Simulation 1.1

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Simulation
IB3200
LECTURE 1
How DES works
Dr Katy Hoad
http://www.wbs.ac.uk/about/person/Kathryn-Hoad/
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ID: 152-860-971
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Covered
in this lecture:
• We will start to see how to construct

simple DES models…
• Carry out a manual simulation.
• Learn about the components of a DES
model.
• How to start describing systems in DES
language using diagrams.
• The Discrete Event (3-phase) method.
3
Example: the bank
Resource
Queue Activity: service
Time
Arrive Start End Leave

service service
Events
4
Manual simulation
Assume Simulation clock starts at 9am. Result of
interest
Customer Service Service Service Waiting

Arrives starts time ends time
(mins) (mins)
9:01 6
9:02 3
9:03 5
9:10 2
9:20 3
5
How DES works…
Arrivals
• How do customers arrive?
– All at once?
– At regular intervals?
– Following some probability distribution?
6
How DES works…
Types of queue discipline
• FIFO (first in, first out)
• LIFO (last in, first out)
• SIRO (serve in random order)
• Priority (e.g. most urgent, shortest
processing time, etc…)
7
How DES works…
Queue types
Can have single or multi-server queues
8
How DES works…
Queue types
Can have single or multi-server queues
9
How DES works…
Service times
Again services times can be:
• Constant (the same set duration)
• Follow some probability distribution
10
How DES works…
Service times
Again services times can be:
• Constant (the same set duration)
• Follow some probability distribution
How we go about collecting data and

modelling arrival and activity times
will be covered in Week 3’s tasks, lecture
and subsequent workshop
11
How DES works…
The main components of a DES model
• Entities = objects in system
– the things which do the queuing
What are the entities in our simple bank simulation?
12
How DES works…
• Activities
– what the entities do
What are the activities in our simple bank simulation?
13
How DES works…
• Attributes (called labels in Simul8)
– characteristics of entities which can determine what
activities they do, in what order, for how long etc...
What could be the attributes in our simple bank
simulation?
14
How DES works…
• Events: discrete points in time.

– arrive, start and end of activities, (leave)
What are the events in our simple bank simulation?
15
How DES works…
• Queues
– real queues (as in a bank)
– virtual queues (hospital waiting list)
– buffers (storage)
What are the queues in our simple bank simulation?
16
How DES works…
• Resources
– required for activities to occur: people, equipment,
materials etc…
– may be
• dedicated (attached to one activity only)
• floating (attached to several activities, although only
one at a time)
• shared (attached to several activities simultaneously)
17
How DES works…
• Resources
– required for activities to occur (people, equipment,
materials etc..): dedicated, floating, shared.
What are the resources in our simple bank simulation?
18
How DES works…
• Duration and clock time
19
Example: Identifying components
In a simulation of a petrol station identify which of the
following are events, which are activities and which are
queues: (assume can not pay at pump)
customer arrives
waits for a petrol pump
starts filling car with petrol
fills car with petrol
finishes filling car with petrol
waits to pay
starts paying
pays and buys sweets
finishes paying
20
DES Process Flow Diagram
- - Building a simple diagram of your system
• Software independent Useful for
conceptual
• Circles = queues Circles and modelling
boxes should – Lecture 2
• Boxes = activities alternate
• An activity can not start until required resource is available –

note this on diagram.
• Temporary entities move through system,
created by a feeder & disposed of by a disposer:
• Can also have Decision points (which could be based on
attributes of entity):
21
e.g. Process flow for the petrol station simulation
Wait for Petrol

Fill car
fuel pump pump
Wait to
Pay
pay
Cashier
22
e.g. Process flow for the petrol station simulation
Capacity?
Service
Queue discipline?
Inter-arrival times
times
Wait for Petrol
Fill car
fuel pump pump
Quantity
available?
Service times
Wait to
Pay
pay
Capacity?
Queue discipline?
Cashier
Quantity
23
available?
How DES software works…
• A DES program keeps a list of future events
and actions them in time order.
• Uses two types of event: conditional and
bound (= can be scheduled)
– Conditional (C-)events: start activities
– Bound (B-)events: end activities and arrivals
• The simulation maintains a future events list
that contains future B-events
24
How DES software works…
The three phases
• Time phase: Move simulation clock
to time of next B-event
• B-phase: Execute all B-events due
at this time
• C-phase: Test conditions of all C-
events and execute any which are
satisfied
25
How DES software works: The Three Phases
• Time phase: Move simulation clock to time of next B-event
• B-phase: Execute all B-events due at this time:
Arrival: End Service:

• Create new entity and put in queue • Dispose of entity
• Schedule next arrival • Make resource free
• C-phase: Test conditions of all C-events and execute any

which are satisfied:
Start Service:
• IF there is an entity in the queue
AND the resource is free THEN
 Take entity off queue
 Make resource busy
 Schedule End Service event 26
Example: the bank
Resource
Queue Activity: service
Time
Arrive Start End Leave

service service
Events
27
Time now
09.00 Future B-Events list
09.01 Mrs Blonde arrives
ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

28
Time now

29
Time now

30
Time now
09.01 Future Events list
09.02 Mr Shades arrives

31
Time now

32
Time now
Test conditions for C-event: 09.01 Mrs Blonde arrives
If there is an entity in the queue 09.02 Mr Shades arrives
AND the resource (clerk) is free:

33
Time now

SATISFIED

34
Time now

SATISFIED 09.07 Mrs Blonde ends service
 Take entity off queue,
 Make resource (clerk) busy,
 Schedule End Service B-event.

35
Time now
09.07 Mrs Blonde ends service

36
Time now

37
Time now
09.03 Mr Redcoat arrives

38
Time now

39
Time now
AND the resource (clerk) is free: 09.03 Mr Redcoat arrives


40
Time now
NOT SATISFIED 09.07 Mrs Blonde ends service

41
Time now

42
Time now

43
Time now
09.10 Ms Smart arrives

44
Time now

45
Time now


46
Time now

NOT SATISFIED

47
Time now

48
Time now

49
Time now

50
Time now

51
Time now


52
Time now


53
Time now

 Take entity off queue, 09.10 Ms Smart arrives
 Make resource (clerk) busy, 09.12 Mr Shades ends service

54
Time now

 Take entity off queue, 09.10 Ms Smart arrives
 Make resource (clerk) busy, 09.12 Mr Shades ends service

55
What was covered in today’s lecture:
• Introduced some DES terminology and the basic

components of a DES model.
• Introduction to building a (DES) diagram of a
queuing system.
• Understand the underlying structure of a DES
model.
56
POST- LECTURE
ON-LINE
ACTIVITY
Identifying the entities,

resources, events,
activities and queues;
and drawing a process
flow diagram for a simple
launderette system.
57
End of live lecture
Online (Mini.My) Task – video

exercise – follows
58
Exercise: a launderette
A launderette is a shop where there are

washing machines and drying machines
so that people without these facilities at
home can do their own laundry.
These machines are coin operated so that there is no need
to wait for a human server. Assume that all customers
come in with dirty clothes and then wash and dry their
clothes. Each person needs one washer and one dryer.
a. Identify the entities, resources, events, activities and

queues.
b. Draw a process flow diagram for this system.
59

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Join: vevox.

app ID: 152-860-971

Join: vevox.app ID: 152-860-971

• We will start to see how to construct

Queue Activity: service

Arrive Start End Leave

Customer Service Service Service Waiting

• Constant (the same set duration)

• Follow some probability distribution

• Constant (the same set duration)

• Follow some probability distribution

How we go about collecting data and

What are the entities in our simple bank simulation?

What are the activities in our simple bank simulation?

• Events: discrete points in time.

What are the events in our simple bank simulation?

What are the resources in our simple bank simulation?

• Duration and clock time

• Boxes = activities alternate

• An activity can not start until required resource is available –

Wait for Petrol

Arrival: End Service:

• C-phase: Test conditions of all C-events and execute any

Queue Activity: service

Arrive Start End Leave

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

If there is an entity in the queue 09.02 Mr Shades arrives

AND the resource (clerk) is free:

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

If there is an entity in the queue 09.02 Mr Shades arrives

AND the resource (clerk) is free:

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

If there is an entity in the queue 09.02 Mr Shades arrives

AND the resource (clerk) is free:

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

09.07 Mrs Blonde ends service

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

09.07 Mrs Blonde ends service

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

If there is an entity in the queue 09.02 Mr Shades arrives

AND the resource (clerk) is free: 09.03 Mr Redcoat arrives

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

If there is an entity in the queue 09.02 Mr Shades arrives

AND the resource (clerk) is free: 09.03 Mr Redcoat arrives

NOT SATISFIED 09.07 Mrs Blonde ends service

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

If there is an entity in the queue 09.02 Mr Shades arrives

AND the resource (clerk) is free: 09.03 Mr Redcoat arrives

ARRIVE QUEUE SERVICE

If there is an entity in the queue 09.02 Mr Shades arrives