore,triesto bringFlorizel

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104 SHAKESPEARE QUARTERLY

to reason,the youngman in his resistancebears an uncannyresemblanceto

Leontes:
Florizel: Frommysuccession wipeme,father; I
Am heirto myaffection.
Camilo: Be advis'd.
Florizel: I am: andbymyfancy. Ifmyreason
be obedient,
Will thereto I havereason;
pleas'dwithmadness,
If not,mysenses,better
Do bid it welcome.
Camillo: This is desperate,sir. (IV. iv. 48I-486)
We have witnessedmadnessbefore,and therealso it was allied to thefactof an
heirlessthrone.Thereis no wonder,then,thatwhenFlorizelsays,
So we profess
Ourselvesto be theslavesof chance,and flies
Of everywindthatblows(IV. iv.540-542)

he ominouslyechoesLeontes'"I am a featherforeach wind thatblows" (II. iii.

153). The relationshipbetweenfantasyand realitymayfailin a lessdrasticway
This becomesclearer
in Bohemia thanit did in Sicilia,but it failsnonetheless.
whentheproblemis refocused in termsofpassionand reason.
For Florizel has simplyfailedto takeinto accountthewhole realmof public
His familyand itslegitimate
responsibility. are burdens-extending
expectations
back throughtime-that he cannotreconcilewith his immediateand private
desire.Ratherthan assimilatehe will discard,and he choosesthe less demand-
"Or I'll be thine,myfair,/ Or not myfather's"(IV. iv.
ing stanceof either-or:
42-43). Thereforehe may rejectbut he cannotrefutethe disguisedPolixenes'
reproach:
Reasonmyson
Shouldchoosehimself a wife,butas good reason
else
(all whosejoyis nothing
The father
shouldholdsomecounsel
Butforposterity)
In suchbusiness.
Florizel: I yieldallthis.(IV. iv.407-4II)
Florizelhas indeedchosena wifewith"reason",butthesecond"reason"-the
publicone whichconcernsthefather, posterity,and thewelfareof thestate-he
Faced witha
has been unableto confront. situationtoo complicatedto resolve,
he chooses flightratherthan integration. The descriptionof Florizel's love,
by echoingthat of Leontes' jealousy,betraysits inadequacyto the situation.
The pastoralconventions whichhe so willinglyadoptsforhis lovemakingare an
frameofreference
insufficient forthesonofa king.
FinallyCamillo,who had earliertriedand failedto adviseLeontes,succeeds
withFlorizel,managingto perfectsymbolically thePrince'spassionbygracingit
withrationalreflection:
Then listto me:
ifyouwillnotchangeyourpurpose,
Thisfollows,
makeforSicilia.
Butundergothisflight;
(IV. iv.542-544)

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 AN INTERPRETATION OF PASTORAL IN THE WINTER'S TALE I05
This joiningof Florizel'spassionand Camillo's reasonis alone responsiblefor
directingtheflight
ofthelovers.Camillohas thistooffer:
A coursemorepromising
Than a wilddedication
ofyourselves
To unpath'dwaters,
undream'd shores;mostcertain
To miseriesenough.(IV. iv.566-569)
Reflectionand feelingthusfused,theloverscan departfromBohemia,heading
now forthe shoreof civilization,thatcomplexand corruptkingdomof Sicilia
whereall genuineresolutions musttakeplace.
In thePastoralScene Shakespearehas renderedtheidealisticlove of Florizel
and Perditawithsuperbnuance.In thePrincewe recognizea sanerversionof
Leontes,a youngman who would have succeededthe Leontes friskingwith
Polixenes in the sun and preventedLeontes the tyrant.For Florizel, unlike
the "friskinglambs",has moved frominnocenceinto sexual maturity;in him
the"weak spirits"have beensuccessfully blended"withstronger blood".The re-
sultis a loverwhosedesires"runnot beforemine honour,nor my lusts/ Burn
hotterthanmyfaith"(IV. iv.34-35).In thiscontexthe is Leontesas he was not
and shouldhavebeen.
But on theotherhand Florizel'slove is an inadequateguide forthestresses
withwhichhe mustcope; definedbytheexuberant"jollity"of Act IV, Sceneiv,
itresemblestoomuchLeontes'weak and insufficient pastoralism.As Leontes'sac-
charinechildworldbecamean "unweededgarden",so Florizelconfusesthelusty
and many-faceted sheep-shearingfeastwithan unrealArcadianparadise.Both
imaginedworldsare not only isolated-Leontes'engulfedin one momentof
Time, Florizel'sin a timelessGoldenAge-but theyare essentially fantasticand
reductivedistortions(each in its own way) of the complexrealitiesof Sicilia
and Bohemia.
ifPolixeneswelcomedPerdita,thisnew greenworld
If Florizelwereperfect,
would neitherrelateto Leontes'strickenworldnor convincein itself.It is not
enoughthatFlorizel avoid themistakesof Leontes; he must,in avoidingthem,
make mistakesof his own, mistakeswhichecho thoseof Leontes.For the gen-
erationscome togethernot as "error"and "exemplum"but as kindredhuman
beings,in effectransomingeach other.Only thencan the PastoralScene con-
vince us of its own realismand of its legitimaterelationto the restof the
play.Only thencan it providethecross-over, themissingpointof reference that
makescredibletheplay'sessentialthemesofcontinuity and regeneration.
Forcedbyabruptcircumstances to act-the idyllis now over-Florizel attains
his heroismand makes his mistakeat one and the same moment.His disobed-
ienceto his fatheris bothmistakenand heroic,and theambivalencethatresults
is inseparablefromtheambivalenceof dreamsthatI have alreadytouchedupon.
It is an ambivalencethatcomesfromactingin time,frommakinga value de-
cision in a world of flux.If the scene were simply"green"and idyllic,there
could be no such trialof Florizel. But Time triesall, and Florizel makes his
decision.The problemof value in a spatial-temporal world,of appearanceand
reality,becomeshis.
This problembringsintoprominencethelargermotifof past and present-
of time in general-as it operatesin both partsof the play. The isolationof

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io6 SHAKESPEARE QUARTERLY

Leontes,as I suggestedearlier,derivesfromhis obsessivefantasyof betrayal.

His unvaryingperspective, filledwith images of filthand sordid sensuality,
prevents him fromtemporally connectingthedegradedpresentin anyway with
his idyllicpast.He has no pointofcomparison;the"weak spirits"ofhisidealism,
"ne'er... higherreared/ Withstronger blood",havefailedto supporthim.
Likewisehe is yokedto one pointin space; pastoralforhim connotesonly
a stable,and his colloquial languageparodiesthe rusticelementsin Bohemia.
Leonteshas no recourseto thefreshness of a new climate;he would be insensi-
ble to Cleomenes'description oftheisleof theoracle:

The climate's theairmostsweet,

delicate,
Fertiletheisle,thetemplemuchsurpassing
The commonpraiseitbears.(III. i. I-3)

thisdescription
In its aura of healthand fertility suggeststhespaciousworldof
the sheep-shearing scene and contrastswith the infectedworld of Leontes.As
yethe is incapableofmakingan overpassto it.
Hermione,however,possessesa deep senseofcontinuity, whichservesto bal-
last and preserveherfromthemaliceof Leontes'dream.Her appeal (III. ii. 28-
45) to the dignityand proofsof the past,the promiseof the future,thewhole
of his experiencewithher,herrequestthathe see heras a queen,as a daughter,
and as a mother-thesepleas thathe extendhis horizonsin space and timeare
all lost on Leontes. His dreamtellshim but one thing:"She's an adultress!"
(II. i. 78).
Althoughthe need to see the presentmomentwithina largercontinuum
recursas a leitmotif throughout the play,Florizel'sargumentsexplicitlyassert
just the opposite: constancyto Perdita precludesconstancyto the state.He
would cling to an unchangingpresent,just as Polixeneshad reminiscedabout
being "boy eternal".But the Prince'sinabilityto unitehis privateideals with
the responsibilityof publicposition,his selfishdesireto enjoylove beyondthe
influenceof time and the implicationsof place, contrastsmassivelywith the
warningof Time who triesall, withthe presenceof Polixenesand Camillo at
the sheep-shearing feast,and-most intimately-withthe latentsourcesof his
own,loveforPerdita:

Whatyoudo,
whatis done.Whenyouspeak,sweet,
Stillbetters
I'd haveyoudo itever:whenyousing,
I'd haveyoubuyand sellso; so givealms,
Prayso,and,fortheord'ring youraffairs,
To singthemtoo:whenyoudo dance,I wishyou
A waveo' th'sea,thatyoumighteverdo
Nothingbutthat,movestill,stillso,
Andownno otherfunction. Eachyourdoing,
in eachparticular,
So singular
Crownswhatyouaredoing,in thepresent deeds,
Thatall youractsarequeens.(IV. iv. I35-I46)

Here, as in Perdita'sflowerspeech,thepoisebetweenthingspast and things

betweenthecontinuingfluxof timeand theisolatedmoment,accounts
present,

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 AN INTERPRETAT1ON OF PASTORAL IN THE WINTER'S TALE 107

forthe beautyof Florizel's tribute.And it is Perdita'sown masteryof such a

poise thatmoveshim most.Only whenhe compareswhat she does with"what
is done",does he realize"That all youractsare queens."Like thewave which
is always the same and always moving,the resultinggrace comes not from
timelessArcadianbeautybutfromthemaintenance of constancy withinmotion.
Perdita'sroleis bolderthanthatof a pale and passive"girl eternal";and Florizel,
once gracedsymbolically with the reasonof Camillo,will also be preparedto
essaya moreambitiousroleof balancedresponsibility to his kingdomand love
to his wife,a rolethatcan accommodatetheopposedand yetinalienablestresses
thatmake up hispredicament. Theysetout forSicilia.
Leontes,meanwhile,has passed sixteenyearslamentinghis betrayalof Her-
mione. Much more seriouslythan Florizel, he had lost sight of the sanity-
makingcontinuities withinhis life.But if he could not at themomentof crisis
recallhis own wooingand idyllicpast,he has now had ample timeto do so. In
the constancyof repentance, in the weaving of all of his experiencetogether
withinthe fabricof memory,Leontes has come to know and cleansehimself.
Tried by time,his repentancehas not witheredinto apathy;he has spiritually
regenerated.He is readyforthearrivalofFlorizel.
WereI buttwenty-one,
Yourfather's imageis so hitin you,
His veryair,thatI shouldcallyoubrother,
As I didhim,and speakofsomething wildly
Byus perform'd Mostdearlywelcome!
before.
Andyourfairprincess,-goddess!-O, alas!
I losta couple,that'twixtheavenand earth
Mightthushavestood,begetting wonder, as
You,gracious couple,do: and thenI lost-
Allmineownfolly-thesociety,
Amity too,ofyourbrave father... (V. i. I25-I35)
Their arrivalhas, in an almost Proustianway, resurrected his past life.
The "somethingwildly/ By us perform'd before"recallsthelambsfriskingin
thesun,just as laterhis "O thusshe stood... when firstI woo'd her!" (V. iii.
34-36)announcestheconnectionthatLeonteshas made withwhat was vitalin
his past.The appearanceof theyoungloverscompleteshis temporalperspective
and enables him to achievea spatialone. He breaksout of the life-denying
prisonof griefand glimpsestheinvigorating climateof pastoralthatFlorizel's
youthfulidealismimparts:
The blessedgods
fromourairwhilstyou
Purgeall infection
Do climate here.(V. i. i67-i69)

Finally,Leontesis givenhis secondchanceto act in time,and he connects.

IgnorantofPerdita'sbirthand pressedbyFlorizel:
Beseechyou,sir,
Remember sinceyouow'dno moretotime
Than I do now;withthoughtsofsuchaffections,
Stepforthmineadvocate.(V. i. 2i7-220)

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 Io8 SHAKESPEARE QUARTERLY

Leonteslooksat Perdita,recollects
hisown past,and answers:
I willtoyourfather:
Yourhonornoto'erthrown byyourdesires,
I am friend
tothemandyou. (V. i. 228-230)
In thismomentof regeneration he symbolicallyredeemshis past inconstancy.
His regenerated idealismchallengedby untowardcircumstances and forcedto
affirmitselfor to disintegrate
as before,Leontesrededicateshimselfin the ab-
senceofmaterial"proof".
The fusionof past and presentthatoccursin such a resolutioncould not
take place untilthe past actuallymet the present,untilthe fathersaw in the
childrenthe constancyhe mighthave maintainedand that throughthe trial
of sixteenyearshe is in a positionto reaffirm.Such a resolution,
requiringthe
testof time,could not occurwithinthe few hoursof the sheep-shearing feast.
Thus thesupremeachievement of thePastoralScene is perhapsitsmodesty:its
statusas bothidylland the inadequacyof idyll.Florizel'sidealismis bothcon-
vincingenough to move Leontes to admirationand inadequate enough to
requirehis support.Bohemiaand Sicilia-forestand court-each is incomplete
alone, and the play's deepestinsightsare about the intricacyof theirinterde-
pendence.
Mentionof one last pair of motifs-natureand art-mightbringthispaper
to a close. Perditahas refusedto "get slips of" carnationsand gillyvors,
"na-
ture's bastards",and defendedherself,claiming,"There is an art which,in
theirpiedness,shares/ With greatcreatingnature"(IV. iv. 87-88). Polixenes
wiselygrantsthis,butcontinues:
Yet natureis madebetter byno mean
Butnaturemakesthatmean:so,overthatart,
Whichyousayaddstonature, is an art,
Thatnaturemakes.You see,sweetmaid,we marry
A gentlersciontothewildeststock,
And makeconceivea barkofbaserkind
Bybudofnoblerrace.Thisis an art
Whichdoesmendnature-change itrather-but
The artitselfis nature.(IV. iv.89-97)
Polixenes'pointis well-takenin principleif not actuallyfollowed(later he
will militantlyprohibitthe marriageof his "gentlerscion" to what he con-
siders"the wildeststock"). His argumentsuggestsa naturethatis ideal, one
thataccommodatesboth creativeenergyand rationaldesign; his actionsshow
her as contradictory and mean-spirited.
If physicalnatureis properlynurtured
by the variousarts,it becomesfullyrealized,humanized,redeemednature,all
theactsofwhicharequeens.
Such a stateof naturemade rationalby the spiritualdisciplineof artwould
be perfection.It would encompassboth reasonand passion,responsibility and
love; it would celebratetheconstancy
of value despiteflux;it would,uncoerced,
exhibitmoral coherenceand artisticbeauty.But The Winter'sTale is con-
stantlysuggestingnot thatnatureis perfectiblebut thatit is at once mysterious
and powerful,the source of Leontes' jealousy as well as Florizel's love, of
Polixenes'idealisticstatementabout highernature and his subsequentcon-

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 AN INTERPRETAT1ON
OF PASTORALIN THE WINTER'STALE I09
tradictory actionthatbetokenslower nature.And the art thatportraysher in
thisplay,ifit is to persuade,mustshowall herfacets.
The ambiguityof dreamsin The Winter'sTale impliesa kind of nature
that is wild, irrational,uncultivated.Its definingtraitis passionateenergy,
the jealousy of Leontes,and its issue may well be anarchyor madness.But
passion (and onlypassion),wheninformedbyreason,can becomecreative.The
love of Florizel and thejealousyof Leontesare, at bottom,kindred.And they
are both relatedin theirirrationality to the fantasticelementin Autolycus'
ballads,in Hermione'sreappearance,and in The Winter'sTale itself.To dis-
tinguishbetweenthe real and apparentvalue of such dreamsor passionsis
crucial,and it is only throughtime that theirvalidityis tried.Ultimately,
unreasoningfaithis requiredin sucha trialalongwithreason.Paulina correctly
maintainsthat the fulfillment of the prophecywould be "monstrousto our
human reason" (V. i. 41). But Hermione's constancyduring sixteenyears
stemsfromher faithin thatveryprophecy;supportedby neitherlogic nor evi-
dence,she believesthat"greatcreatingnature"movestowardthathigherand
ultimatelyrationalbetternatureof whichPolixenesspeaks.The coherenceshe
seeksdoes notderivefromtheincredibleevents,but fromtheconstantor rebuilt
determination withinherselfto make theeventsyielda meaning.Withoutfaith
in highernature,Hermionewould succumbto despair,Leontes would either
collapse or remarry, the entireplay would be "hootedat / Like an old tale"
(V. iii i i6-I 7) .
Seen witha faithful eye towardhighernaturefulfilling itselfand achieving
a meaningful,artisticform,The Winter'sTale enactsa coherentand positive
redemptionof sin.Yet, seen skeptically, it is "so like an old tale thattheverity
of it is in strongsuspicion"(V. ii. 28-29). But seen comprehensively it is both;
the ambiguouselementof fancyand improbability is so stressedthatthe au-
dience is forcedto realize that,while there is internalthematicresolution
throughthe regeneration of nature,thereis also a potentially chaoticaspectof
nature,one thatneedsnothingless thana "miracle"imposedby artto make it
rational.Art,then,in The Winter'sTale is simultaneously natural(Polixenes'
theory)and artificial(Perdita'stheory).There is both idealismand realism,
art and the mockery(which marksthe limitations)of art.The morecompre-
hensiverealismeffected by thiscombinationis the governingprincipleof the
Pastoral Scene. Ultimately,constancywithintime,abiding value thatis both
provedand used withinflux,is theonlypossiblevictory thatis convincing.Con-
vincingbecauseit admitsitsloss.
Butyet,Paulina,
Hermionewas notso muchwrinkled, nothing
So aged as thisseems. (V. iii. 27-29)
Harvard University

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