Case Study Placenta Accreta
Case Study Placenta Accreta
Case Study Placenta Accreta
INTRODUCTION
The human placenta is critical throughout intra‐uterine development; it has a direct
impact on the efficacy of fetal development, as well as influencing the risks of
developing many diseases in adult life, such as diabetes mellitus and obesity.
Placental growth, differentiation and adaptation are influenced by maternal
factors, such as stress, oxygen availability and maternal genetics.The placenta
itself then influences vascular resistance, fetal nutrition and
fetal growth, which effect the consequent organ structure, metabolism and
homeostasis of the fetus.Problems with placenta development can have major
consequences upon fetal development,
ranging from low birth weight to mental or physical
growth retardation through to fetal death.Placenta accreta is a devastating abnormality
of placental attachment to the uterus, which has serious consequences for
both mother and fetus. The cause of this condition is still not fully understood.
Therefore, risk factor
identification, diagnosis and management are critical in the prevention of maternal and
feta death. Placenta accreta was first described nearly 80 years ago as a
clinicopathological condition in which the placenta fails to separate partially or totally
from the uterine wall.Several concepts have been proposed to explain why and how it
occurs.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Placenta Accreta
The normal placenta implants onto the secretory endometrium and is separated
from the myometrium by a continuous endometrial layer.
Placenta accreta - refers to a placenta that has implanted directly onto or into the
myometrium. As Figure 1 illustrates, this results in one of three
conditions:
• Placenta accreta – the uterine decidua basalis is absent and the chorionic villi attach
to the myometrium directly.
• Placenta increta – the chorionic villi penetrate into the myometrium.
• Placenta percreta – the chorionic villi penetrate through the myometrium and may
invade surrounding structures, such as the urinary bladder.
However, it is reported that this number is increasing and this rise is likely due
to the increasing numbers of cesarean sections being performed.
FIGURE 1
Placenta accreta is associated with major intra‐operative blood loss and in some
cases maternal death.It is reported that the average blood loss in a patient with
placenta accreta is between 2000 and 5000ml and as a result patients often
require blood transfusions.Although potentially lifesaving, blood transfusions carry
their own risks and consequences, such as bacterial contamination of platelets
and transfusion‐related acute lung injury.9 Between 30% and 72% of patients with
placenta accreta require hysterectomy and due to the serosa invasion associated
with placenta percreta further surgical complications may arise, such as cystectomy.
In order to minimize the morbidity and mortality related to placenta accreta, it is importa
nt that those with the condition are identified before delivery; this allows the
obstetric department to create a management plan that helps them
to cope effectively. However, since the etiology of this condition
remains unknown, identification
of potential placenta accreta patients involves risk factor recognition.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The challenge in writing this case study is on the epidemiology of accreta placentation
was the heterogeneous definition of the condition. Nearly some of the studies published
over years do not provide evidence of correlation between prenatal ultrasound signs,
clinical symptoms, and detailed pathologic findings at delivery.In addition, the recent
inclusion of both adherent and invasive forms of accreta placentation into one archaic
category i.e. “morbidly adherent” makes the interpretation of clinical data more difficult.
This could explain the wide variability in the prevalence of the different degree of
accreta placentation, in the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis, and in differences in
outcomes.
CASE STUDY
Mrs Anna, a 30‐year‐old multiparous woman, was diagnosed with a “placenta
accreta and probably placenta percreta involving the right inferior lateral
placenta”following a pelvic MRI. She had a history of four caesarean sections
resulting in live births; her fourth pregnancy had been complicated by placenta
previa but otherwise there had been no obstetric issues. This pregnancy had
been unremarkable and she denied any vaginal bleeding throughout.
She was referred for the pelvic MRI following abnormal ultrasound scans
at 20 weeks gestation (two abdominal and one transvaginal). In
concordance with current
guidance, she was admitted for an elective cesarean section at 36 weeks and 5 days
gestation.
Preoperatively, Mrs Anna consented to the operation, as well as further
intervention if required, including interventional radiology, hysterectomy, cystectomy
and/or blood transfusion.
A senior anesthesilogist managed this case, which took place under a general
anaesthetic (GA).The caesarean section was carried out by a senior obstetric
consultant via a vertical incision, as the high risk of hemorrhage meant a hysterectomy
may be required. The baby was delivered without complication and immediately
transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit. The uterus was then inspected and
there appeared to be a “grade IV placenta previa with morbid adherence”. The
obstetrician then carried out manual evacuation of the placenta and further
inspection of the uterus to ensure no placenta had been retained.
Unfortunately,at this point thepatient had a severe postpartum haemorrhage,
therefore, the obstetrician performed a B lynch suture to compress the uterus.
However, this failed to provide hemostasis and Mrs Anna became significantly
hypotensive. The consultant anaesthetist inserted a central line to increase
intravenous access and initiated a rapid blood transfusion. This failed to
significantly control the blee-ding and the decision was made to perform a
hysterectomy. This was completed without complication but, once again, did not
provide haemostasis, and the obstetrician was struggling to determine the
bleeding
site. Mrs Anna lost approximately 3500mls of blood intraoperatively, which had a signific
ant impact on her post‐ operative recovery. While her baby was clinically well in
the pediatric unit follo-wing delivery, Mrs Anna was transferred to the high
dependency unit for intensehemodynamic monitoring.
This may be because some patients, do not experience any vaginal bleeding during
pregnancy, the main symptom of both placenta pravia and accreta.Additionally,
ultrasound may only successfully diagnose 45% of placenta accreta cases.There
may be many reasons for this, including the sensitivity of the equipment, the
sensitivity of the criteria for placenta accreta diagnosis or lack of ultrasonogra -
pher experience in recognizing the condition. Where placenta accreta, increta or
percreta is suspected, the obstetricians and anaesthetists must prepare for the possibi-
lity of massive haemorrhage, hysterectomy and other potential sequential. Current
guidance indicates that prior to delivery, all complications should be discussed
with the patient and formal consent for any poteintal interventions obtained.
Furthermore, the guidelines state that if a woman with confirmed placenta previa has
an
episode of vaginal bleeding she should be managed as an inpatient from 34 weeks gest
ation onwards and that every unit must have a protocol for the management of
massive haemorrhage in placenta previa or accreta patients, which must include
“liaison with haematology, giving warm blood rapidly, criteria
for invasive monitoring and management of women who refuse blood
products”. Mrs Anna’s postpartum haemorrhage began during the time‐consuming, man
ual removal of the placenta. Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that
women with placenta accreta, who have completed their families, should
be given the opportunity to opt for hysterectomy without any attempt to
manually remove the placenta. However, the evidence forthis change is limited and cou
ld only be recommended following further trials assessingmaternal outcome.
CONCLUSION
Placenta accreta is a potentially life threatening condition for both mother and baby.
The limited understanding of the nature of this condition means that those likely to
develop it must be identified through risk factor analysis. Currently, prompt
diagnosis of placenta accreta, followed by the development of a
delivery management plan that include several haemorrhage‐
control contingency options, is the only way to reduce the maternal morbidity and
mortality associated with this condition. There- fore, this case highlights the need
for
further research into the prevention of abnormal placental development, so that treatme
nt
of complications is not the mainstay of management in this condition and to reduce the r
isk of massive haemorrhage or emer -gency hysterectomy in these women. This
case also emphasizes the importance of the multi‐disciplinary team, which
included radiographers, theatre nurses and
consultants, who all played a vital role in ensuring the survival of Mrs Anna
and her baby.
Reference:
1. https://www.ecosia.org/images/?q=IMAGES%20PLACENTA%20ACCRETA
%20INCRETA#id=620B64E0AE970BF09CAA70B3E577BF43CF0EB50D
2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
8561410_Placenta_accreta_A_case_study
3. https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/placenta_accreta