Biological Molecules

BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES
COMPOSTION OF
PROTOPLASM
 Naturally 92 elements exist but 25 are present
on earth known as bio-elements and 16 are
present in our body.
 6 most commen elements constitute 99% of

protoplasm called major elements
Minor bioelements = less than 1% while trace

elements = 0.01%
 Trace elements are Iron, Copper, Iodine &
Zinc.
Protoplasm contain both organic and
inorganic compound and can not survive
below the 70% of water content.
WATER
 20% water is in seeds and bones & 85-90% is
present in brain cells (federal)
 Water is the most abundant component in
living cell approximately from70-90% (Sindh)
The specific heat of capacity of water can be
represented in number of calories required to
raise the temperature of 1g of water up to 1°C
i.e, 1Calorie = 4.18 Joules .
 Water molecules contain hydrogen bonding,
without hydrogen bond water boil at -80°C
and freeze at -1000°C.
Water has high density than ice that’s why it
easily floats at surface.
 Water expands below 4°C and its density
decreases.
Proteins
 In 1838 Berzelius suggested tha name
protein and Dutch chemist G.J. Mulder in
1883 recognised the importance of
protein as vital compound.
Essential components are C,H,O and N
and sometimes P and S also present
which make complex organic compound.
Proteins are building block of tissues.
They constitute more than 50% of dry
weight.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids (a
monomer).
They are linked together by peptide
linkage.
There are 20 basic amino acids which is
commonly found in every protein ranging
from virus to humans.
 Amino acid and carboxylic acid are
attached to α-carbon where R is radical

group which gives variety.
Linear sequence of amino acids in
polypeptide chain called Primary
structure e.g. Insulin
Chains of amino acids spirally coiled forms
helix called Secondary structure e.g. Hair
Three dimensional arrangement of amino
acids called Tertiary structure e.g.
Lysozyme.
The association of two or more sub units
(polypeptide chain) into large sized
molecules is called Quaternary structure
e.g. Haemoglobin
 Protein perform different functions due
to their wide variety.About 10,000
different proteins having a diverse array
of function.
It provide mechanical support to the cell
inside and outside.
As enzymes ,it accelerates the metabolic
activity.
As hormones ,growth factor and gene
activator ,protein perform a wide variety
of regulatory functions.
It act as antibodies, antigen,fibrin etc.
CARBOHYDRATE
They are also called hydrated carbon. It serves as
storage substances and building material of
cell.They are 1% by weight approx and generally
called sugar or saccharide due to their sweet taste
except polysaccharide. It is act as storage food
molecules. In animals chitin forms the
exoskeleton of arthropods.
They are simple sugars, they can't be

hydrolysed further.
Their general formula is CnH2n On
For instance Glucose is found in ripe fruits
sweet corns & honey. Fructose abundantly
found in fruit sugar. Galactose found in
combined state in lactose (milk), Ribose etc.
They are crystalline white solids , sweet are
soluble in water.
They contain number of carbons range from 3
to 7 such triose , tetrose , pentose , hexose ,
heptose.
Most common oligosaccharide is

disaccharide. It contain 3 to 10
monosaccharide are Dextrin.
Sucrose is found in sugar cane and beet root
in large amount
Lactose is solely found in milk.
Maltose is extracted from malt from sprouting
barley
They are formed by condensation of many
monosaccharides units Starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose.
On hydrolysis gives many monosaccharide
They have high molecular weight.
It serves as reserve food material in
higher plants.
It is made up of many glucose molecule in
linear chain , amylose and a branched chain
amylopectin.
Soluble in water.
LIPIDS
Bloor in 1943 suggest term lipid, soluble in
organic solvent not in water and contain less
ratio of oxygen and carbohydrates.
Found in both plants and animals. It is

estimated that a person of average size
contain approximately 16Kg of fat which is
equivalent to 144000 K Cal of energy which
takes a long time to deplete. It is also called
triglyceride because 3 fatty acids linked
together.
They do not
contain double bond between carbon carbon
atom, solid at ordinary temperature , mostly
found in animals e.g. Strearin (C57H110O6)
found in beef and mutton.
They
contain one or more than one double bond
between carbon carbon atom ,liquid at room
temperature, found in plants e.g.Linolin
(C57H104O6) found in cotton seed contain
linoleic acid.
They are simple lipids having one molecule of

fatty acid forming ester bond with one molecule
of long chain alcohol e.g. Bee's wax.
CH3 (CH2)4 COO (CH2)29 CH3
They are water repellant (non reactive)
It is similar to triacylglycerol but one fatty acid

is replaced by Phosphate group. It contains 2
ends hydrophilic and hydrophobic. It
regulates cell permeability.
It is build up of isoprenoid (C5H8) units. They

are found in cell membrane as cholesterol.
Plant pigments like Carotene , Xanthophyll are
also form of terpenoids.
Small size terpenes are volatile in

nature produce special fragnance. Some of
use in perfumes e.g.Myrcene from oil of bay,
Geranoil from rose. In nature they are utilized
in the synthesis of latex and rubber.
It consist of three 6 member carbon

ring. They fused toghether with total 17
carbon atoms called steroid nucleus.
They are conjugated by double bonds

carry 6 member carbon ring at each end. They
give pigments to plants. Tetrapyrrrol pigment
is important part of familiar chlorophyll and
cytochrome pigment.
CONJUGATED
MOLECULES
When two different biomolecules combine
together as unit molecule is called conjugated
molecule.
It is also called CEREBROSIDES because it

is important constituent of brain. They are
conjugate of lipids and carbohydrate also
contain some nitrogenous compound.
E.g.Glycolipid and sulpholipid present in
chloroplast.
It is also called Mucoids. It contain

small amount of carbohydrate i.e less than 4%
e.g egg albumin , gonadotropic hormone etc.
Cell membrane contains some amount of
glycoprotein.
Present in nucleus conjugated with
nucleic acid. They are weakly acidic and
soluble in water.
They are conjugate of lipids and

proteins. Lipoprotein occur in myelin sheath
of nerves photoreceptive structures,
chloroplast and membranes of bacteria. It
help in lipid transport in plasma as low density
protein or fatty acid.

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BIOLOGICAL

 6 most commen elements constitute 99% of

Minor bioelements = less than 1% while trace

attached to α-carbon where R is radical

They are simple sugars, they can't be

Most common oligosaccharide is

Found in both plants and animals. It is

They are simple lipids having one molecule of

It is similar to triacylglycerol but one fatty acid

It is build up of isoprenoid (C5H8) units. They

Small size terpenes are volatile in

It consist of three 6 member carbon

They are conjugated by double bonds

It is also called CEREBROSIDES because it

It is also called Mucoids. It contain

They are conjugate of lipids and

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