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White Instruments Div. C Van R, Inc.

1514 Ed Bluestein Blvd., Suite 201 (for U.S. Mail)
Austin, TX 78721 U.S.A.
Phone: 512-389-5358
Fax: 512-301-3932
Main Email Address: [email protected]
World Wide Web Site: http://www.whiteinstruments.com/

Note: Repairs and packages should be shipped to Suite 202

 Series 4000
Models 4001, 4002, 4003

This document contains a reconstructed rendering of the original, printed data sheet
and Users' Manual.

Series 4000 Active Equalizers............................................................................................. 3

SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................. 4
ELECTRICAL ................................................................................................................ 4
MECHANICAL .............................................................................................................. 4
4000 Series - Users' Manual................................................................................................ 6
UNPACKING ................................................................................................................. 6
OPERATION .................................................................................................................. 6
Circuit Description ...................................................................................................... 6
Input ........................................................................................................................ 6
Filter Sections.......................................................................................................... 6
Output Circuits ........................................................................................................ 8
By-Pass Switch........................................................................................................ 8
In-Out Switch .......................................................................................................... 8
Installation....................................................................................................................... 8
Mechanical .................................................................................................................. 8
Power........................................................................................................................... 9
Connections................................................................................................................. 9
Grounding.................................................................................................................... 9
Source and Load Impedances...................................................................................... 9
Levels .......................................................................................................................... 9
Accessory Socket ...................................................................................................... 10
Security Cover........................................................................................................... 10
EQALIZATION ............................................................................................................ 10
Program Shaping ....................................................................................................... 10
Playback and Monitor Equalization .......................................................................... 10

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 Equalization of Sound Reinforcement Systems ........................................................ 11
BI-AMPING.................................................................................................................. 13
MAINTENANCE.......................................................................................................... 14
WARRANTY................................................................................................................ 14
Damage in Shipment ................................................................................................. 14
Return Shipment........................................................................................................ 14

2
Series 4000 Active Equalizers
The Series 4000 Active Precision inductors with all MODEL 4001
Equalizers have been carefully negative feedback circuitry to
Transformer coupled input,
designed using the latest insure maximum linearity and
single-ended outputs.
integrated circuit operational stability.
amplifiers. All negative feedback Rack mounting. 3.5" by 19".
Field replacable integrated
circuitry assures high linearity
circuits. Security cover furnished as
and stability. An Optimum
standard.
combination of LC and active Noise guaranteed to be -90 dBm
circuits provides low noise or better. MODEL 4002
operation.
Tuned circuits sealed in Single ended input.
FEATURES magnetically shielded enclosures
Phono jack type connectors.
for low hum pickup.
27 1/3 octave bands on ISO
Input level control.
centers from 40 Hz through 16 Shielded power transformer.
kHz. Natural wood end pieces.
Sealed Mil-Spec pots.
10 d B boost or cut on continuous 3.5" x 18".
EQ IN/EQ OUT switch on front
control. Equal Q in both boost
panel. MODEL 4003
and cut conditions.
Dual buffered outputs for bi-amp Transformer coupled input.
Variable high-pass filter from 20
operation.
Hz to 160 Hz with 12 dB/octave Transformer coupled outputs for
roll-off. Accessory socket to permit full balanced operation.
insertion of 12 dB/oct. or
Filter Q optimized for best Rack mounting. 3.5" by 19".
18 dB/oct. 1ow 1evel crossover
summation with adjacent bands.
for bi-amp outputs. Security cover furnished
as standard.

3
SPECIFICATIONS

ELECTRICAL
Frequency Range: 20 Hz (-3 dB) to 20 kHz (-2 dB)
Control Centers: 27 bands on ISO 1/3 octave centers from
40 Hz to 16 kHz
Control Range: -10 to + 10 d B continuously variable and
calibrated
Low-Cut Control Range: 12 dB/octave high-pass filter continuously
variable from 20 Hz to 160 Hz
Level: Output of channel 2 variable from unity to
zero for the purpose of compensating for
the superior efficiency of most horns
Recommended Operating Level: 0 dBm (approximately 0.8 Vrms)
Maximum Output: 18 dBm
Distortion: Less than 0.2% to + 18 dBm
Noise: Better than -90 dBm (20kHz bandwidth)
Output Load: 600 ohms or greater
Input Circuit (4001/4003): Transformer coupled (balanced) 20,000
ohms
(4002): Single-ended 20,000 ohms
Output Circuit (4001/4002): Dual buffered single-ended outputs, 0
ohms
(4003): Transformer coupled (balanced) 300 ohms
Number of Outputs: Two independent outputs furnished for bi-
amp capability with plug-in accessory
crossover network
Filter Type: Active LC negative feedback. Precision
inductors in magnetically shielded
enclosures
Frequency Tolerance: ±2% of center frequency
Power: 115/230 Vac nominal. 5 watts nominal
consumption, fused for 1/2 amp. Front
panel pilot lamp.

MECHANICAL
EQ IN/EQ OUT switch: Push-pull switch on LOW CUT control on

4
 front panel
EQ BYPASS: Slide switch on rear panel
Level Control: On rear panel, unity to zero channel 2 only.
Sealed Mil-Spec type potentiometer
Filter Controls: All on front panel. Sealed Mil-Spec type
potentiometers
Terminals (4001/4003): Eight terminal barrier strip on rear panel
(4002): One input and two output phono jacks on
rear panel
Security Cover: 4001 and 4003 each furnished with
matching security cover attached by
thumbscrews
Dimensions (400114003): 3.5 inches by 19 inches, rack mounting. 9
inches required behind front panel.
Mounting hardware furnished
(4002): 3.5 inches by18.5 inches by 8 inches deep.
Rubber feet for table use
Weight: Approximately11 pounds
Finish: Black anodized aluminum

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4000 Series - Users' Manual

UNPACKING
Your Series 4000 Equalizer has been carefully packaged to avoid damage in shipment. If
the unit has been damaged in shipment, SAVE ALL PACKING MATERIALS and file a
claim with the shipper.
The Model 4001 package should contain this Instruction Manual, a security cover and a
plastic envelope containing eight 10-32 x 1/2" rack mount screws along with the unit.
The Model 4002 package will contain only this Manual in addition to the unit.

OPERATION

Circuit Description

Input
The input impedance of either the Model 4001 or Model 4002 is 20 kilohms. The Model
4001 has a floating input coupled by a 1:1 transformer to the input buffer stage. Either
side of the input winding may be grounded or it may be left completely floating if
desired. NOTE: It is very important that there be NO DC voltage component present on
the input line as this will cause the transformer core to saturate and cause distortion.
The Model 4002 has a capacitor coupled input section and is single ended rather than
floating. The gain of the input buffer is varied from 0 to unity via the Level control on the
rear panel. This is to accommodate signal levels greater than 0.8 Vrms.

Filter Sections
The Series 4000 Active Equalizer incorporates RLC elements for response control in an
audio system. It contains 1/3 octave filter sections, continuously adjustable from +10 dB
of emphasis to -10 dB of cut, in each 1/3 octave band.
Integrated circuit operational amplifiers are used in a NEGATIVE feedback circuit with
very low distortion. The basic circuit follows:

6
The filter sections axe added as shown in the following circuit, with only one section as
an example.

The amplifier summation resistors are equal, and without the filter controls, they give a
gain of unity (0 dB). Then if a potentiometer is connected from input to output as shown
below, it has no effect on the gain. Next the RLC circuit is added. With the pot set at
electrical center, the RLC circuit is at a balance position and has no effect on the
response. If it is turned all the way to one end, it looks as follows:

At the resonant frequency f0 of the LC, the 2.2k resistance is in parallel with the 5.1k, and
the gain ratio R2/R1 is about 3/1 or +10 dB. Far away from f0, the gain returns to unity
because L or C is high in impedance and the 2.2k resistance is effectively out of the
circuit. Tuning through f gives a band-pass peak in the response that may be adjusted
from any value from 10 dB down to flat.
Conversely, if the pot is set at the other end, the gain ratio is inverted and the response is
a 10 dB notch.
The 1/3 octave bandwidth is set by the ratio of L/C, and is chosen to give a proper
addition of adjacent channel response curves. In effect, the individual filter sections
combine to make up a single filter whose electrical response curve is free of unwanted
ripple and excessive phase shift. In fact, the Series 4000 can provide extended shelving

7
functions up to +10 dB with no ripple and no phase shift between adjacent center
frequencies. The importance of this feature is pointed out in the figure below.

Both curves will measure "flat" on a 1/3 octave analyzer because both have uniform energy in all
1/3 octave bands. But the lower curve (produced by some equalizers) will introduce audible
degradation of program material in critical monitoring applications and can trigger acoustic
feedback in sound reinforcement installations.
The RLC filters are divided into 3 groups. All filter sections in one group are one octave apart.
All in one group are "stacked" on one operational amplifier. The octave separation makes reactive
tuning effects small between the stacked sections.

Output Circuits
Both Models 4001 and 4002 have two identical output sections. These output sections are
buffered and independent of one another. Access to the output of the filter section and the inputs
to the output buffers is gained via the octal socket on the rear of the unit. In this socket various
filter functions can be installed which will affect either or both of the outputs. The impedance of
each output is virtually zero ohms and is capable of driving signal levels as great as +18 dBm into
load impedances of 600 ohms or greater. Model 4003 has floating transformers in each output for
complete isolation.

By-Pass Switch
On the rear of both Model 4001 and 4002 is located a By-pass switch for the purpose of switching
the unit in or out of the circuit. In the OUT position, IN HI is switched to OUT 1, IN LO is
switched to COMNON. OUT 2 is unaffected and the input circuit to the equalizer is left
connected. Thus, if it will be necessary to be able to switch the active equalizer out of the circuit
at some future date, OUT 1 must be the preferred output.

In-Out Switch
Units with serial numbers greater than 1051 are equipped with an EQ IN-EQ OUT function by a
push-pull switch on the LO CUT control knob. This switch bypasses only the 1/3 octave
equalizing circuitry and NOT the bi-amp circuitry.

Installation

Mechanical
The Model 4001 fits a standard 3.5" by 19" rack space. A package of eight 10-32 screws
is furnished for the purpose of mounting the unit and the security cover in a rack. About

8
eight inches of space is required behind the rack to accommodate the unit, Model 4002 is
equipped with rubber feet for use on a table or shelf.

Power
The unit operates from a nominal 117 Vac and is fused for 1/10 amp slow-blow. No
power switch is provided and the unit is ready to operate as soon as power is applied. A
solid state pilot light is provided in the center of the front panel to indicate when the unit
is on.

Connections
Connection is made to the Model 4001 via a barrier type terminal block on the rear of the
unit. Model 4002 utilizes standard phono type connectors.

Grounding
In neither unit is the circuit common connected to the chassis. It is up to the user to
provide a circuit ground compatible with the rest of his system. Care should be taken to
prevent ground loops and excessive hum pickup.
It is recommended that the chassis of the unit be electrically connected to the ground bus
common to the other equipment in the system. The circuit common should be connected
to either the system ground bus or to the system common bus.

Source and Load Impedances

The Model 4001 can operate from a source impedance of 1000 ohms or less. The Model
4002 can be operated from any source impedance, though impedances approaching 20
kilohms will cause attenuation in signal. Both units have virtually zero output impedance
and are capable of driving impedances as low as 600 ohms. Higher load impedances
require no accommodation.

Levels
Both the Model 4001 and 4002 have a maximum output level of +18 dBm or 6 Vrms. It
is recommended that the units be operated at an average input level of 0 dBm (0.78
Vrms) to allow adequate headroom for variation in program material and boost
equalization.
For the Model 4002, it is recommended that the level be set by turning all controls to the
0 dB position (flat) and adjusting the input LEVEL control until the output averages 0
dBm on a suitable voltmeter with typical input signal level. With the Model 4001, it may
be necessary to limit the input signal level with gain controls in previous stages of
equipment.
Models 4001 and 4003 have an attenuator in the second output for the purpose of setting
levels when bi-amping.

9
Accessory Socket
On the rear of both units is located an accessory socket. Various filter functions may be
inserted prior to the output stages. If no accessory filters are plugged in, it is necessary to
have jumpers inserted to complete the circuit. Pins 6 and 7 are jumped to pins 2 and 3.
These jumpers are normally installed at the factory.

Security Cover
The Model 4001 Active Equalizer comes provided with a security cover and four 10-32
rack screws to hold it in place. The holes in the cover are spaced to utilize the leftover
holes in between the normal mounting holes for a 3.5" panel. A center hole is provided
for viewing the pilot lamp on the front panel.

EQALIZATION

Program Shaping
The low distortion and low noise of the Series 4000 equalizers make them well-suited for
recording and broadcast program equalization. Shelving, peaking, and band-limiting
functions all can be performed simultaneously. Also, the relatively narrow bandwidth of
individual filter sections makes it possible to "scrub" unwanted hum and noise from tape
recordings.

Playback and Monitor Equalization

Series 4000 equalizers can be used in conjunction with established 1/3 octave acoustic
measuring techniques and instrumentation, such as the White Instruments Model 140
Sound Analyzer, to improve the performance of almost any program reproducing chain.
An explanation of detailed equalization procedures is beyond the scope of this manual;
however, the following brief hints may be helpful:
1. Know the characteristics of your measuring microphone. A laboratory-quality, non-
directional unit such as the Bruel & Kjaer 4134 is recommended. But all microphones
become somewhat directional at high frequencies and it is important to avoid
erroneous measurements resulting from microphone characteristics.
2. Average two or three sets of readings for each listening location. Using a single fixed
microphone location can introduce errors of several decibels in comparison with the
average response in an imaginary two-foot diameter sphere occupying the same
position as a listener's head.
3. Don't equalize for flat high frequency response. Depending on listener preference and
the particular loudspeaker system used, acoustic response of recording studio
monitors is usually rolled off above 5 kHz or so. Home high fidelity systems usually
require greater rolloff, typically starting around 2.5 kHz.

10
4. Be careful not to exceed the limitations of loudspeakers and power amplifiers when
equalizing low frequency performance. Small listening rooms inevitably introduce
large peaks and dips at low frequencies; trying to electrically compensate for a 15 dB
hole in measured response can overload both amplifier and speaker with little benefit
in audible performance.
5. Don't try to "fill in" isolated 1/3 octave dips. A relatively narrow response hole cannot
be heard on most types of program material. Trying to flatten it may result in
introducing a peak in overall response too narrow to show up in 1/3 octave analysis,
but clearly audible when listening to the system.

NOTE: It is this effect – the result of incorrect equalization technique – that is

responsible for the comment that boost filters "ring". The bandwidth of Series 4000
filter sections is much too broad to allow perceptible hangover. However, if a single
control is set several decibels higher than either of the adjacent controls, the boosted
frequency band is narrow enough to be analyzed by the ear as an emphasized single
tone.
6. Always strive for the least amount of equalization that will make the system sound
right. If you can achieve desired performance with several of the controls left at zero,
so much the better.
7. Using 1/3 octave bands for acoustic analysis is a powerful technique which has been
standardized internationally for numerous applications other than sound system
equalization. Remember, however, that no instrumentation, no matter how expensive
or sophisticated, corresponds exactly with the subjective assessment of the human
ear. While it is impossible to properly equalize a monitor system solely by ear, it is
just as impossible to do it solely by instrument.

Equalization of Sound Reinforcement Systems

Most of the comments in the preceding paragraphs also apply to sound reinforcement
work. However, we now must be concerned not only with sound quality but with
maximum gain before acoustic feedback. The use of electrical equalization to achieve
these often contradictory requirements stems from the pioneering work of Dr. C. P. Boner
and most of the techniques in use today are outgrowths of his findings.
Again we emphasize that this brief manual cannot serve as a textbook for sound system
equalization. The following outline briefly describes a sequence of steps that is used
successfully by some acousticians and sound contractors, but considerable experience is
needed to be confident in using this or any other procedure.
1. Begin equalization only after the installation is completed and balances, and after
seat-to-seat coverage is acceptable. If high frequency coverage is spotty, this
deficiency will become more apparent after the system is equalized.
2. Choose three or more typical listening locations at which acoustical measurements
will be made. The idea is to find representative seats, neither the best nor the worst, to
establish the house curve.
3. Using standard 1/3 octave measuring techniques, make accurate response

11
 measurements at the chosen locations and then average these to obtain the
unequalized house curve. NOTE: In some cases it is possible to save time by using
the system microphone for acoustical measurements and thus automatically
compensating for its characteristics in the equalization process. However, unless one
is familiar with this technique, it probably is safer to rely on a calibrated microphone
or precision sound level meter.
4. From the unequalized house curve you have drawn, calculate the electrical
equalization which will be required to arrive at the desired house curve. Required
equalization is the difference between the measured curve and the desired curve. For
most typical churches and auditoriums, the desired curve will closely follow Dr.
Boner's "Listener Preference Curve".

5. Check the system under normal operating conditions for intelligibility and natural
voice quality. Make further equalization adjustments as required. However, if initia1
measurements have been made correctly, such adjustments should not change the
original equalization curve by more than 3 dB.
6. Once the system sounds right, check for maximum gain before feedback. Identify the
first two or three feedback frequencies and further attenuate the corresponding
equalization controls 2-3 dB. There are several ways in which ring frequencies can be
pinpointed. If self-oscillation can be sustained, the correct 1/3 octave band can be
identified on a real time analyzer display. Alternatively, one can beat a ring frequency
against a signal from a sine wave oscillator connected to the system. Or, if a
frequency counter is at hand, it may be connected to the system at some suitable point
(such as the speaker terminals) and used to measure the frequency of oscillation
directly.
7. After you are satisfied that the best trade-off between sound quality and system gain
has been achieved, measure the house curve once more, measure the electrical
response of the system, and log a11 equalizer control settings.

12
8. Additional Helpful Hints
A. Don't pull down the entire 1-2 kHz region in an effort to get more "gain". It is in
this region that the ear is most sensitive, and you will only degrade sound quality
without improving loudness or intelligibility.
B. The 2-5 kHz region is critical for intelligibility and subjective high frequency
smoothness. A 2 dB change in this region will make a clearly audible change in
system performance.
C. Avoid substantial boost in the loudspeaker system crossover range. Increasing the
power fed to high frequency units near crossover effectively reduces the power
handling capability of the whole loudspeaker system.
D. Listen to the performance of the system under all typical operating conditions.
E. In some cases, a sound system can be too natural. If the audience or congregation
is not aware of the sound system, they may think it is not working. Just a little bit
of extra "presence" in the 2-5 kHz region is sometimes a good idea.
F. Trust your ears as well as your instruments.

BI-AMPING
A. Types of Low Level Crossover Networks Available
Both 12 dB/octave and 18 dB/octave passive LC networks are available. Frequencies of
500 Hz, 800 Hz, and 1200 Hz are standard. Other frequencies are available on request.
These units are magnetically shielded to minimize hum pickup.
B. Installation
To utilize the bi-amp feature of the 4000 Series, one only need to insert the appropriate
network in the octal socket on the rear of the unit. OUT 1 then becomes the low
frequency output and OUT 2 becomes the high frequency output. In the event that it is
necessary to switch the unit out of the circuit, only the low frequency side is switched.
This prevents the introduction of low frequency program material into the high frequency
drivers.
C. Special Networks
Special networks providing special functions may be inserted into the accessory socket.
Plug-in networks providing Tri-amp capability may be provided on special order. The
user should contact the factory to discuss special applications.

13
MAINTENANCE
A. Troubleshooting
The circuitry of the Series 4000 consists of state-of-the-art integrated circuits and high
reliability military grade components. If the circuit fails to operate, check the following:
1. Power connected (pilot lamp illuminated on front panel)
2. Fuse: 1/2 amp, 3AG, slow-blew
3. Proper connection and signal present from previous stages
4. Jumpers or bi-amp network inserted in octal accessory socket
5. (4002) Level control turned up
B. The integrated circuits in the Series 4000 are field replaceable.
If you suspect that an integrated circuit is not functioning, replacement units may be
obtained from the factory.
C. If trouble cannot be located
Permission should be sought to return the unit to the factory (see Warranty).

WARRANTY
All our products are guaranteed against defects in materials and workmanship for one
year from date of shipment. Our warranty is limited to repairing or replacing any product
which fails during the warranty period from normal use. White Instruments, Inc. will not
be liable for any damage resulting from the use of this instrument.

Damage in Shipment
Our instruments are shipped with full insurance unless the buyer instructs otherwise
under his self-insurance. Prompt inspection should be made upon delivery and any
necessary claims made against the carrier. Please notify us at once and we will cooperate
in obtaining repairs or a replacement.

Return Shipment
Any instrument returned for repair should be safely packed and shipped prepaid to us. An
explanation of the type of trouble encountered should accompany the instrument, or be
sent to us separately in writing, or transmitted by phone. Repairs and checks will be made
promptly. Return will be made collect by the best way, or by the owner's choice of
method.

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