(1) Effect of Public Corruption on the COVID-19 Immunization

Progress:
Over four million individuals have died as a result of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
outbreak since late 2019. Different vaccines have been developed and made available in various
nations to lessen the human and financial consequences of COVID-19. People's COVID-19
immunization rates have varied significantly among countries. In this study, public corruption is
the main factor used to explain why there are considerable differences between countries in the
rate of vaccination development. Taking into account other significant factors of immunization
achievement, we propose that nations with greater levels of governmental corruption before to
the pandemic had less success in immunizing their population.

Keywords: Covid-19, pandemic, immunization, vaccination, health sector, corruption, cross-

country regression.

(2) Making sense of health corruption in times of COVID-19:

This essay offers readers a theoretical framework for better comprehending the justification for
corruption and how it persisted in the healthcare industry during the coronavirus pandemics.

In order to accomplish the aforementioned goal, it starts by fusing ideas from the Austrian
School of Economics, Public Choice Theory, and New Institutional Economics to develop an
explanation of corrupt transactions that reveals their causally significant processes. Its objective
is to shed light on the corruption concerns associated with legislative changes that lowered the
requirements for public procurement, making the Brazilian health system more susceptible to
corruption. The essay hypothesizes that more asymmetry in information, higher uncertainty, and
decreased transparency channels have had a significant impact on the emergence of corrupt
behaviors including bribery, kickbacks, theft, influence peddling, and cronyism. More
specifically, it makes the case that the dangers associated with corrupt trades in Brazil during the
COVID-19 epidemic are driven by rent-seeking and predatory political entrepreneurship. It
provides some evidence that the Rio de Janeiro state corruption scandals provide strong support
for the explanatory usefulness of the suggested theoretical approach. It concludes by restating the
main points, outlining some consequences for policy and raising new research issues.
Keywords: corruption, health, institutions, rent-seeking, political entrepreneurship.

(3) Conclusion and policy implications of public corruption on the

COVID-19 immunization progress:
This study set out to examine how public corruption affected the worldwide movement of
COVID-19 vaccine among nations. We give the first cross-country empirical evidence of how
public corruption hinders the spread of immunization. Our examination of over 90 nations
reveals that cross-country

About half of the difference in vaccination progress by the summer of 2021 can be attributed to
variations in corruption levels in 2020 alone. When other confounding factors are taken into
account, each interquartile rise in the corruption index results in a 15 percentage point decrease
in the fraction of the population that has received vaccinations. Additionally, corruption has a
very big unfavorable statistical impact. The results also demonstrate that one of the important
conduits government efficiency is a means by which corruption adversely influenced the
distribution of resources in a community. Corruption significantly reduces a state's ability to
create and carry out public programs and initiatives. The latter is essential for carrying out large-
scale health initiatives, including immunizing a larger population, effectively and efficiently. In
the event of pandemics like COVID-19, failing to regulate public corruption makes a
government's executive branch and health sector more vulnerable.

In addition to hindering economic progress, corruption also jeopardizes the lives of numerous
individuals worldwide by slowing down vaccination rates and decreasing vaccine coverage. Our
empirical evidence utilizing data at the national level supports the rumors and media reports
about the devastating effect that corruption had in the handling of the COVID-19 situation.

Our research has significant policy ramifications. Delaying the fight against corruption,
particularly in the developing world, can have a considerable negative impact on human capital
as well as long-term economic progress. Loss caused by pandemics. In other words, our findings
indicate that when we take into account the effects corruption has on everyone's health, the
overall costs of corruption might be significantly greater.
Public faith in the government may decline as a result of corruption in government
administration, which also worsens the relative deprivation of the populace. Income inequality,
which is more pronounced in corrupt countries, can affect people's access to health care and their
willingness to pay for it out of their own pockets. As a result, we would even anticipate a greater
chance of conflict and bloodshed during the epidemic due to corruption. If the government is less
able to intervene in the market and aid the underprivileged people during the epidemic, the
chance of instability is higher. Recent research has shown that COVID-19 has a greater impact
on conflict in nations with inadequate governance63.Our findings may also point to a potential
rise in public understanding of the significance of combating corruption. As a result of firsthand
experiencing the costs of public corruption under COVID-19, citizens may be more ready to
support anticorruption initiatives. Our findings indicate that effective pandemic management
depends on the level of economic growth. Corruption may continue to harm societal health
outcomes over time by slowing down economic progress. One drawback of our research by the
summer of 2021 is that we explain regional differences in vaccine coverage. Vaccinations
continue to be administered all around the world since the epidemic has not yet been contained.
Future study is thus required to fully understand the impact of corruption after the pandemic has
ended.

Second, even though we made an effort to account for any confounding variables in addition to
our primary outcome variable (corruption), it is probable that we missed some important
variables. Nevertheless, we think that given the strong explanatory power of our general
specification (about 80%), this possible constraint shouldn't be a serious problem. Finally, even
while there are valid explanations for how corruption affects the progress of the COVID-19
immunization, it is also possible that these initiatives have an impact on public corruption. By
adopting a corruption index from 2020 and verifying our findings with corruption data, we have
attempted to decrease the danger of negative feedback by utilizing 2019 corruption rankings.
Throughout 2021, COVID-19 immunization campaigns become more widespread. The
likelihood that the COVID-19 pandemic and the immunization campaigns of 2020–21
significantly impacted corruption in 2019 or 2020 should be reduced. The role of private
corruption in COVID-19 vaccines and the many forms of corruption used during the various
stages of vaccination development across nations may also be further explored in future studies.
 (4) The Covid-19 pandemic and entrepreneurship and some
reflections:

Purpose: The Covid-19 epidemic has had an enormous impact on the whole planet. The 2020
economic downturn is predicted to be the worst since World War II. With a special emphasis on
emerging nations, the current research analyzes the anticipated effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
problem on entrepreneurship and new venture activities.

Design/methodology/approach: The report initially focuses on the key shocks brought on

by the pandemic that might have an impact on entrepreneurship. To achieve this, we quickly
examine the research on the consequences of the 2008 financial crisis on entrepreneurship.

The article then aims to clarify how these shocks will affect the various steps and goals of the
entrepreneurial process.

Findings: Our research shows that while the pandemic's effects on entrepreneurship will
usually be negative; they may not be as severe as first feared. At first, we would anticipate a
significant decline in entrepreneurial activity. However, necessity-driven entrepreneurship is
expected to take off shortly after that. High-potential entrepreneurial activity might also be
encouraged concurrently, albeit to a lower amount, provided the recovery is swift and there is
enough support from the environment and institutions.

Originality/value: The Covid-19 epidemic is likely to have an impact on entrepreneurship,

and this is likely one of the first scholarly views on that topic. It speaks especially to the function
of institutions and how each one may effect necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship in
distinct ways. Additionally, it makes some basic advice on how to assist entrepreneurs in
overcoming it as well as fascinating, relevant study fields.

Keywords: Covid-19; pandemic; crisis; shock; entrepreneurship; potential entrepreneurs;

necessity entrepreneurship; opportunity entrepreneurship; high-quality entrepreneurship.
 (5) Social Aid of Covid-19 Corruption: Strategy and Mitigation
Policy of Muhammadiyah East Java:
This study highlights a number of issues about the possibility for corruption in government-
provided social assistance (Benzos).by allocating funds from the State Budget (APBN) and/or
Regional Budget (APBD) to promote community welfare and lessen the financial burden of the
Covid-19 epidemic. The goal of this study was to comprehend Muhammadiyah's function as a
civil society organization in the pattern of policing the distribution of social aid across the
province of East Java. The socio-legal method to controlling corruption, which is focused on
intercommunity cooperation, was applied in the study approach together with participatory
action research (PAR). Interviews, FGDs, and internet distribution were used to obtain the data.
The following are the research's findings:

(1) Even if the Corruption Act has established a strong danger to those who engage in corruption
committed during a crisis, with a potential sentence of death; corruption of the Covid-19 Social
Assistance Agency is damaging to the Indonesian people who were badly afflicted by the
epidemic.

(2). Through access to community-based reporting, the KPK-RI, which is Indonesia's leading
sector for the fight against corruption, may work with a variety of community organizations to
eradicate corruption in Indonesia, including the corruption of Covid-19 social aid.

(3). A notable example of how social entities are able to reduce the risk of social assistance
corruption of Covid-19, which is carried out both with a structural and cultural approach, is the
participatory action research carried out by Muhammadiyah East Java people.

Keywords: Anti-corruption, Social Assistance, Covid-19 Participatory Action Research.

 (6) Economic Crisis Management during the Covid-19 Pandemic:
The Role of Entrepreneurship for Improving the Nigerian Mono-
Economy:
Nigeria, a country with a single economic sector, is currently experiencing a severe economic
crisis as a result of the recession's heightened impact in the wake of the worldwide pandemic. A
crisis reaction is necessary in light of the current COVID-19 situation and the ongoing economic
crisis in Nigeria. This paper provides a theory of crisis response that can help Nigeria survive the
current crisis, which is causing unemployment, poverty, and suffering to worsen.
Entrepreneurship is seen as a key component in reviving a nation's faltering economy. As a
result, surveys from various organizations and businesses are combined in this research to assess
the impact of COVID-19. This study offers potential remedies centered on creative
entrepreneurship for a brighter future and how it influences Nigeria's relationship to the
dynamics of the global economy. The epidemic has made the current economic situation
worse.to Nigeria. Although entrepreneurship can contribute to the expansion of the Nigerian
economy, it is difficult for entrepreneurs to succeed due to systemic corruption and unstable
government policies.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, COVID-19, Economic Crisis, Mono-economy, Crisis

Management, Change Management

(7) COVID -19 AND THE PARALYSATION OF WOMEN

LIVELIHOODS IN MICROENTERPRISES IN MASVINGO
URBAN, ZIMBABWE:
Covid-19 has quickly developed into a devastating global epidemic that is harming all parts of
life, including people's means of subsistence.
Although COVID-19 has had a catastrophic effect on the world, little study has been done on
how lockdown intervention efforts have impacted the lives of entrepreneurial women. This study
evaluates the effects of the COVID-19-induced lockdown on the small- and medium-sized
enterprise (SMEs) enterprising women in Zimbabwe's Masvingo Province. The analysis shows
that the COVID-19 shutdown in Zimbabwe was (and still is) tainted by imposed limitations on
women working in the informal sector. The majority of those impacted were women living in
cities. Shock, tension, and restlessness characterized the metropolitan woman's vulnerability
setting.

Based on the results of this study, we propose that COVID-19-induced lockdown paralyzed
entrepreneurial women's financial assets, working against their ability to support themselves, be
independent, and develop in their careers. The shocks, tensions, and restlessness experienced by
the businesswomen were made worse by market closures, mobility permits, fraud in the COVID-
19 relief fund transfer, and subsidized mealie-meal. As a result, we draw the conclusion that
COVID-19's effects not only jeopardized countries' food security and health systems, but also,
and perhaps more importantly, paralyzed the livelihoods of entrepreneurial women. However,
women in the African context, musha mukadzi - without a mother there is no home.

Keywords: COVID-19, Entrepreneurial Women, Livelihoods, Mitigation.

(8) Civil Law Agreement and Its Implication on Regulation for

Prevention of Corruption within Covid-19 Pandemic:
The goal of this study is to ascertain the societal effects of the Civil Law's agreements and
restrictions surrounding the purchase of goods and services during the Covid-19 epidemic, as
well as their consequences for Indonesia's fight against corruption. A theory-in-use approach is
employed in the normative research methodology. The study's findings revealed three key ideas.
First, those who are not subject to any limitations under the code are granted freedom under the
law of goods and services agreements. In order to renegotiate and reschedule the implementation
timeline, the contract for the purchase of goods and services during the Covid-19 outbreak was
labeled as a reasonably temporary force majeure.
In order to successfully resolve irritating agreement issues and keep the agreement from
providing advantages and benefits to both parties, good faith is essential. Third, civil law
ultimately teaches an important lesson: the prohibition of corruption in the buying of products is
wise in transactions based on good faith when there exist principles of decency, honesty, and
fairness. In order to successfully resolve irritating agreement issues and keep the agreement from
providing advantages and benefits to both parties, good faith is essential and assistance in trying
times like the present.

Key words: Agreement; Civil Law; Learning; prevention of corruption; regulation; Social
crisis.

(9) Trade, Corruption and Covid-19: evidence from small-scale

traders in Kenya:
Informal cross-border commerce must be considered for a thorough evaluation of trade across
African nations. I shed light on the role informal commerce plays in the economy, the traits of
the merchants who engage in such trade, the costs/intermediaries they confront, and the impact
on corruption using Covid-19 limits as a shock.

I concentrate more on comprehending traders' decisions about the marketplaces, suppliers, types
of commodities, volumes, and trade routes they employ (formal vs unofficial trading channels)
as well as throw light on switching costs. In addition to adding to the literature on the elasticity
of informal trade with regard to tariffs, I also investigate the connection between equilibrium
costs incurred in formal and informal commerce. Additionally, I look at the interdependencies
between equilibrium costs incurred via formal and informal trade routes, including bribery, in
addition to adding to the literature that examines the elasticity of informal commerce with regard
to tariffs. I demonstrate that over a month, constraints forced over 20% of traders out of business
while the bulk of cross-border traders shifted to local supply chains by gathering data from over
ten rounds of high frequency panels.

The remaining cross-border traders switched to using unofficial border crossings, which, in my
estimation, increased the incidence of corruption, the amount of bribes paid, and official and
police harassment.
This reinforced the interdependence between formal and informal trade and the necessity of
taking both sectors into account when formulating policy. In addition, I demonstrate how
resilience varies by trader type, industry, and gender.

Keywords: Trade, Agriculture, Corruption, Informality.

(10) Technology Entrepreneurship and the Performance of

Enterprises in the Conditions of Covid-19 Pandemic: The Fuzzy Set
Analysis of Waste to Energy Enterprises in Poland:
The purpose of this paper is to describe how the phenomenon of technology entrepreneurship
affects waste management company performance during the COVID-19 epidemic. The
theoretical foundations of the empirical research are the notion of technology entrepreneurship
according to the configuration method and the category of high performance organizations.
Fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis was used to carry out empirical research. An
important segment of Poland's waste to energy economy, Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)
manufacturers were included in the research sample. The findings of the study demonstrated how
extremely resistant to pandemic risks the waste to energy industry is. While the fundamental
economic indicators (sales, profitability, and employment) of the whole Polish sector visibly
declined during COVID-19, the same indicators for the waste to energy business stayed at the
same level. Two very effective models of technological entrepreneurship in the waste to energy
business under COVID-19 conditions may be developed according to the research findings. The
second model uses cutting-edge technology and flexible organizational structures, whereas the
first is based on conventional technologies and hierarchical organizational structures. The
development of both technological entrepreneurship models as complementary to
implementation techniques and the opportunity-focused resource allocation within business
model portfolios is what distinguishes them from one another.

Keywords: technology entrepreneurship; waste management industry in Poland; COVID-19

pandemic; QCA; waste management
 (11) ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY OF THE IT SECTOR IN
THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND IN THE
POST-QUARANTINE PERIOD:
Despite its rapid expansion, Ukraine's IT industry struggles to compete due to labor in the low-
cost sector and increasing competition from businesses in low-income nations. This is
particularly true of the outsourcing model of IT company development, which is characterized by
poor margins. This model of IT sector growth in Ukraine is primarily caused by the
ineffectiveness of competitiveness management tools utilized by the industry. The latter
actualizes the creation of suitable procedures for controlling the competitiveness of businesses in
Ukraine's IT industry. The goal of the article is to create the theoretical and procedural rules for
the formulation of assessments and forecasts of the degree of competitiveness of businesses in
the information technology sector. The theoretical and methodological underpinnings of the
study are the works in the fields of cognitive management, cognitive control, adaptive
management, proactive management, and competitiveness management. Twenty Ukrainian IT
businesses' environments were evaluated and forecasted, an inertial development scenario was
developed, and challenges to the companies' long-term viability were anticipated. In order to
evaluate the stability of companies' competitive positions, it was necessary to compare their
current and projected levels of competitiveness. This comparison also allowed for the
identification of IT companies for which it would be wise to develop proactive strategies aimed
at reversing the negative trends that are formed based on projected data on the accepted
competitiveness management strategy. It was shown that the "shock" of COVID-19 had
unfavorable effects, particularly because 61 of the 68 top IT businesses in the S&P 500 index are
among the largest corporations in the world. It was established that the need to consider adaptive
strategy as a focus strategy is caused by the negative effects of the "shock" of COVID-19,
specifically the fact that 61 of the 68 largest companies in the IT sector (or 90%) that are
included in the S & P500 index are characterized by negative market value dynamics.

Keywords: money laundering; shadow economy; business activity; stability; risk

 (12) THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ISLAMIC SOCIAL FINANCE IN
STABILISING INCOME FOR MICRO-ENTREPRENEURS
DURING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK:
Microbusiness owners throughout the world have been severely hit by the COVID-19 outbreak.

Although the government has offered incentives and support funding, they may only be available
for three months. Tools provided by Islamic Social Finance (ISF) provide access to the monies
(Zakat, Waqf, Baytulmal, Ar-rahnu). It is important to understand how far the ISF's fund
assistance can support micro entrepreneurs and help them survive in their businesses, even while
this mitigates risks for them. Therefore, this study aims to use the Partial Least Squares-
Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach to examine the role of Islamic social
financing in stabilizing micro entrepreneurs' income during the COVID-19 epidemic. Between
June and August 2020, 200 questionnaires including a survey were given out to microbusiness
owners in three states of Malaysia. The results demonstrate that ISF was crucial in maintaining
revenue among microbusiness owners throughout the COVID-19 epidemic.

Overall, zakat has the strongest, most overwhelmingly favorable association with monetary
stability. As a result, micro entrepreneurs are using it as a crucial instrument to stabilize their
revenue during COVID-19.

Keywords: Islamic social finance, Covid-19, Micro-entrepreneurs.

(13) EMERGING EUROPEAN ECONOMIES AFTER THE

PANDEMIC:

1. Convergence to the Centre:

The key macroeconomic trends of the Emerging European Economies (EEE) group prior to and
during the Covid-19 epidemic, as well as the longer-term prospects following the crisis, are the
subjects of this chapter.
 With a comparison of economic and social indicators between the current pandemic and the
previous significant economic shock, the global financial crisis of 2008–2012, the focus is on
economic convergence and crisis resilience. The purpose of this section is to lay the groundwork
for the succeeding chapters' in-depth analysis and to give a framework for interpreting those
details. Our major point is that, although if the EEE as a whole has shown notable convergence
to the more developed European Union (EU) member states, disparities still exist, particularly
when we take a look at several socioeconomic metrics. After the global financial crisis, crisis
resilience also increased, giving reason to believe that the EEE would recover from the present
crisis more quickly and effectively than it did from the last one.

It is crucial to raise productivity, foster innovation, and make investments in human capital in
order to finish the convergence process, profit from a future migration of global value chains to
Europe, and prevent long-lasting negative effects of the economic shocks.

2. Financial Markets: Banks and Capital Markets:

An overview of the financial markets of the Emerging European Economies is given in this
chapter. These nations' financial systems are less complex and more primitive than those of the
more developed members of the European Union. In capital markets, the latency is typically
greater. The eight nations are nevertheless deeply ingrained in the financial markets of the EU as
a result of the substantial foreign ownership of their banking sectors. After the Global Financial
Crisis (GFC), the approach to and the tools for capital markets and banking regulation, as well as
the business practices of financial institutions, underwent significant change. This was due to the
fact that the activity of financial market participants significantly contributed to the GFC and
several financial institutions failed during this time. Banks experienced a major increase in the
sturdiness of their capital base and funding structure. When the financial system was rocked by
the Covid-induced financial crisis, the process of re-regulation and strengthening had not yet
been entirely finished. On the one hand, this indicates that the financial sector lacked some of the
resources it needed to be able to absorb shocks. The Covid-related crisis management, on the
other hand, which included the widespread application of the loan repayment moratorium,
regulatory forbearance, direct state grants to non-financial companies and private individuals,
and monetary easing, significantly reduced the burdens on the banks and helped the capital
markets recover quickly. The chapter examines the structural modifications made to financial
intermediation in the EEE following the GFC, and the primary regulatory adjustments, threats,
and weaknesses of the region's financial systems throughout two time periods: before the Covid
epidemic and during that period. We discover that country-specific characteristics, in addition to
commonalities, have a significant influence. As a result, the EEE do not represent a
homogeneous region from the perspective of financial markets.

3. Firm Size, Productivity, EU-funds, and Corruption:

There may have been structural changes in the commercial sector as a result of the Covid-19
outbreak and the ensuing economic crisis. The pandemic affected the majority of businesses, but
some emerged from it with new prospects, particularly those that could utilize digital
technologies either directly or indirectly through remote working. The size distribution of
enterprises in the EEE in comparison to other EU areas is examined in the first section of the
chapter along with its implications for average worker productivity. Our major point is that, in
addition to having smaller average company sizes and poorer labor productivity than the EU as a
whole, the EEE also has substantially larger productivity gaps between small and big enterprises
than in more developed EU nations. Although SMEs were more susceptible to the harm brought
on by the Covid crisis, this is not expected to have a large impact on the distribution of business
sizes in EEE.

The European Commission has established a comprehensive support program to assist Member
States in reducing the economic slump and other economic and social harm as a result of the
Covid-19 epidemic. Our findings emphasize how crucial it is to keep an eye on how this support
program is being used, guard against abuse and irregularities, and reduce the possibility of
corruption, particularly in the EEE where the standard of governmental institutions is relatively
low and the rule of law is weaker. Because there is a larger likelihood that EU subsidies may
enhance corruption and erode market competition, the usage of EU subsidies and the dangers of
corruption in the EEE need to be thoroughly addressed.

4. Transport and Mobility:

The Emerging European Economies took over a transport sector that was marked by a lack of
infrastructure, a high reliance on public transportation, and low rates of automobile ownership
once communism fell. This chapter provides a thorough analysis of how transport policy
changed as a result of the region's EU membership, the global financial crisis of 2008, and the
Covid-19 epidemic. One of the largest recipients of EU financing for the region's economy is the
 transportation sector, but we note that due to ineffective ex-post monitoring and assessment of
transportation projects, the territorial cohesion goals are not completely accomplished. This
chapter discusses the popularity of online forms of activity involvement while focusing on new
transport technologies including electrification, automation, and micro mobility. We contend that
the abundance of available public transportation, the shifts in spatiotemporal travel patterns
brought on by the pandemic, and the lag in the adoption of new travel behaviors, like online
shopping, present an opportunity to advance past the difficulties already evident in Western
European cities. In order to achieve this, we provide many policy suggestions targeted at the
transportation industry.

5. Monetary, Macro prudential, and Fiscal Policy:

A review of the implementation of monetary, macro prudential, and fiscal policies in the
Emerging European Economies after the Global Financial Crisis is given in this chapter, along
with a discussion of the issues following the pandemic and the policy reaction to COVID-19. We
demonstrate how modifications to institutional frameworks at both the regional and national
levels significantly increased the tools available to policymakers and improved fiscal
frameworks and financial sector resilience. The global financial cycle, the long-term reduction in
interest rates, and the internationalization of inflation all put pressure on monetary policy at the
same time. The significant policy accommodations made in response to COVID-19, including
the employment of unusual instruments, assisted in reducing the financial loss. However, given
the constrained policy space, some structural variables impacting inflation and interest rates, as
well as possible threats to independent institutions, the post-pandemic problems are severe.

6. Green Economy: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability:

To assess how Covid-19 has affected the sustainability initiatives in the Emerging European
Economies, this chapter focuses on two UN Sustainable Development Goals (EEE). These
targets include SDG13, Climate Action, and SDG7, Affordably and Clean Energy. There is an
obvious ongoing deficiency in the way that energy and climate concerns are being addressed
when analyzing indicators related to both SDG7 and SDG13.

Our study' findings indicate that the EEE failed to make progress on SDGs 7 and 13 in 2019. By
2020, Covid had further regressed the area. On SDG7,
Covid showed a moderately detrimental effect, however the effects on SDG13 are less clear.
Regarding long-term objectives, the European Union has set a 2050 target of carbon neutrality,
which entails net zero emissions of greenhouse gases. . These goals will be missed unless new
policies are put in place, according to past tendencies. The total annual energy usage (TOE per
person) in 2019 exceeded the mandated 2020 objectives established in 2012. (Eurostat, 2021).
The inability to become better, i.e., reduce energy use, shows how little has been done to
separate economic growth from energy consumption. Three proposals for policy are made in this
chapter: 1) The EEE cannot "succeed" in achieving their SDGs with "creative carbon
accounting." Energy efficiency measures must be prioritized in national and regional economic
recovery plans, particularly for the poorest families, and renewable energy sources must be
defined in terms of resiliency for the environment and society. Economic growth and energy
consumption must be separated.

7. Health and Social Security:

This chapter offers proof that, prior to the Covid-19 epidemic, population health in the Emerging
European Economies (EEE) trailed behind the EU average. Next, we analyze how the pandemics
direct health effects varied across the EEE and other European nations. We also provide
preliminary data on Covid-19 immunization rates in the EEE. We examine the policy measures
taken by the governments to lessen the effects of the Covid-19 shock and talk about the
pandemic's indirect effects on social security and health. We conclude by offering
recommendations for health policy.

8. Aging and Pension Systems:

This chapter examines how the Covid-19 epidemic has affected the pension and aging systems in
emerging European economies. It gives stylized information from recent decades in the first
section. The three most significant findings are that (1) life expectancies at 65 differ within the
EEE and still lag behind older EU members, (2) the total fertility rate in the EEE is around 1.5
and is only slowly increasing, and (3) mandatory private pillars were established in most EEE
members between 1998 and 2010, but they were reduced or even eliminated starting in 2011.
The second section examines how the Covid-19 outbreak has affected pension systems. This is
significant since current pension systems and economic advances are greatly influenced by
changes in the age structure of the population. We discover that the EEE has a per capita victim
count that ranges from extremely high to average, which causes a brief decline in GDP and life
expectancy.
 The pandemic's financial impact on pension systems in the EEE is minimal, though, given the
rise in mortality is probably just transitory. However, it may still result in significant policy
changes pertaining to pensions.

9. Acknowledgement:
This chapter examines how the Covid-19 epidemic has affected the pension and aging systems in
emerging European economies. It gives stylized information from recent decades in the first
section. The three most significant findings are that:

(1) Life expectancies at 65 differ within the EEE and still lag behind older EU members

(2) The total fertility rate in the EEE is around 1.5 and is only slowly increasing

(3) Mandatory private pillars were established in most EEE members between 1998 and 2010,
but they were reduced or even eliminated starting in 2011.

The second section examines how the Covid-19 outbreak has affected pension systems. This is
significant since current pension systems and economic advances are greatly influenced by
changes in the age structure of the population. We discover that the EEE has a per capita victim
count that ranges from extremely high to average, which causes a brief decline in GDP and life
expectancy. The pandemic's financial impact on pension systems in the EEE is minimal, though,
given the rise in mortality is probably just transitory. However, it may still result in significant
policy changes pertaining to pensions.

10.Public Education:
This chapter provides evidence that, even before the pandemic, there were significant variations
among the Emerging European Economies (EEE) in terms of the quality of their public
education systems and, therefore, their human capital stocks. While young people in the majority
of the EEE receive the same amount of public education—or perhaps more—than the typical
student in the EU15, public education quality metrics in these nations vary greatly. Young
people's fundamental skill levels in the majority of EEE are lower than those in more developed
nations. There is mounting evidence that the middle-income trap's formation and endurance are
significantly influenced by middle-income nations' incapacity to raise the standard of public
education. The pandemic had a significant impact on the EEE's education systems throughout the
last two academic years (the second halves of 2019/2020 and 2020/2021), despite their extremely
varying quality. Schools were shut down, and only about one-fifth of education in the EEE was
conducted under "regular" circumstances. Large learning losses have resulted from this, and this
chapter analyses the amount of those losses using available statistics as well as the authors' own
estimations and computations. Accordingly, it is asserted that the epidemic not only made
already-existing gaps worse, but also exposed EEE with previously successful public education
programs to the possibility that their advantage would vanish if they are unable to counteract the
pandemic's consequences. This might ultimately result in these nations sliding into the middle-
income trap. However, this may be prevented by implementing effective educational policy
measures, for which the chapter also provides some recommendations.

11.Research & Development and Higher Education:

This chapter makes the case that R&D and innovation, supported by a competitive, high-quality,
and research-intensive higher education sector, are the only option for the Emerging European
Economies (EEE) to escape the middle-income trap in which they appear to be trapped. We
demonstrate how far they lag behind the more developed EU nations in these areas using in-
depth and extensive data analysis, and contrast this with how this creates significant
opportunities for economic growth and structural changes that could aid these economies and
societies in escaping the trap. We also offer some extremely detailed policy suggestions.

(14) Covid-19 Pandemic Responses in Nigeria: Implication for

National Development:
This essay explores the ramifications of Covid 19, a worldwide epidemic that originated in
Wuhan, China and expanded to Iran, Europe, the United States, the Americas, and Africa before
overwhelming health systems and infrastructure and causing fatalities. In order to demonstrate
that Nigeria might not end up as a net gainer when the pandemic's fog of uncertainty has settled
over the world, the study triangulates among the global capital theory, the opportunity theory or
entrepreneurship, and the dependence theory. Data from the Nigeria Center for Disease Control
(NCDC) was used to highlight the relationship between Nigeria's geographical zones and the
socioeconomic and political gaps that currently exist in the country's progress The pathways
therefrom imply that existing poverty, disparities, a lack of healthcare facilities, and systemic
government and governance corruption depicted bleak results in the Covid experiences in
Nigeria. Due to Covid 19's still unexplored novelty in its symptomatic and asymptomatic spread,
tendency to be spread by children, general lack of herd immunity to it, and the unavailability of
vaccines, especially in developing nations like Nigeria for at least the next two to three years,
this viewpoint has become crucial when analyzing the implications and future of the Covid
experience in Nigeria. The document makes many recommendations, including that the Nigerian
government take the initiative to assist the ministry of science and technology in enlisting
seasoned and experienced academics, scientists, and technologists as well as national business
and entrepreneurs to develop practical products to stop, stop, and battle Covid 19.

Keywords: Covid 19, National Development, Pandemic.

(15) Corruption and Demography during the COVID-19 Pandemic

in Indonesia:
COVID- 19 pandemic significantly altered Indonesia's place in the globe. Opportunities for
corruption have increased as more economic relief packages have been pushed into public
expenditure, particularly in light of the deteriorating corruption monitoring system. An insight of
corruption in Indonesia may be gained from this article's presentation of major survey results on
the use of corruption during the epidemic. Beginning in mid-2020 and ending in late 2020, two
survey rounds were performed with participants all around Indonesia, yielding 2,093 replies.
People who reside in rural regions or have lower incomes than the average person are more
likely to engage in or perpetrate acts of corruption, according to the ordinary least-square (OLS)
regression. Corruption is frequently used by those who are poorer or reside in rural regions to
narrow the economic gap. Additionally, it has been discovered that highly educated individuals
frequently engage in corruption. In an educated culture, corruption is encouraged by higher rents
for corruption and a wide range of chances for power abuse.

Keywords: Corruption, Demography, COVID-19, Indonesia

References:
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(ATAI), J-PAL’s Governance Initiative (GI) and CEGA’s Development Economics
Challenge Award. All errors are my own.

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