MATHEMATHICS

ALGEBRAIC TRANSLATION
Solving mathematical word problems always entails logical, critical thinking skills as well
as a good amount of analysis. With the help of the concept of algebraic translation, the
students will be able to translate a mathematical word problem to a mathematical
symbol, and vice versa for ease is computation.
Below are some of the words useful for algebraic translation.
ADDITION: increased by, more than, Sum of, combined with, added by and plus
SUBTRACTION: minus, the difference, diminished by, take away, less than, decreased
by, and subtract from
MULTIPLICATION: the product of, multiply, of, times
DIVISION: the quotient of, divided by, ratio, per
EQUAL: is, are. Was, were, will be, yields, gives, and equal to

Examples:
WORD PHRASES ALGEBRAIC NOTATIONS
8 times a number a 8a
3 increased by x 3+x
the square of a number x x²
the difference between x and y ×-y
twice the sum of a and b 2 (a + b)
× divided by y x/y
10 is 20% of what number? 10 = 20% • n
a certain number doubled added by 3 2x + 3
5 times the square of x 5 (x²)
× is two thirds of y x=213 • y
4 times a certain number increased by 5 4×+5
65% of 25 gives what number? 65% - 25 = n
What percent of 40 is 50? n% • 40 = 50
10 less than a certain number x - 10
8 subtracted from a certain number y y-8
TRY THE EXERCISE BELOW: 😊
Translate the following phrases to mathematical or algebraic notations
1. the sum of c and d
2. twice the square root of m
3. y more than eight
4. the square of x diminished by 10
5. the difference between m and n divided by p
6. one fifth of the product of x and y
7. two more than thrice of x
8. twice the product of m and n
9. 5 less than the square of m
10. the sum of the cube of m and n
11. 90 is what percent of 120?
12. ½ of 2/3 of what number gives 50?
13. 80% of what number yields 100
14. P250:00 is 20% of what number?
15. a decreased by one-third of the product of b and c

SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS APPLYING ALGEBRAIC TRANSLATION

PERCENTAGE PROBLEM

NUMBER PROBLEM
GEOMETRY PROBLEM
PERCENT. DECIMAL AND FRACTION
 Converting Percent to Decimal
In changing Percent to Decimal, simply drop the percent sign:
 move the decimal point two places to the left or
 divide the given number by 100
Example:
25% = 0.25 0.75% = 0.0075 2.46% = 0.0246 134.7% = 1.347
6% = 0.06 100% = 1
 Converting Decimal to Percent
In changing Decimal / Whole Number to Percent, simply:
 move the decimal point two places to the right or
 multiply the given number by 100
then annex the percent sign.
0.75 = 75% 4.2= 420% 0.03 = 3% 0.0012=.12% 5 = 500% 5 = 50%

 Converting Fraction to Decimal

In changing Fraction to Decimal simply divide the numerator and the denominator
¾= 0.75 ¼= 0.25 ½ = 0.5 3/5 = 0.6 2/3 = 0.667 12/7 = 1.714

 Converting Decimal to Fraction

0.5 = 5/10 = ½ (the numerator 0.5 will be converted to whole number (5) and the
denominator is ten because the given is 0.5, five is located to the tenths place, thus we
divide it by ten)
0.04 = 4/100 = 1/25 (the numerator 0.04 will be converted to whole number (4) and the
denominator is on hundred because the given is 0.04, four is located to hundredths
place, thus we divide it by one hundred)
0.25 = 25/100 = ¼ (the numerator 0.25 will be converted to whole number (25) and the
denominator is o hundred because the given is 0.25, five is located to hundredths place,
thus we divide it by one hundred)
0.006 = 5/1000 = 1/200 (the numerator 0.006 will be converted to whole number (6) and
the denominator one thousand because the given is 0.006, six is located to thousandths
place, thus we divide it by one thousand)

 Converting Fraction to Percent

In changing Fraction to Percent, simply convert fraction to decimal, first by dividing the
numerator by the denominator then move the decimal point two decimal places to the
right and annex the percent sign.
(Note: if the given is a mixed number convert it first to improper fraction before
converting it to decimal.)
Example:
2/3 = 0.667 = 66.7% ¾ = 0.75= 75% 1 5/7 = 12/7 = 1.714=171.4%

 Converting Percent to Fraction

In changing Percent to Fraction, simply:
 drop off the percent sign and divide the number by 100.
25% = 25/100 = ¼ 33 1/3% = 33 1/3 / 100 = 100/3 / 100 = 1/3
150% = 150/100 = 3/2 = 1 ¼
However, if the percent is in decimal units, first drop the percent sign by moving the
decimal point two places to the left then convert the decimal to its fractional equivalent.

MEASUREMENT

Two systems of measurement (Metric System and the English System)

Units in measurement that are commonly used:
1 kilometer = 1000 meters
1 centimeter = 0.01 meter Formula in Converting a certain unit to another unit:
1 foot = 12 inches desired unit
1 yard = 3 feet given unit X = desired unit
1 mile = 1760 yards given unit
1 mile = 1.609 kilometer Note: The given unit MUST BE multiplied by the
1 yard = 0.9144 meter desired unit OVER the given unit so that the given
unit will be cancelled unit and the desired unit will
1 foot = 0.3048 meter remain.
1 inch = 25.4 millimeter
1 day = 24 hours
1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 centigram = 0.01 gram
1 pound = 16 ounces (oz)
1 pound = 0.4536 kilogram (kg)
1 ounce (oz) = 28.3495 grams
1 kiloliter = 1000 liters
1 centiliter = 0.01 liter
1 gallon (gal) = 4.5461 liters
1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 square meter
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 year = 365 days
1 leap year = 366 days
1 decade = 10 years
1 century = 100 years
Using SCIENTIFIC Calculator in solving operations of Fractions

GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY
Geometry is a branch of mathematics that includes the shapes and sizes of things
if a point indicates a position in space, but has no shape and size. A dot on the paper of
the tip of a pencil can be represented as a point A point is always denoted by a capital
letter. Thus, we speak of point; A_ point B, point C, etc.
A line has two opposing arrows

A line segment is a part of a line that has two endpoints.

A ray is a part of a line with one endpoint and an opposing arrow

A plane is represented by the flat surface of the tabletop or the wall of the room can
represent a plane. It extends without ending in all directions.

Two lines are parallel if they are on the same plane but will never meet.
Angles are formed when two rays meet at a point.

Angles are classified according to their measurement.

An acute angle is an angle less than 90°.

A right angle is an angle equal to 90°.

An obtuse angle is an angle greater than 90° and less than 180'.

A straight angle is an angle that measures exactly 180°

A reflex angle is an angle greater than 180° but less than 360°

The perpendicular lines are lines that meet and form right angles

Triangles
A. Classification of Triangles according to SIDES.
  A triangle with no sides congruent is a scalene triangle
 A triangle with at least two sides congruent is and isosceles triangle
 A triangle with three sides congruent is an equilateral triangle.
B. Classification of Triangles according to ANGLES
 A triangle containing a right angle is a right triangle.
 A triangle with all angles acute is an acute triangle.
 A triangle containing an obtuse angle is an obtuse triangle
Note: The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180
Quadrilaterals and Polygons
A plane figure enclosed by four-line segments is called a quadrilateral.
Types of Quadrilaterals.
 A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides.
 An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with a pair of base angles congruent.
 A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which each pair of opposite sides, is parallel.
 A rectangle is a parallelogram with a right angle.
 A square is a parallelogram with all sides congruent.
Polygons
A plane figured enclosed by 3 or more-line segments is generally called a polygon.
Thus, a triangle is a 3-sided polygon and a quadrilateral is a 4-sided polygon. Here are
some polygons with more than 4 sides
 Pentagon is a 5-sided polygon
 Hexagon is a 6-sided polygon.
 Heptagon is a 7-sided polygon.
 Octagon is an 8-sided polygon.
 Nonagon is a 9-sided polygon.
 Decagon is a 10-sided polygon

An n-sided polygon is sometimes called an n-gon. A polygon is said to be a regular

polygon if all its sides and all its angles are equal. The figures below show a regular
polygon.

Equilateral/Equiangular square regular pentagon regular hexagon

A segment joining two nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon is called a diagonal.
The sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360.
Perimeter
 The perimeter of a polygon is the distance around the polygon.
 To find the perimeter of a polygon, add the length of each side of the figure
Circumference
If C is the number of units in the circumference of a circle whose diameter is d of the
same units, then, C/d = π , or C
= π x d. Since d = 2 x Ar, it is also true that C = π x (2x r), or C = 2x π r

Area of Plane Geometric Figures

 Area is always measured in square units.
 Area is the amount of surface of a plane geometric figure.

Geometric Figure
 Rectangle
 Square
 Triangle
 Parallelogram
 Trapezoid
 Circle

Measuring with SI Units

 The basic unit of length for the metric system is the meter (m). Other commonly
used units include the kilometer (km), the centimeter (cm), and the millimeter (mm)
 The most commonly used metric units of mass are the kilogram (kg), the gram (g),
and milligram (mg). The basic unit of mass is the gram.
 The most commonly used metric units of capacity are the liter (L) and the milliliter
(mL), where liter is the basic unit of capacity.
Prefixes relate the other metric units to the basic unit by powers of ten. The chart below
shows how the prefixes are related to the decimal place value.

STATISTICS
 Mean is the average of a group of numbers
 Median is the middle value of a series of numbers that arranged in either
ascending or descending order.
 Mode is the number in a group, which occurs most often

Solving the Mean, Median & Mode for Ungrouped Data

Median is the middle most value of the given data set

Mode is the value in the date set that occurs most frequently
Data Set A: 10, 5,6, 9, 1, 7, 8,
Arrange in ascending/descending
order.
4, 5, 6, 7 ,8, 9, 10
so, the Md = 7
NATURAL NUMBERS AND COUNTING NUMBERS

 Numbers like 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. are called counting numbers or natural numbers.

 All counting numbers together with zero are whole numbers.
For example, 0, 1, 2, 3,

Rational Numbers terminating number or non-terminating but repeating numbers,

Examples: 3. 0.2.15 2.6666666.

Irrational Numbers are non-repeating and non-terminating numbers

π = 3.141592654.
 = 1.4142135
Non-Integers
Fractions ⅓. ¾
Decimals 5.5, 4.098
Integers consist of the whole numbers and the negative integers
Negative integers -1-2 -3 -4.
Positive Integers 1,2, 3,4,5, 6,
Whole numbers consist of zero and positive integers
VARIOUS TYPES OF NUMBERS
Even Numbers: All multiples of 2 are called even numbers
Examples: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …………..are all even numbers
Odd Numbers: Numbers which are not multiples of 2 are called odd numbers.
Examples; 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 ……..are all odd numbers
Prime Numbers: A natural number greater than 1, which has exactly two factors,
name 1 and itself, is called a prime number.
Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, ,…..are called prime numbers
Composite Numbers: A natural number having at least one factor, besides 1 and itself,
Is called a composite number.
Examples; 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15,……….are called composite numbers

Relatively Prime: Two numbers are said to be relatively primes if they do not have a
common factor other than 1.
Examples: Some pairs of relatively primes are: (2, 3) , (3, 4), (4, 5), (8, 9), etc