ALL5 Block Diagram

Block Diagrams of Control System:
The block diagram is a practical representation of a control

system in diagram form. It is not always convenient to derive the
entire transfer function of a complex control system in a single
function. It is easier and better to derive transfer function of
control element connected to the system, separately. The transfer
function of each element is then represented by a block and they
are then connected together with the path of signal flow. For
simplifying a complex control system, block diagrams are used. Each
element of the control system is represented with a block and the
block is the symbolic representation of transfer function of that
element. A complete control system can be represented with a
required number of interconnected such blocks. In the figure below,
there are two elements with transfer function Gone(s) and Gtwo(s).
Where Gone(s) is the transfer function of first element and Gtwo(s) is
the transfer function of second element of the system. In addition
to that, the diagram also shows there is a feedback path through
which output signal C(s) is fed back and compared with the input
R(s) and the difference between input and output E(s) = R(s)–C(s) is
acting as actuating signal or error signal.
In each block of diagram, the output and input are related

together by transfer function. Where, transfer function
where, C(s) is the output and R(s) is the input of that particular
block:
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A complex control system consists of several blocks. Each of
them has its own transfer function. But overall transfer function of
the system is the ratio of Laplas transform of final output to Laplas
transform of initial input of the system. This overall transfer
function of the system can be obtained by simplifying the control
system by combining this individual blocks, one by one. Technique of
combining of these blocks is referred as block diagram reduction
technique. For successful implementation of this technique, some
rules for block diagram reduction to be followed. Let us discuss
these rules, one by one for reduction of block diagram of control
system.
If the transfer function of input of control system is R(s) and
corresponding output is C(s), and the overall transfer function of
the control system is G(s), then the control system can be
represented as:
Takeoff Point of Block Diagram:

When we need to apply one input to more than one blocks, we use
takeoff point. A point is where the input gets more than one paths
to propagate. This to be noted that the input does not get divided at
a point, hence input propagates through all the paths connected to
that point without affecting its value. Hence, by takeoff point same
input signals can be applied to more than one systems or blocks.
Representation of a common input signal to more than one blocks of
control system is done by a common point as shown in the figure
below with point X;
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Cascade Blocks:
When several systems or control blocks are connected in
cascaded manner, the transfer function of the entire system will be
the product of transfer function of all individual blocks. Here it also
to be remembered that the output of any block will not be affected
by the presence of other blocks in the cascaded system;
Now, from the diagram it is seen that,
Where, G(s) is the overall transfer function of cascaded

control system.
Summing Point of Block Diagram:

Instead of applying single input signal to different blocks as in
the previous case, there may be such situation where different
input signals are applied to same block. Here, resultant input signal
is the summation of all input signals applied. Summation of input
signals is represented by a point called summing point which is shown
in the figure below by crossed circle. Here R(s), X(s) and Y(s) are
the input signals. It is necessary to indicate the fine specifying the
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input signal entering a summing point in the block diagram of control
system.
Consecutive Summing Point:

A summing point with more than two inputs can be divided into two
or more consecutive summing points, where alteration of the
position of consecutive summing points does not affect the output
of the signal. In other words - if there are more than one summing
points directly inter associated, and then they can be easily
interchanged from their position without affecting the final output
of the summing system.
Parallel Blocks:
When same input signal is applied different blocks and the
output from each of them are added in a summing point for taking
final output of the system then over all transfer function of the
system will be the algebraic sum of transfer function of all
individual blocks.
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If Cone, Ctwo and Cthree are the outputs of the blocks with transfer
function Gone, Gtwo and Gthree, then
Shifting of Takeoff Point:

If same signal is applied to more than one system, then the
signal is represented in the system by a point called takeoff point.
Principle of shifting of takeoff point is that, it may be shifted
either side of a block but final output of the branches connected to
the takeoff point must be un-changed. The takeoff point can be
shifted either sides of the block.
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In the figure above the takeoff point is shifted from position
A to B. The signal R(s) at takeoff point A will become G(s)R(s) at
point B. Hence another block of inverse of transfer function G(s) is
to be put on that path to get R(s) again.
Now let us examine the situation when takeoff point is shifted

before the block which was previously after the block.
Here the output is C(s) and input is R(s) and hence
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Here, we have to put one block of transfer function G(s) on the path
so that output again comes as C(s).
Shifting of Summing Point:

Let us examine the shifting of summing point from a position before
a block to a position after a block. There are two input signals R(s)
and ±X(s) entering in a summing point at position A. The output of
the summing point is R(s) ± X(s). The resultant signal is the input of
a control system block of transfer function G(s) and the final output
of the system is
Hence, a summing point can be redrawn with input signals R(s)G(s)

and ± X(s)G(s)
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In the above block diagrams of control system output can be
rewritten as:
The above equation can be represented by a block of transfer

function G(s) and input R(s)±X(s)/G(s) again R(s)±X(s)/G(s) can be
represented with a summing point of input signal R(s) and ±X(s)/G(s)
and finally it can be drawn as below.
Block Diagram of Closed Loop Control System:
In a closed loop control system, a fraction of output is fed-

back and added to input of the system. If H (s) is the transfer
function of feedback path, then the transfer function of feedback
signal will be B(s) = C(s)H(s). At summing point, the input signal R(s)
will be added to B(s) and produces actual input signal or error signal
of the system and it is denoted by E(s).
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ALL5 Block Diagram

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Block Diagrams of Control System:

The block diagram is a practical representation of a control

In each block of diagram, the output and input are related

Takeoff Point of Block Diagram:

Now, from the diagram it is seen that,

Where, G(s) is the overall transfer function of cascaded

Summing Point of Block Diagram:

Consecutive Summing Point:

Shifting of Takeoff Point:

Now let us examine the situation when takeoff point is shifted

Here the output is C(s) and input is R(s) and hence

Shifting of Summing Point:

Hence, a summing point can be redrawn with input signals R(s)G(s)

The above equation can be represented by a block of transfer

Block Diagram of Closed Loop Control System:

In a closed loop control system, a fraction of output is fed-

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