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    05-Basics of C Programming

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    The document provides an overview of C programming fundamentals including: - Features of good programming design such as style, organization, and comments. - The basics of the C language including its history, characteristics, uses, and program structures. - Data types in C including integer, floating point, characters, and derived types. - Literals, variables, constants, and how to declare and assign them. - Arithmetic operators in C including precedence and associativity.

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    05-Basics of C Programming

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    The document provides an overview of C programming fundamentals including: - Features of good programming design such as style, organization, and comments. - The basics of the C language including its history, characteristics, uses, and program structures. - Data types in C including integer, floating point, characters, and derived types. - Literals, variables, constants, and how to declare and assign them. - Arithmetic operators in C including precedence and associativity.

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    The document provides an overview of C programming fundamentals including: - Features of good programming design such as style, organization, and comments. - The basics of the C language including its history, characteristics, uses, and program structures. - Data types in C including integer, floating point, characters, and derived types. - Literals, variables, constants, and how to declare and assign them. - Arithmetic operators in C including precedence and associativity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    35 views55 pages

    05-Basics of C Programming

    Uploaded by

    Four Ayes
    The document provides an overview of C programming fundamentals including: - Features of good programming design such as style, organization, and comments. - The basics of the C language including its history, characteristics, uses, and program structures. - Data types in C including integer, floating point, characters, and derived types. - Literals, variables, constants, and how to declare and assign them. - Arithmetic operators in C including precedence and associativity.

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    Basics of C Programming

    Programming Fundamentals
    § Features of good programming design
    § Basics of C language
    § Data Types
    § Literals, Variables, and constants
    § Arithmetic operations (Precedence and Associativity)
    § Modularizing a Program
    Features of Good Programming
    Design
    Programming style
    § Programming style is a term used to describe the effort a
    programmer should take to make his or her code easy to read
    and easy to understand.
    § Good organization of the code and meaningful variable
    names help readability, and liberal use of comments can help
    the reader understand what the program does and why.

    § Style Principle
    “Structure and document your program the way you wish
    other programmers would.”
    Good Programming Practices

    Indentation

    Meaningful Variable Names

    Internal Documentation

    External Documentation

    Miscellaneous Comments
    Basics of C Language
    History of C
    UNIX developed c. 1969 -- DEC PDP-7 Assembly
    Language

    BCPL -- a user friendly OS providing powerful


    development tools developed from BCPL. Assembler
    tedious long and error prone. (Martin Richards)

    A new language “B” a second attempt. c. 1970.


    (Ken Thompson)

    A totally new language “C” a successor to “B”.


    c. 1971 (Dennis Ritchie)

    By 1973 UNIX OS almost totally written in “C”.


    Characteristics of C
    § Small size
    § Extensive use of function calls
    § Loose typing -- unlike PASCAL
    § Structured language
    § Low level (BitWise) programming readily available
    § Pointer implementation - extensive use of pointers for memory,
    array, structures and functions.
    Uses of C Language
    § It has high-level constructs.
    § It can handle low-level activities.
    § It produces efficient programs.
    § It can be compiled on a variety of computers.
    Digital Machine
    Computer System
    (binary)

    § Source
    § Text form using the C statements
    § Compiler
    § Convert the source code to machine language

    Source Code Target Code


    Compiler
    .c .exe
    C Program Structures
    § Preprocessor Commands
    § Type definitions
    § Function prototypes -- declare function types and variables
    passed to function.
    § Variables
    § Functions
    C Program Structures
    § Function
    § Building blocks of C
    § Collection instruction that perform one or more task called
    statements.
    § Arguments
    § Information passed from calling function to the called function
    § Braces { }
    § Block of codes, marks the beginning & end of the block of statements
    § Semi-colon ;
    § Terminator for each statements
    C Program Structures
    § “Whitespace” Characters (enter, space, tab)
    § When used for alignment / comprehensible
    § C compiler don't pay much attention to these characters
    § Comments /* */ or //
    § Ignored by the compiler
    § Compiler Directive #
    § Tells the compiler that some very important info about the built-in
    function used can be found in the file named.
    C Program Structures
    § Header Files
    § Head of the program
    § main()
    § Main module of the program
    § First function called when program execution begins
    § C is a case sensitive language
    Data Types
    Types
    § Type defines a set of values and a set of operations that can
    be applied on those values.
    Types General Categories

    C Types

    Floating-
    Void Integral Derived
    point

    Boolean Character Integer Real Imaginary Complex


    Data Types
    Bytes
    Variable Type Keyword Range
    Required
    Character char 1 -128 to 127
    Integer int 2 -32768 to 32767
    -2147483648 to
    Long integer long int 4
    2147483647
    Float float 4 1.2E-38 to 3.4E38
    Double
    double 8 2.2E-308 to 1.8E308
    precision
    Literals, Variables, and constants

    UNIT 4: Programming Fundamentals


    Variable Declaration
    § A variable is a named data storage location in your
    computer’s memory. Variables in C can contain letters, digits
    and the underscore character ( _ ). It should be remembered
    that C language is case sensitive; two similar words in different
    cases generate two different variables.

    § A variable declaration tells the compiler the name and type


    of a variable and optionally initializes the variable to a specific
    value. When a variable is declared, the compiler sets aside a
    storage space for the variable.
    Variable Declaration
    § Syntax

    data_type variable_name;
    Constants
    § Constants are data values that cannot be changed during
    the execution of a program.

    § Constant Representation
    § Boolean constants
    § Character constants
    § Integer constants
    § Real constants
    § Complex constants
    § String constants
    Coding Constants
    § Literal Constants
    § Unnamed constants used a specific data
    § Example: a = b +5;

    § Defined Constants
    § Use preprocessor command define; placed at the beginning of the
    program
    § Example:
    #define SALES_TAX_RATE .0825
    Coding Constants
    § Memory Constants
    § Indicate that the data cannot be changed ; give a type and size to a
    named object in memory

    const type identifier = value;

    § Example: const float cPi = 3.14159;


    Output Formatting
    § printf() – is a library function that displays information on-
    screen. The statement can display a simple text message or a
    message and the value of one or more program variables

    § system(“cls”) – clears the screen and place the cursor at the


    upper left hand portion of the screen
    Format Specifier
    %c character %f float
    %s string %f double
    %hd short integer %Lf long double
    %d integer %e exponential
    %ld long integer %x hexadecimal
    %lld long long integer %o octal
    Input Formatting
    § scanf() – reads data from the keyboard according to a specified
    format and assigns the input data to one or more program
    variables. For numeric variables, the address can be passed by the
    address of operator, the ampersand (&) that is placed at the
    beginning of the variable name.

    § getch() / getche() – gets a character from the keyboard. It waits


    until a key is pressed and then returns the inputted character to the
    calling function. Unlike the scanf() function, getch/e() does not
    wait for the carriage return key to be pressed.
    Escape Sequences
    \r carriage return
    \n newline
    \t move to the next tab
    \a beep the speaker
    \b backspace
    \’ prints single quote
    \” prints double quote
    \\ prints backslash character
    \xdd prints character which is in
    hexadecimal form
    Example
    § Write a program that uses defines constants for the vowels in
    alphabet and memory constants for the even decimal digits
    (0-9). It then prints the following three lines using literal
    constants for the odd digits.

    § Program that ask an integer, float and character and print


    them back in single printf statement.
    Arithmetic operations (Precedence
    and Associativity)

    UNIT 4: Programming Fundamentals


    Operators
    § An operator is a symbol that instructs the code to perform
    some operations or actions on one or more operands.
    § C operators are categorized to several types:

    Operators

    Assignment Mathematical Relational Logical

    Unary Binary
    Assignment Operator
    § The assignment operator which is the equal sign ( = ). If you
    write c = y in a C program, the value of y is assigned to c.

    § In assigning, the right side can be any expression and the left
    side must be a variable name.
    Mathematical Operators
    § C mathematical operators can be classified into two: unary
    and binary

    § Unary operators
    § C has two unary operators: the increment and the decrement
    § Prefix or infix : ++x for increment and - - x for decrement
    § Postfix : x++ for increment and x - - for decrement
    Mathematical Operators
    § Binary operators
    § Mathematical operators perform math operations such as:
    § addition ( + ), subtraction ( - ), multiplication ( * ), division ( / ) and
    modulus ( % ).
    Operator Precedence
    § An expression contains more than one operator. The order in
    which operations are performed pose a significance. This
    order is called operator precedence. Operations with higher
    precedence are performed first when an expression is
    evaluated.
    Operators Relative Precedence
    ++ - - 1
    * / % 2
    + - 3
    § If an expression contains more than one
    operator with the same precedence level,
    the operators are performed in left to right
    order as they appear in the expression.

    § C also uses parentheses to modify the


    evaluation order. A sub expression enclosed
    in parentheses is evaluated first without
    regard to operator precedence.
    Relational Operators

    Operator Symbol Example


    Equal == X==‘A’
    Not equal != A!=0
    Less than < X<0
    Greater than > y>10
    Less than or equal to <= X<=20
    Greater than or equal to >= Y>=100
    Logical Operators

    Operator Symbol Example

    AND && var1 & & var2


    OR || var1 | | var2
    NOT ! !var1
    Lab Exercises 1
    ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
    Modularizing a Program

    UNIT 4: Programming Fundamentals


    Functions
    § Building blocks of C

    § Function in C is an independent module that will be called to


    do a specific task.

    § The execution of the programs always starts and ends with


    main, but it can call other functions to do special task.
    Functions
    § Structure Chart for a Program
    Function Prototype declaration
    § Function Prototype

    type_specifier function_name(parameter_declaration_list);

    § General form of a Function


    type_specifier function_name(parameter_declaration_list)
    {
    body of the function
    }
    Function Prototype declaration
    § type_specifier
    § specifies the type of the value that function will return using the return
    statement
    § default return an integer result

    § parameter_declaration_list
    § comma separated list of variable types & name that will receive the
    values of the arguments when function is called
    § example: func (int x, int y, float z)
    Function Arguments
    NO RETURN VALUE, WITH PARAMETER

    § Example 1

    #include<stdio.h>
    void sqr (int x)
    void sqr (int x);
    main() {
    { prinft(“%d squared is %d”,x, x*x);
    int num = 100;
    getch();
    sqr (num);
    }
    }
    Function Arguments
    NO RETURN VALUE, WITH PARAMETER
    § Example 2

    #include<stdio.h>
    void mul (int a, int b); void mul (int a, int b)
    main() {
    { printf(“%d”, a*b);
    mul (10, 11); getch();
    } }
    Function Returning Values
    WITH RETURN VALUE, WITH PARAMETER
    § Example 1
    #include<stdio.h>
    int mul (int a, int b);
    main()
    {
    int answer;
    answer = mul (10, 11);
    printf(“The answer is % d”, answer);
    getch();
    }
    int mul (int a, int b)
    {
    return a*b;
    }
    Scope
    § Scope determines the region of the program in which a
    defined object is visible, that is, the part of the program in
    which you can use the its name.

    § A program in C has 2 possible regions of scope:


    § Global Scope Area – the visibility of objects defined in this area is
    visible from its definition until the end of the program.
    § Local Scope Area – variables defined within a block have a local
    scope. Local variables are in scope from their point of definition until
    the end of their function or block.
    Example
    § Programs reads a number and prints its square.

    main

    getNum sqrNum printSqr


    Global Variables
    § example:
    #include <stdio.h> func2 ()
    int count; {
    main() int count;
    { for(count = 1; count<=10;
    count = 100; count ++)
    func1(); printf(“.”);
    } }

    func1()
    {
    func2();
    printf(“count is %d”, count);
    }
    Calling Functions
    § Call by Value
    § copies value of an argument into the formal parameter of the
    subroutine

    § Call by Reference
    § the address of an argument is copied into the parameter
    Calling Functions
    § Pointer Operator
    § Ampersand (&)
    § unary operator that returns the memory address of its operand (“the address of
    ”)

    § Asterisk (*)
    § returns the value of variable located at the address that follows (“value at
    address”)
    Call by Value
    #include<stdio.h>
    main()
    {
    int t=10;
    printf(“%d %d”, sqr(t), t);
    getch();
    }

    int sqr (int x)


    {
    x = x*x;
    return x;
    }
    Call by Reference
    #include<stdio.h>
    main()
    {
    int x, y;
    x = 10; y = 20;
    printf(“Initial value of x & y: %d %d \n”, x, y);
    swap(&x, &y);
    printf(“Swapped Value of x & y: %d %d”, x, y);
    getch();
    }

    void swap(int *x, int *y)


    {
    int temp;
    temp = * x;
    *x = *y;
    * y = temp;
    }
    Lab Exercises 2
    FUNCTIONS

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