CONSTRUCTION PROJECT DESIGN

Student Name: Md.Mehedi Hasan Tanib

Student Id. Up2084023
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Table of content
Table of content...........................................................................................................................................1
Construction Project Design........................................................................................................................3
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3
2. Aim......................................................................................................................................................3
3. The site................................................................................................................................................3
3.1. Background.....................................................................................................................................3
3.2. Load calculation..............................................................................................................................4
3.2.1. Wind load calculation..................................................................................................................4
3.2.2. Pressure zones for free-standing walls and parapets....................................................................5
3.2.3. Calculation of the distribution of net wind pressure on the structure...........................................6
3.2.4. The net wind pressures................................................................................................................7
3.2.5. Shear design of concrete cross-section.........................................................................................7
3.2.6. Initial calculations........................................................................................................................8
3.2.7. Shear resistance of member without shear reinforcement............................................................8
3.2.8. Design of required shear reinforcement.......................................................................................9
3.2.9. Calculation of the required shear reinforcement........................................................................11
3.2.10. Estimation of the coefficient Ct..................................................................................................12
4. Approximate estimation of the fundamental period of the building T1 0.93......................................12
5. Iterative analysis of the equivalent SDOF system..............................................................................13
6. Stiffness and Period...........................................................................................................................14
7. Displacement and acceleration......................................................................................................15
8. Forces............................................................................................................................................16
9. Lateral restoring capability (re-centering).........................................................................................16
10. Displacement capacity of isolators.............................................................................................17
11. Design of building fabric using thermal modelling........................................................................18
12. Design of water-saving measures..................................................................................................18
Credential 1...........................................................................................................................................19
Credential 2...........................................................................................................................................20
13. Design to avoid embodied and lifetime impacts............................................................................20
14. Design of ventilation strategy using thermal modelling.................................................................20
15. Cost estimation..............................................................................................................................21
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16. Methodology..................................................................................................................................21
17. Appendix A...................................................................................................................................22
18. References.....................................................................................................................................23
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Construction Project Design

1. Introduction
The project involves the construction of Portsmouth city center. The project is a storey building
having ten floors. The project will be located at the Portsmouth, United Kingdom. After
demolition of Victoria Park, the year 2010, the site location has been available. The figure 1
below shows the location of the proposed project. The compilation of drainage of the area has
been done. The estimation of the cost of constructing the city center is formulated. Scheduling of
construction methodology and statements for safe construction operation building. The paper
also gives the conclusive statements on the project and recommendation on how the structure is
to be constructed.

Figure 1 site proposed for the construction

2. Aim
The main objective of the report is to give a detailed design of the Portsmouth center building
3. The site
3.1. Background
The project site is on national grid references 50°47'58.99"N and 1° 5'34.70"W. The proposed
project will be located in port sea area of Portsmouth city. On the west the site area is bounded
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by the Victoria Park and on the east is a road Stanhope Road and to the north Travelodge
Portsmouth city center and on the south a student accommodation center. The proposed project
has 10 story building with 2 basement levels. The project is a residential and commercial unit.
Each floor level has 4 homes which have three bedrooms, dining hall, kitchen, and washroom.
Topography of the site

Figure 2 showing the topography map of the area of proposed project

The area has elevations between 7m and 11m as per the map above. The area is a low-lying
region new sea level.in the southern part of the site
3.2. Load calculation
3.2.1. Wind load calculation
Distance of the base of the wall from the ground hbase=0, solidity ratio=1 and orography factor at
reference Ze=1 and air density is 1.25kg/m3 then.
Net wind pressure on zone Awnet,A 2.506 kN/m2Zone A extends for length 0 to 0.3h measured
from free edge
Net wind pressure on zone Bwnet,B 1.548 kN/m2Zone B extends for length 0.3h to 2h measured
from free edge
Net wind pressure on zone Cwnet,C 1.253 kN/m2Zone C extends for length 2h to 4h measured
from free edge
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Net wind pressure on zone Dw net,D 0.884 kN/m2Zone D extends for length greater than 4h
measured from free edge

3.2.2. Pressure zones for free-standing walls and parapets

The reference height for the wind action ze is equal to the highest height above the ground of the
free-standing wall, as specified in EN1991-1-4 §7.4.1(2). Therefore:
z e=h+h base=2.880 m+0.000 m=2.880 m
The basic wind velocity vb is defined in EN1991-1-4 §4.2(2)P as a function of the wind direction
and time of year at 10 m above ground of terrain category II. The value of vb includes the effects
of the directional factor c  and the seasonal factor c
dir  and it is provided in the National
season

Annex. In the following calculations the basic wind velocity is considered as vb = 27.00 m/s.
The roughness length z0 and the minimum height zmin are specified in EN1991-1-4 Table 4.1 as a
function of the terrain category. For terrain category II the corresponding values are z0 = 0.050 m
and zmin = 2.0 m.
The terrain factor kr depending on the roughness length z0 = 0.050 m is calculated in accordance
with EN1991-1-4 equation (4.5):
k r =0.19 ⋅(z 0/ z 0 , II )0.07=0.19 ⋅(0.050 m/0.050 m)0.07=0.1900
The roughness factor cr(ze) at the reference height ze accounts for the variability of the mean
wind velocity at the site. It is calculated in accordance with EN1991-1-4 equation 4.4. For the
examined case ze ≥ z min:
cr ( z e)=k r ⋅ ln(max { z e , z min }/z 0)=0.1900 ⋅ln ( max {2.880 m ,2.0 m }/0.050 m)=0.7702
Where orography (e.g., hills, cliffs etc.) is significant its effect in the wind velocities should be
taken into account using an orography factor c0(ze) different than 1.0, as specified in EN1994-1-1
§4.3.3. The recommended procedure in EN1994-1-1 §4.3.3 for calculation of the orography
factor c0(ze) is described in EN1994-1-1 §A.3.
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In the following calculations the orography factor is considered as c0(ze) = 1.000

The mean wind velocity vm(ze) at reference height ze depends on the terrain roughness, terrain
orography and the basic wind velocity vb. It is determined using EN1991-1-4 equation (4.3):
v m(z e)=c r ( z e) ⋅c 0(z e)⋅ v b=0.7702 ⋅1.000 ⋅27.00 m/s=20.79 m/s
The turbulence intensity Iv(ze) at reference height ze is defined as the standard deviation of the
turbulence divided by the mean wind velocity. It is calculated in accordance with EN1991-1-4
equation 4.7. For the examined case ze ≥ zmin.
I v (z e)=k I /[c 0( z e)⋅ ln(max {z e , z min }/ z 0)]=1.000/[1.000 ⋅ln( max {2.880 m ,2.0 m }/0.050 m)]=0.2467
The velocity basic pressure qb is the pressure equal to the wind momentum determined at the
basic wind velocity vb. The basic velocity pressure is calculated according to the fundamental
relation specified in EN1991-14 §4.5(1):
qb = (1/2) ⋅ ρ ⋅ vb2 = (1/2) ⋅ 1.25 kg/m3 ⋅ (27.00 m/s)2 = 456 N/m2 = 0.456 kN/m2
where ρ is the density of the air in accordance with EN1991-1-4 §4.5(1). In this calculation the
following value is considered: ρ = 1.25 kg/m3. Note that by definition 1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2.
The peak velocity pressure qp(ze) at reference height ze includes mean and short-term velocity
fluctuations. It is determined according to EN1991-1-4 equation 4.8:
qp(ze) = (1 + 7⋅Iv(ze)) ⋅ (1/2) ⋅ ρ ⋅ vm(ze)2 = (1 + 7⋅0.2467) ⋅ (1/2) ⋅ 1.25 kg/m3 ⋅ (20.79 m/s)2 = 737
N/m2 ⇒ qp(ze) = 0.737 kN/m2
Note that by definition 1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2
3.2.3. Calculation of the distribution of net wind pressure on the structure
The wind load on the structure is expressed in terms of net pressure coefficients for four zones A,
B, C, D as defined in EN1991-1-4 Figure 7.19 that is reproduced above. The most adverse Zone
A extends for lengths from 0 to 0.3h from the free edge. Zone B extends from 0.3h to 2h. Zone C
extends from 2h to 4h. Zone D extends for length beyond 4h. For the examined wall where 
l/h=30.000 m/2.880 m=10.417
the applicable zones are zones A, B, C, D.
The net pressure coefficient cp,net for each of zones A, B, C, D is defined in EN1991-1-4 Table
7.9 as a function of the wall aspect ratio l/h, the length of the return corner lcorner and the solidity
ratio φ. For the examined case: l/h = 30.000 m / 2.880 m = 10.417, lcorner/h = 0.000 m / 2.880 m =
0.000, and φ = 1.000. Therefore, according to EN1991-1-4 Table 7.9 the following net pressure
coefficient are obtained, using linear interpolation:
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For zone A: cp,net,A = 3.400

For zone B: cp,net,B = 2.100
For zone C: cp,net,C = 1.700
For zone D: cp,net,D = 1.200
3.2.4. The net wind pressures
The resultant wind pressure on the wall wnet corresponds to the net pressure effect on the front
and the back faces of the wall. The net pressure on surface is derived from the calculated value
of the peak velocity pressure qp(ze) = 0.737 kN/m2 by application of the appropriate net pressure
coefficient cp,net as specified in EN1991-1-4 §5.2.
wnet = qp(ze) ⋅ cp,net
For the different pressure zones on the wall the following net pressures are obtained:
 For zone A: wnet,A = 2.506 kN/m2
(zone A extends from 0 to 0.3h = 0.864 m)
 For zone B: wnet,B = 1.548 kN/m2
(zone B extends from 0.3h = 0.864 m to 2h = 5.760 m)
 For zone C: wnet,C = 1.253 kN/m2
(zone C extends from 2h = 5.760 m to 4h = 11.520 m)
 For zone D: wnet,D = 0.884 kN/m2
(zone D extends from 4h = 11.520 m up to the full length)
3.2.5. Shear design of concrete cross-section
Concrete characteristic strength: fck = 30 MPa
yield strength of shear reinforcement steel: fywk = 500 MPa
Area of tensile reinforcement which extends ≥ (d + lbd) beyond the section considered: Asl = 0
cm2
Mean axial stress in the cross-section due to loading or prestressing (compression positive): σcp
= 0 MPa
Effective depth (static depth) of the cross-section: d = 1 m
Normalized lever arm of internal forces: z/d = 0.9
Minimum width of the web between tension and compression zones (including reductions for
holes, ducts): bw = 0.5 m
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Angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force (α=90°
for typical perpendicular shear reinforcement): α = 90 °
Design value of the shear force at ULS: VEd = 1000 kN
Prestressed member: = No
Coefficient taking account of long-term effects and loading effects on the compressive strength
of concrete (for shear): αcc = 1
Concrete partial material safety factor: γc = 1.5
Reinforcement steel partial material safety factor: γs = 1.15
Coefficient for design of members without shear reinforcement: CRd,c = 0.18/γC
Coefficient for design of members without shear reinforcement: vmin = 0.035*k^(3/2)*fck^(1/2)
Coefficient for design of members without shear reinforcement: k1 = 0.15
Maximum limiting value of the cotagent of the angle θ between the concrete compression strut
and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force: cotθmax = 2.5
Additional upper limit to cotθ: cotθa = None
Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear: ν1 = 0.6*(1-fck/250)
Coefficient taking account of the stress state in the compression chord: αcw = Default
3.2.6. Initial calculations
The value of the compressive strength of designed concrete fcd is calculated as specified
in EN1992-1-1 §3.1.6(1)P:
fcd = αcc ⋅ fck / γC = 1.00 ⋅ 30.00 MPa / 1.50 = 20.00 MPa
The lever arm of internal forces z corresponding to the bending moment and axial force in the
element under consideration is derived from the analysis of the cross-section. In the shear
analysis of reinforced concrete with small axial force, the approximate value z/d = 0.9 may
normally be used, according to EN1992-1-1 §6.2.3(1). In this calculation the following lever arm
of internal forces is used:
z = 0.900 ⋅ d = 0.900 ⋅ 1.000 m = 0.900 m
3.2.7. Shear resistance of member without shear reinforcement
The shear resistance of members without shear reinforcement VRd,c is given in EN1992-1-1
§6.2.2(1), equations (6.2.a) and (6.2.b).
VRd,c = [CRd,c⋅k⋅(100⋅ρl⋅fck)1/3) + k1⋅σcp] ⋅ bw⋅d
with a minimum of VRd,c = (vmin + k1⋅σcp) ⋅ bw⋅d
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The coefficient k depends on the static depth of the cross-section d (in mm):

k = min [ 1 + (200 mm / d)0.5, 2.0] = min [ 1 + (200 mm / 1000 mm)0.5, 2.0] = 1.45
The percentage of longitudinal reinforcement ρl that contributes to the shear strength is defined
as follows:
ρl = min [ Asl / (bw⋅d), 0.02] = min [ 0.00 cm2 / (0.500 m⋅1.000 m), 0.02] = 0.0000
The contribution of the axial stress due to loading or prestressing σcp is limited to:
σcp = NEd / Ac ≤ 0.2⋅fcd = 0.2⋅20.00 MPa = 4.00 MPa
The values of the coefficients CRd,c, vmin, k1 are provided in EN1992-1-1 §6.2.2(1) and the
National Annex.
The coefficient CRd,c is equal to CRd,c = 0.18 / γC = 0.18 / 1.50 = 0.120
The coefficient k1 is equal to k1 = 0.150.
The coefficient vmin is given by EN1992-1-1 equation (6.3N):
vmin = 0.035 ⋅ k3/2 ⋅ fck1/2 = 0.035 ⋅ 1.453/2 ⋅ (30.00 MPa)1/2 = 0.334
The shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd,c is obtained from the
maximum of the two following relations:
VRd,c = [CRd,c⋅k⋅(100⋅ρl⋅fck)1/3) + k1⋅σcp] ⋅ bw⋅d = [0.120⋅1.45⋅(100⋅0.0000⋅(30.00 MPa))1/3) +
0.150⋅0.00 MPa] ⋅ 0.500 m⋅1.000 m = 0.0000 MN = 0.0 kN and V Rd,c = (vmin + k1⋅σcp) ⋅ bw⋅d =
(0.334 + 0.150⋅0.00 MPa) ⋅ 0.500 m⋅1.000 m = 0.1669 MN = 166.9 kN. Therefore VRd,c =
max( 0.0 kN, 166.9 kN) = 166.9 kN
For the examined case the applied shear force VEd = 1000.0 kN exceeds the maximum shear
capacity of the member without shear reinforcement VRd,c = 166.9 kN. The corresponding
utilization factor is u = 5.992 > 1.0 ⇒ Shear reinforcement is required.
3.2.8. Design of required shear reinforcement
Shear design by selection of the angle of the concrete compression struts
The shear resistance of members requiring shear reinforcement VRd,s is given in EN1992-1-1
§6.2.3(3) as a function of the angle θ between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis
perpendicular to the shear force (EN 1992-1-1 Figure 6.5). The shear force
limit VRd,max corresponding to the resistance of the concrete compression struts is also given
in EN1992-1-1 §6.2.3(3) as a function of the angle θ. The cotangent cotθ can be freely chosen
within the limits specified in EN 1992-1-1 §6.2.3(2) and the National Annex.
The following rules apply:
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In general when the value of cotθ is selected larger (i.e. less steep concrete compression struts)
then the required shear reinforcement Asw/s is reduced but the demand on the concrete
compression struts is increased (i.e. VRd,max is reduced).
Provided that the shear force limit VRd,max is adequate, the most economical solution in terms of
required shear reinforcement Asw/s is obtained when the value of cotθ is selected as large as
possible. However, it should be noted that when the the value of cotθ is increased the
longitudinal reinforcement demand may be is increased because of a) the shift of the bending
moment diagram (EN1992-1-1 §6.2.3(7) & §9.2.1.3(2)) and b) increase of the required
longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion (EN1992-1-1 §6.3.2(3)).
If for the maximum value of cotθ the shear force limit VRd,max is exceeded then it is possible to
reduce the value of cotθ within the permissible limits to increase the resistance of the concrete
compression struts and obtain a valid solution at the expense of increased shear reinforcement.
For typical shear reinforcement perpendicular to the axis of the element (i.e. α = 90°) the shear
force limit due to the resistance of the shear reinforcement VRd,s is more sensitive to the variation
of cotθ as compared to the shear force limit due to the resistance of the concrete compression
struts VRd,max. Therefore if the value of cotθ has been reduced so that VRd,max becomes critical then
it may overall more economic to increase the dimensions of the cross-section (b w or d) so as to
increase the possible value of cotθ and therefore reduce the required shear reinforcement.
If the value of cotθ is selected at its lower limit and the value of VRd,max is still not sufficient then
a redesign of the cross-section dimensions is required (i.e. increase of the width of the web bw or
the overall height of the cross-section d).
Upper and lower limit on the value of the cotθ
The limits on the cotangent cotθ of the angle θ between the concrete compression strut and the
beam axis perpendicular to the shear force are specified in EN 1992-1-1 §6.2.3(2) and the
National Annex.
In this calculation the value of cotθ is examined within the limits cotθmin = 1.00 and cotθmax =
2.50.
Additional rules for the value of the cotθ according to the National Annex
No additional rules are examined for the limitation of cotθ.
The value of the cotangent cotθ is examined within the following range:
1.00 ≤ cotθ ≤ 2.50
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Verification of the resistance of the concrete compression struts

The shear force limit VRd,max corresponds to the resistance of the concrete compression struts. The
value of VRd,max is given in EN1992-1-1 §6.2.3(3) as a function of the angle θ. In general the
value of VRd,max is increased as the value of the cotangent cotθ is decreased within the limits
calculated before.
For the case of shear reinforcement perpendicular to the axis of the element (i.e. α = 90°) the
value of VRd,max is calculated according to EN1992-1-1 equation (6.9):
VRd,max = αcw⋅bw⋅z⋅ν1⋅fcd / (cotθ + 1 / cotθ)
where:
αcw is a coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord.
For non-prestresed members or members subject to tensile stress due to axial force: αcw = 1.000.
ν1 is a strength reduction factor for the concrete struts cracked in shear.
ν1 = 0.6 ⋅ (1 - fck / 250 MPa) = 0.6 ⋅ (1 - 30.00 MPa / 250 MPa) = 0.528
For the maximum permissible value of cotθ = cotθmax = 2.50 the calculated value of the shear
force limit VRd,max corresponding to the resistance of the concrete compression struts is:
VRd,max = 1638.62 kN ≥ VEd = 1000.0 kN
Therefore the shear force limit VRd,max corresponding to the resistance of the concrete
compression struts is adequate. The corresponding utilization factor is u = 0.610 ≤ 1.0 ⇒ ok.
3.2.9. Calculation of the required shear reinforcement
The required shear reinforcement Asw/s can be calculated by setting the shear resistance of the
element with shear reinforcement VRd,s equal to the applied shear force VEd
For the case of shear reinforcement perpendicular to the axis of the element (i.e. α = 90°) the
required shear reinforcement Asw/s for the applied shear force VEd can be calculated
using EN1992-1-1 equation (6.8):
Asw/s = VEd / (z⋅fywd⋅cotθ) = 1000.0 kN / (0.900 m⋅434.78 MPa⋅2.500) = 10.22 cm2/m
Therefore, the required shear reinforcement for the applied shear force is Asw/s = 10.22 cm2/m.
The estimation of the fundamental period of the building according to EN1998-1 §4.3.3.2.2 is a
rough first estimate examining only the total building height and the structural type. For accurate
estimation of the fundamental period other methods are appropriate such as Rayleigh method or
modal analysis of the building.
Height of the building from the foundation or from the top of rigid basement: H = 28.8 m
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Type of earthquake resistant structural system: = Moment resistant space concrete frame
Approximate estimation of the fundamental period of vibration buildings
As a first crude estimate the fundamental period of vibration in the horizontal direction may be
approximated using the procedure in EN1998-1 §4.3.3.2.2. The procedure is very approximate
since the fundamental period is estimated empirically from the building total height and the type
of structural system. When accurate estimation of the fundamental period is required more
elaborate methods of structural dynamics should be applied such as the Rayleigh method or
modal analysis.
3.2.10. Estimation of the coefficient Ct
The effect of the structural system is taken into account by the value of the coefficient Ct as
specified in EN1998-1 §4.3.3.2.2.
For structural system consisting of Moment Resistant Space Concrete Frame the coefficient Ct is
given in EN1998-1 §4.3.3.2.2(3) as Ct = 0.0750.
Estimation of the fundamental period T1
For buildings with height up to 40 m the fundamental period of vibration T1 can be approximated
using EN1998-1 equation (4.6):
T1 = Ct ⋅ H3/4 = 0.0750 ⋅ (28.80 m)3/4 = 0.93 s
where for applying the equation above T1 in s and H in m.
Alternatively, the fundamental period of vibration T1 may be estimated using EN1998-1
§4.3.3.2.2(5), equation (4.9):
T1 = 2 ⋅ (d)0.5
where T1 in s and d is the lateral elastic displacement of the top of the building (in m) due to the
gravity loads applied in the horizontal direction.

4. Approximate estimation of the fundamental period of the building T1 0.93

Design ground acceleration (including soil factor S and importance factor γI): αg⋅S = 0.36 g
Characteristic period of elastic response spectrum (start of constant velocity branch): TC = 0.4 s
Characteristic period of elastic response spectrum (start of constant displacement branch): TD =
2.5 s
Seismic weight of the superstructure above the isolation interface: Wd = 10000 kN
Total force at zero displacement under cyclic loading of hysteretic devices: F0 = 300 kN
Total post-elastic stiffness of hysteretic and spring devices: Kp = 3000 kN/m
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Equivalent yield displacement: dy = 0.005 m

Total preloading force of preloaded spring devices: Fp = 0 kN
Equivalent friction coefficient of sliding devices: μ = 0
Equivalent radius of curvature of sliding devices: R = Infinity m
Total coefficient of force-velocity law of viscous devices: C = 200 kN⋅(s/m)αb
Exponent of force-velocity law of viscous devices: αb = 1
Total equivalent stiffness of the substructure elements: Ks = Infinity kN/m

5. Iterative analysis of the equivalent SDOF system

The seismic isolation system is modeled as an equivalent linear Single-Degree-Of-Freedom
(SDOF) system where the natural period corresponds to the effective period of the isolation
system Teff and the damping corresponds to the equivalent viscous damping of the isolation
system ξeff. The equivalent linear elastic analysis of the SDOF system is carried out in
accordance with EN1998-1 §10.9.2 and EN1998-1 §7.5.4. The analysis procedure is iterative
because the equivalent properties of the system depend on the unknown design displacement dcd.
The iterative procedure has the following steps:
An initial value for the design displacement dcd is estimated,
The equivalent properties of the SDOF system Teff and ξeff are calculated as a function of the
displacement dcd,
A better estimation for the design displacement dcd is obtained from the value of the design
spectrum corresponding to Teff and ξeff,
The iterative procedure is continued from step 2 until the design displacement dcd converges to
the correct value.
After a few iterations the iterative procedure converges to the following value for the design
displacement of the isolation system: dcd = 0.116 m.
By taking into account the stiffness of the substructure, the corresponding value of the design
displacement of the isolators is: dbd = 0.116 m.
The correctness of the estimated displacement values is verified below.
Properties of the equivalent SDOF system
6. Stiffness and Period
Based on the estimated value of the design displacement of the isolators dbd = 0.116 m, the
properties of the equivalent SDOF system are evaluated[1]. The maximum force Fmax,1 when the
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design displacement of the isolators dbd becomes maximum is given for the case of hysteretic,
friction and preloaded spring devices as follows:
F max ,1=F p+ F 0+ K p ⋅d bd +W d ⋅(μ+ d bd / R)
The viscous elements do not contribute to the maximum force Fmax,1 because the velocity is zero
when the displacement becomes maximum[1]. Therefore:
F max ,1=0.00 kN +300.00 kN +3000.00 kN /m⋅0.116 m+10000.0 kN ⋅(0.000+ 0.116 m/∞)=646.73 kN
The effective stiffness of the isolators Kb is defined as the ratio of the maximum force Fmax,1 when
the design displacement of the isolators dbd becomes maximum to the value of dbd:
Kb = Fmax,1 / dbd = 646.73 kN / 0.116 m = 5595.66 kN/m
The effective stiffness of the seismic isolation system Keff is calculated as the composite stiffness
of the isolators Kb and the substructure Ks. The two components are considered as springs acting
in series:
Keff = 1 / (1 / Kb + 1 / Ks) = 1 / (1 / 5595.66 kN/m + 1 /∞) = 5595.66 kN/m
The corresponding effective period of the isolation system Teff is calculated as the natural period
of the equivalent SDOF system having the seismic mass of the superstructure m = Wd / g and the
effective stiffness Keff of the isolation system:
T eff =2 π ⋅(W d / g /K eff ) 0.5=2 π ⋅(10000.0 kN /9.81 m/ s 2/5595.66 kN /m)0.5=2.68 s
Damping
The coefficient λ(αb) that corresponds to the velocity exponent αb = 1.000 of the viscous devices
is λ(αb) = 3.142 in accordance with EN1998-2 §7.5.2.3.4[1]. The dissipated energy by the
viscous devices is:
ED b= λ(α b)d bd C ⋅(d bd ⋅ 2 π / T eff )α b=3.142 ⋅0.116 m ⋅200.00 kN ˙(s/m)α b ⋅(0.116 m ⋅2⋅ π /2.68 s)1.000=1
The total dissipated energy ED also includes the contribution of hysteretic elements and friction
elements:
ED=ED b+ 4 ⋅( F 0+W d ⋅ μ) ⋅( d bd−d y )=19.665 kNm+ 4 ⋅(300.00 kN +10000.0 kN ⋅0.000)⋅(0.116 m−0.005 m)
The effective damping ratio of the equivalent SDOF system is calculated according to EN1998-2
equation (7.5) as follows[1]:
ξ eff =[1/(2 π )]⋅ [ED /(K eff ⋅ d cd 2)]=[ 1/(2 π)]⋅[152.358 kNm /(5595.66 kN /m⋅( 0.116 m)2)]=0.324
The portion of the effective damping ξb that corresponds only to the viscous devices is calculated
similarly considering only the dissipated energy by viscous devices EDb instead of ED. The
calculated value is ξb = 0.042.
 15

The acceleration and displacement values of the elastic response spectrum are reduced
proportionally to the damping reduction coefficient ηeff that is calculated for systems with
seismic isolation in accordance with EN1998-2 equation (7.9) as follows:
η eff =[0.10/(0.05+ ξ eff )]0.5 ≥ 0.40.
Therefore ηeff = 0.517.
7. Displacement and acceleration
The auxiliary displacement dc corresponding to the characteristic spectral period TC is calculated
in accordance with EN1998-2 equation (7.8) as follows:
d c=(0.625/ π 2) ⋅α g ⋅Sη eff T C 2=(0.625/ π 2)⋅0.360 g ⋅ 0.517⋅ (0.40 s)2=0.018 m
For TD ≤ Teff ≤ 4s the design displacement dcd and the corresponding spectral acceleration Se are
calculated in accordance with EN1998-2 Table 7.1 as follows:
d cd=T D d c /T C=2.50 s ⋅ 0.018 m/0.40 s=0.116 m
S e=2.5 ⋅(T C T D/T eff 2)⋅α g ⋅ Sη eff =2.5⋅[0.40 s ⋅ 2.50 s /(2.68 s) 2]⋅0.360 g ⋅ 0.517=0.065 g
The design displacement of the isolators dbd is calculated based on the equality of the total base
shear force as follows:
d bd=d cd K eff /K b=0.116 m⋅5595.66 kN /m/5595.66 kN /m=0.116 m
It is verified that the values of the design displacements dcd and dbd are calculated equal to the
initial values assumed in the iteration. Therefore, the iterative procedure has converged and the
correct values dcd and dbd have been obtained.
The maximum velocity of the isolators is calculated in accordance with EN1998-2 equation
(7.21) as:
v max=2 πd bd /T eff =2 π ⋅ 0.116 m/2.68 s=0.271m/ s
8. Forces
When the isolation system consists of a combination of elastic and viscous elements the phase
difference between the maximum response of these components should be taken into account.
The maximum force is determined at the most adverse of the following three characteristic
states, in accordance with EN1998-2 §7.6.3(7):
State of maximum displacement: Fmax,1 = 646.73 kN, as calculated above.
State of maximum velocity: 
F max ,2=F p + F 0+ μ ⋅W d +C ⋅ (v max)α b=0.00 kN +300.00 kN + 0.000⋅ 10000.0 kN +200.00 kN ˙(s/m) α b ⋅(0.2
State of maximum inertia:
 16

  F max ,3=(f 1+ 2ξ b f 2)⋅ S e W d=( 0.997+2⋅ 0.042⋅0.083)⋅0.065 g ⋅ 10000.0 kN =649.01 kN

where the contribution factors f1 and f2 are calculated as: f1 = cos(arctan(2ξb)) = 0.997 and f2 =
sin(arctan(2ξb)) = 0.083, in accordance with EN1998-2 equations (7.23a) and (7.23b).
The maximum force of the isolation system, equal to the design base shear Vd, is determined as
the most adverse of the three characteristic states[1]:
V d=max (F max , 1 , F max , 2, F max ,3)=max(646.73 kN , 354.16 kN , 649.01 kN )=649.01 kN
9. Lateral restoring capability (re-centering)
The lateral restoring capability of the seismic isolation system is evaluated in accordance
with EN1998-2 §7.7.1. The maximum displacement d0 for which the seismic isolation system
can be in static equilibrium is evaluated for the same properties of the isolation system that were
used in the dynamic analysis. The force of viscous devices is velocity dependent and therefore
viscous devices do not participate in the static equilibrium. The displacement d0 is estimated as
the ratio of the total static force at zero displacement F0,tot to the total post-elastic stiffness Kp,tot:
F 0 , tot=max(0 , F 0+ μ ⋅ W d −F p)=max( 0 ,300.00 kN + 0.000⋅10000.0 kN −0.00 kN )=300.00 kN
K p ,tot =K p+W d /R=3000.00 kN / m+10000.0 kN / ∞=3000.00 kN /m
d 0=F 0 , tot /K p , tot=300.00 kN /3000.00 kN /m=0.100 m
According to EN1998-2 §7.7.1(2) the seismic isolation system has adequate lateral restoring
capability if the ratio dcd/d0 is greater than or equal to δ = 0.5.
For the examined seismic isolation system dcd/d0 = 1.156 ≥ δ = 0.5, therefore the system has
adequate lateral restoring capability. The expected residual displacements are small and no
additional increase of the displacement capacity is necessary.
10. Displacement capacity of isolators
The displacement capacity of the seismic isolators dm is derived from the design displacement of
the seismic isolation system dcd = 0.116 m by taking into account the following increasing
factors:
The design displacement did of the isolation system at each individual isolator location is
estimated as did = δidcd, where the amplification factor δi takes into account the increase of the
displacements due to the rotational motion of the superstructure as a result of the eccentricity
between the center of mass and the stiffness center. For the case of simplified SDOF analysis the
amplification factor δi may be calculated in accordance with EN1998-2 §7.5.4(5) or EN1998-1
§10.9.3(8).
 17

The increased design displacement of each isolator dbi,a takes into account the required increased
reliability of the isolation system. The increased value of the design displacement is determined
as dbi,a = γxdbi,d or dbi,a = γISdbi,d, where dbi,d is the design displacement of the isolator that
corresponds to the design displacement of the isolation system did as mentioned above. For
buildings the value of the amplification factor γx is specified in EN1998-1 §10.3(2)P and its
recommended value is γx = 1.20. For bridges the value of the amplification factor γIS is specified
in EN1998-2 §7.6.2(1)P and its recommended value is γIS = 1.50. The amplification
factors γIS or γx are applicable only to the seismic part of the displacements.
The displacement capacity of the isolators should be increased to take into account the offset
displacement do due to quasi-permanent actions such as: a) the permanent actions, b) the long-
term deformations (post-tensioning, shrinkage and creep), and c) 50% of the thermal action. For
buildings the offset displacement do may be negligible.

Spectral acceleration vs spectral displacement

Results
Effective period of the isolation systemTeff 2.682 s
Effective damping of the isolation systemξeff 0.324
 18

Design displacement of the isolation systemdcd 0.116 m

Displacement capacity of isolators dm γISδidcd + d0 (see details)
Spectral acceleration Se 0.065 g

11. Design of building fabric using thermal modelling

Thermal modelling is a 3D computer simulation that predicts how temperature in a building will
vary from room to room, day and night and through seasons.

12. Design of water-saving measures

The aim is to obtain a high number of credit available for the assessment of water. This will be
obtained through rainwater harvesting systems and fitting designs that reduce usage of water,
recommendation on fitting will be given that can obtain the water efficiency. Water saving is
very crucial the following are some of the designs that can be used to save on water usage per
day:
i. Installation of conserving plumbing fitting
ii. Check and stop plumbing leakages.
iii. Avoid flushing the toilets unnecessary
Credential 1
The following table shows the water usage as per the calculation done and efficiency fitting
requirements. under the requirements of the British standards 2011.
Component baseline Water Specified Effective water usage Revis
consump component ed
tion consu
mptio
n
Toilets for men 6 3 Rimless back to { ( 3 litres ×1 ) + ( 2.5 litre ×31.5
)}
wall 4
=2.88litres
Toilets for 6 12 Rimless back wall { ( 3 litres ×1 ) + ( 2.5 litre ×36) }
women toilet 4
=2.88litres
Taps(personal 3.75 3.9 At the cafes and 2.68 6
hygiene restaurant
Kitchen taps 12 5.28 Eco kitchen 6 liters 2.64

Dishwashers 13.45 12.67 Kitchen sensor 4.58litres 4.27

 19

taps wall mounted

Food 2.34 5.870 Fixed usage
preparation

Kitchen 4.79 12
cleaning

Fixed usage 1.41 1.77 Upper in the 0.78litres 0.98

offices
Bathrooms in 15 12 2per bath rooms 4litres 2.79
the residential
Table 1 water consumption with fitting efficient

Gross water consumption Water saving Net water

3+12+3.9+12+1.0+5.28+0.67+5.86+12 1.5+6+3.9+8+2.64+0.45+0.79=23.28 34
+1.77=57.48

Gross water consumption per year Water saving Net water

consumption
General occupation=28120 23×3,004×253/1000=17,480 10,640
Café occupants=1194 1×236×253/1000=59 1335
Total consumption 14775
Table 2 daily and annual water usage with savings
Improvement have obtained a 63% saving using the baseline figures. This is almost equal to
Bream credits on harvesting of rain water.
Credential 2
The above credential will be achieved through monitoring systems that will be installed
throughout the building. The following locations will have different monitors
 Monitor 1 total water entering the building
 Monitor 2 water usage in ground and first floor
 Monitor 3 water usage in floors two to five
 Monitor 5 total water usage in toilets
The systems for monitoring do not require power of Wi-Fi to collect date.it is a real time
feedback system

13. Design to avoid embodied and lifetime impacts

In order to reduce the embodied impacts of the building the following should be employed.
i. Specify low-carbon concrete mixes
ii. Choose lower carbon alternative
iii. Reuse materials.
iv. Maximize structural efficiency.
 20

14. Design of ventilation strategy using thermal modelling

Results from the simulations demonstrated the potential for wind-driven ventilation to improve

upon the buoyancy-driven ventilation strategy. This will lead to the in reductions in indoor

temperatures of up to 0.5ºC and 1ºC relative to the buoyancy-driven flows, for 3.6m/s and 7m/s

wind speeds respectively. Air velocities calculation at the location of the internal doors of the

two bedrooms and at a horizontal plane across all spaces at 1.5m above the apartment’s floor.

From simulation the following is recommended on the building.

the ventilation performance of buildings within the urban environment driving pressures have

greater accuracy. In this simulation, up to 60% driving pressures are recommended if there no

other nearby buildings.

The ventilation performance of the wind catcher is significant relative to simple single-sided or

cross ventilation strategies; indoor temperatures to be up to 2ºC lower.

Cross ventilation improved the indoor air distribution and increased the very low

15. Cost estimation

Table 3Cost estimation building foundation cost
Design Contract elements
parameter Form work Rebars concrete Total cost
footing $20000 $10000 $13000 $33000
Foundation $25000 $38000 $37000 $100000
walls
elevator pit $9000 $15000 $16000 $40000
Table 4Cost estimation for labor, material and equipment’s rate
Description Quantity Material Equipment Wage Labor Labor Direct
Qi unit cost unit cost rate input unit cost
Mi Ei Wi Li cost Yi
WiLi
 21

Formwork 12,000 $0.4/ft2 $0.8/ft2 $30/hr 0.2 hr/ft2 $3.0/ft2 $500,400

ft2
Rebars 4,000 lb 0.2/lb 0.3/lb 40/hr 0.04 0.6/lb 4,440
hr/lb
Concrete 500 yd3 5.0/yd3 50/yd3 60/hr 0.8 12.0/yd3  44,500
hr/yd3
Total $549,340

16. Methodology
Pre construction phase.
In pre-construction phase the project architect commences with construction documents which
translates the early planning exercises.in this stage schematic design, development design and
construction documents are provided.
 22

17. Appendix A
Redesigned drawing
 23

18. References
[1] “Online calculations for Eurocode 1: Actions on structures.”
https://eurocodeapplied.com/design/en1991 (accessed Jul. 19, 2022).