Module 1: Introduction to Zoonoses - Most zoonotic bacteria have been

described;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
- Transmission of Babesia via ticks
MYnMXEcHI7U
 1901-1950 – Rabies virus isolated and Negri
Zoonoses bodies were demonstrated;
- Goats were demonstrated to be the
 "zoonoses' - coined by Rudolf Virchow in 1885 reservoir of Brucella melitensis and goat
 Greek word 'zoon” = animals and "noson" = milk as a source of human infection;
disease - Ricketts described the agent of Rocky
 Any disease or infection that can be transmitted Mountain Spotted Fever;
naturally from animals to humans; it comprises - Commercial milk pasteurization was
a large percentage of new and existing diseases introduced;
of humans (WHO, 2020) - Electron microscope was invented;
 Causative agents of zoonotic diseases: bacteria, - Zoonotic rickettsia and virus were isolated
virus, parasitic, fungal or unconventional agents - Spanish Flu
 Transmission: via direct and indirect contact,  1950 – Marburg Disease, Lassa Fever, Enteric
foodborne, waterborne, vector-borne, campylobacteriosis, Ebola, and Lyme Disease
environment were recognized;
The Origin of Human Pathogens - Smallpox was officially eradicated worldwide

 Scientists believed that modern human Zoonoses on the Recent Century

infectious diseases arose during the Neolithic  1960 – (up to present) – AIDS caused by HIV
period or afterwards has resulted to 38 million deaths worldwide (37
 Tuberculosis - thought to originate during million are infected)
Neolithic period transmitted from cattle to  2002 – first case of SARS (atypical pneumonia)
humans in Guangdong province in Southern China;
 With technological advances (e.g. molecular SARS infected 8,098 people worldwide with 774
clock analysis, single nucleotide polymorphisms mortality
and phylogeography), many research studies  2009 – H1N1 pandemic (151,700-575,400
conclude that modern human infectious people worldwide died during the first year the
diseases did not arise from domestic animals virus circulated)
during Neolithic period  2014 - (up to present) – dramatic increase of
Zoonoses Throughout the Years Zika cases in infants (microcephaly; temporary
paralysis in adults) from South America
 1300 – Ancient descriptions of clinical  2014-2016 – largest and most complex
observations; early religious dietary practices outbreak of Ebola
 1301-1500 – Jehan de Brie described the first  2015-2019 – measles outbreak in 24 states
parasite- Fasciola hepatica (high occurrence in unvaccinated individuals)
- Quarantining ships from foreign ports  2019-present – COVID-19 – a disease
(plage-affected); Black Death originating from China which infected millions of
 1501-1700 – Leeuwenhoek invented people worldwide (217 million cases with 4.51
microscope and published first descriptions of million deaths)
microorganisms
 1701-1800 – Linnaeus published Systema Infectious Diseases
Naturae (which described zoonotic diseases);  Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) - disease
- Jenner demonstrated that cowpox against that has increasing incidence, geographic or
smallpox; host range or their impacts (AMR, new
- Most cestodes have been described; virulence)
- Yellow Fever (aka America Plague)  1940-2004 – 335 EIDs were identified (mean: 5
 1801-1850 – Zinke demonstrated rabies per year),
transmission by saliva in dogs;  60% of human infectious disease - ZOONOTIC
- Gruby described the mycotic etiology; (72% are from wildlife)
- The Cholera pandemic (18.402 deaths in
Asia, Europe, and the Americas) Why is there a need to study zoonoses?
 1851-1900 – Most trematodes have been
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qh7ynC9F7Y
described;
- Koch isolated Bacillus anthracis; Impacts of Zoonotic Diseases
- Gram staining was introduced;
- Petri dish was introduced;

Geriel Quides | DVM 4A | Zoonoses, EIDs, and One Health

 How DO Zoonotic Diseases Spread Between
Animals and Humans?

 Direct Contact
 Indirect Contact
 Vertor-borne
Population at Risk  Foodborne
 Waterborne
 Children younger than 5 years
 Adults older than 65 years Zoonoses by life cycle of the infecting
 Immunocompromised or people with weak organism
immune system  Direct (ortho) zoonoses - infections
 Pregnant women transmitted from an infected to a susceptible
 Health care workers vertebrate host by direct contact, contact with
 People handling animals / working in the fomite, or by a mechanical vector.
laboratory Example: anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis,
Classification of Zoonoses rabies, salmonellosis, trichinosis, tuberculosis,
tularaemia, vibrio infections
1. Reservoir host  Cyclozoonoses - require more than one
2. Life cycle of infecting organism vertebrate host species
3. Causative agent Example: human taeniasis, echinococcosis,
4. Mode of transmission pentastomid infections,
 Metazoonoses - infections that are
Zoonoses by Reservoir Host
transmitted biologically by vectors. Extrinsic
1. Arthropozoonoses - infection transmitted incubation period before transmission to
to man from lower vertebrates another vertebrate,
- “Anthropos” = man; “nosos” = disease Example: arbovirus infections, plague,
schistosomiasis, spotted fever
 Saprozoonoses - infections which have both
vertebrate host and a non-animal development
site or reservoir.
Example: larva migrans and mycoses

Direct Zoonoses
Direct anthropozoonoses
2. Zooanthroponoses - infections
Decription: Lower vertebrates serve as the
transmitted from man to lower vertebrates,
reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens which
reverse zoonotic disease
transmits infections to humans by accidental
exposures or direct contact with infected population
or contaminated materials
Example: Rabies, brucellosis
Direct zooanthroponoses
Decription: Zoonotic diseases transmitted
from human beings to lower vertebrates by direct
contact with infected person or contaminated
materials
3. Aphixenoses - infections that are Example: Diphtheria, tuberculosis
maintained in both man and lower Direct amphixenoses
vertebrates that may be transmitted in Decription: Zoonotic diseases maintained in
either direction nature either in animal or human population in both
- “xenos” = stranger; “osis” = condition directions by direct contact with infected population
or contaminated materials
Example: Streptococcosis, staphylococcosis

Cyclozoonoses
Obligatory cyclozoonoses
Description: Zoonotic agents require a
human being to complete the its life cycle
Example: Taeniosis (Taenia saginata & T.
solium) - measly beef and measly pork

Geriel Quides | DVM 4A | Zoonoses, EIDs, and One Health

Non-obligatory zoonoses
Description: Zoonotic agents require man's Zoonoses by the Causative Agents
involvement as accidental or not essential to 1. Viroses
complete its life cycle 2. Bacterioses
Example: Hydatidosis (Echinococcus 3. Mycoses
granulosus) 4. Parasitoses

Zoonoses by mode of transmission

Metazoonoses
Metazoonoses subtype 1 1. Transmission by BITES
Description: Requires 1 vertebrate and 1 Example: rabies (Rhabdiviridae), herpes
invertebrate host simiae (Herpesviridae)
Example: Japanese Encephalitis, Yellow 2. Transmission by ARTHROPODS
Fever Example: Alphavirus, Japanese Encephalitis,
Metazoonoses subtype 2 Yellow Fever, Dengue
Description: Requires 1 vertebrate and 2 3. Transmission by VEHICLES or
invertebrate host CONTACT
Example: Paragonimiosis Example: Lassa Fever, Argentine
Metazoonoses subtype 3 Hemorrhagic Fever (Junin virus) and
Description: Requires 2 vertebrate and 1 Eboladisease.
invertebrate host
Example: Eastern equine encephalitis,
Clonorchiosis Sylvatic Zoonoses – Zoonotic diseases that have
Metazoonoses subtype 4 reservoirs in wild or feral animals, free-living and
Description: Transovarian life cycle of captive animals
zoonotic pathogens in ticks and transmission to Reverse Zoonoses – Infectious diseases from
human beings humans which are occasionally transferred to
Example: Tick-borne encephalitis, Kyasanur animals and transferred back to people
forest disease

Saprozoonoses
Sapro-anthropozoonoses
Description: Infections are normally
transmitted between lower vertebrates and fomites
and involvement of human population is only
accidental
Example: Erysipeloid Xenozoonoses – Infections that are transmitted
Sapro-amphixenoses by xenotransplantation of an animal tissue or organ
Description: Man and lower vertebrates are into human body
equally susceptible hosts and infection can persist
in the absence of one or another host Factors affecting the spread of Zoonoses
Example: Histoplasmosis 1. Change in size and density of human and
Sapro-meta-anthroponoses animal populations
Description: Non-animate, invertebrate and 2. Increased movement of human and animals
vertebrate hosts are required to complete its life 3. Increased movement of animal products
cycle 4. Increased handling of animal products and
Example: Fasciolosis by-products, wastes and animals especially
as occupational exposures
Animals as Reservoir Hosts 5. Antimicrobial resistance due to
 Mice - 25 zoonoses · indiscriminate use of drugs
 Dogs - 25 zoonoses 6. Environmental changes and destruction of
 Rats - 22 zoonoses natural habitats of animals
 Cattle - 22 zoonoses 7. Sociocultural and other anthropological
 Sheep - 21 zoonoses · patterns of life
 Water buffalo - 20 zoonoses
 Wild birds - 19 zoonoses Can we predict the emergence of Zoonotic
 Cats - 19 zoonoses diseases?
 Horses - 16 zoonoses  Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy prion in
 Goats - 17 zoonoses cattle (1986, United Kingdom)
 Fowl - 14 zoonoses
 Pigeons – 14 zoonoses

Geriel Quides | DVM 4A | Zoonoses, EIDs, and One Health

  Sin Nombre virus - cause of Hantavirus
pulmonary syndrome in Southwestern US
(1993) which causes acute viral pneumonia
in humans
 Species-jumping emergence of HIV as
cause of AIDS (1981)

Discovery-to-Control Continuum to Zoonoses

 Initial phase - recognition of people outside

"citadel" (e.g. local clinicians, pathologists,
veterinarians, scientists, ecologists, local public
health officials, diagnosticians)
 Intermediate phase - diagnostic
developments, proof testing, vaccine, drug
development, therapeutics, vector control,
medical and veterinary care activities, conflicts
(e.g. political issues) are also met in this phase
 Final phase - rapid case-reporting system,
surveillance system, staffing and staff support,
logistics, legislation and regulation, clinical
system (e.g. isolation, quarantine, patient
care), public infrastructure system, sanitation,
food hygiene and public health, reservoir host
and vector control

Factors affecting emergence of new

Zoonoses

1. Microbial/virologic determinants (e.g.

mutation, natural selection)
2. Individual host determinants (e.g. acquired
immunity, physiologic factors)
3. Host population determinants (e.g. host
behavior, iatrogenic factors)
4. Environmental determinants (e.g. ecologic
and climatic influences)

Geriel Quides | DVM 4A | Zoonoses, EIDs, and One Health