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    Xi - Ut-I CH.01

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    Gargi Sapte
    Living organisms have several defining characteristics including metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness. Organisms are classified and named using a standardized system of nomenclature and taxonomy to organize the vast number of species. The modern system of binomial nomenclature was developed by Carolus Linnaeus and assigns each species a two-part scientific name. Taxonomy is the study of classification principles and procedures that arrange organisms in a taxonomic hierarchy of increasing specificity from domain to species.

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    Xi - Ut-I CH.01

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    Gargi Sapte
    46 views5 pages
    Living organisms have several defining characteristics including metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness. Organisms are classified and named using a standardized system of nomenclature and taxonomy to organize the vast number of species. The modern system of binomial nomenclature was developed by Carolus Linnaeus and assigns each species a two-part scientific name. Taxonomy is the study of classification principles and procedures that arrange organisms in a taxonomic hierarchy of increasing specificity from domain to species.

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    XI_UT-I CH.01

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    Living organisms have several defining characteristics including metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness. Organisms are classified and named using a standardized system of nomenclature and taxonomy to organize the vast number of species. The modern system of binomial nomenclature was developed by Carolus Linnaeus and assigns each species a two-part scientific name. Taxonomy is the study of classification principles and procedures that arrange organisms in a taxonomic hierarchy of increasing specificity from domain to species.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    46 views5 pages

    Xi - Ut-I CH.01

    Uploaded by

    Gargi Sapte
    Living organisms have several defining characteristics including metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness. Organisms are classified and named using a standardized system of nomenclature and taxonomy to organize the vast number of species. The modern system of binomial nomenclature was developed by Carolus Linnaeus and assigns each species a two-part scientific name. Taxonomy is the study of classification principles and procedures that arrange organisms in a taxonomic hierarchy of increasing specificity from domain to species.

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    of 5

    CH:1- THE LIVING WORLD

    Characteristics of Living Organisms: 


    Growth- In plants growth happens throught out the life time, Unicellular- cell division. Increase in body mass, This
    is exhibited by non living organisms.
    Reproduction- Fungus – spores, Lower plants- fragmentation, Planaria- fragmented cell regenerate, Amoeba-
    fission. There are many organism cannot reproduce- Mule, worker honey bee, Non living organism replicate itself.
    Metabolism- Biological actions – The sum total of all chemical reactions occur in our body,
    Cellular organization - ,
    Self Consciousness - ability to sense environment,
    Self-replicating and Self regulation- interactive system capable of responding to external stimuli. Molecular level-
    organ level
     Reproduction and growth are NOT defining properties. (in unicellular organism the increase in number of
    cells is considered as growth as well reproduction)
     Metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness are defining properties.

    Nomenclature: “system of naming organisms”. standardize the naming of living organism such that a particular
    organism is known by the name all over the world. Region, Place
    Identification: nomenclature or naming is only possible when the organism is described correctly and we known to
    what organism the name is attached to.
    Need for classification:
    To organize the vast number of plants and animals into categories that could be named, remembered, studied
    and understood.
    Rules for Nomenclature:
     Latinized names are used, written in italics - Mangifera indica (Mango india)
     First word represents the genus, second word is species name.
     First word starts with capital letter while species name written in small letter.
     Printed in italics;
     If handwritten then underline separately. Mangifera indica

    Common name Scientific name

    Honey Bee Apis

    Pigeon Columba livia

    Human Homo sapiens

    Ant Formicidae

    Arabian camel Camelus dromedarius

    African elephant Loxodonta

    Albatross Diomedeidae

    Alpaca Vicugna pacos

    Asian Elephant Elephas maximus

    Bat Chiroptera
    Bird Aves

    Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis

    Gaur Bos gaurus

    Goat Capra aegagrus hircus

    Bear Ursidae

    Polar bear Ursus maritimus

    Sun bear Helarctos malayanus

    Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra

    Black rat Rattus rattus

    Buffalo Bubalus bubalis

    Bulbul Pycnonotidae

    Butterfly Rhopalocera

    Cat Felis catus

    Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus

    Chinkara Gazella bennettii

    Cobra Naja

    Cockroach Blattodea

    Common Myna Acridotheres tristis

    Cow Bos taurus

    Crocodile Crocodylus palustris

    Deer Cervidae

    Dog Canis lupus familiaris

    Dolphin Cetacea

    Eagle Accipitridae

    Elephant Elephantidae

    fish Vertebrata

    Red fox Vulpes vulpes

    Gavial or Gharial Gavialis gangeticus


    Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis

    Great horned owl Bubo virginianus

    Hen Gallus gallus domesticus

    Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius

    Horse Equus caballus

    House crow Corvus splendens

    Housefly Musca domestica

    House mouse Mus musculus

    House sparrow Passer domesticus

    House wall Lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis

    Indian Cobra Naja naja

    parrot Psittaciformes

    Indian Python Python molurus

    Kashmir stag or hangul Cervus canadensis hanglu

    King cobra Ophiophagus hannah

    Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus

    Leopard or panther Panthera pardus

    Monkey Simiiformes (infraorder)

    Mosquito Culicidae

    Lion Panthera leo

    Lizard Squamata

    Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus

    Peacock Pavo cristatus

    Pig Sus

    Prawn Dendrobranchiata

    Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

    Rat Rodentia

    Rat snake Ptyas mucosa


    Rattle snake Crotalinae

    Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta

    Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis

    Sea snake Hydrophiinae

    Sheep Ovis aries

    Siberian crane Grus leucogeranus

    Snakehead Channidae

    Sparrow Passer domesticus

    Spider Araneae

    Starfish Asteroidea

    Who propose the name for the organisms?


    ICZN:  International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (for giving scientific name to animals.) National University of
    Singapore, Singapore
    ICBN: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (for giving scientific name to plants.) The formal starting date
    of plant nomenclature is 1 May 1753, it is the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus (the name was changed
    at the International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in July 2011)- International codes of biological
    nomenclature.
    Taxonomy: Study of principles and procedures of classification.
    Binomial Nomenclature: Given by Carolus Linnaeus. Each scientific name has two components - Generic name +
    Specific epithet.
    Systematics:  It deals with classification of organisms based on their diversities and relationships among them. Term
    was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus who wrote ‘Systema Naturae’.
    Taxonomic Hierarchy: Arrangement of various steps (categories or taxa Species → Genus → Family → Order →
    Class → Phylum (for animals) /Division (for plants) Kingdom.
    Species: All the members that can interbreed among themselves and can produce fertile offsprings are the
    members of same species. This is the bio-logical concept of species proposed by Mayer.
    Genus: biological classification ranking, consisting of structurally or phylogenetically related species or a single
    isolated species exhibiting unusual differentiation.
    Family: A taxonomic group of one or more genera, especially sharing a common attribute.
    Order: comprised of families sharing a set of similar nature or character.
    Class refers to plant classification
    Phylum is referred in animal classification systems

    Three Domains of Life: Proposed by Carl Woese in 1990 who also proposed the six kingdom classification for living
    organisms. The three Do-mains are Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukarya.
    Taxonomical Aids:
    1. It helps in the study of plants and animals and is used in agriculture, forestry, industry etc. 
    2. Taxonomical aids are the samples or collection of samples of preserved organisms that help in the research
    of taxonomic hierarchy
    Herbarium: Storehouse of dried, pressed and preserved plant specimen on sheets.-
     The biggest herbarium of our country is at the Indian Botanic Garden, Calcutta, possessing about one million
    specimens.
     The herbarium of the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun has about 3, 00,000 specimens.
     The herbarium of the Division of Botany at I.A.R.I. New Delhi, contains about 3000 specimens.
    Botanical Garden: Collection of living plants for reference. 35 gardens
    Zoological Park (Places where wild animals are kept in protected environment.)
    18 Zoos In India –The Arignar Anna Zoological Park is the largest zoo in India which houses about 2,553 species of flora and
    fauna across 1,265 acres and is the largest zoological garden in India

     Keys (Used  for identification of plant and animals on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities.)
     Fauna: (Index to animal species found in a particular area)
     Flora (Index to plant species found in a particular area.)
     Manuals (Provide information for identification of name of species in an area.)
     Monograph (Contain information on one taxon.)
     

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