SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN BENUE STATE,

NIGERIA

BY

SYLVESTER ORNGU ANONGUKU

BSU/SS/SOC/M.SC/16/7552

BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL,

BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY, MAKURDI, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS OF SCIENCES (M.SC)
DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY

FEBRUARY, 2021
DECLARATION

i
I, Sylvester Orngu Anonguku (BSU/SS/SOC/M.SC/16/7552), do hereby declare that,

though I have relied and benefited from the scholarly work of other authorities, however, this

research work is mine. It was initiated, researched and written by me. Therefore, I accept

every sense of responsibility for its strengths and weakness.

Sylvester Orngu Anonguku

BSU/SS/SOC/M.SC/16/7552

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 CERTIFICATION
We certify that this dissertation titled: Small Scale Industries and social development In

Benue State, Nigeria has been duly presented by Sylvester Orngu Anonguku

(BSU/SS/SOC/M.SC/16/7552) of the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences,

Benue State University, Makurdi and approved as meeting the requirements for the award of

the Masters of Science (M.SC) by the Examiners.

Supervisor Head of Department

Name: Dr. Margaret Bai-

Tachia
Name: Dr. James T. Aan
Signature:…………………. Signature:………………….

Date:…………………… Date:………………………...

Having met the stipulated requirements, the dissertation has been accepted by the postgraduate
school.
External Examiner
Name:………………………
Signature………………….
Date:………………………...

Dean, Postgraduate School

Name:
Signature………………….
Date:………………………...

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 DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to Almighty God for His love and care which made it possible
for me to complete this research work.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The researcher wishes to express his gratitude to Almighty God for His guidance and

protection in the course of this academic work. To Him be the glory forever more, Amen. My

earnest appreciation goes to my kind and approachable supervisor, Dr. James T. Aan who

read the manuscript and made constructive criticisms, which made this work a reality.

The researcher’s indebtness extends to the Head of Department of Sociology, Dr.

Margaret Bai-Tachia and my lecturers: Rev. (Fr.) Prof. Francis Shagbaor Wegh, Prof. Idu

Ode, Prof. Philip Terdoo. Ahire, Dr. Igbana Wansua Ajir, Dr. Benjamin Gowon Ahule, Dr.

Agnes Ikwuba, Dr. Elizabeth Sugh, Dr. Comfort E. Ugbem-Onah, Dr. Mary Erdoo Uya, Dr.

Godwin Timiun, Dr. Godwin A. Akpehe, Dr. Peter Azende, Mr. Christopher A. Abari, Mr. E.

Odiba, Mr. Terungwa Mpem, Mr. Timothy Anchovour, Miss. Joyce Rumun Akpenpuun and

Mr. Frederick Guda Nda for their love and concern throughout my educational pursuit.

I must also not forget to acknowledge my course mates at the Postgraduate class:

Chinta Tahav Kpebee Michael, Geri Paul, Agia Godwin, Shima Terngu, Oblete Pius Oblete,

Adom Thomas Amasekaven, Mailu Gabriel, Ikyurior Joseph, Hwembe Emmanuel, Vambula

Monday Tumba, Babajinde, Anthony Obi. I must also appreciate Miss Esther Gemashima

Igber, Sase Karen Sewuese, Shengeor Rachael, Abongonye Rachael, Naomi Ochigbo and

Iveren Imande

Finally, the researcher acknowledges the contributions of each and every one who in

one way or the other, has helped to ensure that I complete this programme successfully, I am

grateful to all my friends and my humble typist Mrs. Blessing (Mummy Praise). For those

whose names are not here, I am thankful to you all.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgments v
Table of Contents vi
Abstract xiv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 6
1.3 Research Questions 7
1.4 Objectives of the Study 8
1.5 Research Hypotheses 8
1.6 Scope of the Study 8
1.7 Significance of the Study. 9
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK

2.1 Conceptual Clarification 10

2.1.1 Small Scale Industries (SSIs) 10

2.1.2 Social Development 14

2.2 Types of Small Scales Industries 18

2.3 The Spread of Small Scale Industries 19

2.4 Factors Responsible For the Spread of Small Scale Industries 23

2.5 Contributions of Small Scale Industries to Social Development 25

2.6 Challenges Confronting the Contribution of Small Scale Businesses to

Social Development 31

2.7 Characteristics of Social Development 37

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2.8 Forms of Social Development 39

2.9 Theoretical Framework

2.9.1 Social Quality Theory 43

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design 48
3.2 Study Setting 49
3.3 Population of the Study 52
3.4 Sampling Size Determination 52
3.5 Sampling Procedure 53
3.6 Methods of data collection 53
3.6.1 Structured questionnaire 53
3.6.2 Key Informant Interview (KII) 53
3.7 Methods of data analysis. 54
3.8 Problems Encounter during the Study 55
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis 56
4.1.1 Socio-Demographic Variables of Respondents 56
4.2 The Spread or Coverage of Small Scale Industries 61
4.3 The Contribution of Small Scale Industries to social
development 62
4.4 The Level of social development in Benue State 63
4.5 The Specific Areas that Small Scale Industries have contributed to
social development in Benue State 63
4.6 Challenges Confronting Small Scale Industries in contributing to
development in Benue State 65
4.7 Test of Hypotheses 67

4.8 Discussion of Findings 68

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary 71
5.2 Conclusion 72
5.3 Recommendations 72
References 74
APPENDIX A: Questionnaires 78
APPENDIX B: Interview Guide 82
Appendix C: SPSS Analysis Results 83

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viii
 ABSTRACT

The study examined small scale industries and social development in Benue State. Social
equity theory was used in the study. The methods of data collection were questionnaire and
Key Informant Interview. 379 respondents were questioned while 12 key informants were
interviewed. The specific objectives included to; assess the spread of Small Scale Industries
in Benue State, evaluate the contributions of SSIs to social development, examine the level of
social development, assess the specific areas that small scale industries have contributed to
social development in Benue State, as well as assess the challenges confronting SSIs in
contributing to social development. Findings of the study revealed that small scale industries
were concentrated in the urban areas, small scale industries had a role to play in social
development, the level of social development was very low, the areas in which small scale
industries contributed to social development was in the areas of employment, the provision of
hospitality and healthcare. The challenges faced by small scale industries in social
development were the lack of funding, and poorly trained staff. The first hypothesis indicated
that small scale industries had significant effect on social development, while the second
hypothesis indicated that small scale industries have a positive relationship with social
development. The study concluded that small scale industries have being instrumental to the
efforts of social development and must be created for, a convenient environment to strive.
The study recommended a balance spread of small scale industries to accommodate rural
areas, the implementation of policies that will sustain small scale industries, the provision of
a conducive environment by way of reduced taxation, providing loans and grants for small
scale industries, and to also make policies that will prevent big industries from swallowing up
smaller ones.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

One of the major aims of most countries is to enhance the well-being of citizens. Such

countries put in place structures, institutions, values, and policies to help citizens to improve

standard of living. Nigeria since her independence in 1960, has put in place structures,

institutions, policies and programmes that are intended to continuously improve the well-

being of Nigerians. It is about refusing to accept that people who live in poverty will always

be poor (Anyanwu, 2016). It is about helping people so they can move forward on their path

to self-sufficiency. Social development emerged from innovation and the search for new

ideas, understandings and solutions to persistent and large scale social and economic

problems in the Global South. The search for solutions was also spurred on by the failure of

neo-liberal social policies in countries with different levels of development (Jenson 2012).

The global economic crisis gave rise to pressing social problems across developed and

developing countries that threatened social cohesion and political stability. This situation

opened up further spaces for debate and questioning of conventional approaches to social

welfare that focused either on the state or the market to meet needs. The roles of other actors

such as civil society, families, households and social networks were neglected by

conventional approaches (Anyanwu, 2016).

Social development focuses on the progressive changes in utilizing social resources to

increase individual satisfaction and well-being. A number of specific social developmental

goals have been identified over the years including eradicating poverty and hunger,

improving education and literacy, reducing infant and maternal mortality, ending gender

discrimination and oppression, enhancing participation in the political process, increasing

access to improved sanitation, and many more. Social development is about putting people at

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the centre of development. This means a commitment that development processes need to

benefit people, particularly but not only the poor, but also a recognition that people, and the

way they interact in groups and society, and the norms that facilitates such interaction, shape

development processes (Patel, 2016; Ayozie, 2012).

In many areas of the developing countries and Sub-Saharan African countries,

housing costs continue to rise, homeownership is declining, and increasing numbers of people

are finding it difficult to afford housing and secure tenancy (Ministry of Social Development

2017). The economy is not buoyant and unemployment is steadily increasing, so there are

lesser opportunities for paid employment for many people on benefit. In Nigeria, there are

labour market challenges and future economic risks, including low productivity, lack of job

security and modest wage growth for lower-skilled workers. Even with recent improvements

since the global financial crisis, more work is needed to tackle persistent poverty and

hardship, including on the wider issues of housing affordability and quality (MSD, 2017).

Benue State continues to be disproportionately affected by unemployment, low pay,

insecure housing, lower life expectancy and other adverse social outcomes. Individuals with a

disability or health condition continue to face higher barriers to employment. Family violence

and sexual violence have significant impacts on outcomes for those affected, and carry a high

cost to Benue State as a whole. This has negative impacts on the economy and the level of

government spending on health and superannuation. Technological innovations are

continually remaining low in Benue State and little attempts are been made to increase

innovative approaches to the way they receive services.

As a result of low level of social development in Nigeria and Benue State, the

prevailing economic circumstances are enough to make its citizens see the benefits of

looking inwards in terms of setting up Small Scale Industries that will generate jobs and

increase revenue generation. According to Awogbenle and Iwuamadi (2016), the statistics

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from the Manpower Board and the Federal Bureau of Statistics showed that Nigeria has a

youth population of 80 million, representing 60% of the total population of the country. Also,

64 million of them are unemployed, while 1.6 million are underemployed (Balakrrishna,

2017). The 1990- 2000 data on youth unemployment showed that the largest group of the

unemployed is the secondary school graduates. Also, 40% of the unemployment rate is

among urban youth aged 20-24 and 31% of the rate is among those aged 15-19. Also, two-

thirds of urban unemployed are ranged from 15-24 years old. Unemployment is no respecter

of the educated or uneducated thereby making entrepreneurial development an important

phenomenon for economies that are ready to develop in job creation (Ihua, 2012). Emerging

economies like China, India, Malaysia and Indonesia recorded enviable successes in skills

acquisition and job creation in the 90’s because they rated entrepreneurial development as an

engine of economic transformation. Ebiri (2012), opines that entrepreneurship is basically

concerned with creating wealth and livelihood through production of goods and services.

This results in a process of upward change whereby the real per capita income of a country

experiences sustained increase overtime or in other words economic growth takes place.

According to Basu (2017); Berna, (2012), small businesses irrefutably remain critical

to the social development of any nation as they are an excellent, source of employment

generation, help in development of local technology, develop indigenous entrepreneurs and

help improve the living conditions of individuals. The importance of small businesses to the

citizens’ standard of living and the nation’s general growth cannot be overemphasised. Even

co-existence of large-scale industries is seen as dependent on healthy activities of small

businesses (Balakrishina, 2017).

There exist lots of business ventures that are being engaged by individuals, group of

people or associations, firms, industries and government with the main aim of maximizing

profits. These businesses range from small scale to medium and large scale enterprises.

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Worldwide, Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have been accepted as the

engine of economic growth for promoting equitable development. The major advantage of

the sector is its employment potential at low capital cost. The MSMEs constitute over 90% of

total enterprises in most economies and are credited with generating the highest rates of

employment growth and account for a major share of industrial production and export

(Varinder, 2012).

In developing countries, the dynamic role of Small Scale Industries (SSIs) as engines

through which their growth objectives can be achieved has long been recognized. It is

estimated that small scale industries employ 22% of the adult population in developing

countries (Ganstyam, 2018). Accordingly, Haveman (2016), states that SSIs account for 95%

of employment and about 43% of the value added of the entire industrial sector in Africa.

Inegbenebor (2016), maintains that SSIs in Africa are mostly traditional and generate both a

higher output and a large amount of employment per unit of scarce capital than large scale

industries.

In the Nigerian economy, small scale industries are the most common form of

business. Perhaps, no other development strategy has enjoyed as much prominence in

development plans as the SSIs. In recent years, particularly since the adoption of the

economic reform programme in Nigeria in 1986, there has been a decisive switch of

emphasis from the grandiose, capital intensive, large scale industrial project based on the

philosophy of import substitution to micro and small scale enterprises with immense

potentials for developing domestic linkages for rapid, sustainable industrial development

(Jain, 2006, Aigboduwa & Oisamoje, 2013).

In Benue State, small scale business participation varies from sector to sector; where

there is an appreciable level of private organized and manual agricultural production, several

hotels and restaurants, business organized local banks, thrifts, saving and loan societies.

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Several private hospitals and clinics and several computer business services, commercial pay

phone business, motorcycle (Okada) and a lot of private transport companies are owned by

private individuals operating in the local government these contribute one way or the others

to the well-being of people.

Hence, Small Scale Industries are promoters of social development of a nation or a

geographical entity. They are sustainable mechanisms for the achievement of national macro-

economic goals in terms of reducing unemployment at low investment capacity and

enhancement of apprenticeship training. Currently in Nigeria, Aigboduwa & Oisamoje (2013)

stress that small scale industries represent about 90% of the industrial sector in terms of

enterprise; they also amount to about 70% of the national industrial development if the

threshold is set at 10–70 employee and contributes 10% of the manufacturing sector output

and a meager of 1% of gross domestic product; they also contribute significantly to economic

development through employment, job creation and sustainable livelihood. These authors

further stated that Governments have stepped up efforts to promote the development of SSIs

through increased incentive schemes, including enhanced budgetary allocation for technical

assistance programmes.

Agreeing with Etebefia and Akinkumi, Acho and Abu (2018), also states that in

Nigeria, governments formulate policies aimed at facilitating and empowering the growth and

development of the small scale enterprises due to their contribution to the Nigeria economy

like alleviating poverty, employment generation, enhance human development, and improve

social welfare of the people. Also, new lending schemes and credit institutions such as New

lending schemes and credit institutions such as the National Economic Reconstruction Fund

(NERFUND), World Bank-assisted small-scale enterprises loan scheme (SMES), Nigeria

Export and Import Bank (NEXIM), the people’s Bank of Nigeria (PBN) and the Community

have been established by the federal government for the purpose of assisting the SSIs to meet

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their financial needs. There have also been fiscal incentives, grants, bilateral and aids from

multilateral agencies as well as specialized institutions towards making the small and micro

business and apprenticeships schemes vibrant.

It is therefore of great concern that this vital sub-sector has fallen short of expectation.

The situation is more disturbing and worrying when compared with what other developing

and developed countries have been able to achieve with their small businesses coupled with

significant attention to apprenticeship training and employment they generate. This study,

then, forms the basis to investigate the spread, contributions, level, specific areas and

challenges of small scale industries to social development of Nigeria and Benue State in

particular.

1.2 Statement of the problems

World over, the crucial role of Small scale industries in social development have been

long acknowledge, this acknowledgement have been reflective in the policies of most nations

through concerted efforts to provide conditions that make the establishment of this industries

possible. Already developed society have gone to an extent of making grants available to

developing societies for this venture (Akangee, 2014). Small and medium Industries in

Nigeria have not performed creditably well and hence not played the expected vital and

vibrant role in the social development of Nigeria. This situation has been of great concern to

the government, citizens, operators, practioners and the organized private sector group. Year

in year out, the government at federal, state and local levels through budgetary allocations,

policies and pronouncements have signified interest and acknowledged the crucial role of the

SSIs sub-sector of the economy and hence made policies for energizing the same. There have

also been fiscal incentive, grants, bilateral and multilateral agencies support and aids as well

as specialized institutions all geared towards making the SSIs sub-sector vibrant. Since

independence, the main thrust of Nigeria’s development of industrialization, education and a

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self-reliant economy have relied on human capital growth which is expected to support the

industrialization process and propel other sector through exhibited the mix of knowledge,

attitude and skills required to achieve this purpose (Dogo, 2015).

A report by the Brookings Institute based on the study it carried out declared Nigeria

“the poverty capital of the world” in 2018. The report revealed that, 91, 885, 874 people in

Nigeria, are living in extreme poverty. By implication, it means that over a half of the

Nigerian population is living in very poor social and economic conditions. Yet there seems to

be a number of small scale industries in the country that are expected to bring about social

development, this has been disturbing. In Benue state of Nigeria, despite the more than 20

MOUs signed by the state government from 2015-2020, the impact of this is yet to be largely

felt in improved healthcare, social justice, employment opportunities and greater freedom.

Benue State according to National Bureau of Statistics (2019) is the 20th poorest state in

Nigeria, yet the state has numerous small scale industries, it is against this backdrop, that this

study attempts a study of the role small industries play in the social development of the state.

1.3 Research Questions

1. What is the spread of small scale industries in Benue State?

2. What is the contribution of small scale industries to social development in Benue

State?

3. What is the level of social development in Benue State?

4. In what specific areas have small scale industries contributes to social development in

Benue State?

5. What are the challenges confronting small scale industries in contributing to social

development in Benue State?

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1.4 Research Objectives

1. To assess the spread of small scale industries in Benue State.

2. To evaluate the contributions of small scale industries to social development in Benue

State.

3. To examine the level of social development in Benue State.

4. To assess the specific areas that small scale industries have contributed to social

development in Benue State

5. To assess the challenges confronting small scale industries in contributing to social

development in Benue State.

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The Study is guided by the following hypotheses

H1 Small Scale industries have significant effect on social development in Benue State.

H2: Small scale industries have negative relationship with social development in Benue State.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The academic scope of this study covers the spread of small scale industries, the

contribution of small scale industries to social development, the level of social development,

the specific areas small scale industries have contributed to development, and the challenges

confronting small scale industries in contributing to social development. The academic scope

seeks to evaluate if small scale industries have contributed substantially to social

development in Benue state. Geographically, the scope of the study is Benue state, this is

because there have been large scale intellectual and political debates about the social

development of Benue state, this study will fill that void by providing answers to these

teaming questions. The study is limited to the period from 2015-2018; this is because the

8
period has witnessed an increasing spread in small scale industries with an expected

corresponding reflection in social development.

1.7 Significance of the study

This study will be of practical and theoretical significance. Practically, the study will

be significant to government, private organizations and researchers. The findings of the study

will aid her in the area of policy making as study will open up the contribution of small scale

industries to social development given the government a clear road map for policy

formulation and implementation to enhance the capacity and effectiveness of these industries

in bringing social development. Private organizations will also find the findings of this

research of great significance as it will expose them to the best approach to tackle holistically

the challenges of social development through the establishment of small scale industries.

Researchers will also find this study significant for future researches. Theoretically, this study

will contribute to the already existing literature on the subject matter as well as theorizing.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

In this chapter, relevant the basic concepts of small scale industries and social

development are clarified, literature is reviewed extensively on the contributions of small

scale industries to social development, the problems of social development and the social

quality theory is applied to the study.

2.1 Conceptual Clarification

The concepts of small scale industries and social development are clarified in the

manner of their operationalization within the study.

2.1.1 Small Scale Industries (SSIs)

There is no single, uniformly accepted definition of a small firm. Firms differ in their

levels of capitalization, sales and employment. Hence, definitions which employ measures of

size (number of employees, turnover, profitability, net worth), when applied to one sector

could lead to all firms being classified as small, while the same definition when applied to a

different sector could lead to a different result (Boswel, 2013).

Similarly, Kalchetty (2018), state that the definition of a small scale enterprise may

vary in different economies of the world but the underlying concept is the same. Small scale

business enterprise can be defined in terms of annual sales, asset valuation, net profit, balance

sheet totals and the size of the business including the numbers of employees available in the

business. Different authors, scholars, and schools have different ideas as to the variation in

initial capital, number of workforce, annual turnover, fixed assets invested, physical plants

and machineries, market value and the level of development. These features equally vary

from one country to the other (Mohan-Kumar, 2016). In Nigeria, the Third National

Development plan defined a small scale business as a manufacturing establishment which

10
employs not more than ten people, or whose investment in machinery and equipment does

not exceed six hundred thousand naira (Nnanna, 2013).

The Nigerian concepts of SSIs are somewhat divergent but the Central Bank of

Nigeria agrees with the Small and Medium Industries and Equity Investment Scheme

(SMIEIS) in their definition of a SSIs as any enterprise with a maximum asset base less than

N200 million (equivalent of about $1.43 million) excluding land and working capital, and

with the number of staff employed not less than 10 (otherwise will be a cottage or micro-

enterprise) and not more than 300 (Obitayo, 2011). Moreover, this definition for SMEs was

based on the revised definition by the National Council on Industry in 2001 (Olokoyo, 2014, ,

Orgi, 2014).

SSIs as defined by the National Council of Industries (2009), refer to business

enterprises whose total costs excluding land is not more than two hundred million naira

(N200,000,000.00) only. This definition is based on the financial base of the concept of SSIs.

In addition to the financial aspect of the National Council of Industry’s definition, the

individual research unit of Obafemi Awolowo (1987), sees SSIs as one whose total assets or

capital is less than N50, 000 and employee fewer than 50 full time workers. This definition

has added to the understanding that the number of employees also matters in conceptualizing

SSIs.

There are different perspectives about SSIs depending on the location or geographical

entity. According to Okonkwo (2013), the concept of the small size firm is a relative one and

it depends mainly on both the geographical location and the nature of economy that the

activity is being performed. A small scale enterprise is a privately owned and operated

business characterized by a small number of employees and low turnover. A small enterprise

usually only shares a tiny segment of the market it operates in. Small scale enterprises (also,

small scale businesses) are essential to the economy for industrial growth and diversification.

11
 According to the size Olla (2013) the various countries have different specification of

the numbers of employees a small business enterprise should have. In the U.S. for instance,

small scale enterprises generally have fewer than 500 employees within a 12-month period in

non-manufacturing industries. A company must consider any individual on its payroll as an

employee. In Australia, however, a small-scale enterprise is one that has fewer than 15

employees on payroll, as defined by the Fair Work Act. The Small Business Act for Europe

states that small enterprises are those that have 250 employees or less. Small scale enterprises

in Asian countries generally have 100 or fewer employees, while small scale in African

enterprises hire 50 or fewer workers. Using financial measures such as net profits, balance

sheet totals, the value of assets and annual sales as a means of defining small scale business

enterprise In the United States for example, a non-manufacturing small scale enterprise is one

that does not earn more than $7 million in a year (Olla, 2013, Adedeji, 2019). Financial

measures can vary by industry, as annual receipts may be higher for industries that have

higher overhead costs to operate. In general, small scale enterprises are businesses that do not

dominate their respective industry (Adedeji, 2019).

In Nigeria, small scale industry is not prominently defined and it is not structurally

established in the economy; the reason is attributed to the ambiguous concept of small scale

industries. The definition of small scale industry in Nigeria is not static but varied

functionally within institutions with emphasis on the size of the investment rather than the

number of employees. For example, the Nigerian Industrial Development Bank (NIDB)

(2004) defines small scale industry as an enterprise having an investment and working capital

not exceeding N750, 000. In 1979, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in its credit guideline

to banks define Small Scale Enterprise as an enterprise whose annual turnover is not

exceeding N500, 000, it is arguable whether the criteria can still hold today given the high

cost of operation resulting from deregulation of foreign exchange and inflationary impact.

12
 However, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN, 2005) defined small scale industry as an

industry whose (working capital including land cost) total investment does not exceed N2.5

million naira and whose annual turnover N12.5 million annually. This definition seems to

have recognized the impact of inflation and exigencies. In 1990 budget, the Federal

Government of Nigeria defined small scale enterprises for the purpose of commercial loan as

those enterprises with-annual turnover not exceeding N500, 000 for merchant loan and those

for the purpose of commercial loan as enterprises with capital investment not exceeding N2

million (excluding cost of land or a maximum of N5 million).

Reviewing and harmonizing these definitions, it can be deduced that SSIs are

enterprises that have the capacity to employ at most 500 employees and at least 10 employees

and has been proven to be the bedrock of any economy. The brain behind every successful

small and medium scale enterprise is entrepreneurship which in the words of Mohammed

(2012) and Mohammed (2017) is an undertaken where one is involved in the task of creating

and managing an enterprise for a purpose. The purpose may be personal, social or

developmental.

The definition of small scale industries given so far only help to spotlight small scale

industries from the capital and employee structure view point. But there are other

characteristics attributes which small scale industries can better be seen. Onu (2011) listed

some characteristics, which are always associated with small scale firms to include:

a. Ownership and management are usually vested in the same person.

b. The firm usually has a small scale of the market (or alternatively) a significant share of a

highly specialized low volume market and in general is not in position to influence the

size of the market.

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c. The Chief Executive General participates actively in most levels of the decision making

process and in the day-to-day operation of the firm usually with adequate specialist

support at management level.

Again, Mahesh (2012) noted that small scale enterprises have potential catalysts of

economic growth that have peculiar characteristics and these are:

a. Dispersonal contact between the entrepreneur and his workers, customers and suppliers.

b. Relatively little or no specialization in modern management techniques.

c. Lack of bargaining strength in the purchase of raw materials or sale of finished products.

d. The large number of establishment and their labour intensive modes of operation

guarantees employment for lager number of persons.

e. More equitable redistribution of income usually achieved in this sub-sector.

Thus, small businesses do not conform to any neat parameters because much of their

activities depend on the industry in which they operate also the personalities and aspirations

of those in charge of these businesses. These factors vary from manufacturers to retailers,

couples team, professional managers, high growth, high start-ups that are funded by venture

capitalists to self-financed tradesmen and women for the purpose of making a living

(Malcolm, 2011, Kolter, 2013).

2.1.2 Social Development

The concept social development is broad, flexible, and all-encompassing depending

on our own disciplinary traditions, orientations, and limited thinking (Pawar, 2014). The two

words social and development should be examined deeply to define the term “social

development’’. The root of the word social is found in Latin, where ‘socius (noun) means

ally, confederate, sharer, and partner; on the other hand the Shorter Oxford English

Dictionary describes the term social like emphasize, respectively, belonging, mutuality,

group living and activities to improve conditions of a society by addressing problems and

14
issues. Sociologists and other social scientists today apply the term social to describe the

human interactions and the complex phenomena that arise from the specific interactions like

a large number of groups and associations including the family, neighbourhood associations,

formal organisations, communities, and even societies which also give rise to social

networks, values, cultures, and institutions (Midgley, 2014: 4).

The term development as a suffix has different meaning and is used in versatile fields.

Development connotes an act or a process; an act of improving by expanding or enlarging or

refining, and a process in which something passes by degrees to different stage, especially a

more advanced or mature stage (Nahar, 2014). Actually, development means a process of

change, growth, progress, or evolution which ultimately supports industrialisation and a

multifaceted process that encompasses social, cultural, gender, political, environmental, and

economic dimensions (Nahar, 2014).

It is clear from the lexical meanings of these two words that social development does

not mean development of one specific issue, it is broader than that. “Social development

means the collective development of the whole entity, whatever that entity might be; thus it

means growing, advancing, maturing step by step or stage by stage in a unified way and

comprehensively covering all aspects and dimensions of such entities as a society” (Pawar,

2014).

Definitions of social development are varied and many and also differs from author to

author. Pawar (2014) has categorized almost all of the definitions of recognized scholars of

social development in three categories based on their approach, such as (1). Definitions that

focus on systematic planning and thinking and economic development; (2). Definitions that

focus on structural change; 3. Definitions that focus on realizing the human potential, needs,

and quality of life.

15
 Social development is process of planned social change designed to promote the well-

being of the population as a whole in conjunction with a dynamic process of economic

development” (Midgley, 1995). The concept of social development is inclusive of economic

development but differs from it in the sense that it emphasizes the development of the totality

of society in its economic, political, social, and cultural aspects (Pawar, 2014).

Social development is planned comprehensive social change designed to improve

people’s general welfare. The interrelatedness of major social problems requires the

economic and cultural efforts of national and international government structures and

society’s institutions and all its citizens (Barker, 2013).

Social development is a comprehensive concept which implies major structural

changes – political, economic, and cultural which are introduced as part of deliberate action

to transform society (Pawar, 2014). Development should be perceived as a multidimensional

process involving the re-organisation and reorientation of entire economic and social system

that involves radical changes in institutional, social, and administrative structures as well as

in popular attitudes and even customs and beliefs (Osaz, 2014).

New Social Development (NSD) is conceptualised as post material process of human-

societal transformation that seeks to build identities of people, communities, and nations.

Universalization of equity and justice, on the one hand, and annihilation of violence, war and

disease, on the other hand, will go a long way to ensure NSD’s substance, contours and

contents (Mohan, 2010).

Social development includes improvement in the quality of life of people; equitable

distribution of resource; broad-based participation in the process of decision marking; and

special measures that will enable marginal groups and communities to move into the

mainstream (Pareck, 2014).

16
 Social development has two interrelated dimensions: the first is the capacity of people

to work continuous for their welfare and that of society; the second is the alternation or

development of a society’s institutions so that human needs are met at all levels, especially at

the lowest level, through a process of improving the relationships between people and social

economic institutions (Pon. 2012). “Social development is the process of planned institutional

change to bring about a better fit between human needs and social policies and programs”

(Hollister, 1977). Hollister identifies a few core skills, such as policy analysis, social

planning, community organization, administration, program evaluation, and social advocacy

as necessary to engage in the social development process.

Social development implies evolution and transformation through which people and

societies maximise their opportunities, and become empowered to handle their affairs

(Mohan and Sharma, 20155). It is directed towards the release of human potential in order to

eliminate social inequities and problems (Meinert & Kohn, 2017).

Social development is a participatory process of planned social change designed to

promote the well-being of the people, and which, as such, offers an effective response to the

innate needs and aspirations of the whole population for the enhancement of their quality of

life. The term social development can refer to: improve in the welfare and quality of life of

individuals; or change in societies – in their norms and institutions- that make development

more equitable and inclusive for all members of a society (Davis, 2014).

Analyzing the above definitions of social development, it can be synthesized that

social development is a systematic planning and thinking which focuses on structural change

to understand the human potential, needs, and quality of life applying the multifaceted

process.

17
2.2 Types of Small Scales Industries

Generally, the industry is the process of producing something. Small scale industry is an

industry that is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field of

operation. Such units are generally under single ownership. Small-scale industries can be

classified into five main types as follows:

(1) Manufacturing industries: Manufacturing industries are the industries producing

complete articles for direct consumption and also processing industries. For example

Powerlooms, engineering industries, coin industries, garments industries, food processing

industries, pure water producing industries. Manufacturing is the production of products for

use or sale using labor and machines, tools, chemical or biological processing or formulation

and is the essence of secondary industry. The term may refer to a range of human activity

from handicraft to high tech but is most commonly applied to industrial design, in which raw

materials from primary industry are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such

finished goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more complex

products (such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles),

or distributed via the tertiary industry to end users and consumers (usually

through wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, who then sell them to individual

customers). Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which

raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the

product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials

are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.

(2) Feeder industries: Feeder industries are specializing in certain types of products and

services, e.g. casting, welding etc.

18
(3) Service industries: Servicing industries covering light, repair, and shops necessary to

maintain mechanical equipment. These industries are essentially machine based.

(4) Ancillary industries: The industries which are producing parts, components and

rendering services to large industries are called ancillary industries. Ancillary to large

industries producing parts and components and rendering services.

(5) Mining or quarrying: These industries are involved in mining and quarrying natural

resources.

2.3 The Spread of Small Scale Industries

Many of the Small scale industries in Nigeria have not more than 10 employers.

These industries have the features of requiring low capital investment for their establishment.

They are labour intensive, scattered and provide employment for the semi-skilled, in contrast

to large scale industries that cater for the employment of highly skilled manpower (Adedeji,

2019). There is hardly any unique universally accepted definition of SMEs because the

classification of businesses into small and large scales is a subjective judgment (Doyle,

1998). According to Boswel, (2013) the spread of SIs vary both between countries and

between continents. The major criteria used in the definition according to Bauer, (2013)

include various combinations of the following: number of employees, financial strength, sales

value, relative size, initial capital outlay and types of industry. Chand, (2012) explained the

indicators prominent in most definitions as size of capital investment (fixed assets), value of

annual turnover (gross output) and number of paid employees. In countries such as the United

State of America, Britain and Canada, small and medium business is defined in terms of

annual turnover and number of paid employees. In Britain, for instance, a small and medium

business is defined as that business with an annual turnover of 2 million pounds or less, with

fewer than 200 paid employees.

19
 The 2013 National MSME Survey covered business enterprises in Nigeria employing

below 200 persons (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises). The survey was conducted in all

the 36 States of the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. For micro enterprises

(employing 1-9 persons) data were canvassed through the National Integrated Survey of

Household (NISH) Schedule. Also rural and urban areas where small (employing 10-49

persons) and medium (employing 50-199 persons) enterprises are located were covered

through the National Integrated Survey of Establishment (NISE) Module. Further, twelve

(12) households enterprises were systematically selected per EA making a total of 480

Households visited in each state and the FCT. This sample was considered large enough to

give estimates at state level from where states and national estimates were aggregated. Under

the establishment component, 4,000 Small and Medium Enterprises were selected for study

across the country in 13 sectors using the principles of Probability Proportional to Size (PPS)

to allocate number of establishments to states according to the concentration of the

establishments. The sectors are: i. Manufacturing ii. Wholesale and Retail trade; Repairs of

Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles iii. Accommodation and Food service Activities iv. Mining

and Quarrying v. Construction vi. Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and

Remediation vii. Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting viii. Transport and Storage ix.

Information and Communication x. Administrative and Support Services Activities xi.

Education xii. Art Entertainment and Recreation xiii. Other Services Activities (Small and

Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria, 2013).

In view of the above, some of the findings of the survey are as follows: The total

number of MSMEs as at 2013 stood at 37,067,416 (Micro36,994,578, Small- 68,168, and

Medium-4,670). The initial start-up capital 68.35% of micro enterprises was predominantly

less than fifty thousand Naira, while small and medium enterprises were predominantly less

than ten million Naira. Lagos state has the highest number of small and medium enterprises

20
(11,663), while Kwara state has the least (226). Lagos state also has the highest number of

micro enterprises (3,224,324), followed by Oyo state (1,864,954), then Kano state

(1,794,358). While the FCT (482,365) and Nasarawa state (382,086) recorded the least

(SMEDAN, 2013)

The Research Institute for Management Sciences, University of Delft, The

Netherlands, has classified businesses into four groups and defined small-scale industry as

one employing 10-99 persons in which the manager personally performs all the functions of

management without actually taking part in the production. Stanley and Morse, (2015) stated

that post world war Japan defined small and medium enterprise as one either having capital

not exceeding 5 million Japanese Yen or having not more than 300 employees in

manufacturing industry, and either having capital not greater than 10 million Japanese Yen or

having not more than 50 employees in commerce and service sectors. They further reported

that in Indonesia, Agency for Small and Medium Enterprises has defined small scale

enterprise to mean all enterprises, household or cottage, employing less than 10 full-time

workers and not using motive power or machinery, and medium sized industry as one

employing between 10-50 workers and using motive power. In Nigeria, the definition of

SMEs also varies from time to time and according to institutions, noted Adegbite, (2011).

The Nigerian Government has used various definitions and criteria in identifying what is

referred to as micro and small size enterprise. At a certain point in time, it used investments

in machinery or equipment and working capital. At other times, the capital cost and turnover

were used. However, the Federal Ministry of Industry, under whose jurisdiction the micro

and small size enterprises are placed, has adopted a somewhat flexible definition especially as

to the values of installed fixed cost (Adedeji, 2019).

Amidst several definitions provided by the government and its agencies, the National

Council on Industry defined micro enterprise as an industry whose total project cost

21
excluding cost of land, but including working capital, is not more than N500,000. Small scale

enterprise on the other hand is defined by the council as an industry whose total project cost

excluding cost of land, and including working capital does not exceed 5 million Naira

(Nathan, 2014). Transportation is one of the key factors responsible for the location of small

scale industries. Most entrepreneurs want the highest point of accessibility in order to

maximize profit. The industry must, therefore, be located at the centre point, that is, where

transport cost will be equal for both raw material and finished goods, that is to say, the firm

pays the same amount for bringing its raw material as it does for taking its product to the

centre, so that the total distance to be covered for transport is at its minimum (Oyebanji,

1998). A wide variety of small scale industries have sprung up in Dutsin-ma and other towns

in Katsina state, northern Nigeria to provide goods and services for the ever increasing

population. Such varieties of small scale industries include those of tailoring, carpentry,

bakery, shoe making, printing, welding, black smithing, block making.etc. Most studies

conducted on small scale industries in various parts of Katsina state have focused on the role

of small scale industries in employment generation and the environmental effects of their

activities. The aim of this work is to examine the spatial pattern of small scale industries in

Dutsin-ma town. This would be achieved through identifying the different types of small

scale industries in the town; examining the locational pattern of the industries as well as

identifying the factors responsible for the locational patterns of such industries.

According to Olajide, (2012) the spatial pattern of economic activities is an important

determinant of urban-development. He further noted that the locations of firms influence

where workers live, where consumers buy products and where other firms are located.

Charles, (2011) also affirmed this when he stated that the locations of firms also impact on

transportation flows, since they are important attractors and producers of both personal and

22
freight traffic. The spatial pattern of firms obviously has a profound impact on the economic

viability and conditions for economic growth in a region (Tijani, 2014).

2.4 Factors Responsible For the Spread of Small Scale Industries

Many important geographical factors involved in the location of individual industries

are of relative significance, example: availability of raw materials, power sources, water,

labour, markets the transport facilities (Nathan, 2014). Other non-geographical factors

include capital, government policy, industrial inertia, efficient organization, banking facilities

and insurance. Different scholars (Adenugba, 2014; Adedeji, 2019; Chand, 2012) have

identified five major factors responsible for the agglomeration and location of small scale

industries as follows:

Raw Materials: Among the factors influencing location of an industry, proximity to raw

material and its regular supply are of utmost significance. Shumpeter, (1987) in a study on

the locational analyses of small scale industries in some parts of India revealed that industries

are set up close to, or in the regions where raw materials are available in plenty. This speaks

for the localization of jute industry in West Bengal, Sugar industry in Jabalpur and

concentration of heavy industries in the states of Chattisgarh and West Bengal. If the raw

material is heavy and of small value, the industries are set up in the regions where the raw

materials are found. In the Nigerian context, proximity to source of raw material is a major

factor influencing industrial location: Iron and Steel Plants at Ajaokuta, Brick Making

Factory in Funtua, and Cement Manufacturing in Obajana and Ashaka respectively are some

examples (Clement, 2017).

Source of Power: All types of manufacturing industries depend upon one or the other

sources of power. It may be coal, electricity, gas etc. (Stanley and Morse, 2015). Similarly,

Charles, (2011) illustrates this point by stating that for heavy industries, especially those of

23
ferrous metallurgy, coal is the main source of power, therefore, these heavy industries are

closely tied down to coal fields. Similarly, Clement, (2017) affirmed that the Iron and Steel

Industry of India in the Damodar valley of Chattisgarh, Jamshedpur is located near the coal

fields of Raniganj and Jharia.

Labour: In different studies, Adenugba (2014) and Clement, (2017) have highlighted that

modern industries require large labour force, both skilled and unskilled. Both authors agreed

that the availability of cheap labour in a region is an important factor determining the location

of industries. Along this line, Olanikan and Adedeji, (2017) opined that different types of

industries require different types of labour forces. For example, watch-making, electronics,

aeronautics, computers etc require highly skilled labour, whereas, on the other hand, cotton

textile manufacturing, sugar making, jute textile etc employ more of unskilled labour. The

development of plantations in Assam and Cotton Textiles in Maharashtra, stressed Chand,

(2012) are attributed to the availability of cheap efficient labour. In these regions, it has also

been seen that industrial centres tend to attract more industries, because plenty of labour is

available in these For example, Mumbai and Kolkata have become industrial cities in India

mainly because of availability of plenty of labour in and around these mega cities (Chand,

2012).

Means of Transportation: In a study on the impacts of improved transport networks on

Small Scale Industries in Nigeria, Adegbite, (2011) asserted that industries depend upon

efficient and cheap transportation system, which is essential for the movement of raw

materials as well as the finished products. They may be rail, road or water. This view was

supported by Olajide, (2012) when he stated that Railway junctions are considered to be the

most suitable sites for the location of industries. These enjoy benefits of easy transportation

from different directions. Similarly, sea ports also develop as industrial centres because of

24
availability of facilities of water transportation for export and import of products (Daniel,

2019).

Market: Authors (Doyle, 1998 and Daniel, 2019) have in different studies reported that

market is an important factor in determining location of industries. In his view, Doyle, (1998)

observed that Goods are manufactured to be sold in the market and therefore industries are

generally setup close to urban centres where large markets are found. However, Oyebanji,

(1998) in a study on the “Marketing Strategy of Small Scale Industries in Lagos State”

argued that sometimes dense population may not prove to be solid market for the disposal of

the different industrial products. If the people are poor, the purchasing capacity also becomes

poor. In some of the Asian countries, where people are poor, industries which are engaged in

the manufacturing of cheap and essential goods like coarse cloth find an adequate market.

This explains why under-developed countries, though densely populated are poor in

manufacturing industries (Nathan, 2014).

2.5 Contributions of Small Scale Industries to Social Development

There is growing recognition of the important role Micro, Small scale industries play

in economic development. They play a pivotal role through several pathways that go beyond

job creation. They are growth supporting sectors that not only contribute significantly to

improve living standards, but also bring substantial local capital formation and are

responsible for driving innovation and competition in developing economies. Governments at

all levels have undertaken initiatives to promote the growth and development of MSMEs. The

general perspective is that MSMEs are seen as accelerating the attainment of broad socio-

economic objectives, including poverty reduction, employment generation, wealth creation,

among others. The contribution of small scale businesses to social development and

economic growth of any nation have been widely recognized because of their capacity in

enhancing industrial output and human welfare. Small scale enterprises serves as the driving

25
force of industrial growth and development of the economy by ensuring diversification and

growth of industrial production and the achievement of the basic objectives of developments.

According to Acho and Abuh (2018), small businesses account for a greater percentage of all

businesses in virtually every economy and they generate the majority of private sector

employment and output.

SSIs have contributed to the Nigerian Economy in some ways; a few years ago SSIs

represent about 90 percent of the industrial sector in terms of number of enterprises and

furthermore they contribute a scanty 1 percent of gross domestic product (Nikhil, 2014). This

is significant when compared to countries like Indonesia, India and Thailand, where SSIs

contribute almost 40 percent of their GDP (Muritala & Latinwo, 2012). In many other

countries SSIs forms an important part of the business landscape, but they are faced with

significant challenges and obstacles that compromise their efficient ability to function and to

give or contribute to the Nigerian economy. The Corporate Affairs Commission in Abuja

estimates that 90 percent of all Nigerian businesses in 2001 employed less than fifty people.

Similarly, a study that was conducted by the International Finance Corporation during the

same period estimating 96 percent of all business in Nigeria are SSIs, compared to 53 percent

in the USA and 65 percent in the EU (Natarajan, 2014). He further add that the SSIs in these

two parts of the world accounts for 50 percent of their respective country’s GDP. This clearly

shows that given necessary support, SSIs could become an important play maker in the

development processes of the Nigerian economy; it has proved to be one of the most viable

sectors with economic growth potential.

Sanni (2009), state that another significant role of the small and medium scale

enterprises in Nigeria shows that they have been identified as the source through which

several problems such as job creation, poverty alleviation and industrialization growth, have

been approached and solved. SSIs in Nigeria has gradually and steadily become an important

26
topic in the recent years, apart from the numerous goods produced by SSIs; they provide a

veritable large scale employment because they are labor intensive, they also provide training

grounds for entrepreneurs, mainly because they rely more on the use of local materials. In

emphasizing the importance of SMEs, Rogers (2002: 4) state that:

they enhance capacity building as they serve as entrepreneurial training

avenues; they create more employment opportunities per unit of investment
because of their labour intensive operations; they achieve a much more
relative high value added operations because they are propelled by basic
economic activities that depend mostly on locally sourced raw materials; they
provide feeder industry services as they serve as major suppliers of
intermediate goods and components to large-scale industries as well as major
agents for the distribution of final products of such industries; they provide
opportunities for the development of local skills and technology acquisition
through adaptation.
An expanded discussion on the roles of small scale industries in social development

are as follows:

Employment Generation

Small scale industries play the critical role of principal safety net for the bulk of the

population in developing economies like Nigeria. Their labour intensity structure accounts for

their recognition as job creation avenue. The average capital cost per labor employed is

much less in these industries as compared to large scale industries. Kehinde, Oladele,

Abiodun, Adegbuyi and Oladdimeji (2016) state that before independence government

establishment were the major employment of labour, but these days with many private

enterprises set up by entrepreneurs, many people have gained employment with these

enterprises and this has reduced the dependence on government establishment and large firms

for employment. Thus, SSIs employ a greater percentage of the working population in any

country. These people employed receive their salaries and wages from these small

organizations.

The report of Vision 2010 estimated that small business industries employ a

workforce of about 80% of the country’s labor force. Similarly, a study by the Nigerian

27
institute of social and Economic Research (NISER) in 1983 has estimated that small and

medium enterprises account for 45% of total employment by industrial establishments in

Nigeria (Narayanas, 2017). It is also estimated that small business contribute about 30% to

global gross domestic product (GDP) and employment generation capacity of about 58% of

global working population.

The small businesses have potentials of becoming the engine of economic growth.

The Nigerian government has to create favourable macro-economic environment, basic

infrastructural facilities, skills acquisition and entrepreneurial education, improve access to

credit facilities amongst others by small business promoters to stimulate small business

development. This sub-sector is capable of creating sustainable job opportunities, wealth and

reduced poverty incidence of Nigerians (Kidiri, 2012).

Enhanced Rural Development

According to Acho & Abuh (2018) Small businesses constitute major avenues for

income generation and participation in economic activities, especially among how income

earners and rural dwellers engaged in Agriculture, trading and artisanship. The employment

opportunities offered by small business sub-sector apparently reduce rural urban migration

and allow for even development. This solves the burgeoning socio-economic problem

common to developing economies. Moreover, most of the businesses in Nigerian rural areas

are small scale in nature and increased chances of their survival could spell their greater

ability to sustain the rural dwellers.

According to vision 2010, about 62% of Nigerians population lives in rural areas.

Thus, the role or benefit of small businesses in rural development models of the country

would become increasingly vital with passage of time. Training and skills acquisition

programmes should be established by Federal Government to promote rural entrepreneurship

which will create wealth and job opportunities for the rural dwellers (Acho & Abuh, 2018).

28
Technological Innovation

Small scale business enterprise brings about technological innovation in Nigeria. In

most cases small scale business brings about the emergence of new things in our

environment. Most of the managers of small scale business are highly intellectual and with

the rate of advancement in technology the managers do not relent instead they carry on

continuous research on how to improve on existing technologies. In the studies carried out by

(Kidiri, 2012), it has been shown that small scale businesses in Nigeria acquires or improve

domestic technology in the production of several goods such as bakery products, soft drinks,

textiles, foot wears and soap production etc. and what seems to have been acquired was just

further improvement in the technology of production so as to improve the quality of these

goods. This suggests that one of the main contributions of small scale business enterprise to

the economy is truly improving indigenous technology (MOPFED Report, 2010).

Improved standard of living

Standard of living is the level of quality of people in a particular society or country

enjoying their living, which is not only affected by their level of income but the quality and

quantity of goods and services made available to them. According to Kehinde, Oladele,

Abiodun, Adegbuyi and Oladdimeji (2016), small scale businesses, whether in manufacturing

industry or services industry such as retailing, entertainment, contributes a great deal to uplift

the standard of living of the people residing in the society where they are found. Their

contributions are due to the fact that they provide financial gateways for individuals.

Direct creation of wealth

Small scale business has helped in contributing to the Nigeria through wealth creation

and poverty reduction. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total monetary value of all goods

and services produced in a country within a particular year by increasing output of goods and

29
services. Since a country's levels of economic development are determined by its growth rate

from GNP it has contributed to economic development of the country (Igbujor, 2016).

Provision of Technical Innovation

Innovation has been initiated by establishment of businesses that will bring new ideas

to the country and also engineered by businesses seeking to improve their products and

services. These innovations have brought tremendous improvement in the economy of

Nigeria. For example, the reform in the Nigeria banking sector with the introduction of

computer and internet services was initiated by certain business units and it has helped

improved banking services (cited in Kehinde et al., 2016).

Also, small businesses provide the means of entry into business by small business

owners through new entrepreneurial ventures. This forms the bedrock of development for

entrepreneurial and managerial skills in the country (Acho & Abuh, 2018). In developing

countries, small businesses depend on traditional skills, they can help build up the supply of

management, entrepreneurial skills and experience which in turn for the basis of subsequent

and impressive industrial expansion.

Economic Growth and Industrialization

According to Acho & Abuh (2018), national economic development prospects hinge

on entrepreneurial energy of vibrant small businesses as most big business concerns grow

from small scale to be big icons. “Small businesses are increasingly being regarded as

significant in the emerging strategy to meet challenges of the unfolding world economic

order” (Uye, 2012). As they grow, will protect Nigeria from the geographical cost benefit

permutations of new multinationals that are ever prepared to close up their businesses and

relocate at the slightest provocation or appearance of economic downturn.

30
2.6 Challenges Confronting the Contribution of Small Scale Businesses to Social

Development

The contribution of small scale businesses to development of any economy have been

widely recognized because of their capacity in enhancing industrial output and human

welfare. In fact, Kehinde, Oladele, Abiodun, Adegbuyi and Oladdimeji (2016) note that small

scale enterprise consists of the driving force of industrial growth and development of the

economy by ensuring diversification and growth of industrial production and the achievement

of the basic objectives of developments. Small businesses account for a greater percentage of

all businesses in virtually every economy and generate the majority of private sector

employment and output. The small scale business also generates employment opportunities

thereby reducing the rate of unemployment in the country. Despite the catalytic role of SSIs

in the economic emancipation of countries, they still face serious challenges in Nigeria. Some

of these challenges are discussed below.

Financial Challenges

In most cases, finance is the key problem in any industrial set up. Often, this is due to

lack of proper management or its misappropriation in adequate finance could strangulate any

business ventures. In Nigeria, the first idea for sources of funds to finance an enterprises

would include personal savings, contributions from friends and relations, credit financing

from neighborhood, sale of personal/family properties, credit financing from commercial

banks and loans from government. Since most of the small business in developing countries

in general are individuals or family business operating in a low income economy, Olatunji

(2015) argue that they are unable to generate sufficient funds through personal savings for the

financing of huge capital equipment or the other fixed assets.

Similarly, Adeyemi (2014) submit that small-scale enterprises in Nigeria experience

difficulty in raising adequate capital for their businesses. External sources are difficult to be

31
assessed from finance houses and banks. Even where the banks agree to provide fund for

these businesses, the conditions or collateral for these loans are always difficult to be met by

the business owners. Small enterprises with a small capital base tend to use the informal

financial institutions. Chukwuemeka (2006) pointed out that about 80% of small enterprises

are not thriving as a result of poor financing and other problems associated with it.

Also, small scale businesses face challenges obtaining money for expansions. Larger

corporation have many more resources available to them to obtain capital to expand. Even

banks and lenders are much more willing to lend money to a large company with tangible

assets that can be used for collateral. Toweh and Akpokiniovo (2014), argue that the access to

institutional finance has always constituted a pandemic problem for small scale business

development in Nigeria. According to Fatai (2011), about 80% of Small and medium

enterprises in Nigeria are stifled because of poor financing and other associated problems.

Thus, the problem of financing SMEs is not so much the sources of funds but its accessibility.

Factors identified inhibiting funds accessibility are the stringent conditions set by financial

institutions, lack of adequate collateral and credit information and cost of accessing funds

(Uya, 2015).

In another dimension, Harper cited in Agwu and Emeti (2014) believe that the capital

shortage problem in the small firm sector is partly one, which stems for the uneconomic

deployment of available resources by the owner-managers. This view was shared by Ihyembe

(2000) who claimed to have seen businessmen take loan for expansion projects only to

turnaround to marry new wives, acquire chieftaincy titles or buy houses abroad. Bruch and

Hiemenz in a study of SMEs in Asia observed that financing working capital needs was the

most frequently mentioned problem (cited in Agwu & Emeti (2014). Binks and Ennew

(1996) express the view that the funding problem of SMEs is primarily due to the behavior of

banks and imperfection of the capital markets.

32
Lack of Managerial Skills

Lack of trained manpower and management skills also constitute a major challenge to

the survival of SMEs in Nigeria. According to West and Wood (cited in Agwu & Emeti,

2014: 2), “…90% of all these business failures result from lack of experience and

competence.” It should be stated that money for financing business is not the critical

administration. This means that proper management of small scale firms which entails

bringing both human materials resource together to achieve set organization goals poses a

problem to the small scale industrialist. Those who manage small scale industries in Nigeria

are largely illiterates or semi illiterates who do not possess the knowledge of scientific

management. The result is the management of small scale firms in Nigeria is subjected to trial

and error until disastrous consequences, for the owners of such industries (Olatunji, 2015).

Olatunji (2015) added that inefficiency in overall business management and poor

record keeping is also a major feature of most SSIs. Others managerial issues include:

technical problems/competence and lack of essential and required expertise in production,

procurement, maintenance, marketing and finances have always led to funds misapplication,

wrong and costly decision making. In management also, lack of strategic planning pose a

challenge in the success of SSIs. Often, managers do not carry out proper strategic planning

in their operations. Shetty (2012) state that one problem of small scale business is lack of

strategic planning. Sound planning is a necessary input to a sound decision-making.

Poor Access to Market

Small scale business enterprise typically has a more difficult time attracting customers

than larger business enterprise. They have smaller marketing and advertising budgets. Also,

some potential customers are reluctant to do business with small businesses especially new

businesses without loyal followers, since they believe that these businesses may not be

around for a long time or that they will not be able to provide the appropriate level of service.

33
A challenge for small scale businesses is to make sure that they provide excellent customer

service and instill confidence in their customers (Oyelaran, 2012).

Competition from large scale business enterprise

Possibly one of the biggest problems facing small scale businesses is that they have to

compete with much larger companies. Larger companies have bigger budgets and can usually

provide products and services at much lower costs. A small business must be able to either

match the prices charged by larger businesses or provide extra benefits to the customer such

as better customer service. It is unarguable that some small scale businesses are good

innovators. Most of the products available in the market today were developed by small

businesses. However, these new product idea or processes are always hijacked by large scale

companies which subsequently make it difficult for small businesses to profit from their

innovations. In cases where the small scale innovators takes up patent, the larger business

skirt such patent thus destroying the continued existence of the small scale niches (MOPFED

Report, 2012).

Inadequate basic infrastructure

Small scale businesses in Nigeria are affected due to the poor infrastructures that exist

in the country. Many small scale business operate on a small scale mostly in rural areas and

these rural areas have poor infrastructures like bad transportation network. Good roads will

not only encourage people to patronize a business but will equally reduce cost of

transportation and carriages of raw materials and finished goods to retailers or sales outlets

(Suresh, 2013).

In the same way, regular supply of electricity can enhance maximum satisfaction of

customers and reduction of operating costs such as diesel or any other fueling cost. When

there is no water even to the extent that people residing in these communities need to go to

their neighboring communities to fetch water, inadequate educational service which causes

34
the people in that community to be aware of the modern technologies or how the product or

service the company has to offer will affect them positively. When these facilities are very

poor small scale businesses might not be able to survive or even if they do it might be for a

short period of time. Agwu and Emeti (2014) lament that Nigeria’s underdeveloped physical

and social infrastructures create a binding constraint to SMEs growth, since; they heavily rely

on the inefficiently provided state infrastructures and cannot afford the cost of developing

alternatives.

Unstable Government policies and regulations

Instability in government policies have caused some SSIs to collapse. Agwu and

Emeti (2014) reported that one of such policies is that of the 1980s when government

specified that cocoa should not be exported in raw or unprocessed form after a specified

deadline. Many SMEs had to import machineries only for government to reverse this policy.

This negatively affected so many SMEs in the cocoa industry.

Government policies seem to have constituted a serious problem area for small scale

business enterprise. Another policy that dealt a blow to SSIs was in 1982 with the

introduction of "stabilization measures" which resulted in import controls and drastic budget

cuts. These, in turn, adversely affected the subvention to the financial institutions established

to provide financial assistance to the small scale business. For example, in 1983, out of a total

of 8,380 applications for loans received from the small scale business for a total of 559.13

million naira, only 18 per cent (1,470 projects) for a total of 46.66 million naira was

disbursed (Oyelara, 2012).

Multiple taxation

This has become a major problem especially given the role of tax consultants and

agents hired by local governments. Agwu and Emeti (2014) submit that tax agents are often

crude in their operation, excessive in their assessment and destructive in their relationship

35
with the production process. They tax everything in their bid to generate revenue without

considering the net effect to household incomes and employment.

Socio-Cultural Problems

Socio-political ambitions of some entrepreneurs may lead to the diversion of valuable

funds and energy from business to social waste Most Nigerian Entrepreneurs do not have the

investment culture of ploughing back profits. Reddy (2015), stressed that the attitude of a

typical Nigerian entrepreneur is to invest today and reap tomorrow. This short-term

investment orientation is prevalent among the Nigerian Entrepreneurs. As a result,

manufacturing and farming which demand long-term gestation period are jettisoned. He

further opined that it is ironical that despite the fact that Nigeria has a population of over one

hundred and ten million people, the market for locally made goods is still poor. The reason

for this is that Nigerians have developed a high propensity for the consumption of foreign

goods as against their locally made substitutes.

Location/Economic Problems

Market stores are dominated by absentee landlords who charge exorbitant rates. The

ownership of market stores by politicians is crowding real small-scale operators out of the

market. The high rents charged by store owners on good locations have forced real small-

scale operators into the streets or at best into accessible places (Osamwoniyi, 2015). Also,

domestic economic problems of deregulation and removal of protection as well as the global

financial crisis have been detrimental to SSIs.

Likely cessation of business after death of the owner

A number of small scale businesses cannot outlive their founders. Most of such

businesses stop to exist immediately after the owner dies. Such problems exist in most small

scale businesses such as Welding, Tailoring, Bread Baking, Furniture Making, etc. This is

36
more so when the children of such owners refused to take up the businesses of their parents

(Kpelai, 2013).

2.7 Characteristics of Social Development

Since there are rich diversity of ideas in social development theory and practice today,

it is hard to specify the characteristics of social development in a frame. However, Midgley

(2014). First, the concept of social development invokes the notion of process. It is an

apprehension of growth and a sense of positive change. The social development process is

defined in conceptual terms as having three aspects: first, a pre-existing social condition that

social development seeks to change; second, the process of change itself; and finally, the end

state in which social development goals are accomplished.

Second, the process of social change in social development is progressive in nature.

Although social change has historically been understood as a regressive process, now it is

more widely regarded as a process involving steady improvements in social change. In

practical terms, social development is concerned with the projects, programmes, policies, and

plans that promote progressive change.

Third, the social development process forms a part of a larger multifaceted process

comprised of economic, social, political, environmental, gender, and other dimensions which

are integrated and harmonised. The multifaceted nature of the process of change is

encapsulated as the three axioms of social development, such as organisational and

institutional arrangements; sustainable economic policies and programs; and social policies

and programs focusing on economic development.

Fourth, the process of social development is interventionist in that it requires human

agency in the form of projects, programs, policies, and plans that achieve social development

goals. The proponents of social development reject the idea that social developments occur

naturally as a result of the workings of the economic market or inevitable historical forces.

37
Instead, they believe that organized efforts are needed to bring about improvements in social

welfare. Practice strategies of social development include the livelihoods, community,

enterprise, gender, and statist perspectives are informed by normative theories that reflect

wider values, beliefs, and ideologies.

Fifth, the social development process is productivist in that practice interventions

function as investments that contribute positively to economic development. Because they are

based on social investment, they generate rates of return to the individuals, households, and

communities that benefit from these investments as well as to the wider society.

Sixth, social development is universalistic in scope, being concerned with the

population as a whole rather than with impoverished, vulnerable, and needy groups of people.

It also seeks to promote people’s participation in development. Social development

encourages a wider universalistic context of interventions that promote the welfare of all.

Seventh, universalism is another required aspect of social development that is practice

directed at individuals and households situated within community settings. The principle of

universalism also requires that the barriers that prevent social inclusion be addressed and that

egalitarian and redistributive policies be adopted. It also reflects wider notions of social

rights, social inclusion, and stakeholding.

Finally, the goal of social development is the promotion of social welfare. It is

committed to the goal of promoting people’s social well-being. Social welfare occurs when

social problems are satisfactorily managed, social needs are met, and social opportunities are

created. Social development advocates believe that a commitment to achieve social well-

being for all can best be realised through a dynamic multifaceted development process that

utilises social investments and harnesses the power of economic growth for social ends.

Midgley (2013) also mentioned that the condition of social welfare is fostered through

various mechanisms or institutions. With its interventionism, commitment to progress,

38
macro-focus, universalism, integration of social policy with economic growth, socio-spatial

focus and eclectic, pragmatic approach, social development is the most inclusive of all

approaches for promoting social welfare today.

2.8 Forms of Social Development

The forms of social development include the following: healthy life, education,

political freedom, guaranteed human rights, and personal self-respect.

i. Health: As observed, the majority of approaches presented here consider the

relationship and interaction between the parts of the whole and between the whole and its

environment as a secondary element. However, this seems more evident in those approaches

that suppose the existence of social, economic and environmental systems as separated and

independent instances (Singh, 2011). Work such as that by Uye (2015) brings as a hypothesis

underlying the idea that sustainable development is something that takes place through a

combination of human and the ecosystem’s well-being.

People live in and form part of the ecosystem and, consequently, analysis of the

well-being of both cannot be carried out separately, i.e. the well-being of the natural

environment does not make sense without human dimensions (political, economic and social)

and humanity’s well-being cannot be disassociated from the environment. The term well-

being, used in the sphere of sustainable development, is dealt with by Tate, Megginson &

Trueblood (2015) from the dimensions: Economic, Human Development, Quality of Life,

Health and Happiness. However, the author deals with the Happiness and Health dimensions

in a subjective manner. In turn, discussion on well-being seems to maintain a certain affinity

with Sharma (2013) proposed analysis of poverty, when focusing on capacities. In this

approach, the author points out that it is relevant for people to have certain means available to

achieve their objectives of well-being. He also defends the idea that these means could be

physical conditions of life, human capital, political freedom, social rights, self-respect and

39
wealth. Whoever is deprived of the means that are considered basic is therefore classified as

poor because he is not capable of satisfying his needs in the way that he desires. This

criterion values the importance of people’s freedom to decide on the use of the means that

they have at their disposal in a way that is appropriate for them. For Ribeiro (2005) “the

seduction implicit in discussing development is belief in the possibility of eliminating

poverty”.

Faced with the definitions of development and sustainability presented, it could

be said that sustainable is development that provides or allows for the condition of the

harmonious maintenance of man’s well-being (economic, social and political) and the

environment (ecosystem and space) to be attained. Based on this referential and recognizing

the importance of adhering to concept indicators, as well as the relevance of a

multidimensional approach to the phenomenon, the main indicators and development indices

available in literature are critically presented as follows.

Income: From an economic perspective, Schumpeter (1987) cannot be left unmentioned. He

used the term development as evolution, unfolding, revelation and innovation. For this

school, it seems that there is no need for a development theory, applying modern economics

to the concept, which is an antihistorical and universally valid discipline being sufficient.

According to Uye (2015)“The market fundamentalists implicitly consider development as

something redundant. Development would come as a natural consequence of economic

growth, thanks to the trickle-down effect”. Until several decades ago, some of the

representative principles from the economic school of thought considered that growth would

be capable of promoting society’s development. Supposedly with this, directly or indirectly

solving problems arising from the most varied dimensions, mainly those related to poverty

reduction of nations and regions. Facing the impossibility of population control, growth

policies would be an alternative to combat poverty. Contemplated for centuries (Pon, 2012),

40
these policies still find support in recent literature on development (Ramakrishna, 2011,

2015) and are based on the idea that an economy, as it grows, makes for greater availability

of resources for the population, thus benefiting the poorest.

The authors who form part of this current of thought defend the idea that in urbanized

modern societies, a good part of well-being is associated to income that people have in order

to access goods and services to be acquired in the market. This is a positioning that directly

reflects in the formulation of social and environmental policies. However, despite the

theoretic importance of this line of thought, the World Bank recognizes that only obtaining

economic growth in itself does not guarantee poverty reduction

(NIPC, 2012).

Education: is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition

of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs,and habits. Educationalmethodsinclude teaching, training

, storytelling, discussion and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the

guidance of educators, however learners can also educate themselves. Education can take

place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way

one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is

called pedagogy. Formal education is commonly divided formally into such stages

as preschool or kindergarten, primary school, secondary school and then college, university,

or apprenticeship. A right to education has been recognized by some governments and

the United Nations. In most regions, education is compulsory up to a certain age. There is a

movement for education reform, and in particular for evidence-based education. Thus Onu

(2011: 43) reports that:

“Literacy is a bride from misery to hope. It is a tool for daily life in

modern society. It is a bulwark against poverty, and a building block of
development, an essential complement to investments in roads, dams,
clinics and factories. Literacy is a platform for democratization, and a
vehicle for the promotion of cultural and national identity. Especially

41
 for girls and women, it is an agent of family health and nutrition. For
everyone, everywhere, literacy is, finally, the road to human progress
and the means through which every man, woman and child can realize
his or her full potential.” Kofi Annan
Economic development: Economic development is traditionally seen as the initial form of

development. It has been strictly associated with the concept of economic growth determined

through an increase in the per capita income. It proposes economic transformations to initiate

growth and does not speak much about social transformation. However, soon it was realised

that economic development cannot ensure true development as the benefits are cornered by a

few (Dutta, 2014)

Human development: Human dimension of development presupposes that development

should be measured in terms of the richness of human life. The concept was insisted upon by

a Pakistani economist Retnakr (2011). Income or growth figures cannot be the sole

determinant of development. Development needs to ensure greater access to knowledge,

better nutrition and health services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and

physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms and sense of

participation in community activities to people of a society. The objective of human

development lies in creating an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and

creative lives. Today human development approach has profoundly affected an entire

generation of policy-makers and development specialists around the world (Sanusi, 2012).

Sustainable development: The concept of “sustainable development was first introduced by

Sexena (2012), who defined development as “sustainable” if it “meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

It contains within it two key concepts: The concept of needs in particular, the
essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be
given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and
social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future
needs.
Sustainable development implies minimising the use of exhaustible resources to create a

constant flow of it across generations, and making an appropriate use of renewable resources.

42
This applies to energy, fish stock, wildlife, forests, water, land and air. The concept of

sustainability has also been extended beyond environmental concerns, to include social

sustainability, long term acceptance and ownership of development changes by the citizens,

their organisations and associations (civil society), and financial and economic sustainability.

Thus, sustainable development recognizes that growth must be both inclusive and

environmentally sound to reduce poverty and build shared prosperity for today’s population

and to continue to meet the needs of future generations. It is efficient with resources and

carefully planned to deliver both immediate and long-term benefits for people, planet, and

prosperity. The three pillars of sustainable development are economic growth, environmental

stewardship, and social inclusion (Safiriyu & Njogo, 2012).

Territorial development: This dimension of development refers to a territorial system. It is

intended to establish interrelationships between rural and urban areas connecting them by

information systems and transport infrastructures. Territorial development implies focusing

on the assets of the territory, its potential and constraints (FAO, 2005). Policies to exploit and

enhance this potential play an important role in the development process (Resia &

Sarngadaharan, 2011).

2.9 Theoretical Framework

Social Quality Theory has been reviewed here and used in explaining the role of small

scale industries in social development of Benue State.

2.9.1 Social Quality Theory

Social quality theory emerged from policy debates during the mid-1990s among

member states of the European Union. Its first manifestation can be found among a 1997

conference held in Amsterdam, when the Amsterdam declaration was produced and

subsequently signed by numerous academics, law experts and leading representatives of

political administrations (Beck. 1997). The signatories of the declaration underlined a need to

43
develop a new perspective on social policy and developmental strategies for EU member

states, the fundamental assumption being Europe’s need for the vision of a “welfare society.”

Active citizenship was emphasized as being essential (Ivan, 1999), and the need to develop a

coherent approach was discussed. The discussions resulted in the establishment of the

European Foundation of Social Quality, an organizational framework aimed at promoting

research on social quality and disseminating ideas among European researchers, activists and

politicians.

To be sure, such demands were rooted in the European context of the time. The

discussion on social policy reform in Europe created a need for a general view of society, as

the debate had not been limited to the field of social policy in a narrow way. The signatories

of the declaration came from various professional areas such as economics, law and politics,

indicating a consensus among these scholars the need for social quality discussion. This

consensus emerged from recognizing challenges to the European welfare states from a

manifold of perspectives, requiring the analysis of the whole system (van der Maesen and

Walker 2003). The atmosphere stimulating the debate of the time can be captured in a brief

outline of the following concerns. The first concern was about the development of welfare

states. Influenced by the international debate in the 1990s, swapping over the (neo)liberal

ideas from North America and Latin America, the idea of privatization prevailed in Europe.

According to the interpretation of “new right” policies of Reaganomics and Tatcherism in the

1980s (George and Wilding 1994), and of the privatization experiences in Brazil and Chile in

the 1990s (Bertranou and Rofman 2002; Draibe and Riesco 2009), the need for

restructuration of the social fabric was also suggested in Europe.

This perspective’s development, however, led to an emphasis on competitiveness,

which generated a debate on the orientation of future development for European welfare

states. In many European countries, the ideal of privatization once worked as a guiding

44
principle of welfare state reform, and in the public spheres, measures to reduce public

expenditures, or the “reduction of the burden of social expenditure,” became the norm.

Though many policy analysts of the right favored the proposed reform strategies of

privatization, some social scientists and social policy analysts, nevertheless, raised their

voices against privatization policies. In the early 1990s, the ideal of “social Europe” and its

associated idea of a “European social model” were proclaimed as potential alternatives. For

instance, in the mid-1990s, a set of workshops was organized with support of the European

Commission (such as the “Cost 13” series) to discuss these ideas in the wider context of

European integration. Against this background, the future of European states was discussed,

and strategies of social policy reform were seen as essential components.

The debates also concerned the relation between economic policy and social policy.

In the early 1990s, many European states suffered from increasing unemployment rates and

reduced rates of economic growth under the pressure of global competition, thus highlighting

the impacts of globalization. Tis pressure supported liberal-oriented reform for increasing

economic vitality. In the discussion of globalization, on the other hand, many social policy

scholars emphasized that social policy should not be “annexed” or “adjunct” to economic

policy nor subordinated under economic thinking (Abrahamson 1999). Rather, they argued in

favor of a balance between the production (of market and economy) and reproduction (of

human resource management and daily life). Thus, against the emphasis of the economic

rationale of growth, many scholars also valued the significance of people’s everyday lives

and livelihoods as part of policy analysis. With this, orientation on promoting collective

actions was emphasized against individualist orientation of mainstream policy-making. Tis

emphasis linked to the popular notion of the theory of solidarity, as it had been already

promoted by writers like Paul Spicker in the 1980s (1984; 1988). This collective idea should

be nurtured by policy measures that encouraged people’s participation, reinforcing social

45
empowerment. In this way, the question of empowerment also links to the social quality

factors of social cohesion and social inclusion, and so the fundamental elements of the social

quality theory were highlighted.

The major propositions of the social equity theory are outlined below:

1. The notion of “quality of society” serves as a conceptual instrument against the

intention of using economic growth as a standard for assessing the extent of social

development. According to the proposed view, the important point for social development

should be not only to emphasize the condition of economic growth and employment but also

to tackle all aspects of social life and societal issues as essential.

2. There are two lines of social thinking about the nature of society: one supported by

liberal views on society, emphasizing the autonomy of individuals and regarding society as

an agglomeration of individuals with citizen rights, and the other focused on the collective

notion, referring to conservative and socialist ideas that underscore society as an association

of individuals living in mutual interdependence.

3. to emphasize the notion of the social does not mean to deny the importance of

individual freedom and autonomy by giving power only to abstract collectives; instead, this

idea suggests a relational perspective that is, as a matter of a dialectical, or productive,

tension between biographical and societal development.

4. In respect to measuring social progress, social quality studies must take social

indicators as necessary instruments for reflecting social quality conditions and, more

crucially, as means for monitoring social progress.

5. The general theoretical discussion about social quality is welded with practical issues

of policy-making and service provision, which can be extended from welfare issues toward

general well-being.

46
 These efforts led researchers to new ways of thinking beyond welfare states as the

policy focus. The results can be presented in a very positive light by comparing the

conditions for social quality in different cities, communities and political practices. In this

way, social quality theory opens access for contributing to the goal of urban development in

relation to topics of local development, employment services, migration issues and social

exclusion (Saunders 2003). This corresponds with the need to develop a new understanding

of “responsibility” that is, the responsibilities of individuals and corporate actors, civil

society, states and systems of regional cooperation, and the interwoven character of issues

relevant for developing perspectives. The social equity theory therefore explains basically

what social development entails and how Small scale industries can play an active role in the

process of social development through the provision of education, healthcare, hospitality and

social justice.

47
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the research design, research setting, study population, sampling

procedure, methods of data collection, methods of data analysis and problems encountered in

the study.

3.1 Research Design

Cross sectional studies are simple in design and are aimed at finding out the

prevalence of a phenomenon, problem, attitude or issue by taking a snap-shot or cross section

of the population. This obtains an overall picture as it stands at the time of the study. These

studies usually involve one contact with the population and are relatively cheap to undertake

(Delhi, 2000). Pre-test/post-test studies are often used to measure the change in a situation,

phenomenon, problem or attitude. Such studies are often used to measure the efficacy of a

programme. These studies can be seen as a variation of the cross sectional design as they

involve two sets of cross sectional data collection on the same population to determine if a

change has occurred. In a cross sectional study, the investigator measures the outcome and

the exposure in the study participants at the same time. Unlike in case control studies or

cohort studies, the participants in a cross sectional study are just selected based on the

inclusion criteria set for the study. Once the participants have been selected for the study, the

invigilator follows the study to assess the exposure and the outcomes (Delhi, 2000).

Therefore, this design enabled the researcher to develop appropriate research

instruments and collect relevant information and finally analyze same to understand the

relationship between SSIs and social development in Benue State.

48
3.2 Research Setting

The setting for this study was Benue State. Created in 1976 out of the old Benue-

Plateau, the State is located in the North-Central Nigeria with its capital in Makurdi. Benue

State lies within the lower river Benue trough in the middle belt region of Nigeria. Its

geographic coordinates are longitude 7° 47' and 10° 0' East; Latitude 6° 25' and 8° 8' North.

The State has a tropical and humid climate with two distinct seasons the wet and dry seasons.

The rainy season lasts from April to October with annual rainfall in the range of 100-200mm.

The dry season begins in November and ends in March. Temperatures fluctuate between 21 –

37 degrees Celsius in the year. The south-eastern part of the state adjoining the Obudu-

Cameroun mountain range, however, has a cooler climate similar to that of Plateau State. The

State shares boundaries with five other states namely: Nasarawa State to the North, Taraba

State to the East, Cross-River State to the South, Enugu State to the South-West and Kogi

State to the West. The State also shares a common boundary with the Republic of Cameroon

on the South-East (Cometonigeria, 2011).

Benue State occupies a landmass of 32,518 square kilometers which is inhabited by

4,253,641 people at 3.0% annual growth rate and with an average population density of 99

persons per km2 (National Population Commission, 2007). However, the distribution of the

population according to the local government areas shows marked duality. There are areas of

low population density, such as Guma, Gwer East, Ohimini, Katsina-Ala, Apa, Logo and

Agatu, each with less than seventy persons per km 2, while Vandeikya, Okpokwu, Ogbadibo,

Obi and Gboko have densities ranging from 140 persons to 200 persons per km 2. Makurdi

Local Government Area has over 380 people per km 2. The males are 49.8 percent of the total

population while females constitute 50.2 percent (C-GIDD, 2008).

The ethnic composition of the State shows that it is predominated by the Tiv, Idoma

and Igede people, who speak Tiv, Idoma, and Igede languages respectively. There are other

49
ethnic groups including the Etulo, Abakwa, Jukun, Hausa, Igbo, Igala, Akweya and Nyifon

(Seibert, 2007). This population is mostly engaged in agriculture as the State is the nation’s

acclaimed Food Basket because of its rich agricultural produce which includes yam, rice,

beans, cassava, sweet-potatoes, maize, soybean, sorghum, millet, sesame, cocoyam, grand

nuts, flax, and citrus etc. The state accounts for over 70% of Nigeria’s soybean production.

The state also boasts of one of the longest stretches of river systems in the country with great

potential for a viable fishing industry, dry season farming through irrigation and for an inland

water highway. The vegetation of the southern parts of the state is characterized by forests,

which yield trees for timber and provide a suitable habitat for rare animals’ types and species.

The State thus possesses potential for the development of viable forest and wildlife reserves.

Benue state is blessed with abundant mineral resources. These resources are

distributed in the Local Government Areas of the state. Of these mineral resources, only

limestone at Tse-Kucha near Gboko and Kaolinite at Otukpo are being commercially

exploited. Other mineral deposits include barite, gypsum, feldspar, wolframiote, kaolinte,

mineral salts and gemstone etc. The existence of factories like Dangote Cement Plant Gboko,

Seraph Oil Makurdi, Nigerian Breweries Plant Makurdi, Commercial Banks to mention but a

few, and situation of markets across the twenty three local government Area in Benue State

speaks of the economic Activities in Benue state.

Benue state has four Universities: Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue

State University, Makurdi, University of Mkar, Mkar, Gboko, and National Open

Universities with centres in Makurdi and Otukpo. It has two polytechnics: Benue State

Polytechnic, Ugbokolo and Fidei Polytechnic, Gboko as well as the Akperan Orshi College

of Agriculture Yandev. There are colleges of education in Benue which are, College of

Education Oju, College of Education Katsina Ala. Benue state as it exists today is a surviving

legacy of an administrative entity which was carved out of the protectorate of Northern

50
Nigeria at the beginning of the twentieth century. The location and sitting of secondary and

tertiary educational institutions in Benue state serves as a veritable means for creating quality

human capital for the state.

There is a standard Arts Theatre, modern sports complex which includes the Aper

Aku Stadium, which has provisions for such games as tennis, basketball, volleyball and

handball, an indoor sports hall and Olympic size swimming pool in Makurdi. Smaller stadia

exist in Gboko (J.S. Tarka Stadium), Katsina-Ala, Adikpo, Vandeikya and Otukpo. The BBC

Lawn Tennis tournament attracts players from all over the country. Benue State has two

teams in the professional soccer ranks, Lobi Stars F.C. in Division one, and Mark mentors as

the basketball premier league team.

Benue State has 23 LGAs with some popular towns such as Gboko, Otukpo, Katsina-

Ala, Zaki-Biam, Adikpo, Vandeikya, Lessel, lhugh, Naka, Adoka, Aliade, Okpoga, Igumale,

Oju, Utonkon, Ugbokolo, Wannune, Ugbokpo, Otukpa, Ugba, Korinya, Tse-Agberaba,

Gbajimba, Buruku, Idekpa, Obagaji and Obarike-Ito. Apart from earth roads, schools,

periodic markets and chemists (local drug stores), the rural areas are largely used for farming,

relying on the urban centres for most of their urban needs.

The State has several SSIs in its urban and semi-urban areas. The Benue State

Ministry of Trade and Investment (2019) records about 589 SSIs. Some of the SSIs in

Katsina-Ala include: Ronald Mnyim Nig. Ltd., which specializes in sale of petroleum

products, and Skyways computers with specialization in provision of computer services,

Hanmes Beauty World which is a hair beauty salon. In Makurdi, some SSIs include:

Emmanuel Centre which is an entertainment centre, Benson Consorting Association which is

focused on auditing and tax management, Soo communication that provides

telecommunication/satellite services and Ndu-Best electronics whose major service is sale of

electrical appliances. Lastly, in Otukpo, there are some SSIs such as Jumbo Express transport

51
services that are responsible for the provision of transportation services in the town. There is

also Adoga Suites who provide accommodation for hospitality services, Had Auto-Mobile

Service workshop responsible for repair of cars. Thus, it is hoped that conducting a study in

these areas will make generalisations more valid on the issue of SSIs and social development

in Benue State.

3.3 Population of the study

The targeted population for this study consisted of all the owners of SSIs in Benue

State. Data by the Benue State Ministry for Trade and Investment (2019) shows that there are

589 registered SSIs in Benue State.

3.4 Sample Size Determination

Given the heterogeneous nature of the study population, the study adopted Yamane’s

(1964) formula to determine sample size as given below:

N
n=
1+ N ¿ ¿

Where: n = the sample size required,

N = the population size,

1= Constatnt

E = level of significance (0.05)

Thus,

589
¿ =590 x 0.002=1.475
1+589 (0.0025)

589
¿ ¿ =399.32
1.475¿

= 400

The sample for this study was 400 respondents

52
3.5 Sampling Procedure

In this study, the cluster and random and purposive sampling techniques were used to

arrive at the selection of the desired respondents. This is because, the registered number of

Small Scale Industries in Benue State was known and the population was not large enough

for any systematic data collection method to meet the requirement of the sample size

determined at 400. In the light of this reality, the researcher clustered the population into

three across the three zones of the state (Zone A, B and C). Thereafter, 133 respondents were

selected bringing the total to 399 where a company was selected judgmentally from Zone “C”

since it had only one representative Zone. For the Key Informant Interview 12 respondents

were selected purposively across the 3 zones.

3.6 Methods of Data Collection

The study adopted two methods of collection. Under quantitative method,

questionnaire was used while Key Informant interview was used under qualitative data for

the study.

3.6.1 Questionnaire

The questionnaire for this study was structured in both closed and open-ended

format. Close-ended questionnaire contained a set of answers so that the respondents were to

choose the option closely representing their views; while open-ended questionnaire provided

respondents the opportunity to express their thoughts to the questions raised. The

questionnaire was divided into three sections A, B and C. Section A contained questions on

the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents; while sections B and C sought to

provide answers to the research questions. The questionnaire was administered to members

of the public by hand through face-to-face contact and retrieved after completion for onward

53
analysis. The face-to-face method was used because it helped to clear any misunderstanding

that arose from the respondents in the course of filling in the questionnaire.

Ten persons were recruited and trained by the researcher for a period of three days

where they were equipped with relevant data collection techniques to assist in the data

collection process. Afterwards, a pre-field exercise was conducted and six out of the ten

persons were selected. The criterion for selecting these assistants was based on their mastery

of the native language of the population of the LGA under study. This was to ensure that

where the need be, the questionnaire were easily translated to the language that the

respondents would understand so as to enhance data collection. Another criterion was the

willingness of the persons to assist in the study with little or no fringe benefits.

3.6.2 Key Informant Interview

The researcher adopted interview as another method of data collection. This method

was chosen so that it would complement the data that was generated through the

questionnaire method. Interviews were conducted with two (2) Chief Executive Officers

(CEOs) of the various SSIs in the sampled areas. That is, a total of twelve (12) persons were

interviewed across the three (3) senatorial districts in Benue State. The study selected twelve

respondents due to their willingness and readiness to participate in the study. In achieving

this task, open-ended questions were drafted and presented in a conversational manner.

Interviews were conducted with individuals at places and times of their choice. Electronic

gadgets such as micro tape-recorder and handsets were used to record the responses of the

interviewees. Afterwards, the responses were transcribed and coded into themes according

to the objectives of the study. This method ensured that the researcher probed further in

order to acquire the desired information from the interviewees.

3.7 Methods of Data Analysis

54
 The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics which

were presented in tables and simple percentages, while the qualitative data was analysed

using content analysis. The study was triangulated to bring out the dominant themes which

were presented as obtained from the corroboration of qualitative and quantitative data.

3.8 Problems Encountered in the Study

The Problem of this study basically lay in the theory adopted for the study; the theory

(Social Equality) had its own limitations as it did not adequately explain the phenomenon

under study most especially, the challenges of small scale enterprises in social development.

There was also a challenge of collecting data from respondents, most students were not

interested in providing correct information for the study, and this is because the study

especially for the industrial workers was time consuming and not worthy of contributing to

their personal development. It was after carefully convincing the workers that most of them

succumbed to provide true information that were useful for the study.

Despite that, the main methods of data collection (questionnaire method) had

limitations which potentially posed a threat to the quality of data collected for the study. The

challenge was surmounted by triangulating method of data collection. Another challenge was

the unwilling nature of some key informants to provide the required information for the

study. However, this challenge was overcome through probing the respondents as well as

making use of the willing respondents who rather provided reliable data for the study.

55
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

This chapter dwells on presentation and analysis of data. It focuses on the socio

demographic variables of respondents, the nature of the spread of Small Scale Industries,

contributions of SSIs to social development, the level of social development, as well as the

challenges confronting SSIs in contributing to social development.

4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis

This section deals with presentation and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative

data. Four hundred copies of questionnaire were distributed, however, only 379 copies

representing 94.8% copies of the questionnaire were completed and returned, and the

analysis was based on 379 (94.8%) respondents.

The chapter is divided into different sections; the first section discussed the socio-

demographic variables of respondents, the preceding sections were presented based on the

objectives of the study

4.1 .1 Socio-Demographic Variables of Respondents.

This section presents the data collected on some of the socio-demographic variables

of respondents.

56
Table 1: Distribution of Respondents according to their socio-demographic variables

Variable Frequenc Percentage

y (%)
Sex Males 201 53.0
Females 177 46.7
Total 379 100%
Age 35 above 197 52.0
26-34 146 38.5
25 below 36 9.5
Total 379 100%
Marital Status Married 252 66.5
Single 102 26.9
Divorced/Separated 25 6.6
Total 379 100%
Educational Attainment Tertiary 310 81.8
Secondary 54 14.2
primary and below 15 4.0
Total 379 100%
Religion Christianity 298 78.6
Islam 45 11.9
Traditional 36 9.5
Total 379 100%
Estimated monthly Income 100,000 below 218 57.5
100,000-1m 107 28.2
1m and above 54 14.2
Total 379 100%
Period of Marriage 1-2 years 103 27.2
3-4 years 192 50.7
5-6 years 40 10.6
7 years and above 44 11.6
Total 379 100%
Number of Children 1-3 199 52.5
4-6 98 25.9
7 and above 82 21.6
Total 379 100%
Type of Housing Bungalow 54 14.2
Duplex 63 16.6
Room and Parlor 90 23.7
Self-Contain 102 26.9
Single room 70 18.5
Total 379 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2020

57
 Data on table 4.1 revealed the socio-demographic variables of respondents.

Sex

The sex distribution of respondents revealed that, 53.0% (201) of respondents were

males while 46.7% (177) of the respondents were females. This showed that more males

participated into the study than females; the implication is that, they were more males in

Small Scales Industries in Benue State, than females as reflected in the study.

Age

On the age distribution of respondents, 52.0% (197) were within the ages of 35 years

and above, 38.5% (146) of the respondents were within the ages 26-34 years, while only

9.5% (36) of the respondents were within the ages of 25 years and below. This means that

majority of the people into Small Scales Industries were within the ages of 35 years and

above.

Marital Status

On the Marital status of respondents, 66.5% (252) were married while 26.9% (102) of

the respondents were single while 6.6% (25) of them were divorced/separated. From the

findings here, more married women participated in the study.

Educational Attainment

The educational attainment of the respondents showed that, 81.8% (310) of the

respondents had tertiary education, while 14.2% (54) of the respondents had secondary

schools and 4.0% (15) of the respondents had primary educations and below. This indicated

that majority of the respondents had tertiary education; this implied that there is high literacy

rate in the study area.

Religion

On the religious distribution of respondents, the study showed that 78.6% (298) of the

respondents were Christians, 11.9% (45) of them were Muslims while 9.5% (36) of the

58
respondents were from traditional religion. The findings showed that, Christianity is the

major religion in the study.

Monthly Income

The estimated monthly income of respondents revealed that, 57.5% (218) of the

respondents earned N<100,000, 28.2% (107) of the respondents earned N 100,000- N 1m

while only 14.2% (54) of the respondents earned N 1m and above monthly.

Duration of Marriage

On the duration of marriage, 27.2% (103) respondents were married between 1-2

years, 50.7% (192) were married for a period of 3-4 years, for 10.6% (40) respondents, they

were married between 5-6 years, while 11.6% (44) respondents were married for a period of

7 years and above. There is an indication that majority of the respondents had been into

marriage between 3-5 years.

Number of Children

The study revealed that 52.5% (199) respondents had 1-3 children, 25.9% (98)

respondents had 4-6 children while 21.6% (82) respondents had 7 children and above.

Majority of the respondents have 1-3 children.

Type of Housing

On the type of housing, collected data indicated that 14.2% (54) respondents lived in

bungalow, 16.6% (63) lived in duplexes, 23.7% (90) lived in a room and parlor, 26.9% (102)

lived in a self-contain while 18.5% (70) respondents lived in single rooms. This indicates that

majority of the respondents lived in self contains.

59
Table 2: Socio-Demographic Data of the Key Informants

Variable Frequenc Percentage

y (%)
Sex Males 7 41.7
Females 5 58.3
Total 12 100%
Age 30-34 6 50
35-40 6 50
Total 12 100%
Marital Status Married 9 75
Single 3 25
Total 12 100%
Educational Attainment Tertiary 7 58.6
Secondary 5 41.7
Total 12 100%
Religion Christianity 9 75
Islam 1 8.3
Traditional 1 8.3
Total 12 100%
Estimated monthly Income 100, 000-200,000 6 50
300,000-500,000 3 25
600,000 and above 3 25
Total 12 100%
Period of Marriage 1-2 years 7 58.3
3-4 years 3 25
5 years and above 2 10.6
Total 12 100%
Number of Children 1-3 8 42.4
4 and above 4 21.2
Total 12 100%
Type of Housing Bungalow 10 83.4
Duplex 2 10.6
Total 12 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2020

Table 4.1 shows the socio-demographic attributes of key informants, on the sex

distribution, 41.7% (50 were females male while 58.3% (7) were males. According to their

ages, 50% (6) respondents were between the age ranges of 30-34 while 50% (6) were within

the range of 35-40 years. The marital distribution of respondents had 75% (9) married and

25% (3) singles. Educationally, data collected indicated that 58.6% (7) respondents had

tertiary education while 41.7% (5) had secondary education. The religious distribution of

respondents had 75% (9) Christians and 8.3% (1) Muslim and 8.6% (1) traditionalist

60
respectively. While the estimated income of 50% (6) respondents was between 100,000-

200,000, that of 25% (3) was between the range of 300,000-500,000 and 25% (3) had a

monthly income of 600,000 and above. On the duration of marriage, 58.3% (7) had been

married for a period of 1-2 years, 25% (3) respondents had been married between 3-4 years

and 10.6% (2) respondents had been married for period over five years. On the number of

children, 42.4% (80 respondents had between 1-3 children, 21.2% (4) respondents had 4

children and above. Finally, on the type of housing, 83.4% (10) respondents lived in

bungalows, 10.6% (2) respondents lived in duplexes.

4. 2 The spread or coverage of small scale industries in Benue state.

This section examined the spread or coverage of small scale industries in Benue state.

Table 3: The spread or coverage of small scale industries in Benue state

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Areas concentration(in urban areas) 107 52.0
Wide spread (in rural and urban) 102 26.9
Sparsely spread (in rural areas) 90 23.7
Areas concentration (in rural areas) 68 17.9
Sparsely spread (in urban areas) 12 3.2

Total 379 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2020

Data on table 3 revealed the spread or coverage of small scale industries in Benue

State, the findings showed that, 52.2% (107) were of the view that, SSIs were areas

concentrated in urban areas, while 26.9% (102) of the respondents reported that they were

widespread in rural and urban areas, 23.7% (90) of the respondents reported that SSIs were

sparsely spread in rural areas, 17.9% (68) of the respondents were of the view that, the SSIs

were areas concentration (in rural areas), while only 3.2% (12) of the respondents who

reported that, SSIs were sparsely spread in urban areas. Based on the findings above, it was

concluded that majority of the small scale industries in Benue State are spread within the

61
urban areas in Benue State. Responding to this one of the male Key Informant age 54 in

Makurdi reported that

Most of the small scale businesses are located within the urban areas,
this is majorly because of the availability of the things we need to start
up and ensure the growth of businesses. The availability of security,
water, roads electricity and other basic necessities in the urban areas
have made it more easy to set up businesses in the urban areas (KII,
2020)
In a similar sense, another Female Key Informant in Gboko aged 43 reported that
We have more small scale industries in the urban areas than their rural
counterparts because, the nature of rural areas is not business friendly.
Except for businesses like filling stations, yet even at that, the
patronage in the rural areas will be low. The population is the urban
areas is much more high than in the rural areas, thus, we prefer to do
our businesses there (KII, 2020)
4. 3 The Contribution of small scale in industries to social development in Benue State.

This section examined contribution of small scale industries to social development in Benue
State.

Table 4: The contribution of small scale in industries to well-being of the people in

Benue State.
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Moderate 242 63.9
Insignificant 80 21.1
Significant 45 11.9
None 12 3.2
Total 379 100%
Source: Filed Survey, 2020

Data on table 4 revealed the distribution of respondents according to the contribution

of small scale in industries to social development in Benue State. The findings revealed that

63.9% (242) of the respondents reported that, it has a moderate impact on the well-being of

the people in Benue State, 21.1% (80) of the respondents reported that it has insignificant

impact on the well-being of the people in Benue State, 11.9% (45) of the respondents

reported that, it has significant impact on the people of Benue State, while 3.2% (12) of the

respondents reported that it has no impact on the well-being of the people in the state. From

62
the findings above, it was concluded small scale industries have moderate impact on the well-

being of the people in Benue State.

4.4 The level of social development in Benue State

In this section, the level of social development was examined.

Table 5: The level of social development in Benue State

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Low 257 67.8
High 69 18.2
Zero 27 7.1
Very high 26 6.9
Total 379 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2020

Data on table 5 revealed that, 67.8% (257) of the respondents reported that there was

a low level of social, development in Benue State, 18.2% (69) of the respondents were of the

opinion that, the level of social development in Benue State was high, 7.1% (27) of the

respondents were of the view that the level of social development in Benue State was zero

while only 6.9% (26) of the respondent reported that the level of social development in Benue

Sate was very high. This showed that there was low level of social development in Benue

State.

4. 5 The specific areas that small scale industries have contributed to social
development in Benue State.

It was gathered small scale industries have contributed to social development in various

ways, in Benue State. In this section the contribution of SSIssocial development was

examined.

63
Table 6: The specific areas that small scale industries have contributed to social
development in Benue State
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
They have created employment opportunities 105 27.7
They have created opportunities for Benue people to be self-reliance 88 23.2
They have provided scholarships to the children of Benue State 75 19.8
They have provided basic infrastructural facilities (Roads, water,
electricity, hospitals, schools, markets 66 17.4
They have created opportunities for social mobility in Benue State 45 11.9
Total 379 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2020

Data on table 6 revealed that, 27.7% (105) of the respondents were of the view that,

small scale industries have created employment opportunities for the people in Benue State,

23.25 (88) of the respondents reported that they have created opportunities for Benue people

to be self-reliance, 19.8% (75) of the respondents were of the view that they have provided

scholarships to the children of Benue State, 17.4% (66) of the respondents reported that they

have provided basic infrastructural facilities (Roads, water, electricity, hospitals, schools,

markets etc.) while 11.9% (45) of the respondents were of the view that they have created

opportunities for social mobility in Benue State. Based on the findings above, it was

concluded that small scale industries have created employment opportunities for the people in

Benue State and created opportunities for Benue people to be self-reliance. One of the male

Key Informant in Otukpo aged 56 years reported that

Small scale business occupies a unique position in the economy of any

nature and they are the bedrock of any economic development. They
constitute the cornerstone of any competitive economy and by far
outnumber the large scale business. Also, they provide large scale
business, more fertile ground for creativity and entrepreneurship.
Hence, as a result of easy entry into the market, small scale business
spring up all the time keeping the competition environment lively, a
phenomenon that leads to productivity gains and real economic
growth, apart from the fact that they generate employment
opportunities, they are closer to the grass root and so on, ginger rural
development (KII, 2020)

Another female Key Informant in Gboko aged 57years had this to say

64
 SSI are less capital intensive and do not require gigantic infrastructure
for their operation. Being part of the economic system, small business
entities are faced with numerous problems, particularly funding and
many ways these are very different from the financial problems on
large concern. However, the principles underlying financial decision
are similar irrespective of the size of the business, hence, the basic goal
to financial management through acquisition, anticipation and
allocation of funds equally apply to small scale business (KII, 2020).

Another male respondent in Makurdi aged 60 years reported that

It is widely known in business circles that small scale business find it

difficult to secure funds from financial institutions due to the fact that
they have difficulty in meeting the collateral requirement that would
qualify them for the financial assistance from the bank. This is not
withstanding every business whether small or large needs funds. Funds
constitute the life blood of any business while other things follow. 
Small scale business serves as an engine room for economic
development and government recognize the fact that small business is
the second largest employers of labor apart from government.
Government is also encouraging the establishment of small scale
business by forming such bodies like Small and Medium Enterprises
(SME). Government has also provided monetary incentive for small
scale industries. As stated earlier, small scale industries play very
important roles in the economic development of any country, state or
local government. (KII, 2020). 

4. 6 Challenges confronting small scale industries in contributing to social development

in Benue State.

Small Scale Industries in Benue State have contributed to social development,

however, there were challenges that militated the effective operation of the industries, these

challenges are presented in the section below:

Table 7: The challenges confronting small scale industries in contributing to social

development in Benue State.
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Limited funds 276 72.8
Poor trained management staff 61 16.1
Inability to expand business outfit 15 4.0
Inability to hire up to corporate social responsibility 15 4.0
Inability to mentor young entrepreneurs trained 12 3.1
Total 379 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2020

65
 Data on table 7 revealed distribution of respondents according the challenges

confronting small scale industries in contributing to social development in Benue State. The

findings revealed that, 72.8% (276) of the respondents reported that their major challenge

was limited funds. 16.1% (61) of the respondents reported that poor trained management

staff was their major challenge, 4.0% (15) of the respondents reported that their challenge

was inability to expand business outfit and inability to hire up to cooperate social

responsibilities while only 3.1% (12) of the respondents reported that their challenge was

inability to mentor young entrepreneurs trained. It was concluded that limited funds and poor

trained management staff were the major challenges confronting small scale industries in

contributing to social development in Benue State. Corroborating this, a male key Informant

aged 49 in Otukpo reported that

One of the major marketing problems facing small business enterprises

in Nigeria is lack of understanding and the application of marketing
concept. Most business owners equate ‘marketing’ to ‘selling’ and this
is reflected in their various dysfunctional business behaviour against
customer satisfaction and good business orientation. They lack the
knowledge and skills of basic marketing ingredients – marketing
research, market segmentation, and marketing planning and control.
The outcome of this is poor quality products, unawareness of
competition, poor promotion, poor distribution, and poor pricing
methods. They are not marketing oriented and market-focused if a
marketer is defined as someone who understands and applies
marketing in order to create, build, and maintain beneficial
relationships with target markets (KII, 2020).

4.7 Test of Hypotheses

This section of the study dealt with the test of hypotheses. Two hypotheses were set to
guide the study and were tested using chi-square at the significance level of 0.05

HO1 Small Scale industries have no significant effect on social development in Benue
State.

66
Table 8: Chi-square Summary table on if Small Scale industries have no significant
effect on social development in Benue State.

Small Scale industries N. of X2 Crammer’s DF Sig. Decision

have no significant effect cases Value
on social development in 379 151.756a 0.633 8 0.05 rejected
Benue State.
Source: Field Survey, 2020
From table 8, the total number of valid cases was 379, and the X 2 value was 151.756

and the V. value was 0.633 under the DF of 8 at Sign. level 0.05. This showed that the null

hypothesis which stated that small scale industries have no significant effect on social

development in Benue State was rejected, while the alternative hypothesis which stated that

small scale industries have significant effect on social development in Benue State was

upheld. Thus, it was concluded that small scale industries are statically related to social

development in Benue State.

HO2: Small scale industries have negative relationship with social development in Benue
State.

Table 9: Chi-square Summary table on if small scale industries have negative

relationship with social development in Benue State.

Small scale industries N. of X2 Crammer’s DF Sig. Decision

have negative relationship cases Value
with social development 379 220.809a 0.540 6 0.05 Rejected
in Benue State
Source: Field Survey, 2020

From table 9, the total number of valid cases was 379, and the X2 value was 220.809a

and the V. value was 0.540 under the DF of 6 at Sign. level 0.05. This showed that the null

hypothesis which stated that Small scale industries have negative relationship with social

development in Benue State was rejected, while the alternative hypothesis which stated that

Small scale industries have positive relationship with social development in Benue State was

upheld. Thus, it was concluded that small scale industries have strong positive relationship

with social development in Benue State.

67
4.8 Discussion of Findings

The first objective of this study sought to assess the spread of small scale industries

in Benue State. From the findings here, it was found that the small scale industries in Benue

State are spread within the urban areas in Benue State. This finding coincides with findings

of Iorun (2014), who noted that SSIs spring up in towns and cities almost on a daily basis.

No sooner are they established that they fold up mostly within the first few years of

operation. This entails that, the small scales industries in Benue State are mostly found in the

urban areas. Only few of those industries were found in both rural and semi urban areas. The

implication of the finding here is that, hence the small scale industries were not spread both

in the rural and urban areas, the level of social development in urban areas will be more than

the rural areas. Consequently, rural areas will not experience significant level of social

development. However, it is imperative to ensure the growth and development of both rural

and urban areas by setting up businesses in rural areas to attract development.

The second objective evaluated the contributions of small scale industries to social

development in Benue State. The findings here revealed that small scale industries have

moderate impact on the well-being of the people in Benue State. This finding contradicts the

findings of other scholars elsewhere in other parts of the world. For instance, in India, Gray

(2014) observed that, Small scale industries are important because it helps significantly in

increasing employment and economic development of India. The role played by the small

scale industry in the economic activity of advanced industrialised countries like Japan,

Germany, Great Britain and the United States of America is significant. Basu (2017)

asserted that Small and Medium enterprises play in extraordinarily important role as muscles

for regional economic development. Toweh and Akpokiniovo (2014) also noted that, SSIs

have significant impact on the development of the country. It therefore, means that Small Scale

68
Industries have greater roles to play in other words, they have greater or significant impact in

Benue State.

The third objective examined the level of social development in Benue State. The

findings here revealed that there was low level of social development in Benue State. The

low level of social development in Benue state can be seen in the high rate of poverty in

Benue state, low level per capital income, low standard of living, lack of good job

opportunities for the citizenries, inadequate health facilities and other social amenities. The

low level of social development has led to criticism of the development strategy in Nigeria.

This criticism has generally been formulated from an ideological point of view. Some

authors, for example, have concluded that all Nigeria has to do to solve its problems is to

turn its back on capitalist ideology and embrace socialism. Income distribution in the Benue

State is also highly skewed such that probably less than 15% of the population actually

benefits from the GDP growth. The state has a debt overhang of billions of nairas with high

servicing requirements. Currently about 65- 70% of the population live below the poverty

line, half of which probably live on less than half a dollar per day. The situation rather than

improve has been worsening over time. This has become a source of embarrassment for a

country that is relatively so well endowed.

The fourth objective identified the specific areas that small scale industries have

contributed to social development in Benue State. The findings showed that Small scale

industries have created employment opportunities for the people in Benue State and created

opportunities for Benue people to be self-reliant. The findings are in line with other scholars

elsewhere in other parts of the world. It improves the growth of the country by increasing urban

and rural growth. Small scale industries also help the government in increasing infrastructures

and manufacturing industries, reducing issues like pollution, slums, poverty, and many

development acts. Small scale manufacturing industries and cottage industries play a very

69
important role in the economic development of India. If any amount of capital is invested in small

scale industries it will help in reducing unemployment and increasing self-employment. The

industry is a sector in which the production of goods is a segment of the economy.

The fifth objective identified the challenges confronting small scale industries in

contributing to social development in Benue State as limited funds and poor trained

management staffs were the major challenges confronting small scale industries in

contributing to social development in Benue State. Similar findings were found by Adzende

(2013) that lack of capital and credit facilities; educational and knowledge skills affects

participation in entrepreneurial activities; too much taxation lack of infrastructures,

inadequate security and lack of modern technology affects participation in entrepreneurial

activities. The case of Benue people generally has been presented by Aan (2016) to be a

result of social factors acting as constraints to entrepreneurship development such as the

extended family system that caters for the social and economic needs of members including

those who are unemployed thereby creating a culture of dependence, general hostility to

entrepreneurship due to negative perception, parents design of career courses for children,

among others. There were hardly few entrepreneurs in both the backgrounds who did not face

any obstacle while starting a venture.

70
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

` This section of the study summarises the findings of the study, presents an embracing

and logical conclusion as well as makes recommendations based on the objectives of the

study.

5.1 Summary

The study examined small scale industries and social development in Benue State.

The specific objectives included to; assess the nature of the spread of Small Scale Industries

in Benue State, assess the contributions of SSIs to social development, the level of social

development, as well as the challenges confronting SSIs in contributing to social

development. Relevant literatures were reviewed in relation to the specific objectives, the

study adopted the structural functionalist theory which explains phenomenon under study.

The methods of data collection included questionnaire and Key Informant Interview schedule

(guides). Data collected was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The data was

triangulated and the qualitative data was reported thematically. The major findings of this

study included that small scales industries in Benue State are spread within the urban areas in

Benue State. Small scale industries have moderate impact on the well-being of the people in

Benue State. There was low level of social development in Benue State. Small scale

industries have created employment opportunities for the people in Benue State and created

opportunities for Benue people to be self-reliance. Limited funds and poor trained

management staff were the major challenges confronting small scale industries in

contributing to social development in Benue State.

71
5.2 Conclusion

The conclusion for this study was drawn based on the objectives of the study. In line

with this the study concluded that small scales industries in Benue State are spread within the

urban areas in Benue State. Therefore, the rural areas do not have small scale industries,

these could have resulted to underdevelopment of the rural areas in Benue State. Small scale

industries have moderate impact on the well-being of the people in Benue State. This means

that the SSIs have not created adequate impact in the lives of the people of Benue State. From

the findings of the study, it was concluded there was low level of social development in

Benue State. This has manifested in the level of low level of available basic facilities

(amenities) insecurity and job opportunities.

The study also concluded that small scale industries have created employment

opportunities for the people in Benue State and created opportunities for Benue people to be

self-reliance. Many people who ventured into SSIs, have gotten opportunities of livelihood

for themselves and their family members. On the challenges of SSIs in Benue State, it was

concluded that limited funds and poor trained management staff were the major challenges

confronting small scale industries in contributing to social development in Benue State.

5.3 Recommendations

In view of the above findings and conclusion, the following recommendations are made;

I. The spread of small scale industries in Benue state is not equitably distributed, there

should be conscious efforts through government policies to establish small scale

industries in the rural areas too, it is only by this that true social development can be

attained.

72
ii. Government should create and implement more policies to assist the potential

business men so that they will be motivated to do small scale industries, this will

improve the educational, medical as well as educational fortunes of the people

iii. Policy makers should create conducive atmosphere so as to enhance effective social

development for the benefit of the people of Benue State, this can be done by

specifically improving on security, reduction in taxation and the provision of grants

and loans. This will contribute in the improvement of medical care, education,

nutrition and social justice.

iv. There is need for the government to put in place an education policy that does not

only target the classrooms and the educated, but also considers the less educated and

rural dwellers.

v. Policies should be put in place to give small scale businesses the opportunity to strive,

this can be achieved by not providing for conditions that will get them swallowed up

by large businesses by regulation, and a fair competitive market should be provided

with government grants and loans to support small scale businesses.

73
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 Appendix A

Research Questionnaire

Department of Sociology,

Benue State University,

P.M.B. 102119,

Makurdi.

September, 2018.

Dear Respondent,

Request to Complete Questionnaire

I am a Postgraduate student in the Department of Sociology Benue State University,

Makurdi, currently conducting a research on the topic: Small Scale Industries and Social

Development in Benue State.

Attached to this letter is a questionnaire which you are required to fill. It is strictly meant for

academic purpose. You are therefore assured that all information submitted will be treated as

confidential. Please respond to each question as honest and objective as possible.

Thank you in anticipation of your cooperation.

Yours faithfully,

Anonguku Sylvester Orngu

79
RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION A: Socio-Demographic Attributes of Respondents
Instruction: Please tick [√] the boxes and fill the spaces provided appropriately.
1. Sex: (a) Male [ ] (b) Female [ ]
2. Age range (in years): (a) 25 & below [ ] (b) 26-34 [ ] (c) 35 & above [ ]
3. Marital Status: (a) Single [ ] (b) Married [ ]
(c) Others (please specify_____________________________________________________
4. Educational Attainment: (a) Primary School & below [ ] (b) Secondary School [ ]
(c) Tertiary Education [ ]
5. Religion: (a). Islam [ ] (b) Christianity [ ] (c) Traditional religion [ ]
7. Estimated Annual Income: (a) Below 100, 000 [ ] (b) 100, 000 – 1 million [ ]
(c) Above 1 million [ ]
8. How long have you been operating your business? (a). Below 5 years [ ] (b) 5-10 years []
(c) above 10 years [ ]
9. Category of ownership
(a) Sole proprietorship [ ]
(b) joint ventures (ownership) [ ]
(c) others. Specify--------------------------
SECTION B: The spread or coverage of small scale industries in Benue state.
10. How would you describe the spread or coverage of small scale industries in Benue state?
(a) Wide spread ( in rural and urban areas)
(b) Areas concentration ( in rural areas )
(c) Areas concentration ( in urban areas )
(d) Sparsely spread ( in rural areas )
(e) Sparsely spread ( in urban areas )
SECTION C: Contribution of small scale in industries to social development in Benue
State.
11. How would you assess the contributions of small scale industries to the well-being of
people in Benue State?
(a) Significant
(b) Moderate
(c) Insignificant
(d) None
SECTION D: The level of social development in Benue State
12. How would you assess the level of social development in Benue State?
a. Very high
b. High
c. Low
d. zero
SECTION E: Specific areas that small scale industries have contributed to social
development in Benue State.
13. In what specific areas have small scale industries contributed to the well-being of Benue
people?
a) They have created employment opportunities

80
 b) They have provided basic infrastructural facilities (Roads, water, electricity, hospitals,
schools, markets etc.)
c) They have provided scholarships to the children of Benue State
d) They have created opportunities for social mobility in Benue State
e) They have created opportunities for Benue people to be self-reliance
f) They have created opportunities for Benue people to be recognized by other
Nigerians.
SECTION F: Challenges confronting small scale industries in contributing to social
development in Benue State.
14. What are the challenges confronting small scale industries in contributing to social
development in Benue State?
(a) Limited funds
(b) Inability to expand business outfit
(c) Inability to hire up to corporate social responsibility
(d) Inability to mentor young entrepreneurs trained
(e) Poor trained management staff

81
 Appendix B

Key Informant Interview Guide

i. What types of Small Scale Industries exist in Benue State?

ii. What is the spread of Small Scale Industries in Benue State?

iii. What is the effect of Small Scale Industries on social development in Benue

State?

iv. What is the level of social development in Benue State?

v. What are the challenges of Small Scale Industries in contributing to social

development in Benue State?

82
 Sex

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid female 201 53.0 53.2 53.2

male 177 46.7 46.8 100.0

Total 379 100 100.0

Missing System

Total 379 100.0

Age

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid 25 below 197 52.0 52.0 52.0

26-34 146 38.5 38.5 90.5

35 above 36 9.5 9.5 100.0

Total 379 100.0 100.0

marital status

marital status

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid married 252 66.5 66.5 66.5

single 102 26.9 26.9 93.4

others 25 6.6 6.6 100.0

Total 379 100.0 100.0

83
educational status

educational status

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid tertiary 310 81.8 81.8 81.8

Secondary 54 14.2 14.2 96.0

primary and below 15 4.0 4.0 100.0

Total 379 100.0 100.0

Religion

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Christaianity 334 88.1 88.1 88.1

Islam 45 11.9 11.9 100.0

Total 379 100.0 100.0

anual income

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid 100,000 below 218 57.5 57.5 57.5

100,000-1m 107 28.2 28.2 85.8

1m and above 54 14.2 14.2 100.0

Total 379 100.0 100.0

84
how long have been operating your business

Statistics

how long have been operating

your business

N Valid 379

Missing 0

how long have been operating your business

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid < 5 years 215 56.7 56.7 56.7

5-10 years 119 31.4 31.4 88.1

10 years above 45 11.9 11.9 100.0

Total 379 100.0 100.0

. Category of ownership

Statistics

. Category of ownership

N Valid 379

85
 Missing 0

. Category of ownership

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid sole proprietorship 227 59.9 59.9 59.9

joint ventures 96 25.3 25.3 85.2

Others 56 14.8 14.8 100.0

Total 379 100.0 100.0

How would you describe the spread or coverage of small scale

industries in Benue state?

Statistics

How would you describe the

spread or coverage of small scale
industries in Benue state?

N Valid 379

Missing 0

How would you describe the spread or coverage of small scale industries in Benue state?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid areas concentration (rural

197 52.0 52.0 52.0
areas)

areas concentration (urban 102 26.9 26.9 78.9

areas)

86
 wide spread (rural and
68 17.9 17.9 96.8
urban)

sparsely spread (in urban

12 3.2 3.2 100.0
areas)

Total 379 100.0 100.0

How would you assess the contributions of small scale industries to the
well-being of people in Benue State

Statistics

How would you assess the

contributions of small scale
industries to the well-being of
people in Benue State

N Valid 379

Missing 0

How would you assess the contributions of small scale industries to the well-
being of people in Benue State

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Moderate 242 63.9 63.9 63.9

Insignificant 80 21.1 21.1 85.0

Significant 45 11.9 11.9 96.8

4 12 3.2 3.2 100.0

Total 379 100.0 100.0

87
How would you assess the level of social development in Benue State?

Statistics

How would you assess the level of

social development in Benue
State?

N Valid 379

Missing 0

How would you assess the level of social development in Benue State?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

low 257 67.8 67.8 67.8

high 69 18.2 18.2 86.0

zero 27 7.1 7.1 93.1

very high 26 6.9 6.9 100.0

Total 379 100.0 100.0

In what specific areas have small scale industries contributed to the

well-being of Benue people

Statistics

In what specific areas have small

scale industries contributed to the
well-being of Benue people

N Valid 379

88
 Missing 0

In what specific areas have small scale industries contributed to the well-being of Benue people

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid They have created employment

105 27.7 27.7 27.7
opportunities

e) They have created opportunities

88 23.2 23.2 50.9
for Benue people to be self-reliance

c) They have provided scholarships

75 19.8 19.8 70.7
to the children of Benue State

b) They have provided basic

infrastructural facilities (Roads, water, 66 17.4 17.4 88.1
electricity, hospitals, schools, markets

d) They have created opportunities

45 11.9 11.9 100.0
for social mobility in Benue State

Total 379 100.0 100.0

What are the challenges confronting small scale industries in

contributing to social development in Benue State?

Statistics

What are the challenges

confronting small scale industries
in contributing to social
development in Benue State?

N Valid 379

Missing 0

89
 What are the challenges confronting small scale industries in contributing to social
development in Benue State?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid limited funds 303 79.9 79.9 79.9

poor trained management

61 16.1 16.1 96.0
staff

inability to expand business

15 4.0 4.0 100.0
outfit

Total 379 100.0 100.0

FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=n1sex n2age n3marita_sta n4education n5religion n6income

n7lengthofbusiness

n8categoryofownership n9spreadofssis n10contributionsofssis n11levelofsocialdeve

n12contributionsofssitowellbeing n13challenges

/FORMAT=DVALUE

/ORDER=VARIABLE.

Crosstabs

Notes

. Category of ownership * In what specific areas have small scale industries contributed to the well-being
of Benue people Crosstabulation

Count

90
 In what specific areas have small scale industries
contributed to the well-being of Benue people

d) They have e) They have

created created
opportunities for opportunities for
social mobility in Benue people to be
Benue State self-reliance

. Category of ownership sole proprietorship 15 73 227

joint ventures 0 15 96

others 30 0 56

Total 45 88 379

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 151.756a 8 .000

Likelihood Ratio 146.629 8 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 1.092 1 .296

N of Valid Cases 379

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is 6.65.

Symmetric Measures

Asymptotic
Standardized Approximate
Value Errora Tb

Nominal by Phi .633

Nominal
Cramer's V .447

Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.054 .046 -1.045

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman

-.092 .049 -1.789
Correlation

N of Valid Cases 379

91
 Symmetric Measures

Approximate Significance

Nominal by Nominal Phi .000

Cramer's V .000

Interval by Interval Pearson's R .297c

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .074c

N of Valid Cases

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c. Based on normal approximation.

CROSSTABS

/TABLES=n8categoryofownership BY n11levelofsocialdeve

/FORMAT=AVALUE TABLES

/STATISTICS=CHISQ PHI CORR

/CELLS=COUNT

/COUNT ROUND CELL.

Crosstabs

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

92
 N Percent N Percent N Percent

. Category of ownership *
How would you assess the
379 100.0% 0 0.0% 379 100.0%
level of social development
in Benue State?

. Category of ownership * How would you assess the level of social development in Benue State?
Crosstabulation

Count

How would you assess the level of social

development in Benue State?

very high high low

. Category of sole
0 54 161
ownership proprietorship

joint ventures 0 15 81

Others 26 0 15

Total 26 69 257

Category of ownership * How would you assess the level of social development in Benue State?
Crosstabulation

Count

How would you assess

the level of social
development in Benue
State?

zero Total

. Category of ownership sole proprietorship 12 227

joint ventures 0 96

others 15 56

Total 27 379

Chi-Square Tests

93
 Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 220.809a 6 .000

Likelihood Ratio 178.309 6 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 14.546 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 379

a. 2 cells (16.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is 3.84.

Symmetric Measures

Asymptotic
Standardized Approximate
Value Errora Tb

Nominal by Phi .763

Nominal
Cramer's V .540

Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.196 .075 -3.884

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman

-.064 .065 -1.244
Correlation

N of Valid Cases 379

94
 Appendix C

KII Participations
s/n Name of Key Enterprise Location Position in the
Informant Enterprise
1 Azaagee GOTOP Pharmacy Makurdi Cashier
Tavershima
2 Tsebo Terhile Hule & Sons Fuel Station Gboko manager
3 Theophilus M. Aqua Trust water Makurdi Sells Manager
Akase
4 Orngu A.S MRS Fuel Station Otukpo Sells Manger
5 Kanshio Ter. Banner Water Gboko Director of
Dennis Marketing
6 Moses Ter Oracle Printing Press Makurdi Secretary
Iornumbe
7 Iorshagher Tyotyev Terdoofan Schools Gboko Head Teacher
8 Orih Ehi Adoga Suits Otukpo Manager
9 Chebeze Sunday OSI Super market Gboko Sell Personnel
Emmanuel
10 Doom Abakume St Helena’s Investments Makurdi CEO
11 Friday Obekpa Had Aouto-Mobil Ser. Otukpo COE
Workshop
12 Henry Ipole Rejoice Block Industry Otukpo Production Manger

95
 REGISTERED OF SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES/BUSINESS IN BENUE STATE

S/N NAMES OF BUSINESS` NATURE OF BUSINESS LOCAL LOCATION

GOVT.
1 Benson Consorting Association Audit, Tax, Management Makurdi Ankpa Ward
2 Deji-Hire Purchase Venture Sales & Supply of Assets Makurdi Ankpa Ward
3 Unity Bam Association Thrift & Loan Makurdi #10 Atom-kpera Rd
4 Live Hospital Medical Services Logo Logo Town Ugba
5 A.A. Akpa Clinic Medical Services Logo Logo Town Ugba
6 Central Hospital Medical Services Logo Logo Town Ugba
7 Narrow Way Allum Aluminum Works Makurdi #2 Joe Akaahar Str
8 S.O Okafor Company Cement/Gen Merchant Makurdi Timber shade Naka
Rd
9 Ismaila 2nd Hand Machine Sales of Machine Makurdi #19 Old Lafia Rd
10 Nig. Union of Burnt Bricks Bricks Layers Makurdi Tyo-Mu Gboko Rd
11 Jumbo Express Buz Services Transport Services Otukpo Otukpo Town
12 Maintenance Beauty World Body Care Makurdi #5Railway Bye
Pass
13 Lovely Hair Saloon Hair Dressing Makurdi Gyado Villa Gboko
Rd
14 Les Angela Garde Accommodation/Bar Makurdi Welfare Quarters
15 Belivers Inv. & Saving Property Mgt. & Gen Otukpo Otukpo
Merchant
16 Divine Favour Computer Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
Services
17 Savior Medicine Centre Health Services Ugbokolo/ Okpowu LGA
Okpokwu
18 Doo Doo Clinic Clinic & Maternity Services Logo Ugba Town
19 Blessing Memorial Nur/Pri.Sch. Educational Services Logo Ugba Town
20 Charles Eke Trading Coy Beer Distribution/Gen Okpokwu Ugbokolo Town
Mchant
21 Akumator Clinical & Maternity Clinic & Maternity Logo Abeda Shitile Logo
22 Kpilim Nig Ltd. General Merchant Makurdi Off Yogbo Rd
N/Bank
23 Faith Nur/Pri. School Educational Services Gboko #26 Gboko Town
24 Ondugba Bam & Thrift Loans & Savings Makurdi #49 B/Crest Mkd
25 G20 Integrity Association Loans & Thrift Savings Makurdi Terwase Agbadu
Rd.
26 Emi-Gea Venture Electrical Parts Makurdi #36 Railway Bye
Pass
27 Soo Communication Sales of DSTV & Others Makurdi #92 Ankpa Rd
28 Sino-Standard Construction General Merchant Makurdi #5B Victor Malu
Rd
29 Chyloys Guest Inn Lodging & Accommodation Makurdi Lafia Rd N/Bank
30 Vision Park Liquor Joint Katsina-Ala Abaji Rd
31 Adoga Suites Hospitality Otukpo Km2 Obu Otukpo
32 Davsoft Computer Collage Infor. & Comm. Tech. Ser. Gwer-West Naka
33 J.B. Tomuko Nig. Limited Chemical Market Makurdi Lessel Close
Wadata

96
34 Had Aouto-Mobil Ser. Repairs of Cars Otukpo #42 New Otukpo
Workshop Rd
35 Holy Ghost Fund Nur/Pri. Educational Services Gwer Aliade Town
School
36 Odruth Provision Sale of Provisions Makurdi #19 Iorkyaa-Ako
Str.
37 Told Links Ent. International Entertainment Makurdi # 13 Jato-Aka
Street
38 Foster Modern College Educational Services Gwer Aliade Ullan Rd
39 Country Garden Hotel Services Logo Ugba Town
40 Covenant Fadama Cooperation Cooperative society Makurdi #1 Katsina-Ala
Street
41 Matx Ventures Filling Station Gwer Aliade Town
42 El-Mare Investment General Merchant Makurdi Gboko Road
43 Garasah Multipurpose Thrift & Loan Kwande Adikpo Town
44 Agu-Gbor Ventures Gravel Dealer Guma Ijoh Abinsi Road
45 Siftcens Enterprise Cement Dealer Makurdi #71 Gboko Road
46 Dooter Bam Thrift & Loan Makurdi New GRA
47 Fine Health Dispensary Health Services Makurdi Nyiman Layout
48 Winners Med Diag Institute Herbal Shop/Laboratory Makurdi Coll Crest Mkd
49 Doofan Medicine Store Retailing of Medicine Kwande Adikpo
50 Teakon Nig Ltd. General Contractor Makurdi Kashim Ibrahim
Road
51 Real Graphic Ltd Computer Services Makurdi Balawa Crest
52 J.B. Koncept Press Printing Press Makurdi Nog Balawa Crest
53 Occuptaional Safety Consult Prevention Safety Fire Makurdi Makurdi
54 Fast Track Bookshop Sale of Stationeries Makurdi Makurdi
55 Mlough Mom Forum Social Activities Gboko #72 Orshi-Kur
56 Dikuda Schools Educational Services Gwer Ikpayongo
57 Kings International Nur/Pri. Sch. School Services Gwer Ikpayongo
58 Ako Homekids Nur/Pri. School Education Services Gwer Ashina Town
59 Gwer Unity College School Services Gwer Ikpayongo
60 Ossy-Chris Investment Sale of 2nd hand Tyres Makurdi Makurdi
61 Paullo yres Sale of 2nd hand Tyres Makurdi Makurdi
62 Foundation Share Ban Saving & Loan Scheme Makurdi Nyiman Layout
63 Holy Child Secondary School Education Services Gwer Igbor Town
64 Sir Winco Nig Limited Motor Spare Parts Dealer Makurdi #22 Otukpo Road
65 Emeka Ezenwoye Motor Tyres Dealer Makurdi #22 Otukpo Road
66 Divine Order Enterprises Motor Spare Parts Dealer Makurdi #35 Otukpo Road
67 Samba Equipment Motor Spare Parts Dealer Makurdi #40 Otukpo Road
68 Reamoson Motor Spare Parts Tyres Dealer Makurdi #40 Otukpo Road
69 Faith Family Nur/Pri. School School Services Gwer Igbor Town
70 Nebeuwa Okoye Store Motor Spare Parts Makurdi Makurdi
71 Faith Nur/Pri. Sch., Wannune Educational Services Tarka Tarka
72 Yams Traders Invest Co. Nig. General merchant Makurdi #98 Gboko Road
73 Agbose Trinity College School Services Gwer Aliade Town
74 Shekinah Glory Academic School Services Okpokwu Okpokwu
75 Aguttico Resources Ltd. General Supply/Cont. Makurdi Km4 Gboko Road

97
76 Sunny Best Fashion design Fashion/Tailoring Makurdi Makurdi
Centre
77 MKD United Timber Contractor Industrial Services Makurdi Makurdi
78 Prince & Princess Nur/Pri. School Services Makurdi #1Juma street
School N/Bank
79 Oluchukwu Group Multi-Purpose Services Makurdi North-Bank
80 Chiviter Furniture Carpentry Workshop Kwande LGA Adikpo Town
81 Eugene Igwebuike Pat. Med. Medicine Retailing Kwande LGA Jato-Aka
Store
82 Ivy’s Place International General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
83 Atersenet Communication Tele Communication Ukum LGA Zaki-Biam
84 Stoma Enterprise General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
85 Iyoldoo Enterprise Retailing of Goods Kwande Adikpo Town
86 Hans-Seni Global Ventures Ltd. Building Materials Dealer Makurdi Judges Quarters
87 Kestiv ventures Purchasing, Sup/G.
Contractor
88 Hansseni Global Ventures Ltd Purchasing, Supply/Gen. Makurdi Makurdi
Contractor
89 Bemtis Global Services General Merchandise Makurdi Judges Quarters
90 Jodin Electronics Enterprises General & Services Gboko Gboko
Installation
91 German electronics Sales of Electronics Makurdi #53 Old Otukpo Rd
92 Chidex Engineering Engineering Services Makurdi #75 Old Otukpo Rd
93 Ndu-Best Electronics Sales of Electrical Makurdi #73 Old Otukpo Rd
94 O.G. Winners Communication Sales of High Quality GSM Makurdi #61 Old Otukpo Rd
95 Chris-Odus Nig Limited Trading on Electrical Makurdi K/Ala Street
96 Nata Restaurant Beer Parlour Makurdi #33 Old Otukpo Rd
97 Char-Tony Investment Sales of Electrical Makurdi #49 Hospital Rd
98 Cent Moore Divine Venture Sales of Electrical Makurdi #21 Railway Bye
Pass
99 Vason K. Enterprises Sales of Electrical Makurdi # 2 Onitsha Street
100 Stella Rose-Villa Hotel/Hospitality Services Makurdi #37 Otukpo Rd
101 Oscar Shopping Centre Provision Store Makurdi Makurdi
102 Oli-Best Boutique Clothing Materials Makurdi # 22 Benue
Crescent
103 Dominius Christian Chastain Makurdi #7 K/Ala Street
104 All Stars Aluminum Aluminum Services Makurdi # 35 Old Otukpo
Rd
105 De Peace Nig. Bookshop Sale of Books Makurdi #81 Old Otukpo Rd
106 Dan White Provision Store Makurdi #28 Railway Bye
Pass
107 Cedar Barbers Barbing Saloon Makurdi #80 K/Ala Street
108 Kennedy Nwofor Trading Store Sale of Mattresses Makurdi # 4 Old Otukpo Rd
109 Chibuzor Tiles Sales of Geramic Tiles Makurdi # 44 Old Otukpo
Rd
110 Pag Pharmacy Store Wholesale, Retail of Drugs Makurdi #8 K/Ala Street
111 Bonanza Restaurant Sale of Food Makurdi #65 Old Otukpo Rd
112 L.C Okoye Motor Spare Parts Tyres Dealer Makurdi #20 Ankpa Rd
113 Zion Trading Store Deal in Thermacol products Makurdi #50 Old Otukpo Rd

98
114 Chain Koncrete Nig. Ltd. Construction works Makurdi #27 Old Otukpo Rd
115 Eraga Victor Cement Dealers Makurdi #70 Old Otukpo Rd
116 Ken Villa Kitchen Restaurant Makurdi Makurdi
117 M.L. Obiekwe Provision Provision Store Makurdi Benue Crescent
118 Samalla Inusa Provision Store Provision Store Makurdi Makurdi
119 Samack Industries Co. Ltd. Communication (Trad Part) Makaudi Makurdi
120 M. C. Global Enterprises Fruit Juice Makurdi Makurdi
121 De-Afasco Hostel Accommodation Services Makurdi Makurdi
122 Ejibros Electronics Sales of Electronics Makurdi Makurdi
123 Dan-Don Medicine Sales of Drug Makurdi Makurdi
124 Spaco Alvin Ltd Marine Ventures Makurdi Makurdi
125 Luckyak Electrical Repairs Repairs of electrical Makurdi Makurdi
126 Ultimate dispensary Dispensary Services Makurdi Benue Crescent
127 Ken Joe Videos Video Rentals Makurdi Makurdi
128 Favour Dispensary Dispensary Services Makurdi Makurdi
129 Uzotex Nig Ltd Bookshop Services Makurdi Wadata
130 Cal- Maj Nig Ltd Agricultural Equipment Makurdi # 8 Railway Bye
Pass
131 Ogbo-Tex Electronics Nig. Sales of Electronic Makurdi #5Benue Crescent
132 My IGI Investment Sales of Electronic Makurdi # 11 Benue
Crescent
133 Hospeg Nig Ltd. Hospital Equipment Makurdi #63 Old Otukpo Rd
134 Mercy Provision Store Sales of Provision Makurdi Naka Road
135 Cee-AYK Nig Coy Agro Chemical Makurdi # 10 Railway Bye
Pass
136 Baselid Ventures Sales of Printing Materials Makurdi # 56 Railway Bye
Pass
137 Eunnies Resort Entertainment Centre Makurdi Ankpa Road
138 Divine Shelter Barber Barbing Saloon Makurdi # 18 Railway Bye
Pass
139 Adoi Digital Plaza Computer Services Makurdi # 83 Benue
Crescent
140 Rehoboth Laundry Laundry Services Makurdi # 7 Ankpa Road
141 All-star Aluminum Aluminum Services Makurdi Makurdi
142 Pitod Farms Nig Ltd Agro & Alied Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
143 I.J. Communication Network & Cards Dealer Makurdi # 10 K/Ala Street
144 Mtswen Clinic & Maternity Clinical & Treatment Kwande Adikpo
145 The Bridge Multi-purpose Co. Thrift & Loans Kwande Shangev-Ya
Adikpo
146 Orokam Micro Finance Bank Computer Business Cnetre Ogbadibo Ogbadibo
147 Vent Logistics General Merchandise Makurdi # 84 Ankpa Road
148 Akidi Boutique Sale of cloths Makurdi Makurdi
149 Lamed Pharmacy Sale of Drugs Makurdi Makurdi
150 Sir Mighty Nig Ltd Furniture/Electronics Makurdi Makurdi
151 High-Level Guest House Hotel Services Makurdi High Level
152 Le-Feminine Boutique Clothing, Gifts/House Makurdi High Level
Wares
153 Enebi Furniture Furniture/show Room Makurdi High Level
154 Define Frozen Food Meat shop Makurdi High Level

99
155 Elotex Electrical Parts Sales of Electrical Makurdi High Level
156 Fountain Electronics Sales of Electrical Makurdi High Level
157 Paramount Rendezrous Beer Wholesale Makurdi # 148 Naka Road
158 Mwuese Restaurant Food Hotel Makurdi # 5 Naka Road
159 Geetee Royal Services Communication/MTN Makurdi Makurdi
160 J.P. Goodnews Computer Centre Business Centre Makurdi # 2 Calabar Street
161 New Life City Beer Palour Makurdi Makurdi
162 Comfort Hair Saloon Hair Dressing Saloon Makurdi Makurdi
163 Ndukpen Aku Investment Sale of Recharge Card Makurdi Makurdi
164 Spoiler Boutique Sales of Cloth Makurdi Makurdi
165 Full-Moon Electricals Dealers in Electrical Parts Makurdi Makurdi
166 Zico Eye Care & Optical Ophthalmic Makurdi # 19 Railway Bye
services Pass
167 Zinco Patent Store Sale of Drugs Makurdi # 27 Railway Bye
Pass
168 Samco Aluminum Works Aluminum Services Makurdi # 9 Railway Bye
Pass
169 Nucomond Resources Sale of Recharge Cards Makurdi # 17 Railway Bye
Pass
170 Vafaj Computer Computer Services Makurdi # 11 Railway Bye
Pass
171 Christopher Oyeoka Fridge Repairs Makurdi # 21 Railway Bye
Pass
172 Odeco Electrical Electrical Sales Makurdi # 23 Railway Bye
Pass
173 Stans patent Medicine Store Sale of Drugs Makurdi # 21 Railway Bye
Pass
174 Ike-Chidson Nig Ltd Electronic Spare Parts D Makurdi # 21 Railway Bye
Pass
175 Fab Foreign Complex Super Market Makurdi # 19 Railway Bye
Pass
176 Nata Restaurants Sale of Drinks & Food Makurdi # 49 Hospital Road
177 Jasco Enterprises Nig. Ltd. Sale of Drugs (Pharmacy) Makurdi # 5 Railway Bye
Pass
178 Sylvason Tech Furniture Furniture Works Makurdi # 20 Railway Bye
Pass
179 Divine Care Lab Laboratory Makurdi # 19 Railway Bye
Pass
180 Continental Business Centre Computer Centre Makurdi # 3 Railway Bye
Pass
181 Universal Super Market General Merchant Makurdi # 37 Railway Bye
Pass
182 Prince Furniture Works Uphostry & Furniture Makurdi Makurdi
Materials
183 Judila venture & Boutique General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
184 Roenics Global Resources Interiors Makurdi Makurdi
185 Enchonley Electricals Dearler of Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
186 I.K.B. Communication Phone Accessories Makurdi Makurdi
187 Alan Business Ventures Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi

100
188 Jickson Business Ventures Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
189 O.G. Collections Sale of Clothing Makurdi Makurdi
190 Kings David Electronics Dealer in Electronics Makurdi Makurdi
191 Boutique Lapiax Clothing Makurdi Makurdi
192 Bethy Printing Press Printing Press Makurdi Makurdi
193 Famond Electricals Sales of Electrical Parts Makurdi Makurdi
194 Rami Saloon Hair Dressing Saloon Makurdi Makurdi
195 Emmason Furniture Carpentry Works Makurdi Makurdi
196 Onyema Ijeoma Clothing Makurdi Makurdi
197 Salgar Printing Press Printing Press Makurdi Makurdi
198 Lucky CD Investment Sales of CD Makurdi Makurdi
199 Wins Success World General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
200 Jennies Bridals Shop Bridal Services Makurdi Makurdi
201 Chuksmoore Industrial Tools Industrials Tools Makurdi Makurdi
202 Emmanuel Eze Boutique Clothing/Cosmetics Makurdi Makurdi
203 Nestor Boutique Clothing/Beauty Mat. Makurdi Makurdi
204 Kenzy Concepts Ltd General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
205 Joycemac computers Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
206 Frayo Ventures GSM Accessories Makurdi Makurdi
207 Sajez Nig. Ltd. Book/Stationeries Makurdi Makurdi
208 Chyks Business Centre Computer services Makurdi Makurdi
209 Payless Shop Shopping/General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
210 Flokris Beauty Range Cosmetics/Beauty Range Makurdi Makurdi
211 Vcee Resources & Services General Merchants Makurdi Makurdi
212 Covenant Computers Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
213 Stans Patent Medicine Store Drugs Retailing Makurdi Makurdi
214 Odeco Electrical Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
215 Frayo Ventures GSM Accessories Makurdi Makurdi
216 I.K.B Communication Phone Accessories Makurdi Makurdi
217 Enchonley Electricals Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
218 Roenics Global Resources Interiors Decoration Makurdi Makurdi
219 Fab Foreign Complex Shopping Centre Makurdi Makurdi
230 Alan Business World Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
231 Ali Global Resources Paint Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
232 Uwoo Computer Services Shopping Centre Makurdi Makurdi
233 Blessed Mazi Shopping Shopping/General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
234 Delight supermarket Shopping/ General Makurdi Makurdi
Merchant
235 Unique Thank God Dealer in Plumbing Makurdi #30 Old Otukpo Rd
Materials
236 Sintex Printer Printing Press Makurdi #67 Old Otukpo Rd
237 Canbros Cement Depot Cement Dealer Makurdi #18 Old Otukpo Rd
238 Patricia Otokpa Beer Parlour Makurdi #68 Benue Crescent
239 Kritz Nig. Ltd. Dealer in Science Makurdi #58 Old Otukpo Rd
Equipment
240 Jerman Pop Shop General Merchant Makurdi #71 Old Otukpo Rd
241 Gusto Electronic Sale of Electronic Makurdi #29 Old Otukpo Rd
242 Maymefth Fashion Home Tailoring Services Makurdi #61 Old Otukpo Rd

101
243 Zambali Communication GSM Communication Makurdi Makurdi
244 Chi-Best Electronics Dealer in Electrical Makurdi #71 Old Otukpo Rd
245 H.O Umeh Dealer in Plumbing Makurdi #33 Old Otukpo Rd
Materials
246 Temperance Business Centre Computer Services Makurdi #81 Old Otukpo Rd
247 Layal Link Global Coy Ltd. Aluminum Services Makurdi #31 Old Otukpo Rd
248 Standard Iyke Ltd General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
249 Joy’s Boutique Clothing/Cosmetics Makurdi Makurdi
250 New Creation Furniture Carpentry Work Makurdi Makurdi
251 Ayo Chukwu Bookshop Bookshop & Stationeries Makurdi Makurdi
252 Ede Filling Station Filling Station Gwer-West Naka
253 Iember Hair Dressing Saloon Beauty Home Makurdi Makurdi
254 Great Nature Investment Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
255 K.U.M. Rentals Rentals Services Makurdi Makurdi
256 See Right Electrical Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
257 T.M. Agboh & Compnay Law Firm Makurdi #72 Ankpa Road
258 Lady heart Collection Clothing/Cosmetics Makurdi Makurdi
259 Mansoneir Aluminum Aluminum Makurdi Makurdi
260 Growing Seeds Store Shopping Centre Makurdi Makurdi
261 Janis Ventures General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
262 Jacy Beauty Palace Hair Dressing Salon Makurdi Makurdi
263 Gracious Motors Ltd Sales & Services of Makurdi Makurdi
Vehicles
264 Celestine Unholstery & Foam Upholstery Materials Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
265 Corner-Stone Aluminum Aluminum Services Makurdi Makurdi
266 Rakas Business Centre Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
267 Macneat Electrical Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
268 Blessed Arigold Arts Art Work Makurdi Makurdi
269 I.D. Electrical Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
270 Izutex Glass Holding General Merchants Makurdi Makurdi
271 Ben Iyke Electronics Dealer in Electronic Makurdi Makurdi
272 Icon Phones GSM Communication Makurdi Makurdi
273 De Victory Frozen Foods Frozen Foods Makurdi Makurdi
274 Chusty Communication GSM Communication Makurdi Makurdi
275 Adevic Ventures Selling/Refilling of Gas Makurdi Makurdi
276 Garlie Production Company Production of Household Makurdi Makurdi
Products
277 Clever Zone Ltd Investment & Training Makurdi Makurdi
278 M&J Unique Gift Shop Dealer in Gift Items Makurdi Makurdi
279 Calvin Educational Educational Services Gwer-West Naka
LGA
280 Denco Furniture Dealer & Supply of Home Makurdi Makurdi
Furniture
281 Christopher Chukuma Store Cerment Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
282 Da-Ba Trading Store Shopping Centre Makurdi Makurdi
283 Audrey’s Kids Kiddies Clothes Makurdi Makurdi
284 Hygieco Trading Store Shopping Centre Makurdi Makurdi
285 Uncle T. Fridge Repair Electrical/Electronics Makurdi Makurdi

102
286 Genesis Book & Publishing Books & Stationeries Makurdi Makurdi
287 Benue Motor-Cycle Association Thrift & Loan Guma Gbajimba
288 Oamo Hair Dressing Salon Hair Beauty Salon Makurdi Makurdi
289 I.K. Photocopier Repair Computer Solution Makurdi Makurdi
290 Sam Investment Centre Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
291 S.Z. Computer Services Ltd Computer School Makurdi Makurdi
292 The Confident Woman Sale of Household Items Makurdi Makurdi
293 Le-Plaisir Store Tewerry Store Makurdi Makurdi
294 Soha Production Business Centre Makurdi Makurdi
295 Fesland Compnay Ltd Dealer Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
296 Sky Link Electronics Dealer Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
297 Suprem Rental Rental Services Makurdi Makurdi
298 First Mager Electronics Dealer Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
299 Balm in Gilead Facials Cosmetics & Facial Makurdi Makurdi
300 De-Judff Nig. Ltd Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
301 Solution Boutique Clothing/Cosmetics Makurdi Makurdi
302 King Solo Boutique Clothing Cosmetics Makurdi Makurdi
304 Ericson Electrical Coy Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
305 Sammik Secret Heart Veterinary Services Makurdi Makurdi
306 Garima Hotel & Suites Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
307 Dem Gee Tailoring Makurdi Makurdi
308 Zaginas Concept Limited General Merchandise Makurdi Makurdi
309 Potato Farmers Association Farming & General Trading Makurdi Makurdi
310 Hotel Bebee Limited Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
311 M. Bemdoo Food Hotel Food Seller Makurdi Makurdi
312 Dozzy Oil & Gas Ltd Sales of Lubrication Makurdi Makurdi
313 Wurukum Tailors Tailoring Services Makurdi Makurdi
314 Enekumabi Bus. Ventures Feeds Deal Makurdi Makurdi
315 Nwobi Electronics Coy Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
316 I.V. Hair Dressing Salon Barbing/Hair Salon Makurdi Makurdi
317 Alan Business World Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
318 Delight Supermarket Shopping/Gen. Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
319 Fab Foreign Complex Shopping Centre Makurdi Makurdi
320 Genesis Book & Publishing Book/Stationery Makurdi Makurdi
321 Ayochukwu Bookshop Stationery Makurdi Makurdi
322 Carlip Production Coy Production Hose Items Makurdi Makurdi
323 Ede Filling Station Filling Station Gwer-West Naka
324 GP Wood Work Carpentry Services Makurdi Makurdi
325 Sky Link Electronics Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
326 Ericson Electrical Dealer in Electrical Makurdi Makurdi
327 Hakean Venture Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
328 Mechrisa Shopping Services Cement Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
329 Global Shopping Complex Shopping Centre Makurdi Makurdi
330 S.N. Ozoemena Cement Shop Cement Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
331 Femmison Nig. Enterprise Agro Chemicals Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
332 Aggo Easter Bam Saving Loans & Thrift Makurdi Makurdi
333 Lush Event & Global Resources Event Management/Rentals Makurdi Makurdi
334 God’s Gift Cyber café Makurdi Makurdi

103
335 Hedac Live Stock Ltd Livestock Feds Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
336 Fola Rent Rentals/Gen. Contractor Makurdi Makurdi
337 Ultimum Ladies Hair Salon Hair Dressing Makurdi Makurdi
338 Yaweh Concert Venture Estate Developer Makurdi Makurdi
339 Aunty Gina’s Unity Bam Financial Institution Makurdi Makurdi
340 Bashy Ventures Limited Gen. Supply & Merchandise Makurdi Makurdi
341 Sanka Agro-input Ltd. Retail in Agro-Inputs Gboko Gboko North
342 Iortyer Honey Gold Hotel Hotel Services Guma Daudu
343 Ripus Supermarket Supermarket Makurdi Makurdi
344 Ogbeyi Memorial School Educational Services Okpokwu Ekek Olengbecho
345 Dura/Tech Nig. Ltd. Aluminum/Roofing Makurdi Makurdi
Services
346 Saslama Ventures Generals Constructor Makurdi Makurdi
347 Suels Kids Sales of Clothing Makurdi Makurdi
348 Stamford Share bam Access Financing & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
349 Branham College Igbor Educational Services Gwer Igbor
350 John Austin Paper House Sale of Printing Materials Makurdi Makurdi
351 Amfrank Construction Copy Welding & Fabrication Makurdi Makurdi
352 Ronald Mnyim Nig. Ltd Petroleum Product Katsin-Ala K/Ala
353 Skyways Computers Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
354 Animals Care Centre Livestock Makurdi Makurdi
Feeds/Equipments
355 Fotib Photo Lab Photography/Printing Makurdi Makurdi
356 Roccin Pharmacy Ltd Pharmaceuticals Makurdi Makurdi
357 Mount Gabriel Academy Educational Services Gwer Ashina Aliade
358 Emeka J.C. Cement Store Cement Shop Makurdi North-Bank
359 Celebrities International Sch. Educational Services Makurdi Makurdi
360 Erdoo Hair Saloon Hair Dressing/Tailoring Makurdi Makurdi
361 EDO Shelter Beer Palour Sale of Drinks Makurdi Makurdi
362 Emman. Gaaba Share Bam Thrift Saving & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
363 Zaayem T. Computers Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
364 Smart Choice Apartment Lodging Accommodation Makurdi Makurdi
365 Benue Charcoal Association Firewood Producer Makurdi Makurdi
366 Jonema Venture Cement General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
367 Cha-Team De-Vict Hotel Ltd Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
368 Omega Millemin Ent. Nig. Educational Services Makurdi Makurdi
369 Winika Hotel Gboko Hospitality Services Gboko Gboko Town
370 Ocheifieje Local Bam Thrift Saving & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
371 Larry-Gray Digital Prints Printing/Gen. Contractor Makurdi Makurdi
372 Clearvision Eng. Nig. Ltd Events Mgt & Promotion Makurdi Makurdi
373 Heart & mind Nur/Pri School Educational Services Makurdi Makurdi
374 Chucks. Eng. Services Electrical Repairs Makurdi Makurdi
375 Charles Felix Ventures Beer Wholesale Makurdi Makurdi
376 Our Future Farms Farming Makurdi Makurdi
377 Our Future Rentals Renting of Chairs/Tables Makurdi Makurdi
378 Chison Patent Med. Store Selling of Drugs Makurdi Makurdi
379 God’s Gift Business Centre Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
380 Ercars Enterprises Thrift & Loan Makurdi Makurdi

104
381 Bell Life Style Products Ent. Sale of Herbal Products Makurdi Makurdi
382 Master place Boutique Sale of Clothes./Cosmetics Makurdi Makurdi
383 Doopet Guest House Hotel Services Gwer Aliade
384 Famer’s Friends Fertilizer & Fertilizer Dealer Vandeikya V/Ikya Town
Agro
385 Ericars Enterprises Thrift, Assets Financing Makurdi Makurdi
386 Millennium Cleaners Environmental Cleaning Makurdi Makurdi
387 Tom Gerard Nursery Educational Services Buruku Ugbema
388 Secure investment Cooperative Assets Loan & Thrift Makurdi Makurdi
389 Clinic of Divine Love Hospital Services Gwer Ikpanyongo
390 Developers Farms Ltd. Beer & Food Joint V/Ikya Mbajor
391 Favour Shopping Centre Shopping Centre Makurdi Makurdi
392 Nemek Glows Ventures General Contractor Makurdi Makurdi
393 Better Life Bakery Bread Making Makurdi Makurdi
394 Unique Computer Computer Services Gwer Aliade
395 Charity Nursery/ Pri School Educational Services Gwer Taraku
396 Tiletta Schools Educational Services Gwer Aliade
397 EL Mondo Rest & Bar Restaurant & Bar Makurdi Makurdi
398 Igbor Multi Purpose Cooperative Thrifts, Saving & Loan Gwer Makurdi
399 Ugbokolo Butchers Association Butchers Gwer Ugbokolo
400 Msughter foundation Buz centre Provision/Mineral Shop Makurdi Makurdi
401 Timix Digital World Photo Studio Makurdi Makurdi
402 Nonsac Livestock Ent. Livestock Feeds Makurdi Makurdi
403 Frank Whyte Electronic Dealers in Electronic Makurdi Makurdi
404 Holy Family Share Bam Ltd Thrift & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
405 Silveary Resources Ltd Filling Station Makurdi Makurdi
406 Goat dealers Association Buying & Selling of Makurdi Makurdi
Livestock
407 Big Joe Global Resources Computer Services Gwer-West Naka
408 God Bless Saw Mill Saw Miller Gwer Mase
409 Bugy’s Coop & Loan Share Thrift Saving & Loan Gwer Taraku
Bank
410 Udama Chukpahiu Cooperative Thrift Saving & Loan Gwer Taraku
411 Sunny Technical Works Electrical & Electronics Makurdi Makurdi
412 Eburie Eze Generator Sale of Generator Parts Makurdi Makurdi
413 Prince White Uche Oil Filling Station1 Makurdi Makurdi
414 God’s Favour Agro Chemical Agro Chemical Store Makurdi Makurdi
415 Bon Sough market Bam Thrift Saving & Loan Gwer Taraku
416 Damaez DB Designers Tailoring Makurdi Makurdi
417 Aondunguamo Bam Thrift Saving & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
418 I.K Anjor Memorial School Educational Services Makurdi Makurdi
419 Musen Nur/Pri. School Educational Services Makurdi Makurdi
420 Alh. Uba Enterprises General Supply & Makurdi Makurdi
Contractor
421 Tyeku Suites & Gardens Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
422 Kodecoy Building & Const. Building/Construction Konshisha Tse-Agberagba
Comp
423 Bent Field Livestock Ent. Livestock Feeds Makurdi Makurdi

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423 C.A.C Nur/Pri School Educational Services Makurdi Makurdi
424 Jelfatu Enterprise Boutique Makurdi N/Bank
425 Chi-Loys Guest-Inn Lodging & Accommodation Makurdi Makurdi
426 A.M.S. Motors Enterprise Vehicle Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
427 Oloni World Boutique Makurdi Makurdi
428 Onche Cadol Building Ltd Building materials Okokwu Ugbokolo
429 Value Information Tech Computer Services Buruku Tyowanye
430 Pilog Project Services General Contractor General Makurdi
Contractor
431 Azano best Ventures Nig General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
432 Rejoice Block Industry Production Sand & Crate Otukpo Otukpo
433 Larry Electrical Work Electrical Installation Makurdi Makurdi
434 Devana ResDurces Slae & Trad Otukpo Otukpo
435 Ushongo Meat Sellers Meat Sellers Ushongo Ushongo
436 Triple creative Enterprise General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
437 Divine Wisdom Academy Educational Service Buruku Buruku
438 Sipedode Nig. Ltd Thrift Saving & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
439 Finat Nig. Enterprise Sale/Supplies Gboko Gboko-West
440 G50 Micro Finance Thrift, Saving & Loan Gboko Gboko-West
441 Pace Seller Academy Educational Services Gwer-East Aliade Town
442 College of Health Tech Educational Services Gwer-East Aliade Town
443 Alfa Medicine Ltd Herbal Medicine Otukpo Otukpo
444 Pace Sellers Academy Educational Services Gwer Ikpayongo
445 Play Pen Nur/pri School Educational Services Gwer Mase
446 Divine Wisdom Academy Educational Services Gwer Ikpayongo
447 Dam Divine Computer Computer Services Makurdi Nyima Layout
448 Boston ICT ICT Services Gwer-West Ikpayongo
449 Odeya Groups Nig Ltd. General Merchant Otukpo Otukpo
450 Anglica Secondary School Educational Services Makurdi Makurdi
451 Pace Seller Acad. Art & Sc. & Educational Services Gwer Aliade
Tech
452 Good Friends Lenders Club Thrift, Saving & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
453 Kuha Hotel Hotel Services Gwer Ikpayongo
454 Grace Livestock Centre Livestock Feeds Gwer-West Naka
555 Ashile Special School Soap & Cosmetics Making Ukum Zaki-Biam
556 Unique Guest House Hotel Services Gboko Gboko
557 Otatarata Venture Nig. Ltd Building Construction Gwer Aliade
558 Sesugh Health Clinic Health Services K/Ala K/Ala
559 Bam U Mbadarev Thrift, Saving & Loan K/Ala K/Ala
560 Solly Nur/Pri. School Educational Services K/Ala K/Ala
561 Mimido Integrated Nig. Ltd. Agro-Allied product Makurdi Makurdi
562 Chidex Exclusive Wear Sale of Clothing Makurdi Makurdi
563 King’s Nur/Pri School Educational Services Gwer Aliade
564 Kimbis International Hotel Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
565 Jat Computer Computer Services Kwande Kwande
557 Roazy Enterprises Thrift & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
558 Nguher Clinic & Maternity Medical K/Ala K/Ala
559 Saro Agro Sciences Ltd Agro Chemical K/Ala K/Ala

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560 King’s College Educational Services K/Ala K/Ala
561 Njoku C.C. Sale of Petroleum Products K/Ala Takum Junction
562 Tom Guest House Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
563 Chosen computer Computer Services Makurdi Makurdi
564 Achiatex Thrift & Loan Local Bam Gboko Gboko-West
565 Benue Metropolitan Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
566 Abotar Kwaghgba Money Money Lending Kwande Adikpo
567 Asiome Nig. Ventures Vita Form Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
568 Japhil Nig. Enterprises Building Materials Dealer Makurdi Makurdi
569 Air Borne Guest Inn Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
570 Adoga Community sec. School Educational Services Otukpo Otukpo
571 Staff Welfare Fund Thrift & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
572 Del Scan Services Ltd Scanning & X-Ray Makurdi Makurdi
573 Kurayemen thrift & Loans Thrift, Saving & Loan Makurdi Makurdi
574 Rovi Pharmacy Ltd Pharmaceutical Retails Makurdi Makurdi
575 Samco Eletrical work Electrical Repairs Makurdi Makurdi
576 Mandate International Ltd Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
577 Post Boutique General Merchant Makurdi Makurdi
578 Gungul Football Supporters Thrift Saving & Loan Konshisha Gungul
579 Mane Services, Hospitality Guest House K/Ala K/Ala
580 Hanmes Beauty World Hair Beauty Saloon Makurdi Makurdi
581 T.U. Guest Hous Guest Inn Makurdi Makurdi
582 Olive Branch Deluxe Suites Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi
583 Safinold Consult Ltd Consultancy Makurdi Makurdi
584 Bestway Store Whole Sale & Retail Makurdi Makurdi
585 Rossela Academy Educational Services Makurdi Makurdi
586 O. My Size Viewing Centre Makurdi Makurdi
587 Diacoast Table Water Water Production Gwer-West Naka
588 Emmanuel Centre Entertainment Centre Makurdi Makurdi
589 Ruth May Hotel Hotel Services Makurdi Makurdi

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