Pulling The Plug On The Car Industry The Dismal State of Germany's Army Debt On The Nile How To Conduct A Sex Survey
Pulling The Plug On The Car Industry The Dismal State of Germany's Army Debt On The Nile How To Conduct A Sex Survey
Pulling The Plug On The Car Industry The Dismal State of Germany's Army Debt On The Nile How To Conduct A Sex Survey
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Contents The Economist January 28th 2023 7
The world this week Britain
9 A summary of political 23 The British car industry
and business news 24 1970s leisure centres
Leaders 25 Rishi Pennyfeather
11 Reinventing Wall Street 25 Beds in the nhs
The humbling of 26 Economic inactivity
Goldman Sachs 27 How to do a sex survey
12 The world economy 28 Bagehot Soviet Britain
Polycrisis or recovery?
12 Housing in China Europe
Rescue and repeat 29 Meloni’s steady start
13 Industrial policy 30 Ukraine gets tanks
Avoid sweeteners
On the cover 31 The shabby Bundeswehr
14 Egypt’s economy
32 Spain bounces back
Being good in a bad industry Debt on the Nile
is not enough: leader, page 11. 32 Obesity in France
How Goldman Sachs went Letters 33 Charlemagne The ghost
from apex predator to 16 On Poland and Germany, of crisis past
mediocrity: briefing, page 19 Turkey, physical
education, Britain’s United States
British carmaking: pulling the economy, historical 36 What to expect from
plug Industrial policy should inflation, Prince Harry, statehouses
focus on getting the basics right: retirement
leader, page 13. The age of 37 Florida’s woke wars
electrification threatens British Briefing 38 Trilliondollar chicken
carmaking, page 23 39 Footloose nurse
19 Goldman Sachs
Vampire squib 40 An Atlanta tale
The dismal state of Germany’s
army The Bundeswehr is in poor 41 Lexington What Edward
shape, page 31. Western tanks Hopper saw
should greatly help Ukraine, but
the stakes are rising, page 30 The Americas
42 Brazil’s economy
Debt on the Nile To save Egypt’s 43 El Chapo: the sequel
economy, get the army out of it:
leader, page 14. A decade of 44 Argentine tunes
deficits has caught up with the
country’s unproductive
economy, page 45
How to conduct a sex survey Middle East & Africa
One of the world’s largest 45 Egypt’s dismal economy
studies of bedroom behaviour 46 Kuwaiti finance
is under way, page 27
Schumpeter Satya 47 A South African trailblazer
Nadella has dreamed of 48 Togo’s strongman
this Microsoft moment 48 Congo’s bicycle trade
for his whole career,
page 66
→ The digital element of your
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Contents continues overleaf
8 Contents The Economist January 28th 2023
Asia Finance & economics
49 India’s opposition 67 Global recession
50 The Philippines’ drugs war 68 A Latin American
51 New Zealand’s new leader currency?
51 Indonesian resource 69 Buttonwood Stockpickers
nationalism take on the algorithms
52 Banyan Wretched 70 The Big Mac index
Rohingyas 70 God and mammon
53 Vietnam’s antigraft drive 71 China’s property crisis
72 Free exchange What
China causes inflation?
54 A cuddlier China?
55 Tensions with Taiwan Science & technology
56 Pressure to marry 73 The other brain cells
57 Chaguan What a new 75 Fertility tests don’t work
drama series reveals 75 A new mosquito repellent
76 Spying with WiFi
76 Athletes’ stress and
International
prowess
58 The power of teaching
by rote Culture
77 Ideas for the climate
78 A Balkan travelogue
79 A tale of love and hope
80 Eating to 100
Business 80 England’s revolutionary
century
60 A rough earnings season
81 Back Story “Some Like It
61 Shortselling Adani
Hot” returns
62 Bartleby Corporate
headshots
Economic & financial indicators
63 Can Amazon deliver?
82 Statistics on 42 economies
65 Hedge funds take on tech
66 Schumpeter Satya’s Graphic detail
searches 83 Explaining America’s labour shortage
Obituary
84 Ronald Blythe, chronicler of country life
Volume 446 Number 9331
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The world this week Politics The Economist January 28th 2023 9
In an indication of shareholder
frustration at the strategic
direction of some tech firms,
Elliott Management, a prolific
Wall Street activist hedge fund,
has reportedly taken a stake in
Salesforce, one of the world’s
biggest software companies.
Salesforce has also shed jobs to
cut costs, but investors’ exas
peration goes beyond its hiring
Leaders 11
Polycrisis or polyrecovery?
Despite glimmers of good news, a downturn is still likely
A fter three chaotic years, investors have several reasons to surged in 2021, can absorb rapid wage growth without prices
be cheerful about the world economy. In America inflation having to rise further. Yet by last autumn, higher profit margins
is tumbling, raising hopes of a “soft landing”, in which price accounted for only an eighth of pandemicera inflation. Given
growth comes under control without a recession. Fortune has that Wall Street is expecting disappointing earnings for the
smiled on Europe, where a mostly warm winter has caused ener fourth quarter of 2022 (see Business section), this suggests that
gy prices to plummet. And China’s economy, freed from Xi Jin firms will raise prices in line with their labour costs.
ping’s destructive “zerocovid” policy, is poised to rebound. Markets expect the Fed to start cutting interest rates within a
Markets are joyous. The S&P 500 index of American stocks has year as growth slows. But if the Fed is serious about reducing in
risen by 5% since the start of the year. Share prices in Europe and flation to 2% and keeping it there, it will need to keep rates high
emerging markets are up by even more. until wage growth cools—even if that brings about a recession.
Alas, it is too soon to declare an end to the world economy’s Should America face a downturn, it is likely to take Europe
problems. In America consumer prices fell in December, and an with it. Despite falling energy prices, the euro zone also has an
nual inflation may dip below 2% this year underlying inflation problem, as is apparent in
thanks to cheaper energy and goods. Yet as US, Conference Board rising wage growth. Christine Lagarde, the head
price growth is plunging, so too is GDP growth. leading economic index of the European Central Bank, has warned that
% change on a year earlier
Retail sales and industrial production fell in 10 interest rates will have to rise significantly, con
December and leading indicators of output are 0 trary to the more doveish expectations of inves
down sharply—which usually indicates that a -10 tors. A stronger dollar—which is likely if the Fed
recession is nigh. The healthiest part of the Recessions -20 keeps raising rates and investors take fright at
economy is the labour market (see Finance & 1990 2000 10 22 the consequences—would raise imported infla
economics section). But the redhot demand tion and make the ecb’s job harder still, while
for workers is not entirely good news: the Federal Reserve will also paring back the rally in emerging markets.
find it harder to be sure that inflation has been tamed. The end of zerocovid in China has lowered the chance that
Despite headlinegrabbing layoffs by the big technology supply chains will gum up. However, its rebound is not an unal
firms, America’s unemployment rate remains just 3.5% and new loyed good for the rest of the world, which has an inflation pro
claims for unemployment benefits are at their lowest in three blem, not a shortage of spending. China’s extra imports will add
and a half months (see Graphic detail). Annual wage growth has more fuel to overheated economies. Europe’s gas storage is so
fallen according to some measures, but remains around 5%; on full in part because China’s demand for liquefied natural gas in
January 24th Walmart said it would raise starting wages from $12 2022 was 20% below its usual level. Demand is now likely to
an hour to $14. Because workers’ productivity is growing by only bounce back, which could cause prices to surge once again next
about 1% a year, fast wage growth portends price rises that far ex winter. Only when the twin foes of overheated labour markets
ceed the Fed’s 2% inflation target. and the energy crisis have been vanquished will the world econ
Some policymakers hope that companies, whose profits omy be out of the woods. n
Housing in China
Industrial policy
when investment is needed. Britain’s carmakers export 80% of tails. Investment incentives are up in the air. A “superdeduc
their output, more than half of it to the EU. Brexit has already tion” on capital investment expires at the end of March; a plan to
made seamless access to European markets more difficult. And cut R&D tax deductions for smaller firms that was unveiled in
at the end of this year rules on how much of an electric vehicle’s November may be reversed. Industrial policy itself is a muddle.
parts have to be made in either Britain or the EU to qualify for ta A strategy from 2017 was junked by Boris Johnson’s government.
rifffree trade with Europe will start to tighten. An agreement to
extend existing grace periods on these rulesoforigin require Back to basics
ments might help; better relations with the EU definitely would. There are times when Britain will need to spend money to pro
Instead, unstable policy makes things worse. Boneheaded mote its nationalsecurity interests or environmental priorities.
legislation committing Britain to replacing or repealing all re But resources are finite and it is especially unwise to bail out
tained EU law by the end of 2023 could mean friction with Brus whichever industry is first to get into trouble. Britain is the 18th
sels over labourmarket standards. At home, too, uncertainty biggest carmaker in the world and has no obvious competitive
reigns. The government announced in 2021 that a zeroemis advantage in this area (unlike in life sciences and clean energy).
sions vehicle mandate, laying out what share of manufacturers’ It is good news that the country’s industries would be a lot more
new sales needs to be emissionsfree, would begin to apply in successful if the government did the basics well. Sweeteners
2024. With 11 months to go, the industry is still waiting for de matter less when other things taste better. n
Egypt
cuts. Its bonus pool for senior staff was re describes as balancing the “engine room”
portedly halved, something elite bankers Core competence 1 of the investment bank with the “ballast”
rarely take well. On January 11th the firm Goldman Sachs, revenues, % of five biggest of wealth management, by purchasing
laid off 6% of its workforce. US trading and investment banks* both E*TRADE, an online sharetrading
The problem is not really Goldman’s 27.5 platform, and Eaton Vance, another asset
Advice
main business, advising corporate clients Share-trading manager for a total of $20bn.
25.0
and executing trades for them. The profits Shareholders in Morgan Stanley are de
of these divisions are strongly cyclical, but 22.5 lighted. Since Mr Gorman took the top job
they have done well in recent years. The 20.0 on January 1st 2010 a shareholder in the
wild swings in asset markets in 2020 Total firm would have earned an average annual
17.5
pumped up trading volumes; the roaring return of 11.4%—50% more than the equiv
Bonds, currencies 15.0
bull market of 2021 led to a surge in initial and commodities
alent figure at Goldman Sachs. A few
public offerings, mergers and acquisi months before Mr Solomon took over at
tions; in 2022, despite adverse conditions 2018 19 20 21 22 Goldman the market capitalisation of Mor
in other respects, Goldman’s bondtraders *Bank of America, Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, gan Stanley drew level with that of Gold
JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley
were able to capitalise on rising rates. The Source: Company reports
man for the first time since before the fi
bank made $21.6bn in profits in 2021, at last nancial crisis. Today Morgan Stanley is
besting the record set in 2009. Return on worth a third more (see chart 2).
tangible equity was a whopping 24.3%, its activities, such as speculative trading on A similar attempt to diversify was initi
highest since 2007. its own behalf, which had been a big source ated at Goldman by Lloyd Blankfein, Mr
Crucially, Goldman did not simply ben of profits. All this markedly dampened re Solomon’s predecessor, who ran the bank
efit from favourable conditions in the mar turns. An investor who purchased a share from 2006 to 2018. In 2016 he launched a
kets; it also managed to win business from in Goldman on December 31st 2009 would consumer bank, called “Marcus by Gold
its rivals. Its share of the bondtrading rev have made a measly 4.5% a year on average, man Sachs”, a nod to Marcus Goldman,
enue earned by the five biggest American including dividends, by the time Mr Solo who founded Goldman Sachs in 1869. The
banks in the business—Bank of America, mon took charge. new unit started as an online platform to
Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley Mr Solomon was going to change all take deposits, in an effort to lure the kinds
and JPMorgan Chase—has grown from 15% this. He promised not only to improve re of lowcost, sticky funds that benefit rivals
in 2019 to 22% in 2022. It has also won a turns in Goldman’s core units, as he has with consumer banks such as JPMorgan
bigger slice of sharetrading business and done, but also to hasten its move into Chase and Bank of America. Goldman sub
the market for advising firms on M&A and steadier, more predictable businesses, sequently launched the lending drive,
IPOs (see chart 1). Even if the total volume such as consumer lending and wealth something Mr Blankfein described at the
of such business among the five banks had management. The idea was to generate lots time as a good business for the firm since it
not grown, Goldman’s revenues would of recurring revenues and thus deliver hinged on credit scores, algorithms and
have risen by 18% from 2019 to 2021, owing much more stable returns. “risk management, which we think we’re
to its expanding market share. As it was, A similar strategy had worked wonders pretty good at”. The plan was to offer perso
the boom in those businesses propelled a at Morgan Stanley, which in Goldman’s all nal loans of up to $30,000 to help custom
heady 68% leap in revenue over the period. conquering era had been a perennial also ers manage creditcard debt.
Goldman points out that this growth ran. James Gorman, who became its boss in Soon after came a creditcard partner
has been accompanied by better returns, 2010, recognised early that regulators ship with Apple, organised by Mr Blankfein
too. The return on equity in its markets and would make the glamorous but cyclical and launched by Mr Solomon in 2019. In
investmentbanking divisions, which businesses of investment banking and 2021 Mr Solomon expanded the consumer
were merged in the fourth quarter, has trading less attractive. He engineered the lending business yet more by buying
climbed from just 9.2% in 2019 to 16.4% in purchase of Smith Barney, a wealthman GreenSky, an online platform that makes
2022. (The comparison may be a little mis agement business, from Citi when that homeequity loans, for $2.2bn. After a re
leading, in that 2019 was the year that Gold lender was still struggling. The attraction organisation of Goldman’s different divi
man booked a $3bn fine for issuing billions was the predictable income from the fees sions last year, the second on Mr Solo
of dollars of bonds for 1MDB, a Malaysian that clients pay every year to have their mon’s watch, much of the consumerlend
government investment fund, the pro money looked after. In 2020 Mr Gorman ing business has moved to a part of the
ceeds of which promptly vanished. But re doubled down on that strategy, which he business called “platform solutions”. It has
turns in markets and investmentbanking made cumulative pretax losses of $3.8bn
climbed by around three percentage points since 2020. These grew from $800m in
from 2020 to 2022, which is nothing to be Also-rans of the universe 2 2020 to $1.9bn in 2022.
sneezed at.) Since Mr Solomon took charge Market capitalisation, $bn Denis Coleman, Goldman’s chief finan
in 2018 the firm’s average annual return to 200
cial officer, argues that the consumer busi
shareholders has been an impressive ness is not doing as badly as it seems. He
13.2%, thanks largely to these units. Morgan Stanley points to accounting rules, implemented
The problem is that investment bank 150 in 2020, which force Goldman’s lending
ing is volatile, as the past quarter’s results arms to frontload the cost of a loan by
show. Investors tend to value steadier, Goldman Sachs making provision for possible future loss
100
more predictable returns. This is precisely es the moment the money leaves the bank.
what Mr Solomon promised them when he A business which is expanding its lending
became CEO in late 2018. By that stage Gold 50 racks up big costs in this way before a pen
man had suffered a decade of stagnation. ny of revenue has been earned, which
Regulators had forced it to convert itself 0 creates a misleading drag on results.
into a bank in 2008, with all the extra red 2007 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
However, Goldman is also having to set
tape that entails. New rules had also re Source: Bloomberg
aside a far higher proportion of the value of
quired it to hold more capital against risky its loans than its peers, suggesting it is
The Economist January 28th 2023 Briefing Goldman Sachs 21
→ Also in this section
24 1970s leisure centres
25 Rishi Pennyfeather
25 Beds in the NHS
26 Economic inactivity
27 How to conduct a sex survey
28 Bagehot: Soviet Britain
Carmaking in Britain sions far away. That makes it vulnerable to
any government policies that reduce its al
Pulling the plug lure. Brexit was that writ large. In 2021
Honda ended manufacturing in Swindon,
where it had made 150,000 cars a year, a de
cision announced after the vote to leave
the eu. Despite a freetrade agreement for
the industry, Brexit has added reams of pa
perwork for cars and parts that crisscross
The age of electrification threatens the domestic automotive industry
the English Channel and made it harder to
Government scandals
Rishi
Pennyfeather
The prime minister resembles a
hapless character from Evelyn Waugh
E velyn Waugh, a satirist of prewar Eng
land and of the careless aristocrats who
ran it, would have had a field day with the
modern Conservative Party. Sometimes it
feels as though he already has. Take the re
semblance between Rishi Sunak, Britain’s
current prime minister, and Paul Penny
feather, the hapless protagonist of “De
cline and Fall”, Waugh’s debut novel.
Pennyfeather is an earnest and un
worldly theology student at Oxford, who
returns to the fictional setting of Scone Waugh correspondence
College one evening just as the Bollinger
Club, an aristocratic drinking society, is decessor is causing trouble, too. On Janu for an internal review and the commis
embarking on a night of mayhem. Penny ary 22nd the Sunday Times reported that sioner for public appointments is looking
feather is stripped of his trousers and runs Richard Sharp, the chairman of the BBC, into how he came to get the job.
the length of the quadrangle. He is sent was involved in brokering an undisclosed Mr Sunak has brought a steadiness to
down the next day for indecency. From loan of up to £800,000 ($990,000) for Mr government but not a recovery in Tory
there, things only get worse. Johnson while he was prime minister, and polling. Voters do not seem to loathe Mr
Mr Sunak is no failure. All his life he has shortly before Mr Johnson recommended Sunak; like the character he resembles,
been top of the class, from Winchester to his appointment to the broadcaster. Mr there is little to hate. Yet his inability to
Oxford to Stanford and the City, putting Sharp has denied arranging any financing. bring his party to heel leaves him at risk of
scarcely a foot wrong nor a nose out of Mr Sharp has referred himself to the BBC appearing weak and, worse, unlucky. n
joint. But much of his agenda is inoffen
sively sensible. He is accidentprone. And
he is surrounded by colleagues whose de The NHS
cisions cause him harm.
The past few days have underscored Bedlam
this Pennyfeatherish pattern. On January
20th Mr Sunak received a second “fixed
penalty notice” from the police, for forget
ting to wear a seat belt while filming a pep
py video clip in his official car. The first of
these small fines came when Mr Sunak was
Why does Britain have fewer hospital beds than almost any other rich country?
chancellor and attended a birthday gather
ing for Boris Johnson in Downing Street in
violation of covid19 regulations. He was,
Paullike, caught up in the celebrations
B ritain has 2.3 hospital beds per 1,000
people, compared with 5.7 in France,
and 7.8 in Germany. So in the middle of
blems, it would be easy to blame the gov
ernment for the bed shortage, too. In fact, it
is more complicated than that.
after arriving early for a meeting. what is perhaps the worst winter in the his In the decades leading up to the co
Although Mr Sunak came to office pro tory of the National Health Service (NHS), it vid19 pandemic, many countries reduced
mising to restore trust to government, the is not surprising that hospitals are their numbers of hospital beds. Those who
prime minister appears unable to escape rammed. In the second week of January, did so fastest—including Britain—were
the Bollingeresque chaos that routinely 95.7% of beds in acute and general wards in celebrated as paragons of caring efficiency.
surrounds his party. The biggest current England were occupied, the secondhigh Beds for those with mental illnesses and
scandal surrounds Nadhim Zahawi, briefly est figure ever recorded. High occupancy learning disabilities were replaced by
Mr Sunak’s successor as chancellor and rates mean that it takes longer for sick pa more appropriate care in the community.
now chairman of the Conservative Party. tients to be admitted, resulting in record Medical advances helped patients in gen
On January 21st Mr Zahawi, who had a waiting times in accident & emergency eral, acute and maternity wards to get out
successful career as a businessman before (A&E) departments. of hospital faster, and therefore to recover
entering Parliament, admitted to having After more than 12 years in power, the more quickly at home. In the 20 years to
reached a settlement with the authorities Conservative government can be blamed 202021, the number of acute and general
over previously unpaid tax. Mr Zahawi said for many of the NHS’s current problems. Its beds fell by 30%. During that same period
that the tax authority had found him to be refusal, until recently, to have a workforce the length of the average stay in hospital
“careless and not deliberate”, taxlaw ter plan helps explain why one in ten posts in fell more sharply still, from 8.2 days to 4.3.
minology that Waugh would have enjoyed. the NHS are vacant. Cuts to the capital bud The idea of bed reductions commanded
Mr Sunak has asked his ethics adviser, Sir get have run down hospital premises and support among managers and policymak
Laurie Magnus, to investigate. led to skimping on medical equipment like ers during the last Labour government. In
The broken glass left behind by his pre scanners. Given the extent of current pro 2006 the NHS Confederation, which repre
26 Britain The Economist January 28th 2023
Bagehot Britanskii blat
F ew governments approach the end of
their first 100 days in such good shape
as Giorgia Meloni’s rightwing coalition. In
With all this going her way, Ms Meloni’s
party, the Brothers of Italy (FdI), has unsur
prisingly gained in popularity, from 26% at
this year and 3.7% next. But it also reflects
the perception that she has two strong rea
sons for sticking to the path of prudence.
the runup to that milestone on January the general election on September 25th to The first is Italy’s giant public debt. By the
31st, Ms Meloni held convivial meetings an average of almost 30% in the latest end of last year, gross debt stood at around
with both Ursula von der Leyen and Pope polls. Support for the main opposition 145% of GDP. A second reason stems from
Francis. These were seen in Italy as en Democratic Party has fallen over the same the postpandemic recovery fund. Italy is
dorsements from the European Commis period from 19% to a dismal 16%. set to receive the largest share, almost
sion, which Mrs von der Leyen heads, and Arguably, though, it is what has not €200bn. It is thus in the interests of the
the Vatican—two organisations that Italian happened since the right took power that is government to avoid spats with Brussels or
prime ministers always need to keep on most telling: the markets have scarcely its EU partners until the last euro has been
their side. Then, on January 16th, came a flinched at the advent of a government disbursed. The government initially tried
different sort of gift for a government spearheaded by a party that traces its ori to block ships bringing rescued migrants
vaunting a tough line on law and order: po gins to neofascism and was once un to Italian ports. But when France pointed
lice in Sicily nabbed Italy’s most wanted out that the move contravened Italy’s trea
man, Matteo Messina Denaro, a Mafia boss ty commitments, it backed down.
who had evaded capture for 30 years. → Also in this section In other, less wellpublicised areas,
Despite having only ten weeks to do it, however, the thinking and behaviour of Ms
30 Ukraine gets tanks
the government also successfully framed Meloni’s government are clearly at odds
and steered through parliament a budget 31 The shabby Bundeswehr with Italy’s European partners, and also
for 2023. And it claims to have met the con with the commission in Brussels. Take dig
32 Spain bounces back
ditions for the payment in the weeks ahead italisation. With Europe’s oldest popula
of a third tranche of grants and soft loans 32 Obesity in France tion, Italy still ranks low (18th out of 27) on
worth €19bn ($21bn) from the EU’s post the EU’s Digital Economy and Society In
33 Charlemagne: The ghost of crisis past
pandemic recovery fund. dex. But over the five years to 2022 it
30 Europe The Economist January 28th 2023
showed the fastest improvement of any The next round in Ukraine help Ukraine not just repel the next Rus
member state. In the previous govern sian push, but to take back lost lands.
ment, under Mario Draghi, a former CEO of The Panzerwende In large militaryaid packages this
Vodafone, Vittorio Colao, headed a minis month, the allies first promised hundreds
try for digital transition with wide powers of infantry fighting vehicles and other ar
to promote and integrate the use of digital mour—American Bradleys and Strykers,
technology in the Italian administration. German Marders, French AMX10RCs and
WASHINGTO N, DC
Ms Meloni has dispensed with his services Swedish CV90s. To create truly armoured
Western tanks should greatly help
and handed the task to one of 17 depart units, though, Ukraine also needs lots of
Ukraine, but the stakes are rising
ments in the prime minister’s office, head Western tanks.
ed by a civil servant who, by his own ac
count, has elementary English.
A similar aversion to the future sur
E ACH PHASE of the war in Ukraine brings
its iconic weapons. Around Kyiv last
winter the shoulderfired Javelin antitank
These have proved unusually divisive.
The tanks Ukraine most needs are German
built Leopards. Unlike the British Chal
faced in early drafts of the 2023 budget, and Stinger airdefence missiles had star lengers, they are plentiful (about 2,000
which included a provision allowing shop ring roles. When fighting shifted to the Leopards are in service with Western ar
keepers and others to refuse card pay eastern Donbas region in the spring, it was mies). And unlike the American M1
ments for less than €60. The proposal the 155mm howitzer. As Ukraine advanced Abrams, they are relatively easy to supply
raised fears in Brussels that it could hinder in the autumn, plaudits went to the hi- and maintain: they are powered by diesel
efforts to combat tax evasion, and it was mars rocket launcher. Now, as both sides engines rather than gas turbines. But to the
eventually withdrawn. But the final draft prepare for new offensives, the spotlight growing fury of allies at home and abroad,
contained no less than 12 tax amnesties, as has turned on the Leopard tank. the German chancellor, Olaf Scholz, held
well as an increase from €2,000 to Russia still occupies about 17% of out against giving Leopards, or letting
€5,000 in a legal limit on any cash transac Ukraine’s territory—including Crimea, the other countries supply theirs.
tion. These will hold back Italy’s transition peninsula it annexed in 2014 and which This obstacle was overcome on January
to a cashless society and make it easier for poses some of the trickiest questions 25th when America and Germany an
Italians to dodge taxes in future. about the future of the war. Right now, the nounced they would send 31 M1 Abrams
So far Ms Meloni has navigated relative war has become one of static but bloody at and 14 Leopard 2 tanks respectively. Britain
ly calm waters. But at least three dark trition. In the air, Russian missiles and is sending 14 Challengers, and Poland a
clouds can be seen on the horizon. The first drones seek to cripple Ukraine’s electrical similar number of Leopards. Finland, the
hangs over the recovery fund. It remains to grid. On the ground, artillery barrages and Netherlands, Norway and Spain may send
be demonstrated that all 55 of the dead humanwave attacks have allowed Russian Leopards, too.
lines and targets set by the commission for forces to inch forward around Bakhmut. Mr Scholz performed what tankies call a
the latest tranche have actually been met. The spring fighting season may prove “pivot steer”—ie, spinning on the same
And Italy’s disbursement of what it has al decisive. Ukraine’s edge in battlefield man spot to change direction. “Germany will al
ready received is way behind schedule. power is eroding, now that the Kremlin has ways be at the forefront when it comes to
Ms Meloni’s boat could also be rocked mobilised 200,000300,000 soldiers and supporting Ukraine,” he declared. Yet he
by disunity within her coalition. The fear may soon call up more. With Russia’s arms moved only with American covering fire.
when she took office was that her two part factories working triple shifts, Ukraine Having resisted sending the Abrams, Presi
ners would balk at her support for sanc cannot outmatch it in brute firepower, giv dent Joe Biden relented because, as one of
tions on Russia and arms supplies to Uk en the West’s depleting stocks of arms. Uk ficial put it, he was “extremely focused on
raine. Matteo Salvini, the leader of the raine needs a gamechanging strategy. So the importance of transatlantic unity”.
Northern League, was once a fan of Vladi America and its allies have shifted from Though strengthened, Ukraine now has an
mir Putin. Silvio Berlusconi, who heads providing weapons in piecemeal fashion added headache in managing a bewilder
Forza Italia, still is. So far neither has dared to training and equipping entire armoured ing variety of armaments. As important as
to challenge the government’s stance. units for manoeuvre warfare. The aim is to the kit is the training which America is
But an arguably more divisive issue has providing to improve Ukraine’s combined
emerged: constitutional reform. For the arms operations. This involves coordinat
FdI and Forza, that means the introduction ing armour, infantry, engineers and drones
of a semipresidential system. For the in mutually reinforcing fashion.
League, it means greater regional autono One disappointment, says Ben Hodges,
my—a reform critics argue would widen a retired general who used to command the
the already troubling gap between the rich American army in Europe, is the lack of
er north and the poorer south. longerrange precision weapons. The GPS
And then there is the third and scariest guided missiles fired by HIMARS can strike
threat to the government’s plain sailing: up to 84km away. Russia has pulled back its
the ECB’s plan to raise interest rates while main command posts and logistics hubs to
tapering its bondbuying programme, a keep out of range. America refuses to sup
policy Ms Meloni and her ministers have ply the 300kmrange ATACMS missile, fear
repeatedly deplored. Italy’s gross govern ing it could escalate the war.
ment debt as a proportion of GDP has fallen The Pentagon concedes that Ukraine
from the peak of 155% reached during the needs help to wage a “deep fight”. But it is
pandemic. But it is still quite enough to also withholding the Grey Eagle armed
make Italy vulnerable to a selloff in the drone, not to mention military jets. Some
bond markets if investors take fright at po had hoped for the deployment of a new HI-
litical instability or fresh economic dis MARSlaunched missile known as a GLSDB
ruption. Ms Meloni has so far proved to be with a smaller payload but longer range of
an adept skipper. But even the best can find 150km, but it has yet to be announced.
themselves at the mercy of the weather. n Leopards unleashed More and better armour, plus the
The Economist January 28th 2023 Europe 31
means to strike deeper, would allow Uk from Kharkiv and Kherson last year, the which included establishing an extra fund
raine to aim for the “decisive terrain” of Russians are defending a shorter front line of €100bn ($107bn) for the armed forces,
Crimea, says General Hodges. Ukraine with more soldiers and reserves. And both twice the annual defence budget. He also
could make an armoured thrust to sever sides lack air superiority, a big part of promised to meet NATO’s defencespend
the land bridge between Russia proper and Western combinedarms warfare. “If the ing target of 2% of gDP. “The speech hit us
the peninsula. With longrange muni next Ukrainian offensive goes poorly, it like a thunderbolt,” says a senior German
tions, meanwhile, it could destroy the ac carries the risk of a Russian counteroffen soldier. At last the armed forces would be a
tual bridge to Crimea over the Kerch Strait, sive and, in the worstcase scenario, losing priority for policymakers.
damaged by an explosion in October 2022. territory rather than gaining it,” he notes. Eleven months later, Germany’s sol
Ukraine could then pound Crimea, making The foreboding is palpable. “For this diers are again feeling frustrated. The Bun
Russia’s position untenable, he argues. year it would be very, very difficult to mili deswehr has so far seen little of the prom
Being forced out of Crimea would be a tarily eject the Russian forces from every ised massive investment. Germany has or
devastating military and political blow to inch of Russianoccupied Ukraine,” cau dered 35 F35 fighter jets made in America
Vladimir Putin, Russia’s president, which tioned General Mark Milley, chairman of that will replace its fleet of Tornados, but
is why some allies fear it might push Mr America’s joint chiefs of staff, evoking a they will be delivered only in 2027.
Putin to use nuclear weapons. America as “very bloody war”. After a series of gaffes, Christine Lam
serts that “Crimea is Ukraine”. Whether it In Moscow, meanwhile, airdefence brecht, the defence minister, resigned on
would in practice support retaking the weapons have appeared on rooftops. Dmi January 16th. She should have overseen a
peninsula is another matter. Yet it may see try Medvedev, deputy chairman of Russia’s big reform of the armed forces but pre
advantage in Ukraine at least being able to security council, gave a grim warning: ferred to take baby steps. “We lost a deci
threaten Russia’s hold on Crimea in order “The defeat of a nuclear power in a conven sive year,” says Christian Mölling of the
to force it to the negotiating table. tional war may trigger a nuclear war.” His German Council on Foreign Relations, a
Talk of reconquering Crimea is prema nuclear bombast was nothing new; but ac thinktank, who thinks Mr Scholz was un
ture, argues Michael Kofman of the CNA, an knowledging that Russia could be defeated aware when he made his speech of the full
American thinktank. Since their retreat was novel and striking. n extent of the armed forces’ problems.
The longterm malaise is such that the
job of defence minister is known in Berlin
Germany’s armed forces as “career killer” or “ejector seat”. Mr Scholz
tried and failed to persuade a top politician
A lost year to take Ms Lambrecht’s job. Boris Pistorius,
who was sworn in on January 19th, was pre
viously interior minister of Lower Saxony.
He was thrown into the deep end on his
second day in his new job when he had to
try to justify Mr Scholz’s prevarications
BE RLIN
about sending heavy tanks to Ukraine.
The state of the Bundeswehr is more dismal than ever
Mr Pistorius will not have a moment to
“T he Bundeswehr, the army that I am
allowed to lead, is more or less de
pleted,” wrote General Alfons Mais, chief of
Much still to do
Defence spending, % of GDP
rest. He needs to rebuild the Bundeswehr
and continue to help Ukraine while meet
ing Germany’s NATO commitments, says
the German army, on the day Russia at 6
Rafael Loss of the European Council on
tacked Ukraine, in an emotional post on Foreign Relations, another thinktank. On
United States
social media. “We all saw it coming and 5 January 1st Germany took over as leader of
were not able to get through with our argu the Atlantic Alliance’s Very High Readiness
ments, and draw and implement conclu 4 Joint Task Force. This includes 11,500 sol
sions from the annexation of Crimea. It 3 diers, more than half of whom are provid
doesn’t feel good! I am fed up!” Britain
ed by Germany. Yet if the VJTF were to de
Almost a year after the general’s much 2 ploy, the German contingent would need
noted post, Germany’s armed forces are France to scrounge kit from other Bundeswehr
Germany 1
more depleted than ever, owing to the kit units as it is so poorly equipped. It would
they are sending to Ukraine. Their stock 0 be hard put to be operational within 48 to
pile of ammunition would last only a few 1989 95 2000 05 10 15 21
72 hours, as NATO requires.
days, rather than the 30 recommended by Source: SIPRI
Germany has also pledged to make
nATO. The radio equipment used by troops 30,000 fully equipped men and women
is 40 years old and analogue—and hence available for NATO service by 2025. Experts
easy to intercept. Of its 350 Puma infantry that could deploy several hundred men to doubt it can do this. The entire armed forc
fighting vehicles, just 150 are operational. help fight in international trouble spots es consist of some 183,000 men and wom
The Bundeswehr does not even have such as Afghanistan or Mali but had lost its en, compared with almost 500,000 at the
enough BandAids, according to a report in ability to defend Germany and fulfil its end of the cold war, when West Germany
December by Eberhard Zorn, the inspector NATO obligations. spent almost 3% of its gdp on defence.
general of the armed forces. A year ago it seemed that the shock of Three decades of underfunding and an
For pundits and military personnel, the Russia’s invasion would force radical and increasingly bloated bureaucracy have tak
dismal state of the Bundeswehr is not rapid change on the Bundeswehr. Three en a heavy toll. But more than money is
news, but until Russia’s attack on Ukraine days after the attack, Olaf Scholz, Ger needed to fix the Bundeswehr. Soldiers—
Germany’s leaders did not care enough to many’s chancellor, signalled to the world and their chief—must not feel fed up any
do anything about it. War in Europe that Germany was determined to have a more. Otherwise the armed forces will not
seemed unthinkable. Political leaders strong, cuttingedge army when he an attract the men and women to grow to
watched the Bundeswehr shrivel to a force nounced a “turning point” in parliament, 203,000 by 2032, as the plan demands. n
32 Europe The Economist January 28th 2023
-18
GDP and consumption have been slow to
return to prepandemic levels. With wage
growth subdued, inflation has bitten into
from the pandemic, put Spain in last place. -24 real incomes. The prices of prominent pro
The government criticised the index, while 2017 18 19 20 21 22
ducts are up by more than inflation—olive
the opposition was bound to jeer. Source: Eurostat *Seasonally adjusted
oil, which Spaniards use in great quanti
A year later, a similar exercise put Spain ties, shot up by around 40% last year.
in 4th place, and it was the government’s What the government can truly claim
turn to strut. And the flattering numbers 2008, when the financial crisis burst a con credit for, or take the blame for, should be
continue to appear. Annual inflation, run struction bubble. Tourism rebounded the key question for voters. Last year’s
ning at 5.6% in December, is the lowest in strongly last year. growth may be expected for a country that
the euro zone, in part because Spain con So on January 27th the country is ex typically overshoots its neighbours’ ups
sumes little Russian gas. The main share pected to announce GDP growth of more and downs. The modest growth expected
price index has made up most of its losses. than 5% for 2022; the IMF put the number in 2023, say analysts, is largely the result of
The unemployment rate is the lowest since at 5.2%. In 2023, the IMF forecasts growth the European Union’s pandemicrecovery
programme, of which Spain is the second
biggest beneficiary: it is getting some
Obesity in France €77bn in grants, plus loans. Spain was
Body beautiful quick to design its programme for the
funds, but has been slow to spend them—
thanks partly to its heavily decentralised
PARIS
government, says Nadia Calviño, the econ
Even in the home of chic, obesity is on the rise
omy minister. The money should finally
Charlemagne The ghost of crisis past
Experience from 2009 suggests Europe should shake off any complacency
fund designed to back European industry. But even an outline of
what that will look like won’t be revealed much before summer.
Yet another summit of European leaders has been called for Febru
ary 9th, the tenth in a year. But not much is likely to come out of it.
If 2023 is, like 2009, merely the eye of the storm, what horrors
might await Europe on the other side? One depressing possibility
is a variant replay of the eurozone crisis. The flaws in the single
currency that caused a runofthemill recession to degenerate
into something far graver after 2010 have never been fully ad
dressed. There is still no permanent eurozone budget to buttress
economic shocks, nor a functioning banking union to prevent an
ailing financial system from contaminating public finances
(though banks themselves are safer). The onceacentury pan
demic led to an exceptional downturn and a hugely costly stimu
lus in response. Nonetheless the financial tools for the currency
bloc devised in the wake of the Greek crisis remain partly untest
ed. Worse, the pandemic has left national governments laden with
far more debt than in 2009. The European Central Bank has helped
by snapping up lots of bonds issued by Italy and Spain, allowing
them to borrow cheaply. But inflation is forcing it to move away
from low interest rates. A year ago investors demanded less than
2% a year in interest to lend to Greece. Today they want over 4%.
C onsider the start of 2009 and see if it sounds familiar. A
swathe of Europe was wondering how to keep itself warm after
Russia cut off gas supplies over a dispute with Ukraine. A global
Fiscally prudent Finland has said it expects its borrowing costs
this year to triple compared with 2022.
Having lived through it, policymakers are alive to a rerun of the
shock the previous year had threatened economic meltdown, but euro saga and will have ideas on how to fend it off. More likely the
was starting to look manageable. Europe wondered how to re next crisis will fall under the category of “things that will look ob
spond to a vast subsidy programme designed to mollycoddle vious in retrospect” and could have been fathomed ahead of time.
American carmakers without destroying its own single market. The mere possibility of an isolationist Republican winning the
France’s president demanded an end to unfettered free trade. A White House next year—either an ideological clone of Donald
firstterm German chancellor stood accused of putting national Trump, or the man himself—is one possibility. Having warned
interest ahead of the European kind. Foreign policy wonks won Europe that it should pay for its own defence once before, a Trum
dered how to engage with Russia in the wake of its attempts to in pian America will have even fewer qualms about putting itself
vade its neighbour. Taylor Swift topped the charts. Recep Tayyip first. The Biden administration pays lip service to Europe’s travails
Erdogan looked to be dragging Turkey ever further from democra as American green tax breaks threaten to suck investment and
cy. France was crippled by strikes. History may not repeat itself— jobs across the Atlantic; an isolationist American will not even do
but it can come pretty close. that. Or take China. Mr Biden is trying to nudge Europe away from
Besides the antics of French workers, Mr Erdogan and Ms doing business with its geopolitical rival. A less diplomatically in
Swift—a feature of just about every year, not just 2009 and 2023— clined president might pursue the same objective but not care
the parallels ought to be enough for European policymakers to much when it leaves Europe in the lurch.
study the events of 14 years ago. The conclusions they might draw Whatever shape Europe’s next crisis comes in, it will be exacer
are sobering. For the sensation of having narrowly averted disaster bated by divisions within the bloc. After 2009 it was the German
felt in early 2009 turned out to be misplaced. Europe thought it led “core” pitted against the Club Med “periphery”. The dividing
had weathered the effects of the global financial crisis. In fact it line this time separates the eastern flank of the continent from the
had plodded through the mere prequel to the more serious euro EU’s original members in the west. Impatience has festered in Po
zone miasma that ensued. In hindsight, the start of 2009 was a land and the Baltics over the cautious approach taken by Germany
period when a bit more prevention might have prevented several and France in helping Ukraine. The feeling is mutual—and will be
years’ worth of emergency latenight EU summits. If 2024 even much worse if the war starts going Russia’s way in the spring. That
halfrhymes with 2010, best to be worrying now. might spark starker disagreements within NATO, too.
A sense of smugness certainly pervades Europe once again.
Warm weather has helped blunt the gas weapon Russia had hoped The 14-year-hitch
would prove decisive (unlike the case in 2009, when a cold snap Europe has not done a bad job of handling Ukraine, just as it once
had left much of eastern Europe shivering). Partly as a result, a re navigated the postLehman turmoil as best it could. But crafting
cession that once seemed inevitable now looks less likely. Nor is complex compromises to handle crises at EU level tends to be
there much of a sense of urgency around dealing with the war in timeconsuming, if not downright exhausting. The prudent
Ukraine: witness how long it has taken to agree to send Kyiv tanks course is for more attention to be spent on looking beyond the im
to take on Russia. Germany a year ago promised a Zeitenwende—a mediate problem and dealing with what might ail the continent
change in the spirit of the times—but has less to show for it than next, rather than assuming the worst has already passed. Railway
was originally expected. On the economic front, the EU’s big idea crossings in France warn that “one train can conceal another”.
is to neutralise a fresh dollop of American subsidies with a new Much the same is true of crises. n
ADVERTISEMENT
AN OCEAN CRISIS IN
THE MAKING
The world’s CO2 emissions are not just warming the atmosphere Carbonic acid depletes the carbonate that marine organisms
and the seas. They are creating an existential threat to many such as shellfish need to form their hard outer structures.
types of marine life in the form of ocean acidification. The organisms’ ability to guard against predators, grow and
By absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and sequestering it reproduce is also weakened.
for long periods, the ocean helps to mitigate global warming. But Scientists have been observing an accelerated decline in the
emissions continue to rise, and the ocean can’t sequester the pH level of seawater, an indicator of ocean acidification. Global
carbon quickly enough. The result: an increase in ocean acidity. ocean pH has fallen from 8.2 to below 8.1 in the past century
“Ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation are and is lower than 8 in some waters. On the pH scale of 0-14,
interacting with each other to create a perfect storm of this is significant. If carbon emissions continue rising at their
environmental challenge,” says Steve Widdicombe, director current rate, the pH level will be below 8 in most of the global
of science at Plymouth Marine Laboratory and co-ordinator ocean by 2100.
of the Ocean Acidification Research for Sustainability (OARS) Acidification is often higher in coastal areas than in the
programme. open ocean. This is due to the effects of upwelling—when deep
As CO2 dissolves upon reaching the ocean surface, the CO2-rich water rises towards the shore; of biological processes,
reaction releases carbonic acid. This alters the ocean’s chemistry. such as the decomposition of organic matter that releases
stored CO2 into the water; and of human activity, such as
sewage discharge and chemical run-off.
Maps of sea-surface pH from the pre-industrial
The effects of acidification are compounded by under-
era to the future
saturation of aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate
that molluscs use to form their shells and corals their
endoskeletons. As saturation lessens, seawater becomes
increasingly corrosive, putting organisms under stress and
ultimately causing their shells to dissolve. Undersaturation is
approaching such levels today in polar waters, where CO2 is
more easily absorbed than in warmer waters.
IMPACTS
Scientists warn that, even if we slash carbon emissions,
some warm-water and polar species will be at high risk
of acidification’s impacts by 2100. If emissions continue
unabated, many more species and habitats will be at high risk
Courtesy of Andrew Yool. Adapted from HS Findlay and C Turley, 2021. Ocean
as early as 2050.
acidification and climate change. In: TM Letcher (Ed.), Climate Change: Observed The decline of these resources that form an integral part of
Impacts on Planet Earth (Third Edition) marine food chains will unquestionably rebound on humanity.
ADVERTISEMENT
Society can turn back the tide of society must take, however, to lessen acidification’s impacts and
acidification, but must act quickly. understand it more fully. For example:
Specifically: • Expand the use of climate-smart marine protected areas to
develop new methods of mitigating against or adapting to
acidification
• Support the development of technologies that extract carbon
from seawater
• Widen the use of mangroves, seagrasses and other nature-
based solutions to capture and sequester carbon before it
reaches seawater
• Step up research that advances our knowledge about
acidification, including how it impacts marine coastal
ecosystems
“In the case of Japan’s coastal areas, although no direct
If unaddressed, ocean acidification will put coastal economies effects have been observed from our monitoring surveys,
and the aquaculture, tourism and other jobs that rely on them ocean acidification is steadily worsening,” says Mitsuyuki Unno,
at grave risk. Past projections of economic losses from depleted the executive director at The Nippon Foundation. “We must
shellfish production alone range from $75m in America to over therefore move quickly to learn how to mitigate its effects and
$1bn in Europe. adapt to them. This is especially critical for coastal areas, where
Acidification will also put at risk populations that rely on the effects of acidification will be most devastating.”
shellfish and other seafood for much of their protein. “It is within our power to avoid the direct effects of ocean
acidification,” adds Charles Goddard, the editorial director for
WHAT CAN WE DO? global initiatives at Economist Impact. “Like that of other ocean
Combating ocean acidification first requires a dramatic and climate emergencies, combating it requires taking local,
reduction in CO2 emissions. There are additional measures that national and global actions. There is no time to lose.”
by a federal judge in November, but could
still become law. The state has appealed
the decision to the 11th circuit court of ap
peals. Mr DeSantis and his friends in the
state legislature wanted the law to apply to
companies too, though the courts blocked
that in August. The law is still in effect for
primary and secondary schools.
Despite being weakened, the Stop WOKE
Act has had an effect on campuses. Twen
tyeight presidents of public colleges
signed a letter on January 18th promising to
defend “Florida values”. “Our institutions
will not fund or support any institutional
practice, policy, or academic requirement
that compels belief in criticalrace theory
or related concepts such as intersectional
ity, or the idea that systems of oppression
should be the primary lens through which
teaching and learning are analysed and/or
improved upon,” the letter says.
Usually when people want to prevent The debt ceiling
an idea they dislike, they limit who can
speak on campus, says Adam Steinbaugh, a Trillion-dollar chicken
lawyer at FIRE. (Liberals have been accused
of using this practice against their conser
vative enemies recently.) But the Stop
Woke Act is different. “Florida is skipping
the pretext,” Mr Steinbaugh says. “They’re
WASHINGTO N, DC
skipping the middleman and just limiting
There is no easy escape from America’s debt-ceiling mess
ideas themselves.”
The law has created a culture of fear on
campus, says a faculty member at the Uni
versity of Florida, who wishes to remain
M OST GAMES of chicken do not have
trilliondollar stakes. America, when
Republicans in Congress face off with a
creases were not particularly contentious,
and the White House wishes the same for
this one. “Raising the debt ceiling is not a
anonymous. His university inbox is filled Democratic president over the debt ceiling, negotiation; it is an obligation of this
with emails about the act. Academics wor is exceptional. This legal limit on the country and its leaders to avoid economic
ry about accidentally breaking the law and amount of debt issued by the Treasury is chaos,” Mr Biden’s press secretary said in a
being reported, he says. The University of periodically raised—but never by enough statement released on January 20th.
South Florida, a different public university to avoid a repeated standoff. Without a bi But it may not be so simple. Republi
in Florida, has a website for students to re partisan political deal to raise the ceiling cans are unlikely to let their leverage over
port discrimination which specifically America would be in dangerous territory, Mr Biden lapse. Kevin McCarthy squeaked
asks for “violations of House Bill 7.” The bumbling into pointless default. into his position as speaker of the House by
consequences could be steep for public On January 19th Janet Yellen, the treasu promising many concessions to hard
universities, which stand to lose millions ry secretary, announced that the country liners, including pledging extreme brink
of dollars in state funding. had hit its maximum debt (of $31.381trn) manship over the debt ceiling. Mr McCar
This fear makes standard interactions and that she had begun taking “extraordi thy has vowed to secure spending cuts in
difficult, the faculty member explains. One nary measures”—accounting tricks such as exchange for raising the debt limit, and
day in class, one of his students appeared deferring pension investments to conserve pledged to put the country on the path to a
withdrawn and was not participating in cash. These measures, which have become balanced budget in a decade. As part of his
the group discussion. Instead of assuming routine, buy several months before the ca bargain to attain power, the speaker also
that the student was simply having a bad lamity actually arrives, called the “Xdate”. had to allow a parliamentary manoeuvre
day, he assumed the worst. “I was like oh The last close call, in 2011 when Barack Oba that would make his own removal easier.
my God, is this kid recording me? Is this kid ma was president and Joe Biden was vice Mr McCarthy may not be able to keep his
a spy?” The faculty member says he is now president, was resolved with only days to promises, in which case his own party
seeking employment in another state, and spare, spooking stockmarkets and leading could end his speakership in its first year.
he does not appear to be alone. A survey by one rating agency to downgrade the federal This is forcing financiers, lawyers and
the Tampa Bay Times shows that 63% of fac government’s credit. The impasse of 2023 officials to focus on the unthinkable. The
ulty say they will leave if they receive a may well be just as dramatic. starting point of such contingency plan
comparable offer. Republicans, who have newly taken ning is that a sovereign default would be
Perhaps this is the goal—to have lefty control of the House of Representatives, cataclysmic: stocks would plunge, borrow
professors resign and decamp to Califor say that they cannot abide runaway spend ing costs would soar, growth would suffer
nia. But Mr Steinbaugh warns Florida’s Re ing and must rein it in. This deep concern and the dollar’s status as the world’s domi
publicans against overreaching. “The nat is episodic. When Donald Trump was pres nant currency would be shaken. Any way
ural impulse of people is to try to censor ident, the debt ceiling was increased three to avoid this series of disasters merits at
their opponents,” he explains. “But if you times with Republican support, and the tention. The problem, unfortunately, is
empower people…to limit speech, then national debt rose by $8trn over his term that each proposed workaround has se
that is a cudgel that your ideological oppo ($3.2trn of which came before covidin vere—possibly unworkable—drawbacks.
nents are going to wield against you.” n duced spending began in 2020). Those in Start with magical thinking. By law the
The Economist January 28th 2023 United States 39
Lexington What Edward Hopper saw
An exhibition of his paintings in New York reveals timeless insight into the city and its people
Again and again, he shows us solitude: A woman sits alone in
“The Automat” (1927), framed by lights reflected in the window be
hind her as she stares at the coffee cup she holds; an usher in “New
York Movie” (1939) ignores the film as, haloed by a sconce, she cra
dles her chin in one hand and silently contemplates a story of her
own; a man in shirtsleeves sits at his sunlit desk in “Office in a
Small City” (1953), gazing at a water tower and chimneys across the
way. What are they thinking? Are they lonely and alienated, as
many viewers infer? Or is their experience more grand and roman
tic? Are they imagining, reflecting, envisioning a future?
Hopper was a taciturn man. He was known to sit silently in
Washington Square Park as he thought through a painting. “Some
times talking with Eddie is just like dropping a stone in a well,” Jo
sephine said, “except it doesn’t thump when it hits bottom.” Hop
per resisted explaining his work, insisting “the whole answer is
there on the canvas”. He would ride the elevated subways—today
mostly submerged—prizing his glimpses down at sidewalk life
and through backlit windows into the city’s infinite intimate tales.
“The inner life of a human being is a vast and varied realm”,
Hopper wrote in “Reality: A Journal of Artists’ Opinions,” which he
helped found in 1953 to protest against the growing dominance of
Abstract Expressionism. In a joint statement, Hopper and his con
Brazil’s economy not only maintaining unity in the congres
sional coalition led by the PT, but also mas
Ready for relaunch? tering difficult budget arithmetic.
This year’s spending plans threatened
to exceed a cap on annual budget growth
introduced in 2016. To dodge this potential
obstacle, Lula helped shepherd a constitu
tional amendment through Congress in
December, before his inauguration, ex
As Lula takes over again, Brazil’s economic prospects are looking up
empting some spending from the cap. But
A T FIRST glance Lula’s second presiden
tial act looks badly timed. In 2002 Luiz
Inácio Lula da Silva inherited an economy
with a history of macroeconomic crises—
while inflation is well above the central
bank’s target. Most disconcertingly, he
this carries its own risk: of eroding inves
tors’ trust in Brazil’s commitment to sound
budgeting. Recognising this, Lula’s admin
that had just been subjected to wrenching takes the reins of a country which suffered istration has outlined a plan to boost tax
reforms. Lula governed capably, but was serious damage to its environment and its revenues and trim spending. But achieving
bolstered by friendly global forces: soaring democratic institutions under Jair Bolso budget reform will prove a legislative chal
demand for Brazil’s commodity exports, naro, his Trumpish predecessor, whose lenge. Brazil thus remains vulnerable if in
low global interest rates and a sagging dol supporters stormed government buildings vestor sentiment is dented by poor growth,
lar. He left office in 2010, having presided in the capital, Brasília, in early January. a gloomier global economic prognosis or
over average annual growth of 4.5%, a 50% So Lula does indeed have his work cut some other shock.
increase in average Brazilian incomes, and out. Brazil sorely needs investment in its And on those counts, too, it has looked
a hefty drop in unemployment, poverty infrastructure, as well as spending on edu a bad time for Lula to retake the presidency.
and government debt. cation to train Brazilian workers for better This year has seemed destined to be a hard
Yet during last year’s election cam jobs and to make up for learning lost dur one for much of the global economy, as
paign, few thought Lula’s second stint as ing the pandemic. The Amazon rainforest, many countries pushed up interest rates to
president would be as lucky. He inherits an the health of which depends on efforts to combat high inflation, and as China’s
economy hardly richer than the one he be strengthen and enforce rules against de economy continued to sputter under a
queathed his successor, Dilma Rousseff forestation, will require more spending. So propertymarket crash and harsh covid re
(see chart 1 on next page). Under her, the will poverty; it soared during the pandem strictions. Even recently, many econo
country plunged into a deep recession; her ic, after falling for much of the 2010s. En mists were warning that a global recession
impeachment over a corruption scandal acting policies to meet these needs means might be coming. The combination of
tarnished Lula’s Workers’ Party (PT). The weak global growth, sinking commodity
economy still bears the scars of the pan prices and rising interest rates could easily
→ Also in this section
demic, which killed nearly 1m Brazilians tip Brazil into crisis.
and knocked 4% off gDP. Gross govern 43 USMexico relations Yet only a few weeks into Lula’s term,
ment debt now stands at 88% of GDP—an his timing does not look so hapless after
44 Argentine music
eyewatering level for an emerging market all. In much of the world inflation rates are
The Economist January 28th 2023 The Americas 43
falling, often faster than forecast just a few USMexico relations
months ago. The global economy looks A hard act to follow 1
more resilient, too. Neither America nor Brazil, GDP, % change on a year earlier El Chapo:
Europe is in recession yet, and although
China’s economic growth in 2022 disap President
Cardoso Lula Rousseff Bolsonaro
9 the sequel
pointed at just 3%, the relaxation of its ze
Temer 6
rocovid policy and of curbs on property
MEXICO CITY
market investment may presage a re
3 A trial in New York exposes
bound. Officials at the IMF have suggested
US-Mexican counter-narcotics tensions
that new forecasts to be released at the end
0
of January will show an upward revision to
global growth.
These better prospects seem to set a
-3 E ven a Mexican telenovela would strug
gle to come up with a better second sea
son. In 2019 a court in New York sentenced
floor for commodity prices. High prices for -6 to life in prison Joaquín Guzmán (better
oil, soyabeans and other Brazilian exports 2000 05 10 15 20 22*
known as “El Chapo”), a leading drug traf
help explain growth over the past two years Source: IMF *Estimate
ficker who headed the Sinaloa gang. This
that was faster than many might think. week in the same room sat Genaro García
GDP rose by nearly 5% in 2021, and by al Luna, who was the federal security minis
most 3% in 2022. Commodity prices have duce trade barriers offers scope for pro ter during President Felipe Calderón’s “war
fallen from the peaks reached in the gress and might prove especially benefi on drugs” between 2006 and 2012 and a
months following Russia’s invasion of Uk cial, given global interest in supplychain lauded ally of the United States. He was ar
raine, but remain well above prepandemic diversification. An agreement between the rested in Texas in 2019, and the following
levels. High prices could persist, too, if glo European Union and Mercosur, a trade year pled not guilty to five charges, includ
bal demand rises, while supply disrup bloc of large South American economies, ing one of conspiracy to distribute cocaine.
tions—from war, climate change and a which has been held up by European con The trial is a reminder of a basic lack of
fracturing of the global trading system— cerns over Amazon deforestation, might trust that has long dogged the United
continue. Brazil is wellplaced to benefit; be revived now Mr Bolsonaro is gone. But States and Mexico in tackling the drugs
in addition to oil and soyabeans, it has serious reform would require a big push by trade and the criminal groups running it.
helped fill the shortfall caused by reduced Lula, who seems to have other priorities— “All the Americans’ Mexican counterparts
shipments of maize from Ukraine, becom although in a joint article on January 22nd at one time or another have been suspected
ing one of the world’s leading exporters. he and Alberto Fernández, Argentina’s of being in cahoots with the criminals,”
Meanwhile, lower expectations for in president, promised deeper economic in says Andrés Rozental, a former Mexican
flation across the rich world, and in the tegration, including work towards a com diplomat. The paradox is that Mr García
United States especially, mean that inter mon currency (see Finance section). Luna was in office at a time when the joint
est rates are unlikely to climb as much as Nor does the turn in global fortunes fight against drugs was in its heyday. Today
feared this year, and have contributed to a make Lula’s second presidency an easy the biggest obstacle to security coopera
decline in the value of the dollar. That has one. Current forecasts suggest that Brazil’s tion is not concern about official corrup
eased pressure on economies around the economy will grow by just 1% in 2023, so tion, but the policies of Mexico’s president,
world, including Brazil, where the yield on even a dazzling outperformance of projec Andrés Manuel López Obrador.
tenyear bonds initially dropped by nearly tions would compare modestly with the Cooperation marked by friction is not
a full percentage point. Brazilian inflation average during Lula’s first. unusual. The United States partly blames
has fallen too, from a peak rate last year of It is also easier to see how things might Mexico for its rising toll of deaths from
more than 12% to just 5.8% in December go wrong in the near future than it was in drug overdoses. In 2021 66% of these were
(see chart 2). the 2000s, because of unanticipated from fentanyl, which since 2019 has main
That is still well above the central bank’s shocks to the global economy or domestic ly entered the country from Mexico (rather
target rate for 2023 of 3.25%, and core infla troubles. Lula may well come to rue his de than China). Mexico in turn attributes the
tion, excluding more volatile items, has cision to try his hand at governing once violence it suffers to the demand for nar
eased more slowly. But declines in Brazil more. But it is also getting easier to see how cotics north of the border (and the guns
ian inflation, combined with easier finan he might further burnish his reputation that flow south). But during the Calderón
cial conditions globally, may eventually al for uncannily good timing. n years, “the doors opened completely to the
low Brazil’s central bank to cut its policy Americans,” says Eduardo Guerrero, a Mex
rate, painfully high at 13.75%. The central ican security analyst. Security agencies co
bank’s aggressive raterise campaign, Over the hump? 2 operated closely and still did so under the
which began in 2021, helped restrain infla Brazil next president, Enrique Peña Nieto. Be
tion and maintain markets’ confidence. Consumer prices Central-bank
tween 2008 and 2021 the US Congress au
But high rates have raised the govern % increase on a year earlier policy rate, % thorised $3.5bn for spending on security
ment’s borrowing costs and dampened 15 15 assistance to Mexico, ranging from buying
what might otherwise, in a period of bu helicopters to strengthening institutions.
oyant commodity prices, have been a pick 12 12 Mr López Obrador came to power in
up in investment. 9 9
2018 pledging to tackle the root causes of
Healthy demand for commodities and crime rather than the symptoms. In prac
more benign financial conditions help. But 6 6 tice that has largely meant standing by as
they do little to fix underlying structural criminal groups went about their business.
3 3
problems. Brazil’s economy needs more Mr López Obrador ripped up the frame
sweeping reform. The new government, 0 0 work for cooperation, alleging it entailed
however, has conceded that it will have to 2020 21 22
a level of foreign involvement that violated
be more careful than it might have been, to Source: Haver Analytics
Mexican sovereignty. Then the arrest by
avoid further political unrest. A push to re the United States in October 2020 of Salva
44 The Americas The Economist January 28th 2023
dor Cienfuegos, a former Mexican defence Argentine music
minister, on charges similar to those faced
by Mr García Luna, made cooperation Middle-income trap
even more minimal. The Mexicans were so
angry at his capture—partly because they
were not informed in advance—that Amer
ica feared the damage to bilateral ties and
in 2021 returned Mr Cienfuegos to Mexico.
BUE NOS AIRES
In response, Mr López Obrador passed a
A new generation of Argentine musicians is topping the charts
nationalsecurity law, aimed at the Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA), forc
ing foreign agents to share intelligence
with their Mexican counterparts. In his
G erard piqué was one of Spain’s most
talented footballers. On January 11th
his expartner, Shakira, a Colombian sing
from Puerto Rico: Bad Bunny, the most
streamed artist for three years in a row on
Spotify, the world’s biggest musicstream
hostility to the American approach, he er, made him betterknown for infidelity ing platform. But Argentina is catching up.
may have had a point. The two countries’ than ballcontrol. “I’m worth two 22year Its singers tend to be younger, and many of
calculations can differ. Mr Calderón’s poli olds,” blasts a new song that takes aim at them are women, says Leila Cobo, the chief
cy, backed by the United States, of targeting Mr Piqué and his younger lover. “You trad content officer for Latin music at Billboard,
kingpins led to more violence as the gangs ed a Ferrari for a [Renault] Twingo, an American music magazine. Bizarrap is
fragmented and multiplied. The annual swapped a Rolex for a Casio.” The gym an exception: it is often women—particu
number of murders tripled between 2007 honed Mr Piqué should “work his brain a larly María Becerra and Nicki Nicole, both
and 2011 and remains more than 30,000. little bit too”. 22—who have gained fame abroad.
For all the illwill, some institutions, On YouTube, a videostreaming plat Argentina’s musical rise is part of a
such as the two navies, have continued to form, the superstar’s song broke records, broader globalisation of Latin music. In
share intelligence. And the nationalsecu reaching 100m views in only three days. 2016 none of the top 50 mostplayed tracks
rity law is more a threat on paper than ac The producer behind her, Gonzalo Julián on Spotify was in Spanish. Last year, 14
tually applied. A new agreement on securi Conde, is also topping charts. The 24year were. In 2021 the recordedmusic market
ty cooperation was reached in late old Argentine dJ, known by his stage name, grew by 31% in Latin America, far above the
2021, keeping relations ticking over, but Bizarrap, has amassed more than 6bn global average of 18.5%. According to gWI, a
more at arm’s length. views on YouTube since 2017. marketresearch firm, Latin Americans
Moreover, in recent months Mr López This hit is a pop song. But he is the most lead the world in the average time spent
Obrador appears to be changing tack and successful of a group of young Argentines streaming songs—almost two hours a day.
embracing more cooperation, perhaps be finding global fame in the genre known as Unlike their tough American counter
cause of pressure both from abroad and at “trap”. A cousin of hiphop, this emerged in parts, many Argentine trap artists are mid
home, where he is seen as weak on tackling Atlanta in the 1990s and was popularised dleclass. Lyrics focus less on drugs and vi
crime. Mr Guerrero calculates that be by artists from crimeridden neighbour olence; more on bonking, brands and bot
tween 2021 and 2022 the number of drug hoods—the name alludes to ”trap houses”, toms. “I’m a nasty girl, fantastic/This bum
gang members detained rose by 28%, al where drugs are sold. It has swept the is natural, no plastic,” boasts Nathy Peluso,
most certainly thanks to intelligence from hemisphere, and “freestyle” (improvised) an Argentine singer, in a song with Bizar
the United States. Last year Mexico cap rap concerts became very popular in Bue rap. An analysis of 692 songs by the 20 big
tured Rafael Caro Quintero, a drug baron nos Aires in the mid2010s. It helped that gest Argentine trap artists showed that the
accused of the murder in 1985 of a DEA the government provided a free laptop to mostmentioned names were Lionel Mes
agent. In January it recaptured Ovidio Guz every student at public secondary schools, si, a footballer, God and Robin Hood—and
mán, a son of El Chapo (who was first de allowing them to record their first tracks, brands like Nike and Ferrari. Like Mr Piqué,
tained in 2019 but released on Mr López even if exam results were no better. brands, too, may soon find that Argentine
Obrador’s orders after gunmen took to the The undisputed king of Latin trap is artists make or mar their reputations. n
streets). Mr López Obrador has long railed
against soldiers being on the streets, but
last year got Congress to prolong the role of
the army in public security until 2028.
Still, Mr López Obrador has put a damp
ener on cooperation with the gringos. He
replaced the federal police with the Na
tional Guard, which is poorly vetted and
little trusted. Mexico is dragging its feet on
extraditing people, including the younger
Mr Guzmán, to the United States. The at
torneygeneral is compromised by being
close to the president. Visits by the presi
dent to El Chapo’s hometown have raised
eyebrows, as an implicit sign of sympathy
for him. Mr García Luna’s trial could be yet
another blow to the USMexico relation
ship. Alejandro Hope, a Mexican security
analyst, describes it as “a doubleedged
sword”. “It sends the message that impuni
ty will not be tolerated, but also that how
ever much you do for us [the United States]
you’re vulnerable.” n Shakira piqued; Piqué shaken
Middle East & Africa The Economist January 28th 2023 45
I T IS all anyone can discuss. For the poor,
trips to the market are now an ordeal:
shopping bags get lighter, yet bills get big
90%, while external debt has more than
doubled since 2013, to 34%. Debt service
consumes 45% of government revenue.
of Egypt in a matter of months. That wors
ened shortages of hard currency. The gov
ernment restricted imports to cut the trade
ger. The middle class must choose between Wellmeaning Egyptians have warned deficit and went back to the IMF for anoth
car payments, school tuition and grocer for years that the country was tumbling er loan, its fourth since 2016 (in December
ies. Business owners are wrestling with into a debt trap. Mr Sisi ignored them, and it eventually received $3bn). In June Mu
supplychain woes caused by a shortage of foreign investors, lured by some of the hammad Maait, the finance minister, said
hard currency that has left billions of dol world’s highest interest rates, were eager to his country had to focus on building less
lars of goods stuck at ports. help him sustain his illusion. Buying fickle sorts of inflows, like foreign direct
The past few weeks have been a reckon shortterm Egyptian debt seemed a lucra investment and export revenue. “The les
ing for Egypt’s unsustainable economy. tive and riskfree proposition: surely the son we have learned [is that] you cannot
Since 2013, when AbdelFattah alSisi biggest Arab country was too big to fail. depend on” hot money, he said.
seized power in a coup, it has been charac Failure is still unlikely—but no longer The lesson was soon forgotten. In De
terised by a moribund private sector, large impossible. The pound is the world’s cember the government announced that
twin deficits and debtfuelled state spend $9.5bnworth of goods were stuck at ports:
ing on infrastructure projects, some of du businesses could not find the dollars they
→ Also in this section
bious value. Egypt posted decent growth needed to clear their shipments. A curren
numbers, but they were a mirage: for most 46 Kuwait’s financial populism cy black market emerged, with pounds
of its 104m people, life kept getting worse. trading well below the official rate. Egyp
47 South Africa’s ethnic politics
Last year the fiscal deficit was 6.2% of tians abroad over Christmas got messages
GDP and the currentaccount shortfall was 48 Development and democracy from their banks imposing withdrawal
3.6% (see chart 1 on the next page). The gov limits as low as $100 a month.
48 Bikes and crossborder trade
ernment debttoGDP ratio hovers around That left few options. The pound, which
46 Middle East & Africa The Economist January 28th 2023
was meant to be floating but was unoffi Then there is the army, which runs a poured in $25bn to help stabilise it. They
cially propped up by the central bank, had vast economic empire that makes every are unlikely to be so generous this time. In
already been devalued twice in 2022. On thing from pasta to cement. It grabs an stead of offering aid, Gulf states are buying
January 5th it was allowed to slide again, everlarger chunk from private business: it up lucrative Egyptian assets on the cheap.
eventually settling at around 30 to the dol is hard to compete with an entity that does There is even talk that Mr Sisi might sell or
lar, a 20% drop. It has lost 50% of its value not pay taxes or customs fees, enjoys pref lease the operations of the Suez canal,
in the past year (see chart 2). Analysts at erential access to land—and can lock up its probably to Gulf firms, which would be po
several banks think it is still overvalued. rivals. The founder of Juhayna, a big food litically explosive: control of the canal is a
The devaluation brought hundreds of company, was probably jailed without totemic issue in Egypt’s modern history.
millions of dollars of inflows, which charge for two years because he refused the In some ways, Egypt finds itself back
helped to ease the import backlog. But it army’s demands for a controlling stake (he where it was in 2016, when it reached an
will also stoke alreadyhigh inflation, was released on January 21st). agreement for $12bn with the IMF. It imple
which hit 21% in December (and 37% for The government says it will sell stakes mented some fiscal reforms, such as subsi
food). Figures for January will worsen. in numerous stateowned firms, including dy cuts, but ignored the sorts of structural
After Egypt’s first big devaluation, in 2016, army companies like Wataniya, which changes that would make its economy
inflation stayed above 20% for 13 months. runs petrol stations, and Safi, a bottledwa more competitive. Since then the country’s
These numbers are catastrophic for the ter company. Similar promises have gone crisis has only deepened. n
poor. Fatima, a housewife, runs through unfulfilled before. In its latest agreement
her diminished shopping list. Eggs are with the IMF it also pledged to end tax
now an occasional luxury. The price of a breaks and other special treatment for ar Sick man of the Gulf
box of 30 has doubled to 100 pounds. Her myrun companies. Whether Mr Sisi has
family’s preferred brand of cheese is 80% the will and the ability to deliver is unclear. No cheques please,
more expensive than a year ago. Meat? For When he took power, many Egyptians
get it. Some butchers fear they will have to were grateful for a respite from their post we’re Kuwaiti
close because so few of their customers revolutionary chaos. There are no reliable
can afford to buy their goods. A kilo of opinion polls in such a repressive country,
DUBAI
chicken breast that last year sold for 90 but anecdotes suggest that many Egyptians
A populist plan to pay off private debts
pounds now fetches almost 200. have lost faith in his leadership. It is
is another sign of the country’s ills
increasingly common to hear criticism of
Talk like an Egyptian
The government puts the poverty rate at
30%, but official figures have not kept pace
the president in markets, taxis and cafés. A
few wellconnected Egyptians are quietly
urging him not to run in next year’s presi
I N OCTOBER KUWAIT’S finance ministry
sent a stern message to the government:
no frivolous spending. Yes, oil prices were
with bouts of high inflation and repeated dential election. high and the deficit had narrowed, but this
blows to the currency. In 2016 the national He cannot count on much help from was a time for fiscal discipline. And yet a
poverty line was fixed at the equivalent of abroad. A decade ago, with the economy in few weeks later lawmakers introduced a
$55 a month. Today it is $29. The middle turmoil after Mr Sisi’s coup, Gulf states bill that would force the state to pay for
class is tumbling towards poverty. new cars, holidays or indeed anything else
Even in the pandemic year of 2020, citizens might have bought on credit.
Egypt grew at a decent rate of 3.6%. But ap Falling down like a domino Under the proposal, the government
pearances can mislead. Growth was fuelled Egypt would buy up billions of dinars’ worth of
by public spending and a booming natural 1 consumer loans. It would write off the in
gas sector. The latter produces few jobs. Current-account Gross government terest and schedule repayments on the
And the state can no longer afford the deficit, % of GDP debt, % of GDP principal over a long period, with monthly
megaprojects that have defined Mr Sisi’s 0 100 instalments deducted from a costofliv
tenure. He expanded the Suez canal, start ing allowance paid to citizens. The state
ed work on a new capital city and built 90 would, in effect, pay off private debts.
-2
thousands of kilometres of roads. But in The proposal has caused an uproar in
January the cabinet said it would halt work Kuwait’s parliament, which unlike others
80
on projects that require hard currency. -4 in the Gulf has real power. Ministers
As for the private sector, it is anaemic. walked out of a session earlier this month
The purchasing managers’ index, a mea 70 in protest. On January 23rd the cabinet re
sure of business activity, has shown a con -6 signed because of its power struggle with
traction for 25 months in a row and for 75 of 2012 15 22* 2012 15 22* parliament, the fifth time since December
the past 84 months. Businessmen cite 2020 that a Kuwaiti government has quit.
many ills. The domestic market is huge but Egyptian pounds per $ 2 Supporters say it would help struggling
poor. State schools are atrocious, so the la Inverted scale $3bn IMF agreement families. Critics say the measure would
bour force is illtrained. The government Russia invades Ukraine 5 blow up the public finances. The central
has taken a scattershot approach to indus $12bn IMF agreement bank estimates that more than 500,000
10
trial policy: if you want every sector to be a Kuwaitis have eligible loans worth 14bn di
national champion, none will be. 15 nars ($46bn), 60% of projected revenue in
High interest rates are another obstacle. 20 this year’s budget. (MPs claim the plan
In early January two stateowned banks would cost far less.) It would also set a pre
25
briefly offered oneyear certificates of de cedent for future writeoffs: the scheme is
posit at 25% interest. The scheme brought 30 the epitome of moral hazard.
needed liquidity into the financial system. 35 These ought to be boom times for Ku
It may be a drag on investment: earning in 2012 14 16 18 20 23
wait. It is the world’s tenthlargest oil pro
terest from your bank is an easier return Sources: IMF; Refinitiv Datastream *Estimate
ducer, pumping around 2.8m barrels a day,
than opening a factory. and a tiny country of just 4m people, fewer
The Economist January 28th 2023 Middle East & Africa 47
than half of them citizens. The IMF says provements but not “miracles”. Though
GDP grew by 8.7% last year. Its sovereign his narrow victory depended on DA voters
wealth fund is one of the world’s biggest, turning out in relatively high numbers
and the government’s debttoGDP ratio of while many exANC supporters stayed
7% is among the world’s smallest. home, he also needed to lift his party’s
But dysfunctional politics is holding it share of the black vote from 8.7% to 11.7%.
back, as it long has. Conservative Islamists The success of Mr Pappas and his
did well in last year’s general election. (black) deputy, Sandile Mnikathi, suggests
About onethird of the newly elected MPs that the monstrous damage caused by the
have signed a pledge that called for gender ANC is reversible. Until the DA took over,
segregated schools and other strictures. the municipality had never run a budget
Last year hardliners tried to ban an annual surplus. Like most ANCrun local govern
marathon because it featured musical acts ments, its financial reporting was deemed
and men and women running together. inadequate by the auditorgeneral, a
Along with conservatism, parliament watchdog. Over the past year Mr Pappas
has a populist streak. Other Gulf countries has got Umngeni into the black by freezing
are trying to diversify their economies hiring and stopping vanity projects. “There
away from oil and entice foreign investors. will be far fewer projects where politicians
Kuwait has all but given up on plans to can go around and cut ribbons,” Mr Pappas
grow its private sector. tells provincial officials. This is freeing up
Government policy is little better. Early funds for new schemes.
in the pandemic, amid worries about food One involves contracting out simple
security—90% of Kuwait’s food is import The power of language jobs, such as cutting the grass, to individ
ed—it imposed price controls. It left them uals. That sounds basic but it undermines
in place long after it was clear that imports tional Congress (ANC). But that has not the way ANC councils typically operate,
were unaffected. Prices shot up when con stopped the mayor of the local municipal awarding large tenders to politically con
trols were lifted, leading to one of the ity, Umngeni, from visiting. Chris Pappas nected cronies, often from outside the mu
Gulf’s highest inflation rates last year. (pictured) listens to teachers and mothers nicipality, to get kickbacks. The munici
Kuwait now has the highest youthun and says he will try to help. He does this in pality is also doing more to help the poor,
employment rate in the Gulf, with at least Zulu, the ladies’ mother tongue, which he for instance by making more households
one in six out of work. Citizens grumble learnt while growing up on a farm. “Having eligible for some free electricity.
about everything from potholes to the poor somebody who can speak their language is The mayor’s brand of politics is not
state of public education and health care. very, very important,” says Nene Philpine, flashy. But he argues that the simple act of
Perhaps they should pay to fix their own the head teacher. “It gives a better and com doing what you said you would do is vital
streets and schools: if they did it on credit, plete understanding.” in a young democracy. “South Africans
the state might pay them back. n Mr Pappas is an unusual politician. He have lost faith in the democratic system as
is white in a municipality where three a means for change,” he says. A poll in 2021
quarters of residents are black. He is fluent found that twothirds of South Africans
South Africa in Zulu (it is rare to find whites who speak “would be willing to give up elections” if an
South African languages other than Eng unelected government could provide secu
Fluent in empathy lish and the Dutchbased Afrikaans). He is rity, housing and jobs.
31 years old, roughly half the average age of Mr Pappas’s optimism is welcome.
the country’s cabinet. He is gay. And he is South Africans have been ground down by
from the Democratic Alliance (DA), the offi almost 29 years of ANC misrule. Black
cial opposition, whose stronghold is in voters have become increasingly apathet
UMNGE NI
and around Cape Town. A year ago Mr Pap ic. Some have given up voting, while many
What a white, gay, Zulu-phonic mayor
pas became the first DA mayor to win an whites retreat into their affluent bubbles.
reveals about South African politics
outright majority in a KZN municipality. “That’s the problem with South Africa,”
promote love and unity against the hatred civil laws for minorities and interpreta 20%; in 2019, the bjp won 37% of the vote
and division fostered by Mr Modi’s Mus tions of history, says Mr Mehta. “Saving and Congress just under 20%. Yet this
limbashing party. This recalls the princi secular pluralism from the charge of being could change. The bjp was sustained in op
ples of Mr Gandhi’s greatgrandfather, Ja antiHindu means giving a secular answer position by its cadre of deeply ideological
waharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minis to communal issues. You need to explain activists. Congress, having no comparable
ter. He and his supporters did not seek to what institutional measures you will take. ideology or footsoldiers, could fizzle.
banish religion from public life, as secular It’s not enough to say ‘we’re secular’.” Half an hour after the yatra passed
ists in France had. Yet they saw the priori If it is to revive demand for a large secu through Ganuspur in Punjab, its only re
tising of one religious group over another lar party, Congress will have to meet that maining traces were a lorry laden with
as a guarantee of conflict in a diverse coun challenge. There is currently no sign it is cardboard cutouts of Mr Gandhi and po
try with a history of religious, especially planning to. In theory, it could continue to licemen grumpily clearing away barri
HinduMuslim, violence. For them, secu languish. Indeed, the combined voteshare cades. To secure the future of his party, and
lar liberal institutions, including the legal of the two big parties looks remarkably secular liberalism in India, Mr Gandhi will
system and bureaucracy, represented the stable, at around 50% since the 1980s. They have to convince Indians that his trek
country’s best hope of holding together. have simply switched positions. In 1991 through their towns and villages amount
Over the past three decades, and espe Congress won 36% of the vote and the bjp ed to rather more than meets the eye. n
cially since Mr Modi won power in 2014,
the bjp has eroded that legacy. First pro
pelled to national power in the 1990s by Corruption in the Philippines
communal rioting that its leaders had
helped provoke, the bjp considers India a
May the force be without you
Hindu country for too long suborned to its
MANILA
religious, primarily Muslim, minorities.
Bongbong Marcos rewires the drugs war
Rallying Hindus against the other 20%
of India’s population has helped paper over
deep differences of caste and class within
the majority group. It has also been so suc
W HEN HE BECAME president of the
Philippines last June, Ferdinand
“Bongbong” Marcos promised to moder
suspected of corrupt involvement in the
drugs trade. Some will be prosecuted,
says Mr Abalos. Others, against whom
cessful in redefining Indian nationalism ate his predecessor’s harsh drugs poli there are serious allegations but in
as a Hindu cause that the bjp is able to de cies. Rodrigo Duterte had ordered the sufficient evidence to bring charges, will
ride its secular critics as unpatriotic. For police to shoot dead any suspected dealer be allowed to retire. Of the 953 police
many Indians, secularism and antiIndi who did not surrender. This led to the generals and colonels asked to resign, all
anism have become, if not synonymous, killing of thousands of Filipinos. It also but 11 had done so by January 23rd.
then related. “Plenty of Hindus are now handed the police a muchabused oppor The ploy is designed to get around the
unwilling to consider secularism a good tunity to determine who was and wasn’t difficulty of defenestrating civil servants.
thing,” says Christophe Jaffrelot of Sci a dealer. One of Mr Marcos’s priorities is It has incentivised the police chiefs to
ences Po in Paris. “The opposition will have to reduce the corruption this encouraged resign on the basis that appearing reluc
to recreate the appetite for it.” in the Philippine National Police (PNP). tant to do so could make them look guil
Mr Gandhi appears to be trying to do so The minister of the interior, Benjamin ty. The government used a similar trick
by reaching beyond his atheist grandfather “Benhur” Abalos, has asked all the coun to clean up the PNP in the 1990s; though
to the interfaith harmony preached by Mo try’s police generals and colonels to some question whether that success can
handas Gandhi. He has walked parts of the resign by January 31st. Mr Abalos prom be repeated. The chief of the PNP, Gener
yatra (a word that usually refers to a pil ises a government committee will then al Rodolfo Azurin, has said that fewer
grimage) in bare feet and often wearing a reject the resignations of all except those than ten senior officers are suspected of
tilak, a red mark connoting Hindu piety. He wrongdoing.
has referred to the Bhagavad Gita, a Hindu For Mr Marcos, discontinuing Mr
text, in presenting the yatra as a tapasya, or Duterte’s grisly policy is an opportunity
penance. Yet he has stressed religious in to mend the reputation of his family
clusion. After the yatra entered the state of dynasty, tarnished by the corrupt regime
Punjab, he donned a turban to pay his re of his late father, the first President
spects at the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled from 1965
the spiritual centre of Sikhism. to 1986. But the new approach mainly
He could be on to something. Surveys of indicates that the drugs war failed.
young middleclass adults, a bjp constitu Law enforcers say at least 6,250 peo
ency, suggest they are less Islamophobic ple were killed in drug operations during
than their parents. Moreover, if there is a Mr Duterte’s six years in office. Unofficial
better way for Mr Gandhi to present Con tallies suggest the toll may have been
gress as an alternative to the Hindu nation several thousand higher. Many of the
alists, it is not obvious. Despite Mr Modi’s victims were addicts or lowlevel hus
probusiness and Congress’s propoor tlers. Some were allegedly murdered to
rhetoric, the two parties espouse broadly prevent them revealing evidence of
similar economic and social policies. But if police involvement in the drugs trade.
Mr Gandhi may sense an opportunity, his The violence achieved little. Abuse of
heartwarming campaigning is nothing methamphetamine hydrochloride, or
like an ideological counterweight to Mr shabu, as Filipinos call their streetdrug
Modi’s message of Hindu pride. Reviving of choice, remains rife. It costs roughly
secularism would require an alternative the same as it did in June 2016, when Mr
stance on divisive issues that have become Holster your weapon Duterte became president.
vote winners for the bjp, such as uniform
The Economist January 28th 2023 Asia 51
the centre of Indonesia’s plans to be the al are old projects long bedevilled by died and 71 were arrested following a seri
nub of an ev supply chain. hiccups and delays, says Ahmad Syarif of ous brawl between Chinese and Indone
Bauxite smelters are also expensive and Bower Group Asia. sian workers at a nickel refinery on the is
harder to build than nickel smelters. Local All are Chinese investments. According land of Sulawesi.
firms are struggling to raise the capital to Mr Sulistyanto, only China’s firms find Indonesia’s resource nationalism also
needed for them, often around 18trn ru investing in alumina refining compelling. risks falling foul of global trade rules. The
piah ($1.2bn), so the government is leaning Indonesia should reconsider whether in wto ruled against Indonesia’s nickel ex
on banks to offer prospective builders creasing its economic dependence on Chi port ban in November in a case brought by
more generous terms. It has also eased en na is wise, says Perrine Toledano, a director the eu, which frets that the ban is hurting
vironmental regulations on the industry— at the Columbia Centre on Sustainable In its stainlesssteel industry. More trade
including potential penalties for environ vestment. If the nickel industry is a guide, rows await once further bans kick in, but
mental damage—to lower its costs. Al the new bauxite smelters will employ Chi Jokowi is undeterred. “This is what we
though the government claims eight baux nese nationals as well as locals. This can want to do: be independent, independent,
ite smelters are under construction, sever cause conflict: on January 14th two people independent,” he said. n
Banyan No going back
The Rohingya refugees are stuck in Bangladesh. It should permit them to thrive
I N A BAMBOO shack in Kutupalong, the
world’s biggest refugee camp, a Roh
ingya woman keened last week for her
tim of one, the Arakan Rohingya Salvation
Army (arsa). Grown powerful on guns and
smuggling yaba, a narcotic, arsa and
kids basic numeracy and literacy. A pilot
project is under way to instruct 10,000
students in the Burmese curriculum.
sister. She was killed a few kilometres other Rohingya crews are terrorising Otherwise, the refugees are denied
away, when her makeshift village in the Kutupalong. It is no longer considered schooling. A 17yearold woman who
noman’s land between Bangladesh and safe to walk the camp after dark. About says that she still hopes to become a
Myanmar was attacked and her hut set on two dozen refugees, including community doctor describes how frustrating this is.
fire. The woman was burnt alive. leaders, have been killed since July. Kid Denied education in the camps, the
Extreme violence is all too familiar to napping and extortion are on the rise. refugees are at the same time barred
the Rohingyas. A Muslim people from The Bangladeshi police in charge at from studying outside. “I have a dream,”
Rakhine state in majorityBuddhist Kutupalong are often a big part of the she says, “but it is not allowed.”
Myanmar, they have for generations been problem. They demand bribes or con The refugees are also forbidden to
denied statehood and suffered persecu fiscate goods. When investigating crimes, work outside the camp. Any who wish to
tion. The most brutal in recent times, they frame the innocent. They are said to travel must first obtain a written permit
carried out by the Tatmadaw, the Bur be in cahoots with the gangs they are from the local authorities (a situation
mese security forces, was in 2017. Hun supposed to suppress. A Rohingya woman disconcertingly similar to that of Ro
dreds of thousands of Rohingyas crossed in her late 20s describes in terrible detail hingyas in Myanmar). Such restrictions,
into Bangladesh with whatever they how she was raped in a police station and which refugees endure in many coun
could carry and tales of murder, rape and now lives in fear of a repeat. tries, reflect the Bangladeshis’ fear of the
torched villages. Over 900,000 Rohingya Besides women, Rohingya children, Muslim refugees putting down roots in
refugees are now housed in the Kutupa who make up nearly half of the camp’s their country. But this is driving them to
long and nearby camps, carved out of residents, suffer most. Last year Bangla take more desperate and subversive
cleared forest south of Cox’s Bazar in deshi officials shuttered 30odd commu measures. Some 250,000 Rohingyas are
southeastern Bangladesh. nityrun schools in the camps that were estimated to have procured fake Bangla
While roaming the camps, Banyan teaching tens of thousands of students. deshi passports and disappeared abroad,
heard many heartaching stories. Nearly That leaves unicef and a few ngos with including to SouthEast Asia and Saudi
every Rohingya he spoke with dreamed permission to teach the camp’s youngest Arabia. Others pay peoplesmugglers to
of returning home. Yet, though Bangla take them on a perilous boat journey to
desh’s government is urging them to go, SouthEast Asia.
none is ready to. Rakhine state is cur This mass crimping of human poten
rently peaceful by Myanmar’s standards. tial is repugnant. By habituating so many
The Tatmadaw, which seized power two young refugees into unemployability,
years ago, is distracted by other terror delinquency and perhaps extremism,
campaigns it is waging, including Bangladesh is also storing up an enor
against an armed resistance in the Bur mous problem—probably, given the
mese heartland. But Myanmar is falling unlikelihood that many will return
apart. Many of the 600,000 Rohingyas home, for itself. Though fixing Myanmar
remaining in the country are not in their is beyond them, Western governments
villages but also in unrun camps. should at least urge Bangladesh to grant
Though Bangladesh has given them the refugees more normal lives. But is
refuge, violence still threatens the Roh that likely? With a war in Ukraine and
ingya fugitives. Thuggish gangs—part much else to distract the world’s gaze, it
insurgent, part drug racketeer—have is not on the Rohingyas, even as Western
sprung up among the refugee popula aid budgets shrink. And the residents of
tion. The incinerated woman was a vic Kutupalong know it.
The Economist January 28th 2023 Asia 53
Vietnam, corruption and covid19 counting standards under investorprotec
tion agreements with America and the
Cleaning the house European Union, says Oliver Massmann, a
lawyer who has advised the government.
Yet some arrests look politically moti
vated. Nguy Thi Khanh, a celebrated cli
mate activist, was sentenced in June to two
years in prison for failing to pay tax on a
HANO I
prize she had been awarded. The campaign
A post-pandemic anti-graft drive brings down the president
is also having perverse economic effects.
L iu He is a greyhaired 71yearold on the
verge of retirement from China’s high
est level of economic policymaking. He
been deeply disturbed by Mr Xi’s campaign
of the past two years to tighten controls ov
er technology firms and his steppedup use
It may well be that China sees a need to
adjust its tactics on a range of matters, both
economic and diplomatic. At 3%, annual
must have many regrets, not least the bat of Marxistsounding language. To those GDP growth last year was the secondslow
tering of his country’s economy by a now worried about China’s many barriers to for est since the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.
abandoned struggle to crush covid19, and eign firms, Mr Liu had soothing words: America’s efforts to curb the flow of cut
by the disease’s recent rapid spread. But Mr “China’s national reality dictates that tingedge technology to China are frustrat
Liu grinned with obvious pride as he re opening up to the world is a must, not an ing Mr Xi’s ambitions for supremacy in the
called how members of the global elite at expediency. We must open up wider and tech sector. As geopolitical tensions have
the World Economic Forum in Davos had make it work better.” grown, and covid has exposed the vulnera
responded to his delegation’s upbeat re There was nothing strikingly new in Mr bility of Chinalinked supply chains, West
marks there a few days ago. “All kinds of Liu’s remarks. But their emollient tone fu ern firms have become much more ner
people said, ‘Hey, China is back again!’” he elled speculation among observers that, as vous about relying on the country as the
told a television reporter. well as ditching the “zerocovid” policy, Mr source of every widget. China’s cosy ties
Mr Liu, who is one of China’s four depu Xi has decided to tone down some of the with Russia, and refusal to censure its in
ty prime ministers and a trusted adviser of rhetoric that has caused jitters among vasion of Ukraine, have poisoned China’s
China’s leader, Xi Jinping, was being mod businesspeople at home and abroad, ease relationship with much of Europe, a region
est. It was he, not others in his entourage, pressure on entrepreneurs and prevent it has long been trying to win over in an at
who had stolen the show. Among the as tempt to weaken America’s alliances.
sembled business titans his speech on Jan China likes to use Davos as a place for
uary 17th struck a welcome note given the → Also in this section buttering up foreigners. In 2017, nearly five
fragile state of the world economy. “If we years after he took power and began
55 Tensions with Taiwan
work hard enough,” he said, “the Chinese spreading ripples of unease across the
economy will see a significant improve 56 Pressure to marry West, Mr Xi himself turned up. He was the
ment in 2023.” He pledged “more focus” on first supreme leader of China to attend the
57 Chaguan: Revealing propaganda
supporting private business—which has forum. The audience heard a portrayal of
The Economist January 28th 2023 China 55
20
I n the weeks leading up to the lunar
new year on January 22nd, millions of
people in China travelled back to their
the end of last year, down by 850,000 on
the year before. It is the first time the
population has declined since 1962, after
home towns to celebrate the country’s millions died in a famine brought on by
10 biggest holiday. Some have not been Mao Zedong’s “Great Leap Forward”. A
home for two years, thanks to pandemic shrinking, ageing population is bad for
0
travel curbs. There have been joyful economic growth and will create a huge
Dec 2022 Jan 2023 reunions, fireworks and banquets. But, burden of care. But incentives for cou
Source: Taiwan Ministry *Including south-east & for single people of a certain age, there ples to have children, such as cash hand
of National Defence south-west airspace
have also been awkward questions. outs and tax cuts, have had little effect.
The holiday is a chance for parents, There are several reasons behind this
signed on December 23rd which autho aunts, uncles—even distant cousins—to demographic crunch. Young people are
rised billions of dollars in grants and loans press their young relatives to get mar better educated than previous gener
to Taiwan to buy American weapons. ried. Such nagging occurs in most coun ations and more likely to spend their 20s
Only $2bn in loans made it into the fi tries. In conservative China, though, the pursuing careers. This is especially true
nal spending bill that was passed into law. pressure is intense. of women. Owning a car and a house is
But America is planning to expand its own Online searches for cuihun (urging seen by many as a basic requirement for
navy and training its marines for island someone to wed) peak every year at this settling down—and many young people
fighting. In January top officials from time, according to data from Baidu, a have neither. In cities, a gruelling work
America and Japan said they would work search engine. Beleaguered 20 and culture leaves little time for marriage
more closely on security and defence, and 30somethings are flooding social media and kids. In rural areas, a hefty bride
that America’s marine deployments on Ja with complaints. “I used to like the atmo price can get in the way of a match.
pan’s southwestern islands, near the Tai sphere at new year, but now I hate it Parents don’t care for such excuses.
wan Strait, would be upgraded. more and more,” said one person on Some singles have come home to find
Taiwan has been taking steps to im Weibo, a Twitterlike platform. “If you that a string of blind dates has been set
prove its defences, too. President Tsai Ing are not married, you’re urged to get up for them. Others provide cuihun coun
wen announced in December that from married. If you are married, you’re urged termeasures. One netizen suggested
2024 men would be required to perform to have children.” telling parents that it is tough to find a
one year of military service, up from four Nowadays the pressure comes from partner worthy of them. An article pub
months, and that conscripts would receive the state, too. China’s young people have lished two years ago in Chongqing Daily, a
better training. Taiwan plans to spend been marrying later—or not at all. The local newspaper, advised feigning deaf
$19.4bn on defence in 2023, up by 13.9% on average age of a firsttime newlywed ness or going on the attack by interrogat
last year. Still, experts say these steps are was 28.7 in 2020, about four years higher ing aunts and uncles about their own
not enough. China spent $230bn on de than it was a decade ago. China regis children’s marital status.
fence last year. It has expanded its naval, tered 7.6m marriages in 2021, the lowest Another solution is to rent a boy
missile and nuclear capabilities. What Tai number on record. friend or girlfriend for new year. Some
wan really needs is a new strategy that fo Fewer marriages have meant fewer actors provide such a service. But the
cuses less on big, expensive arms, which births. According to the National Bureau ruse was easier to pull off when the
would not survive Chinese strikes, and of Statistics, China had 1.412bn people at holiday was celebrated over video.
more on agile and concealable weapons.
Yet during a recent Taiwanese military
exercise in the city of Kaohsiung (pictured
on previous page), big and cumbersome
weapons played a central role. Soldiers
wearing red helmets, marking them as in
vaders from the mainland, cowered on a
field as tanks and armoured vehicles ap
proached. “Under the strong power of our
battle brigade, the enemy soldiers have re
treated,” a Taiwanese announcer crowed.
The drill was meant to reassure Tai
wan’s citizens ahead of the lunar new year
on January 22nd (it is celebrated on both
sides of the strait). Polls suggest the public
is sceptical. In one last year, more than half
of respondents said they did not believe
Taiwan could hold off a Chinese invasion
for very long. Things have remained most
ly calm over the holiday, at least. Only one
Chinese plane crossed the median line be
tween January 21st and 25th. n
The Economist January 28th 2023 China 57
Chaguan Performance and legitimacy
Dennis Sinyolo of Education Interna In 2020 a panel convened by the World versity, one of Success for All’s creators.
tional, a global group of teachers’ unions, Bank and other bodies concluded that These include giving pupils quick and fre
says scripted lessons “undermine teach these are some of the best things education quent feedback and keeping up a rapid
ing” and encourage “rote learning and ex reformers can spend money on. In the past pace to keep children interested.
am drilling”. He says good lesson plans are few years the approach has been applied in Ms Madden says teachers who have
written to match local contexts, and the Gambia, Ghana, Nepal and Senegal. One grown familiar with her programme’s
needs of individual students. The freedom programme in Kenyan government techniques are not expected to keep fol
to change tack midlesson is invaluable if a schools helped push up the number of lowing scripts to the letter. But when, in
lesson plan is not working. “There’s no children reaching the national standard in the past, her team relied mostly on training
onesizefitsall in teaching,” he says. English by 30 percentage points. workshops to spread their approach, they
Visits to schools in Edo provide some found that only a fraction of teachers kept
perspective on what is going on. There are E is for everywhere up the new practices once they were back
doubtless many ways to teach a scripted But it is not only in poor countries where in their classrooms.
lesson badly. But the idea in Nigeria is that tightly structured approaches to schooling She admits that teachers sometimes
they will tend to make classes more com are gaining a following. In America, for ex bristle at the constraints that scripts im
pelling. The scripts enforce instructional ample, there is growing awareness that pose: “It is not what they teach you in
practices that are routine in many rich schools have been clinging to modish but teacher school.” Sceptics often come
country classrooms but often neglected in ineffective “childled” ways of teaching round, she says, when they see kids mak
poor ones. These include techniques such reading that other developed countries ing swift progress. Mr Wickman points out
as pausing frequently to pose questions to such as Britain have junked. Literacy pro that other expensively trained profession
the class, instead of delivering long lec grammes that were dismissed as oldfash als, such as pilots and surgeons, also have
tures at the blackboard, or encouraging pu ioned are coming back into favour. procedures that they must follow to the let
pils to try to solve a problem by chatting to McGraw Hill, an American publishing ter. After some initial complaints (similar
the child sitting next to them. company, sells a series of highly scripted to those expressed by dubious teachers)
Detailed, prescriptive lesson plans are courses aimed at primaryschool children. such regimented approaches have become
also supposed to relieve teachers of the Bryan Wickman of the National Institute widespread in those fields. They help re
burden of having to write their own. That, for Direct Instruction, a charity in Oregon, duce mistakes, and spread better ways of
advocates hope, will leave them more ener says that using the simplest, clearest lan doing things.
gy for other jobs—such as making sure guage possible is crucial when teaching Back in Edo, Mr Obaseki’s transforma
their charges stay engaged. Teachers in Edo the smallest children. He says the idea that tion still has plenty to prove. An analysis
have been trained to lead their classes in lessons based on scripts must inevitably published in 2019 by the state government
short games and songs whenever they bore children should surprise anyone who and NewGlobe claims that during the first
think pupils have grown restless (hence enjoys other things that are performed year of the reforms children learned as
the hokeycokey). Ms Bika says things are from scripts, such as plays. much in a single term as they were previ
better than in the past. Before, bored chil Success For All, a programme used in ously learning in one year. But the project
dren would occasionally wander home some British and American schools, puts has yet to undergo a rigorous independent
during the day. Inattention was sometimes much faith in “cooperative learning”— evaluation. Much of the existing evidence
punished with the cane. which involves encouraging children to that supports scripted schooling relates to
The changes do more than alter teach solve problems together in small groups. basic literacy and numeracy among the
ing styles. A study published in 2010 esti But much else that goes on in its class youngest children. In Edo, lesson scripts
mated that on any given day around a fifth rooms is structured and scripted. Such pre are being used to teach almost every sub
of Nigeria’s primary school teachers were scriptiveness helps teachers adopt tech ject, and are being applied to teenagers in
absent from their classrooms. Earlier re niques that research suggests work well, junior secondary schools.
search suggested as little as onethird of says Nancy Madden of Johns Hopkins Uni Whether strict scripting is necessary re
class time is used productively. In Edo, tab mains a topic of debate. (The World Bank
lets register when teachers arrive. They can panel, for instance, argued that wordfor
tell if a teacher has scrolled through a les There are no words word scripts are less effective than simpler
son faster than appropriate, or if they have Children who cannot understand a simple guides.) In 2018 rti, an American nonpro
abandoned one halfway through. Beneath text by age ten, selected countries, % fit group, analysed 19 schoolreform efforts
lies a lowtech foundation: a team of offi 2019 or latest available it had been involved in across 13 countries,
cials—about one for every ten schools— 0 20 40 60 80 100 including Ethiopia and Uganda. It con
that observe lessons and coach teachers, Congo
cluded that programmes with slightly less
helped by data from the tablets. prescriptive guides—a page of notes per
Philippines
The depth of its scripting and the whiz day, say, rather than a fullon script—pro
ziness of its tablets set the work in Edo Ethiopia duced better results. Advocates of a more
apart from many other attempts to im South Africa relaxed approach say another advantage is
prove schooling. But the programme has Egypt that leaving teachers with a bit of freedom
things in common with a broader family of Senegal to tinker can help win their support.
reforms burdened with the clunky name of India
Yet Edo’s approach appears to have per
“structured pedagogy,” most of which are suaded most local teachers of its worth. Mr
Indonesia
less controversial. This argues that isolat Obaseki, the state governor, says school
ed splurges on goodies such as textbooks Brazil staff had long felt ignored and unappreci
often fail to bring benefits. Making big im Saudi Arabia ated; he says that providing more training
provements seems to require pulling sev China and equipment has brought fresh motiva
eral levers at once. So the idea is both to Vietnam tion. He insists that support for the project
give more materials to pupils and better United States among unions was crucial to his reelec
lesson plans to teachers, alongside fresh Source: World Bank
tion, in 2020. It has, he says, been “one of
training and frequent coaching. my best investments”. n
60
Business The Economist January 28th 2023
Bartleby The curse of the headshot
What explains the corporate custom of strange poses and pained smiles?
D o an image search for the word
“business” or “manager”, and what
comes back? Nothing that remotely
smiles. The results are consistently ap
palling. Most end up looking like well
dressed hostages. Someone, usually the
recent paper from Stuart Barnes of King’s
College London and Samuel Kirshner of
the University of New South Wales
resembles business or managers. It isn’t general counsel, looks so pained that he or looked at the impact of facial characteris
just that the people are attractive. It is she appears to have just been Tasered. One tics on the prices that Airbnb hosts can
what they are doing. Many stock photos or two eschew smiles altogether: in this charge their guests. They found that
feature welldressed types sitting around context they are the hostagetakers. hosts with attractive and trustworthy
a table. One of them is holding forth and The awkwardness is amplified if the faces could charge up to 5% more per
everyone else is laughing madly, like cult photographer has decided to show more night than their peers for similar apart
members hearing that the Rapture has than a person’s head and shoulders. Pity ments. Unsurprisingly, perceived trust
been brought forward a week. the executives who have been forced to worthiness mattered more for small,
In other pictures, a speaker is point stand side on to the camera, tilt their shared accommodation.
ing at a pie chart. Her colleagues look heads slightly like a giant parrot, fold their But the decisions made by consumers
astonished at what they are seeing. Or arms and told to look natural. If you ever on online marketplaces do not explain
people are shaking hands, purposefully saw someone standing like this in real life, corporate headshots. Maybe some people
and often. If they are ever left to their you would think “better cross to the other try to choose between Disney+ and Net
own devices, they stand in front of floor side”, not “I bet that person is great at flix by going to the About Us section of
toceiling windows and gaze moodily at creating shareholder value.” their websites, but it seems unlikely. And
the skyline. What could they be thinking? What on earth is going on? There is even if executive profiles were somehow
Is it about what was on that pie chart? some research to suggest that profile feeding into the subconscious decisions
Some amount of business life in photos can have a useful effect in com of investors and job applicants, it is not
volves sitting around a table. Occasional mercial settings. Humans are quick to at all clear what type of photograph
ly there is laughter. But if you wanted to form judgments about others by looking should follow. Managers will already be
represent the reality of a meeting, one at their faces: babyfaced people are re trying to convey an impossible brew of
person would be talking, two people garded as more trustworthy than those leadership qualities, from breezy confi
would be listening and everyone else who look older, for example, whereas dence to naked vulnerability. Now they
would be wearing the glazed expression more mature faces convey expertise. A have to look babyfaced too? No wonder
of clerics who have just lost their faith. If people end up gurning.
there was an accurate stock photo of So what does lie behind this strangely
someone working at a desk, its surface pervasive custom? A headshot is some
would be covered in crumbs and the thing for a new executive to show their
laptop screen would be showing its mother, and for a weary one to show
owner’s socialmedia account. recruiters. It is useful for employees who
The corporate headshot is the way have no idea what their ultimate boss
that firms use photography to bend looks like. Leadership galleries increas
reality. But whereas stock photos tend to ingly serve as a crude but quick measure
glamorise business, headshots achieve of diversity. Perhaps the most plausible
the reverse. They make corporate life explanation is that it is just something
seem less fun than it actually is. that everyone else does. It is odd to have
Most companies’ websites contain a a leadership team that does not show
gallery of their senior executives and their faces. Odd but not impossible.
boards, the product of hours of awkward Alphabet lists its board members’ names
primping and posing. Executives are and eschews photos altogether. You just
caked in makeup and asked to look into have to imagine them, shaking their
the camera with a succession of forced heads in amazement at a graph.
The Economist January 28th 2023 Business 63
Amazon to offer oneday delivery for more products
to more Prime members. When national
Can it deliver again? lockdowns created a boom in online shop
ping, Amazon doubled down. In April 2020
Mr Bezos told investors: “If you’re a share
owner in Amazon, you may want to take a
seat, because we’re not thinking small.”
SEATTLE
Over the next two years Amazon dou
The pioneering e-commerce giant battles soaring costs and a stagnating
bled the size of its fulfilment network.
legacy business
Mark Mahaney of Evercore ISI, an advisory
I T IS HARD not to be in awe of Amazon. It
is one of history’s greatest companies.
Jeff Bezos nurtured the firm from the hum
layoffs, amounting to 6% of its corporate
workforce. When it reports fourthquarter
earnings on February 2nd its annual rev
firm, calculates that Amazon added about
130m square feet (12m square metres, or
nearly four Central Parks) to its global foot
ble online bookshop he founded in 1994 enue growth may for the first time ever print in both 2020 and 2021. In those years
into a tech juggernaut, selling everything come in at single digits, down from 22% in Amazon’s cumulative capital spending
from corn syrup to cloud computing, a fu 2021. In October the company warned it reached $100bn. No company anywhere in
ture trilliondollar industry that Amazon might make little or no profit in the last the world invested more in that period.
more or less invented (see chart 1). Today it three months of 2022. Last year it may have invested another
is the world’s fifthmostvaluable compa Amazon’s Icarus moment is not unique $60bn, again more than anyone else.
ny, thirdlargest revenue generator and in big tech. All its fellow tech highfliers Around half that sum went on warehouses
secondbiggest private employer. Its ware have been hit as demand for their digital and vehicles; most of the rest on AWS data
houses, data centres, shops and offices wares declines now that people are no lon centres. Amazon also increased its payroll
cover an area almost the size of Manhattan. ger locked down at home and postmen no to 1.6m, from 800,000 in 2019.
Consumers, competitors and politicians longer bring pandemicstimulus cheques In the first quarter of 2022 Amazon ad
have been left to wonder if Amazon would from the government. But under Andy Jas mitted that overhiring and overbuilding
take over the world. Or whether it would sy, the AWS chief who took over as CEO after were each adding $2bn to its quarterly
stop there—it is investing heavily in Kuip Mr Bezos retired in July 2021, Amazon has costs, relative to 2021. Pricier fuel and
er, a satellitebroadband venture. expanded much more aggressively than higher wages meant a further $2bn a quar
All the superlatives notwithstanding, it Alphabet, Apple, Meta and Microsoft (see ter. In April 2022 workers at a warehouse
is equally hard not to recognise that Ama chart 2 on next page). This exuberance on Staten Island voted to unionise, and
zon finds itself in something of a funk. leaves the company in a tough spot as it called for “more reasonable” productivity
With a downturn on the cards in America, contends with three big challenges: a sput targets and more pay. If Amazon agrees to
its biggest market, shoppers are tightening tering retail business; decelerating cash the union’s demands, the Staten Island
their purse strings and corporate IT depart engines of AWS and a newish advertising warehouse alone could add $200m or so to
ments are paring back cloud spending. business; and growing competition. Can annual operating costs, estimates Morgan
Amazon’s market value is down by around the understated Mr Jassy overcome them, Stanley, a bank. At the same time, retail
$1trn since its peak in mid2021, erasing all and turn Amazon’s sprawling empire into a sales slowed; in December American con
the gains of the covid19 pandemic, when dependably profitable business? sumers spent 1.1% less than the month be
customers rushed to join its Prime sub To understand how Amazon found it fore. Amazon’s retail losses are thus piling
scription service and businesses were self in its current predicament, go back to up. Mike Morton of SVB MoffettNathanson,
shifting their data to its cloud division, just before the pandemic. The firm was al a research firm, estimates that when you
Amazon Web Services (AWS). This month ready planning a big expansion of its ware strip out profits from ads, annual operat
Amazon announced 18,000 whitecollar house and logistics network. The aim was ing losses from the retail division (plus
devices, entertainment and other smaller
units) amount to about $30bn.
The age of emporium 1 The ad operation itself is another point
Amazon, $bn Jan 2023 18,000 employees laid off of concern. In the past few years it has gone
500
Jul 2021 Andy Jassy succeeds Bezos as CEO from virtually nonexistent to the world’s
Jul 1994 Jeff Bezos drives fourthbiggest, with yearly revenues of
from New York City to Seattle Mar 2020 Covid-19 pandemic declared 400
$36bn. Its operating margins are reckoned
Jul 1995* First book sold Oct 2018 Raises minimum
wages in US and Britain
to be around 30%, on a par with the indus
300
try’s two giants, Alphabet and Meta. But
May 1997 Initial public offering Sep 2017 Begins search for HQ2 Annual
revenues 200
profitability may be slipping. Amazon has
Mar 2000 Q1 2015 Breaks out AWS reportedly splurged around $1bn for the
Dotcom bubble bursts numbers for the first time
100
rights to stream some Americanfootball
Annual matches, and alongside them some ads—a
net profit
0 fortune compared with the cost of posting
banners on its own website. At the same
1994 96 98 2000 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22†
time, yearonyear growth in ad sales has
First international sites Amazon Web “Price check”
Selected: in Britain and Germany Services (AWS) barcode-reader app Amazon Fresh (physical)
slowed sharply, to 25% in the third quarter
Launches of 2022, from 53% the year before.
One-click shopping Marketplace Prime AmazonFresh (online) Amazon’s main cash engine, AWS, is
Kindle Fire Echo also decelerating as business customers
Products
Kindle e-reader Fire phone trim their digital budgets. Soaring energy
Kiva Systems Whole Foods MGM
prices, especially in Europe, made it much
Acquisitions costlier to keep the powerhungry data
Twitch centres whirring. What is more, AWS is par
Sources: Bloomberg; The Economist *Also reported as April †Estimate
ticularly vulnerable to shrivelling orders
64 Business The Economist January 28th 2023
from startups, which tend to favour it over maintain at Amazon’s staggering size, says
rivals such as Microsoft Azure. As their A shopping spree 2 one longtime executive.
venturecapitalist backers grow stingier Big-tech company metrics, % increase 2019-22* As for the ambitious expansion plans,
amid the tech rout, the young tech firms they were hatched under Mr Bezos, who re
are slashing their cloud spending. In Octo 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 mains executive chairman. The softspo
ber Brian Olsavsky, Amazon’s chief finan Amazon ken Mr Jassy, whom you would be forgiven
cial officer, admitted that AWS’s annual for not noticing in a moderately crowded
sales growth had declined to around 25%, Meta room, has said he consults his former boss
the slowest on record. The average remain about once a week. With the possible ex
ing lifetime of AWS contracts also ticked Microsoft ception of concentrating the layoffs in the
down in the most recent quarter, suggest Capital expenditures Echo smartspeaker unit, in which Mr Be
ing that customers are signing fewer deals Adjusted† operating zos was deeply involved, it is hard to point
Alphabet expenses
or shorter ones. Microsoft, the secondbig to decisions the current CEO has made that
gest cloud provider, said on January 24th Employees Amazon’s founder wouldn’t have.
that it expects sales growth at its cloud unit Apple Revenues With Mr Bezos preoccupied with his
to decelerate by four or five percentage Sources: Bloomberg; *Or latest four quarters rocketry firm, Blue Origin, and other pluto
The Economist †Excluding abnormal items
points this quarter (see Schumpeter). cratic pursuits, Mr Jassy looks safe in his
Another problem is stiffening competi job for the time being. But he has his work
tion. As covid pushed shoppers online, tra or less drawn level with it when taken to cut out. The first task is to rein in spending
ditional retailers switched their focus to gether. In advertising, Apple has a small and boost returns. It has been a while since
ecommerce. Walmart increased its last but growing operation and Microsoft is Amazon dialled back its capital expendi
miledelivery capacity fourfold just since dipping its toe in the water, signing a deal ture, which it does every now and again to
the start of 2022. Target, another legacy last year to provide adverts for Netflix’s show shareholders just how profitable it is,
supermarket chain, has used its acquisi new adsupported streaming service. notes Mark Shmulik of Bernstein, a broker.
tion in 2017 of Shipt, an onlineshopping The combination of lossmaking retail, Now such moves may be in the offing.
platform, to spruce up its digitalsales slowing profit motors and growing compe Last February the price of Prime member
channels. Between 2018 and 2021 six big tition is hammering Amazon’s profitabili ship in America rose for the first time,
conventional retailers, including Walmart ty. The firm’s overall operating margin in from $119 a year to $139. European Prime
and Target, increased their collective share the third quarter of 2022 was just 2%, the members have seen a similar increase.
of American ecommerce spending from lowest since 2017. In the past four quarters Fees that merchants on Amazon’s market
8% to 12%, according to SVB Moffett Amazon lost $26bn in free cashflow (the place pay for fulfilment grew by more than
Nathanson. In the same period Shopify, a money companies generate after deduct usual in 2022, and on top of that the com
Canadian firm which offers merchants ing capital investments). pany levied additional surcharges for in
tools to sell online, expanded its market Little of this can be laid directly at Mr flation and the holiday shopping season. It
share in America from 5% to 10%. It is in Jassy’s door. Mr Bezos’s departure stripped is trying to sublet some 30m square feet of
vesting heavily in its own fulfilment ser the new boss of some battlehardened lieu unneeded space and has begun offering
vice, which it launched in 2019. tenants. Dave Clark, who ran the retail arm longterm storage for vendors.
Rivals are making their presence felt in and was seen as another possible succes In an effort to contain costs, Mr Jassy is
Amazon’s nonretail businesses, too. AWS’s sor, left to run Flexport, a supplychain binning plenty of projects. Amazon has
healthy firstmover lead in the cloud is be consultancy. Charlie Bell, a talented AWS cancelled or delayed the construction of
ing eaten away. Numbers from Synergy Re executive, jumped ship to Microsoft. Other dozens of warehouses, and closed dozens
search Group, a data provider, show that its Bezosera stalwarts, including Jay Carney, of physical shops, including all Amazon
global market share in the business has head of public relations and policy, and Jeff Books and 4star outlets, which sold items
more or less stabilised at just over 30% in Blackburn, head of media, are also moving that received a rating of four stars or higher
the past three years. Its two main domestic on. Moreover, the startuplike culture of online. Amazon Glow, a videocalling de
rivals, Microsoft and Alphabet, have more innovation Mr Bezos cultivated is hard to vice, and Astro 2.0, a home robot, were also
killed off. The Echo layoffs look like an at
tempt by Mr Jassy to downsize a unit that
was reportedly losing around $5bn a year.
One thing Mr Jassy seems loth to do is
hive off AWS into a separate company, as
some investors have urged. A year ago Dan
iel Loeb, boss of Third Point, a hedge fund,
reportedly told his clients that splitting the
cloud business from the retail one could
generate $1trn in shareholder value. Some
big potential customers, such as Walmart,
shun AWS because it is run by a retailing ri
val. A sale would also placate trustbusters,
eager to break up what they perceive as un
accountable tech monopolies.
A spinoff would, however, also sever
potentially lucrative links between the
cloud and retail arms. For instance, AWS
has new artificialintelligence (AI) tools for
advertisers to target shoppers on Amazon’s
ecommerce site. The line between the two
businesses is blurring, says Adam Epstein,
The Economist January 28th 2023 Business 65
copresident of Perpetua, an ad startup. revenue. Today the figures are 46% and could achieve similar levels of revenue
The retail unit, for its part, has spawned 53%, respectively. The company’s multi with far fewer people.” Investors have also
several AWS offerings, such as a supply billiondollar bets on Kuiper, the satellite soured on tech stocks, whose promise of
chain tool first trialled in Amazon’s groc network, and Zoox, a selfdrivingcar ven profits in the distant future look less at
ery business. Mr Shmulik thinks AWS may ture, hint that those shares may rise fur tractive today as interest rates rise. The
start selling the clever livestreaming tech ther. So do investments in health care. Last techheavy NASDAQ index has fallen by
nology it developed to broadcast Thursday year Amazon bought One Medical, a pro 30% since its highs in late 2021, twice as
Night Football on Prime Video. vider of primary care, and launched Ama much as the S&P 500 index of big American
Indeed, the future may involve weaving zon Clinic, which offers virtual consulta firms. That has allowed activists to swoop
AWS more tightly into other parts of the tions for more than 20 ailments. On Janu in at discounted prices, notes Gregory Rice
empire. In time that could turn Amazon ary 24th it unveiled a drugsubscription of BCG, a consultancy. In 2022, 21% of activ
from primarily a seller of goods to con service for Prime members. ist campaigns globally took aim at tech, up
sumers into a seller of increasingly AIas If Mr Jassy can balance capital disci from 14% in 201821 (see chart 2). In Amer
sisted services to both individuals and pline with a few focused wagers, Amazon ica, last year’s figure was 27%.
businesses. Before the pandemic, the could return to greatness. That would be a Dualclass share structures like those of
share of Amazon’s sales coming from its less inspiring business tale than Mr Be Meta and Alphabet, which let founders
main businessfacing segments was 31% zos’s pursuit of world domination. But it keep majority voting rights, offer the tar
and highmargin services made up 37% of needn’t be less lucrative. n gets some protection. Still, even founder
controlled firms have to keep shareholders
happy. Meta’s share price took a drubbing
Technology after it rebuffed Altimeter’s call to ease off
its metaverse plans. Two weeks later the
Gadfly season company announced it would fire 11,000
staff, or 13% of its workforce, and trim up to
$2bn, or some 5%, from its capital spend
ing in 2023. On January 20th Alphabet, too,
said it would sack 6% of its employees.
Contrary to their reputation for short
term opportunism, activist investors can
Languishing Silicon Valley stocks attract Wall Street’s mischief-makers
help boost longterm returns. One study of
F OR BOSSES and boards, dealing with the
odd activist shareholder is par for the
course. Contending with a swarm of such
publicly about their demands. Deeper cost
cutting is almost certainly among them.
Salesforce’s sales and marketing costs
2,000 activist campaigns concluded that
target firms on average outperformed their
rivals after five years on both shareprice
gadflies is unusual. Last October Starboard chew up 42% of its revenues, compared and operating measures. Microsoft and
Value, an activist hedge fund, took a “sig with 28% and 19% for SAP and Oracle, two Apple, tech’s two giants, have both had
nificant” stake in Salesforce, a maker of big rivals, respectively (see chart 1). The ac constructive exchanges with activists in
customermanagement software, arguing tivists could also push for a spinoff of one the past. In 2013 Apple was nudged by Carl
that the firm had failed to convert its lead of Salesforce’s pricey recent acquisitions, Icahn, a veteran gadfly, into returning
ing market position into juicy margins and such as MuleSoft, a businesssoftware some of its mounting cash pile to share
needed to cut costs. On January 4th Sales firm, Tableau, a datavisualisation tool, or holders. Microsoft’s revival in the past de
force duly announced it would lay off Slack, a workplacemessaging app. cade was helped along by the appointment
8,000 staff, or 10% of its workforce. That Salesforce is not the only tech firm suf of another activist, Mason Morfit, to the
was not enough to swat off the attacks. On fering such vexation. Last July Elliott was board at the start of Satya Nadella’s tenure
January 22nd it emerged that Elliott Man revealed to hold around 9% of Pinterest, a as CEO in 2014.
agement, a fearsome member of the gadfly digital pinboard; by December it had wrig Whether or not other tech giants follow
genus, had also taken a multibilliondollar gled its way onto the board. In October Al Apple’s and Microsoft’s conciliatory exam
stake in the company. The next day anoth timeter, an activist fund with a holding in ple, they may be realising that the activists
er, Inclusive Capital, was reported to have Meta, called on the socialmedia empire to aren’t going away. After Alphabet an
been buying Salesforce shares. reduce headcount and scale back its meta nounced its layoffs, TCI sent it another let
So far the hedge funds have said little verse investments. In November TCI, an ter arguing they were too modest. n
other such outfit, demanded that Alphabet
lay off staff, lower highish salaries and cut
Cutting some Slack 1 back on bets unrelated to its core search Silicon Valley v Wall Street 2
Sales and marketing costs as % of revenues, 2022 business, such as autonomous driving. Worldwide activist-shareholder campaigns*
All this buzz comes after a quiet few In technology sector as % of total
0 10 20 30 40 50
years. Between 2018 and 2021 the number 25
Salesforce of activist campaigns fell steadily world
wide. In 2022, as stockmarkets plunged, 20
Adobe activists sprang back to life, launching 36% 15
more attacks than the year before, accord
ing to Lazard, an investment bank. 10
SAP*
Silicon Valley, which went on an un 5
controlled expansion binge amid the pan
Oracle 0
demic tech boom, presents a particularly
juicy target. As Altimeter noted in a public 2018-21 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Microsoft average 2022
letter to Meta, “It is a poorly kept secret in
Silicon Valley that companies ranging *Targeting companies with
Source: Bloomberg *Estimate Source: Lazard market capitalisation over $500m
from Google to Meta to Twitter to Uber
66 Business The Economist January 28th 2023
Schumpeter Lightning in a chatbottle
Satya Nadella has dreamed of this Microsoft moment for his whole career
Microsoft’s share price suggests not. It has barely advanced
since November 29th, the day before OpenAI publicly launched
ChatGPT (save for a brief rally after Microsoft reported its quarterly
earnings on January 24th that were a bit better than expected).
Given the risk of an economic slowdown, which is cooling de
mand for Microsoft’s software and cloud services, investors have
too many shortterm concerns to pay much heed to Mr Nadella’s
promises of AIflavoured jam tomorrow.
Yet they shouldn’t underestimate his missionary zeal. He led
Bing, Microsoft’s search engine, when Google was on a tear. He led
its cloud provider, now called Azure, when it was an alsoran to
Amazon Web Services, owned by the ecommerce giant. He has
long nurtured a passion to leapfrog his westcoast rivals. That
makes him impatient with AI research for its own sake. He wants it
embedded in products that wow customers. Hence Bing, with a
mere 7% of search queries in America, will shortly incorporate
ChatGPT to wrestle share away from Google. GitHub, Microsoft’s
coding tool, is using OpenAI technology in its Copilot product,
aimed at accelerating the work rate of software developers. Micro
soft is likely to overhaul products like Office and Windows with
GPT technology, so that chatbots can take the drudge out of creat
ing PowerPoints and Excel spreadsheets. As for the cloud, Micro
M any who have met Satya Nadella like him. For those who
haven’t, a skim through his autobiography endorses the view
that the boss of Microsoft is an intelligent, decent sort of person.
soft benefits because OpenAI has built and trained its GPT models
on Azure, and it can offer stateoftheart chatbot services to
Azure’s customers. The more they are used, the better they get.
He is unassuming, with a passion for cricket. He is a listener, who Microsoft will not have the field to itself, nor will it be a win
encourages employees to share their personal as well as profes nertakesall market. Among other cloud providers, Alphabet, for
sional dreams. He writes about Buddhism, but not in a newagey one, has foundational models that are more powerful than GPT.
way. His son was born with cerebral palsy, so Mr Nadella seeks to For now, though, its ability to compete is constrained. Alphabet,
understand suffering. At times, there is something gleefully loathed by critics of surveillance capitalism, bears a big reputa
Tiggerlike about him, when he can barely contain his excitement tional risk if humanlike AI amplifies the biases and privacy con
about Microsoft’s new technologies. He describes one such “eure cerns of current consumer technology. It is under regulatory fire: a
ka moment” the first time he put on one of the firm’s HoloLens lawsuit filed on January 24th by America’s Department of Justice
mixedreality headsets and, thanks to a live feed from NASA’s Mars and eight states calls for the breakup of Google’s adtech busi
rover, visualised himself walking on the red planet. It was, he ness. Moreover, the cost of the average Google search is exceeding
wrote, a glimpse into the future. “The experience was so inspiring, ly cheap; adding ChatGPTlike searches, heavy on computing pow
so moving, that one member of my leadership team cried.” er, would raise it. As for Microsoft’s businesssoftware competi
Once again Mr Nadella is giddy with “thisisthefuture” eu tors, such as the beleaguered Salesforce, they are trying to cut
phoria. On January 23rd Microsoft announced its third invest costs and cannot hope to match Microsoft’s advancedAI invest
ment, estimated at $10bn, in OpenAI, the company behind ments, says Mark Moerdler of Bernstein, a broker.
ChatGPT. The advanced artificialintelligence (AI) tool lets users
ask questions and get humanlike, often funny responses. In the First innings
past few months it has grabbed headlines and become part of the In short, Microsoft has a valuable head start and Mr Nadella is loth
zeitgeist. In no time, the wizardry of the technology, however to squander it. The big question, however, is not who will win. In
errorprone, has led to its portrayal as a potential Kodak moment these early days that would be like asking, at the dawn of the 19th
for Alphabetowned Google, a boon to cancer research, the end of century, who will come out top from the Industrial Revolution. It
coding as you know it, and a nail in the coffin of the exam essay. In is more a matter of how wellequipped is any company to handle
other words, it’s the tech hype cycle on steroids. the potential implications of introducing technology that will do
At the risk of sounding churlish, it is worth noting that seven work previously done by humans, but with neither the ability nor
years after Mr Nadella’s HoloLens epiphany, the whole mixedre the moral compass to check the reliability of its work. The risks of
ality buzz at Microsoft has gone deathly quiet. HoloLens was re propagating errors or, worse, misinformation, are serious. So is
portedly affected by the firm’s 10,000 recent layoffs. That said, the danger of societal backlash if knowledge workers feel their
ChatGPT is already so accessible and intuitive to use that it is hard jobs are threatened—though if the technology succeeds, over the
to imagine it will be a flash in the pan. It is not difficult to see how long term it is likely to be a boon to job creation.
Microsoft, with its strength in cloud computing and business soft Microsoft’s initial approach to the potential pitfalls is shrewd.
ware, could use OpenAI’s underlying GPT models to rejuvenate a Investing in OpenAI puts ChatGPT at arm’s length if something
whole range of products. And Mr Nadella, for all his mindfulness, goes wrong. But eventually, with GPT infused in all of its products,
burns with an ambition to restore the company to the pinnacle of it will bear a big responsibility for the outcome. In that case, the at
tech innovation that it vacated with the onset of social media and tention will focus on Microsoft’s own moral compass—and Mr Na
the smartphone. Could this be his moment? della’s human decency will be put to the test. n
Finance & economics The Economist January 28th 2023 67
The global economy manager index” measures of global output
rose slightly in January, consistent with
Dare to dream gdp growth of about 2%.
Official numbers remain mixed. Recent
figures on American retail and industry
came in below expectations. In Japan ma
chinery orders were far weaker than fore
cast. Yet after reaching an alltime low in
the summer, consumer confidence across
Markets are giddy. Could the world really avoid a recession?
the oecd has risen. Shortly after we went to
Britain
100 of pandemic stimulus and lower outlays in
202021. As a result, although companies’
quarterly earnings in America suggest
A rgentina is running out of vaults.
With annual inflation nearing 100%, as
the central bank prints bills to cover the
98
J F M A M J J A S O N D J
spending is faltering, it is not falling off a government’s fiscal deficit, local banks are
2022 2023
cliff. Consumers can weather higher prices making space for ballooning stocks of pe
Sources: OECD; The Economist *Four-week moving average
and a higher cost of credit. Businesses, sos. Officials have tightened capital con
meanwhile, are still sitting on large cash trols. Imports are at a standstill. The gov
piles. And few face large debt repayments ernment is going through the motions
inflation. It is too soon to know if this right now: $600bn of dollardenominated with the imf to avoid its tenth sovereign
threat has passed. In the rich world “core” corporate debt will mature this year, com default since independence in 1816. Yet on
inflation, a measure of underlying pres pared with $900bn due in 2025. January 22nd Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Bra
sure, is still 56% year on year, far higher Can the data continue to beat expecta zil’s president, and Alberto Fernández, his
than central banks find comfortable. The tions? There is evidence, including in a re Argentine counterpart, announced they
problem, though, is no longer getting cent paper by Goldman Sachs, a bank, that would start preparations for a common
worse. In America core inflation is coming the heaviest drag from tighter monetary currency, possibly leading to a full curren
down, as is the share of small firms which policy occurs after about nine months. Fi cy union, which would hitch South Ameri
plan to raise prices. Another measure, nancial conditions started really tighten ca’s biggest economy to one of its sickest.
from researchers at the Federal Reserve ing nine months ago. If the theory holds, The idea has a history. First came the
Bank of Cleveland, Morning Consult, a data then the economy soon might be on surer “gaucho”, a currency meant to replace Bra
firm, and Raphael Schoenle of Brandeis footing, even as higher rates eat away at in zil’s cruzado and Argentina’s austral until
University, is a crosscountry gauge of flation. China is another reason for cheer. the concept was abandoned amid econom
public inflation expectations. It also seems Although removing domestic covid19 re ic turmoil in 1988. On its heels was a pro
to be dropping (see chart 2). strictions slowed the economy in Decem posal by members of Mercosur, a trade alli
Two factors explain why the global ber, as people hid from the virus, scrapping ance, to adopt a common currency, and
economy has held up better than expected: “zerocovid” will ultimately raise global sucre, an experiment led by Venezuela,
energy prices and privatesector finances. demand for goods and services. which had ambitions to reduce the conti
Last year the cost of fuel in the rich world The pessimistic case, however, remains nent’s reliance on the dollar. Since it is
rose by well over 20%—and by 60% or strong. Central banks have a long way to go prone to selling foreign reserves to prop up
more in parts of Europe. Economists ex before they can be certain that inflation is the peso, Argentina is always short of dol
pected prices to remain high in 2023, under control, especially with China’s re lars to settle loans and pay for imports. A
crushing energyintensive sectors such as opening pushing up commodity prices. joint currency would create alternative re
heavy industry. They were wrong. Helped America’s forwardlooking indicators are serves and make neighbourly trade easier.
by unseasonably warm weather, compa getting bleaker. In addition, an economy Brazil is Argentina’s largest trading partn
nies have proved unexpectedly flexible on the cusp of recession is unpredictable. er. By supporting the idea Lula, as Mr Silva
when it comes to dealing with high costs. Once people start to lose jobs, and cut is known, gets a reputational boost from
In November German industrial gas con spending, predicting the depths of a down being seen to revive regional cooperation.
sumption was 27% lower than normal, yet turn becomes hard. And a crucial lesson That, at least, is the case for the idea.
industrial production was only 0.5% down from recent years is that if something can The case against is daunting. A full union,
on the year before. And over the Christmas go wrong, it often does. But it is nice to with a joint central bank, would surely
period European naturalgas prices fell by have a glimmer of hope all the same. n crumble. Economists judge how well
countries fit in a currency union using cri
teria devised by Robert Mundell, a Canadi
What was the fuss about? an economist, that measure economic
similarities. Normally, central bankers tai
Consumers’ expectations of inflation 2 Europe, natural-gas front-month futures* 3 lor interest rates to individual economies;
over the next 12 months, % € per MWh in a union, one rate has to do for them all.
Median rich country Policy rates in Argentina and Brazil are an
6 300 astonishing 61 percentage points apart.
5 250 Their business cycles are wildly out of sync
4 200
as their main exports—agriculture and in
dustrial commodities, respectively—are
3 150
affected by different global headwinds. Ar
2 100 gentina’s problems make its downturns
1 50 deeper and booms shorter and shallower.
0 0 Another condition specified by Mun
2021 2022 2022 2023
dell is that people and money should move
Sources: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland; Morning Consult; Raphael Schoenle; Refinitiv Datastream; The Economist *Dutch TTF
smoothly across borders, acting as a means
of adjustment when a shock hits one coun
The Economist January 28th 2023 Finance & economics 69
try but not the other. Whereas in Europe Brazil is already getting cold feet. Offi rates. The imf, to which Argentina owes
farm workers hop between jobs and coun cials have stressed the new currency would $72bn, would be less willing to prop up the
tries, South America’s poor infrastructure be an addition to the two national ones, peso if Argentina had another legal tender.
makes travel a hassle, and Argentina’s cap rather than a replacement, and that it is a To top it all off, Lula would have to ignore
ital controls make getting paid across bor longterm project. Other countries are not his independent central bank, which has
ders nearly impossible. If workers do not racing to join. Lula and Mr Fernández of come out in opposition to the idea. On Jan
end up where they are most productive, ar fered South American leaders the chance uary 23rd, barely 24 hours after the grand
tificially high wages could spark inflation to do so at a press conference on January announcement, Fernando Haddad, Brazil’s
in parts of the union. Moreover, as long as 25th: no one has so far taken them up. finance minister, implied the idea would
Brazil was committed to the joint currency, This watereddown union would still only get off the ground as notes of credit
it would be forced to bail out its southern place Argentina’s problems at Brazil’s door. that were backed by Argentinian commod
neighbour. Secure in that knowledge, Ar There would need to be a monetary policy ities. That would not be currency at all. But
gentina would have every reason to carry maker, either a currency board or full it would be more borrowing, which is ex
on spending irresponsibly. blown central bank, to watch exchange actly what Argentina set out to avoid. n
Buttonwood When the fees are worth it
F or much of the past two years, econo
mists have argued fiercely about prices.
As inflation in America and elsewhere has
prices moving too far out of line with those
elsewhere in the world.
Yet the dollar has risen, not fallen, over
opposite occurred. A Big Mac is now more
than 40% cheaper in Japan.
There are exceptions where the theory
exceeded centralbank targets, analysts the past two years against the currencies of of purchasingpower parity has held. Al
have dissected different components of most other big economies. A tradeweight though Argentina’s peso has fallen against
the cost of living, including the prices of ed exchangerate index published by the dollar, prices in the country have risen
goods, services, energy and rents. America’s Federal Reserve increased by even faster. A Big Mac now costs the equiv
But what about the Big Mac? The iconic more than 9% from December 2020 to De alent of $5.31. That is high compared with
McDonald’s burger is an amalgam of rent, cember 2022. One reason for this is that in the price two years ago and also compared
electricity and labour, as well as beef, bread flation has also returned to lots of Ameri with today’s price in Brazil ($4.44). If the
and cheese. Its price is therefore indicative ca’s trading partners. Indeed, in many plac two Latin American countries were to form
of broader inflationary pressures. And be es it is worse. Big Mac prices have risen by a currency union at today’s exchange rate,
cause the burger is basically the same 14% over the past two years in the euro area Argentina would find itself at a hefty com
wherever you are in the world, its price can and by 15% in Britain. But the dollar’s rise petitive disadvantage. It would be almost
20% more expensive than its larger neigh
bour, at least judging by burger prices.
Christian finance The Economist has been making com
God and mammon parisons of this kind since 1986. Convert
ing Big Mac prices into dollars always re
veals big differences in the cost of the same
burger in different countries. One measure
Serving two masters is tricky, it turns out
of the “fair value” of a currency is the ex
I s it possible to manage money suc
cessfully and be a virtuous Christian?
For 2,000odd years, followers of the
agrees with esg advocates that non
financial criteria should be used to con
sider investments—he just employs
change rate that would eliminate these
gaps. But, of course, exchange rates are not
the only thing that can adjust. Prices can
world’s largest religion have debated the different criteria, such as whether firms also rise faster in one country than anoth
issue. Recently the debate has become support abortion by, say, funding travel er. In the long era of low inflation, this was
fractious. The management of Christian for employees’ procedures. He also en not where the action was. Over the past two
money, once farmed out to profession gages in shareholder activism, pushing years, prices have been on the move in
als, is now a moral minefield, the negoti banks to accept business from religious many countries. Unfortunately, these
ation of which has effects in the here conservatives. Properly mobilised, he bouts of inflation have done little to move
andnow, not just the hereafter. says, the Christian investment industry burger prices closer together. n
Christian investors mostly fall into could be powerful. He places the stock
three camps: those willing to forge a and bond holdings of America’s Catho
partnership with environmental, social lics and Protestants at roughly $21trn. The Big Mac index
and governance (esg) types; those stri Straddling this chasm is the Roman Local currency valuation against the dollar, %
dently opposed to them; and Roman Catholic church. In November Peter Selected countries
Catholics. Dave Zellner, who manages Turkson, a cardinal, issued the Vatican’s Jan 2021 Jan 2023 Big Mac price*, $
$24bn for Wespath, in effect the in highestlevel statement on where money
vestment arm of America’s Methodists, is should be directed. Its list of 24 things to -60 -30 0 30 60
Switzerland 7.26
in the first. He calls his job a search for avoid abetting where possible is broad:
“the intersection between good business addictive products and pornography; United States 5.36
practice and church values”. Wespath embryo research, which conservatives Argentina 5.31
lends to housing projects for the poor, hate; and genetically modified seeds,
Euro area† 5.27
but at market rates. It teams up with opposed by ecoleftists. In America,
worldly lobby groups for shareholder where Catholic bishops have issued their Australia 5.11
activism, including a coalition called own rules, some conservative scholars Saudi Arabia 5.06
Climate Action 100+ which encourages called the paper muddled. Britain 4.67
energy companies to quit carbon. Dylan Pahman of the Acton Institute,
Robert Netzly, an American evangeli a religious thinkthank, argues churches Brazil 4.44
T o judge by the highrises dotted along
the shore in Haiyang, a small coastal ci
ty, Country Garden’s prospects are pretty
Laying the groundwork
China, housing completions
with foreign investors and looks to be far
from an agreement with creditors. Yet de
spite its troubles, demand for the com
meagre. The firm, China’s biggest develop % change on a year earlier pany’s homes appears to be growing. An
er by sales, has sold few beachside flats. A 75 alysts from CreditSights, a research firm,
handful of towers appear only partly built. recently visited a project in Shanghai and
A fauxGerman village with pointed roofs 50 found agents were no longer offering dis
accommodates shops and restaurants, and counts on flats. The absence of price cuts
adds a measure of flair. But it, too, is nearly 25 suggests demand is beginning to pick up
empty. The company’s failure to sell homes for properties in good locations.
0
was made clear when its profits for the first A few foreign investors have been en
half of 2022 nearly evaporated altogether. -25
couraged by the state’s plan. Firms have al
Country Garden is not the only Chinese most entirely been shut out from the off
developer to have faced such difficulties. -50 shore bond market, where many global as
The volume of floor space sold across the 2020 21 22
set managers and hedge funds are trying to
country fell by 24% in 2022, the biggest Source: National Bureau of Statistics
recoup losses following missed payments.
slump since data became available in 1992. The funds raised by developers fell by a
Meanwhile, property investment was quarter last year compared with the year
down 10% year on year, the first drop on re state media report that the “threered before. But on January 12th Dalian Wanda
cord. Crossborder defaults are also prov lines” policy, which capped debt, will be Commercial Management priced a $400m
ing difficult. Evergrande, the world’s most relaxed for 30 unnamed firms. junk bond, the first in more than a year and
indebted developer, which collapsed in Companies began rapidly raising new a sign that some wellknown developer
2021, has still not produced a restructuring debt in December—a sign that policy eas linked groups may slowly return to the off
plan originally due in July. The firm’s audi ing kicked off well before the government shore dollarbond market in the coming
tor, PwC, resigned on January 16th. This re announced the new measures. Local au year. Fidelity and BlackRock, two Ameri
duction in activity has been catastrophic thorities have been lowering mortgage can asset managers, bought into the offer
for China’s economy, which derives rates, and many are now at record lows. ing, according to Reorg, a research house.
around a fifth of its gdp from property. The state’s bailout funds are targeting un
The country’s officials are currently re finished construction. About 60% of Time for the tightrope
designing policy on a vast scale. The gov homes sold between 2013 and 2020 are The reforms could bring about a stabilisa
ernment has abandoned its “zerocovid” thought not to have been delivered to buy tion of the housing market and a slight re
approach to the pandemic, while simulta ers, many of whom have nevertheless bound in sales in the second quarter of the
neously signalling an end to a crackdown started to make payments. Without fund year, according to analysts at Morgan Stan
on technology firms. Policymakers are also ing, construction projects have stalled and ley, a bank—roughly what the government
trying to rescue the property industry. cannot be finished. Fear of unfinished is hoping to achieve. But officials must
After two years of forcing developers to de homes has put off prospective buyers. tread a fine line. Too much funding would
leverage—which has pushed dozens to de The state also wants to avoid more mes revive old problems of oversupply, and do
fault on debts—regulators are now aban sy defaults. Country Garden made a last so at a time when China’s population is be
doning many of these measures in the minute payment to bondholders on Janu ginning to decline. Vacancy rates hit 7% in
hope of reviving sentiment. This has ary 17th. This was enabled by support from China’s biggest cities last year and 12% in
prompted a measure of optimism. Despite local governments, something few compa secondtier cities, much higher than the
the bleak view in Haiyang, Country Gar nies aside from those as big and important global average, reckons JPMorgan Chase,
den’s share price has trebled since October. as Country Garden have at the moment. Ac another bank. About 70% of homes sold
The exact contents of the government’s cording to Refinitiv, a data firm, some since 2018 have been bought by people who
reforms remain murky. On January 13th of 950bn yuan ($140bn) in offshore dollar already own at least one property.
ficials produced a draft 21point plan debts alone will mature this year, up from Speculation has made Chinese homes
which stated that the aim was to provide li 810bn yuan last year. the most expensive in the world on a price
quidity to “goodquality” developers. The The plan is showing some early results. toincome basis. Hong Hao of grow In
task now is to differentiate between these Home completions fell by 6% year on year vestment, an assetmanagement firm, says
companies and bad ones: no clear defini in December, marking a recovery from the the threeredlines policy at least obliged
tion has been given of what constitutes month before when they fell by 18% (see developers to slow the rate at which they
good quality. The plan will also push policy chart). This is a closely watched measure: took on debt. The campaign brought on
banks to grant loans for stalled projects unfinished homes prompted homebuyers huge problems for the Chinese economy,
and stateowned asset managers to pro to boycott their mortgage payments last but without it “the situation would be
vide credit for mergers and acquisitions. year, as part of a wave of protests. The re much worse”, he adds. If the government
Commercial banks, which had pulled back forms have been assisted by the removal of ends up pouring too much money into the
from property, have been told to start lend covid19 restrictions. A few weeks before bailout it could lead to another wave of ex
ing to reliable developers once again. And the policy changes, moving about in Chi cess, and more empty seaside projects. n
72 Finance & economics The Economist January 28th 2023
Have economists misunderstood inflation?
History appears to offer support. Brad DeLong of the University
of California, Berkeley, uses fiscal theory in his recent book,
“Slouching towards Utopia”, to explain inflation in postfirst
worldwar Europe. In France hefty debtinterest payments led to
an average of 20% annual inflation over seven years. In Germany
things were worse. The public lost faith in the ability of the state to
pay off its debts without inflation. Soon hyperinflation kicked in.
Mr Cochrane also brings fiscal theory to bear on America’s in
flation in the 1970s80s. In the mid1970s price rises exceeded 12%.
The Federal Reserve lifted interest rates; inflation dropped to 5%
by 1977. Yet Mr Cochrane points out that inflation shot up again to
more than 14% by 1980, in part because America failed to get its fis
cal house in order. Fiscal and regulatory reforms that raised expec
tations of future surpluses, along with another dose of monetary
medicine, were needed to vanquish inflation.
How is fiscal theory faring today? For a decade after the global
financial crisis of 200709, prices stayed stubbornly low despite a
ballooning supply of money and interest rates sitting at or below
zero in much of the rich world. A “crude monetarism” predicted an
inflationary surge, which did not materialise. Other revamped
“New Keynesian” models also proved unhelpful. When govern
ments spent big during the covid19 pandemic, many economists,
I magine it is late 2024. Inflation in the rich world has fallen
from its peak but stayed stubbornly high. At around 4%, it is well
above the level at which most central banks are comfortable. Gov
reasoning from recent history, were sanguine about the pos
sibility of inflation.
Mr Cochrane argues fiscal theory can explain both the period of
ernments, weighed down by vast debts, must use precious rev low inflation and the return of rapidly rising prices after the pan
enues to pay interest on the debt, which itself is growing because demic. Inflation was meagre in the 2010s, despite soaring govern
of high interest rates. The energy transition and rising state ment debts, because politicians promised to get their books in or
spending owing to ageing populations add to the fiscal largesse. der and low interest rates meant consumers and bondholders
Raising taxes is politically fraught, so more money is printed. In were willing to wait. Yet during the pandemic, governments took a
flation stays high and governments’ credibility worsens. Central different approach. They dropped enormous cheques into con
bankers are scratching their heads, wondering how their powerful sumers’ pockets. The Fed purchased government debt immediate
weapon—the interest rate—has failed so thoroughly. ly after its issuance. There was little talk of sustainability. Mr
A wonkish theory, laid out in glorious detail in a new book by Cochrane argues that the direct nature of these “helicopter drops”
John Cochrane of Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, would informed people their newly fat pockets would not be drained by
offer a potential explanation. “The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level” future taxes. Thus they were more willing to spend.
builds a theory of inflation as ambitious as that proposed by John
Maynard Keynes’s “The General Theory” or Milton Friedman’s and Heads I win, tails you lose
Anna Schwartz’s “A Monetary History”. Mr Cochrane, whose own This story is perhaps too convenient. Indeed, Mr Cochrane admits
work on the subject spans four decades, spends nearly 600 pages that fiscal theory’s flaw is it offers a way of explaining nearly any
reworking the maths of past economic models to incorporate fis series of historical events in an unfalsifiable manner. Yes, other
cal theory, while chattily discussing how it explains past infla theories of inflation have problems. But if it is so hard to prove fis
tionary episodes. “[E]ven Milton Friedman might change his mind cal theory wrong, are they really in a fair fight? Mr Cochrane’s story
with new facts and experience at hand,” he speculates. of how inflation ended in the 1980s is complicated by the fact that
At the heart of Mr Cochrane’s theory is the idea that govern America actually cut taxes, suggesting politicians were not all that
ment debt can be valued like a firm’s equity, based on the returns concerned by balanced budgets. Although deregulation may have
to its owner’s pockets. The price level will adjust—and therefore boosted growth, many economists think the budget surpluses of
drive inflation or deflation—to ensure that the real value of the the 1990s were mainly caused by globalisation and an it boom,
debt equals the sum of a government’s future budget surpluses, which few consumers in the 1980s saw coming.
appropriately discounted. Thus the true driver of inflation is gov Fiscal theory also offers limited guidance to policymakers be
ernment debt not monetary policy. Under this theory, money is yond what is already wellknown. Under its approach, monetary
valuable because it can be used to pay tax and generate surpluses. policy remains important: interest rates can spread out an in
The setup is not all that different from the gold standard, except it crease in the price level over a period of time. In addition, the theo
is tax, rather than gold, that backs money. ry suggests governments must maintain credibility when it comes
Mr Cochrane is careful to note that the adjustment of the price to paying off their debts—hardly a radical idea.
level is not instantaneous. People can be poor judges of a govern Fastforward once again to late 2024. Imagine this time infla
ment’s credibility when it comes to paying off debts. Just like tion has fallen to 2%. Interest rates are slowly coming down. Cen
stocks, prices are able to deviate from fundamentals. Yet in the tral bankers are running a victory lap. What of fiscal theory? Its
long run, they adjust. A government that hands out money with supporters might take a victory lap, too, just as they would have
out eventually running surpluses will not avoid inflation for ever. done if inflation had remained high. n
Science & technology The Economist January 28th 2023 73
Neuroscience important medical applications. They are
also of concern to those who design the
The other brain cells brainsimulacra called artificial neural
networks, on which machine learning and
artificial intelligence depend. So, while it
remains true that neurons are the stars of
the cranial theatre, the other actors’ roles
are being rapidly elucidated. And, with
that, the play’s plot is thickening.
Neurons are not the only cells that think
For microglia, the crucial paper was
England’s revolutionary century
Heady times
The Blazing World. By Jonathan Healey.
Knopf; 512 pages; $38. Bloomsbury; £30
A stage adaptation of “Some Like It Hot” underscores the genius of the original
Economic data
Gross domestic product Consumer prices Unemployment Current-account Budget Interest rates Currency units
% change on year ago % change on year ago rate balance balance 10-yr gov't bonds change on per $ % change
latest quarter* 2022† latest 2022† % % of GDP, 2022† % of GDP, 2022† latest,% year ago, bp Jan 25th on year ago
United States 1.9 Q3 3.2 2.1 6.5 Dec 8.0 3.5 Dec -3.7 -5.5 3.5 168 -
China 2.9 Q4 nil 3.1 1.8 Dec 1.9 5.5 Dec‡§ 2.4 -5.6 2.8 §§ 36.0 6.78 -6.8
Japan 1.5 Q3 -0.8 1.4 4.0 Dec 2.5 2.5 Nov 1.6 -6.3 nil -8.0 130 -12.1
Britain 1.9 Q3 -1.2 4.0 10.5 Dec 7.9 3.7 Oct†† -5.9 -6.8 3.4 224 0.81 -8.6
Canada 3.9 Q3 2.9 3.4 6.3 Dec 6.7 5.0 Dec -0.6 -2.2 2.8 100 1.34 -6.0
Euro area 2.3 Q3 1.2 3.2 9.2 Dec 8.4 6.5 Nov 0.9 -4.0 2.1 223 0.92 -3.3
Austria 1.7 Q3 0.9‡ 4.9 10.2 Dec 8.6 5.6 Nov -0.5 -3.6 2.7 253 0.92 -3.3
Belgium 1.9 Q3 0.8 2.7 10.4 Dec 10.2 5.5 Nov -2.4 -4.8 2.8 251 0.92 -3.3
France 1.0 Q3 0.7 2.5 5.9 Dec 6.0 7.0 Nov -1.9 -5.3 2.7 233 0.92 -3.3
Germany 1.3 Q3 1.6 1.7 8.6 Dec 8.7 3.0 Nov 4.2 -3.5 2.1 223 0.92 -3.3
Greece 2.1 Q3 -2.1 5.0 7.2 Dec 9.4 11.4 Nov -5.8 -4.5 4.2 256 0.92 -3.3
Italy 2.6 Q3 1.9 3.9 11.6 Dec 8.7 7.8 Nov -0.9 -5.6 4.1 273 0.92 -3.3
Netherlands 3.1 Q3 -0.9 4.3 9.6 Dec 11.6 3.5 Dec 6.4 -1.4 2.5 241 0.92 -3.3
Spain 4.4 Q3 0.2 5.2 5.7 Dec 8.3 12.4 Nov 0.5 -4.3 3.1 247 0.92 -3.3
Czech Republic 1.6 Q3 -1.0 2.5 15.8 Dec 15.1 2.7 Nov‡ -2.4 -5.1 4.4 118 21.8 -0.3
Denmark 3.2 Q3 1.1 2.8 8.7 Dec 7.9 2.6 Nov 9.0 0.9 2.4 226 6.82 -3.2
Norway 2.5 Q3 6.3 3.5 5.9 Dec 6.4 3.2 Oct‡‡ 18.8 12.2 1.4 76.0 9.93 -9.6
Poland 4.5 Q3 4.1 4.5 16.6 Dec 14.4 5.2 Dec§ -3.7 -3.7 5.9 198 4.33 -6.0
Russia -3.7 Q3 na -2.3 11.9 Dec 13.2 3.7 Nov§ 12.3 -1.1 10.5 78.0 69.3 14.3
Sweden 2.6 Q3 2.4 2.9 12.3 Dec 7.7 6.4 Nov§ 3.8 -0.5 2.1 180 10.3 -9.4
Switzerland 0.5 Q3 1.0 2.0 2.8 Dec 3.0 1.9 Dec 5.2 -1.0 1.1 113 0.92 nil
Turkey 3.9 Q3 -0.5 5.1 64.3 Dec 73.5 9.9 Nov§ -8.1 -3.4 9.9 -1148 18.8 -28.4
Australia 5.9 Q3 2.6 3.5 7.8 Q4 6.4 3.5 Dec 2.1 -1.9 3.5 158 1.41 -0.7
Hong Kong -4.5 Q3 -10.0 -2.7 2.0 Dec 1.9 3.5 Dec‡‡ 4.2 -3.4 3.0 144 7.83 -0.5
India 6.3 Q3 19.3 6.9 5.7 Dec 6.5 8.3 Dec -2.7 -6.4 7.3 69.0 81.6 -8.3
Indonesia 5.7 Q3 na 5.1 5.5 Dec 4.2 5.9 Q3§ 1.1 -3.8 6.7 27.0 14,965 -4.1
Malaysia 14.2 Q3 na 7.3 3.8 Dec 3.4 3.6 Nov§ 2.4 -5.3 3.7 nil 4.26 -1.6
Pakistan 6.2 2022** na 6.2 24.5 Dec 19.9 6.3 2021 -3.9 -7.8 14.3 ††† 270 231 -23.6
Philippines 7.2 Q4 12.1 7.7 8.1 Dec 5.6 4.5 Q4§ -4.0 -7.7 6.0 105 54.6 -6.2
Singapore 2.2 Q4 0.8 3.5 6.5 Dec 6.1 2.1 Q3 18.7 -1.0 2.8 103 1.31 2.3
South Korea 1.3 Q4 -1.5 2.6 5.0 Dec 5.1 3.0 Dec§ 1.2 -3.1 3.2 65.0 1,232 -2.7
Taiwan -0.9 Q4 -4.3 3.0 2.7 Dec 2.9 3.6 Dec 13.0 -0.3 1.2 53.0 30.4 -8.8
Thailand 4.5 Q3 5.0 3.2 5.9 Dec 6.1 1.4 Oct§ -1.8 -5.0 2.5 57.0 32.8 0.7
Argentina 5.9 Q3 7.0 5.7 94.8 Dec 72.5 7.1 Q3§ -1.0 -4.2 na na 185 -43.5
Brazil 3.6 Q3 1.6 2.8 5.8 Dec 9.3 8.1 Nov§‡‡ -2.9 -4.7 13.0 152 5.07 8.1
Chile 0.3 Q3 -4.6 2.4 12.8 Dec 11.7 7.9 Nov§‡‡ -7.9 -0.3 5.4 -26.0 804 nil
Colombia 7.1 Q3 6.4 7.6 13.1 Dec 10.2 9.5 Nov§ -5.7 -5.0 11.9 304 4,544 -12.2
Mexico 4.3 Q3 3.6 2.8 7.8 Dec 7.9 3.0 Nov -1.0 -2.5 8.6 97.0 18.8 9.9
Peru 1.7 Q3 1.8 2.6 8.5 Dec 7.8 6.2 Dec§ -3.4 -1.5 8.1 201 3.90 -1.3
Egypt 4.4 Q3 na 6.6 21.3 Dec 13.9 7.4 Q3§ -4.6 -7.4 na na 29.9 -47.3
Israel 7.5 Q3 1.9 6.1 5.3 Dec 4.5 4.2 Dec 3.4 0.2 3.3 197 3.38 -5.9
Saudi Arabia 3.9 2021 na 8.9 3.3 Dec 2.5 5.8 Q3 13.1 3.4 na na 3.75 nil
South Africa 4.1 Q3 6.6 2.3 7.5 Dec 7.0 32.9 Q3§ -1.5 -5.5 9.7 25.0 17.2 -11.1
Source: Haver Analytics. *% change on previous quarter, annual rate. †The Economist Intelligence Unit estimate/forecast. §Not seasonally adjusted. ‡New series. **Year ending June. ††Latest 3 months. ‡‡3-month moving
average. §§5-year yield. †††Dollar-denominated bonds.
Markets Commodities
% change on: % change on:
Index one Dec 31st index one Dec 31st
The Economist commodity-price index % change on
In local currency Jan 25th week 2021 Jan 25th week 2021 2015=100 Jan 17th Jan 24th* month year
United States S&P 500 4,016.2 2.2 -15.7 Pakistan KSE 39,784.9 2.6 -10.8 Dollar Index
United States NAScomp 11,313.4 3.3 -27.7 Singapore STI 3,352.8 1.9 7.3 All Items 157.7 159.7 3.8 -6.8
China Shanghai Comp 3,264.8 1.3 -10.3 South Korea KOSPI 2,428.6 2.5 -18.4 Food 139.6 138.0 -1.3 -3.2
China Shenzhen Comp 2,125.8 1.3 -16.0 Taiwan TWI 14,932.9 nil -18.0 Industrials
Japan Nikkei 225 27,395.0 2.3 -4.9 Thailand SET 1,682.1 -0.2 1.5 All 174.7 180.0 7.7 -9.2
Japan Topix 1,980.7 2.4 -0.6 Argentina MERV 260,073.6 10.5 211.5 Non-food agriculturals 130.9 132.7 1.7 -20.0
Britain FTSE 100 7,744.9 -1.1 4.9 Brazil BVSP 114,270.1 1.8 9.0 Metals 187.7 194.0 9.1 -6.7
Canada S&P TSX 20,599.6 1.1 -2.9 Mexico IPC 54,871.4 3.1 3.0
Sterling Index
Euro area EURO STOXX 50 4,148.1 -0.6 -3.5 Egypt EGX 30 16,791.1 5.0 41.0
All items 196.1 198.0 1.3 2.1
France CAC 40 7,043.9 -0.6 -1.5 Israel TA-125 1,826.0 -3.3 -11.9
Germany DAX* 15,081.6 -0.7 -5.1 Saudi Arabia Tadawul 10,809.2 1.4 -4.6 Euro Index
Italy FTSE/MIB 25,875.3 -0.7 -5.4 South Africa JSE AS 79,725.4 -0.2 8.2 All items 162.0 162.9 1.6 -3.4
Netherlands AEX 741.3 -1.0 -7.1 World, dev'd MSCI 2,756.7 1.6 -14.7 Gold
Spain IBEX 35 8,957.5 0.3 2.8 Emerging markets MSCI 1,041.3 1.1 -15.5 $ per oz 1,910.6 1,934.8 6.1 4.7
Poland WIG 60,530.5 -1.1 -12.6
Brent
Russia RTS, $ terms 987.0 -1.9 -38.1
$ per barrel 86.1 86.3 2.7 -2.2
Switzerland SMI 11,404.8 0.3 -11.4 US corporate bonds, spread over Treasuries
Turkey BIST 5,297.8 -1.6 185.2 Sources: Bloomberg; CME Group; Cotlook; Refinitiv Datastream;
Dec 31st
Fastmarkets; FT; ICCO; ICO; ISO; Live Rice Index; LME; NZ Wool
Australia All Ord. 7,688.0 1.0 -1.2 Basis points latest 2021
Services; Thompson Lloyd & Ewart; Urner Barry; WSJ. *Provisional.
Hong Kong Hang Seng 22,044.7 1.7 -5.8 Investment grade 146 120
India BSE 60,205.1 -1.4 3.3 High-yield 470 332
Indonesia IDX 6,829.9 0.9 3.8 Sources: Refinitiv Datastream; Standard & Poor's Global Fixed Income For more countries and additional data, visit
Malaysia KLSE 1,499.5 0.3 -4.3 Research. *Total return index. economist.com/economicandfinancialindicators
Graphic detail America’s economy The Economist January 28th 2023 83
Where have all the → Demand for labour has outstripped supply since mid-2021
F or months economists have warned of
recession in America, but in one crucial
area the economy seems overheated: em
Workforce
150
ployers are still struggling to find workers.
Why is the labour market so tight?
Companies’ hiring plans suggest that 140
the economy remains robust for now. Total
Filled and open jobs
labour supply (people who have or are
130
seeking jobs) is roughly back to prepan
demic levels. By contrast, labour demand
(filled plus open jobs) has increased by 3m Average private-sector hourly earnings*, % change on a year earlier
positions. The excess demand represents 8
about 3% of all those employed, which has
One year since
contributed to big nominal wage gains. start of pandemic
Slower gdp growth—whether a recession 4
or not—will help restore balance.
The supply picture is more complex.
During the pandemic, many workers took 0
time off. Immigration, a key source of la 2000 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
bour, also fell. Now, however, the labour
force participation (lfp) rate of primeage
workers (aged 2554) and the foreignborn → Relative to its population, America now has fewer prime-age workers
workforce have almost fully recovered.
Neither explains the current squeeze. Change in share of adult† population, % points
Instead, the biggest shortfall comes From 2019 average to December 2022, United States
from Americans getting older and leaving
work behind. Since 2019 those aged at least -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
65 have gone from less than 16% of the pop
ulation to nearly 17%. Moreover, unlike 65 years
Not in workforce
and over
primeage workers, many people who re
tired early as covid19 struck have not come
55-64
back to work. lfp among older Americans,
which rose from 12.5% in 2000 to 20.7% in
early 2020, has dipped to 19.3%, the same 25-54 In workforce
as in 2016. The ageing of the population ac
counts for the loss of 1.9m workers (0.7% of 16-24
people aged at least 16), while the overall
drop in lfp, mainly among the old, is re
sponsible for a further 0.5m (0.2%).
Some think that a trend among younger → Workers are putting in fewer hours due to sick days
people to scale back their working intensi
ty, known as “quiet quitting”, may have People on sick leave for at least a week, m Change in annual work hours per person
caused the labour market to tighten. Re United States, monthly average United States, average per year over period
cent research by scholars at Washington 4
University in St Louis reveals a clear reduc Due to Number of people working
Global financial crisis Change in hours for people with jobs
tion in hours worked by those in jobs. But
most quiet quitters are highearning work 3 10
ers, whereas the biggest labour shortages
have been in basic service jobs. That points 2 0
to another factor: illness. In 2022 an aver
age of 1.6m Americans missed at least one
week of work per month to recuperate— 1 -10
whether from covid, flu or something
else—up from 1m before covid. Pandemic
Little by little, Americans will get back 0 -20
to better health. Unfortunately for employ 2008 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2007-13 2013-19 2019-22
ers, babyboomers are unlikely to come *Production and nonsupervisory employees †16 years and over Sources: BLS; “Where are the workers? From great
out of retirement. n resignation to quiet quitting”, by D. Lee, J Park and Y.Shin, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2023, working paper
84
Obituary Ronald Blythe The Economist January 28th 2023
produce their own food sometimes simply starved. A young shep
herd who firmly stated that he “belonged to Suffolk” also thought
now and then of Australia, and how good it would be to own some
thing, rather than looking after the flocks of other men.
The modern world was seen with ambivalence. The telly was
nice, cars were convenient, but the new commuter families spill
ing out of Ipswich were judged to be playing at village life. Change
was not unwelcome, but happening too fast. To this view, Mr
Blythe was gently sympathetic. If he had included a writer in
“Akenfield”—besides the poet, lurking near the end of the book,
who said he would not have come to live there if he had wanted to
get on—it should have been himself.
He had been born near Lavenham, and had stayed in Suffolk all
his life. In fact, apart from one stint in Aldeburgh, writing pro
grammes for Benjamin Britten, he had never stirred from the val
ley of the Stour. His father’s family had been farm labourers there,
and agriculture was in his blood. He never saw the point of mov
ing, or working at any uncongenial job, if he could make a living as
he liked. As a boy he would escape outside if any chores threat
ened, to explore the lanes on his bike or lie dreaming in the grass,
watching clouds. School ended at 14. Gradually, with the encour
agement of the artistandwriter friends he met in his first, shyli
brarian job in Colchester, his longing to be a writer grew. Hence
forward, he lived for words.
In that vocation he chose to be alone. Solitude, though broken
by dear visitors and his imperious cats, was good for writers.
Alone, he could train his eye and ear to note the glitter of flint, the
Sacredness in Suffolk “starry, branchy, perfect shape” of common cow parsley, the
scrape of the old willow at his window. He spent his last four de
cades in a very old house that had been left to him by the painter
John Nash, Bottengoms Farm, at the end of a mile of unmade track
that became, with enough rain, a river. There he was provident, in
dependent and happy. In the raftered rooms he hung pictures, in
Ronald Blythe, observer, recorder and writer, died on
the garden he planted potatoes and runner beans. The freezer held
January 14th, aged 100
his harvests, with fussy labels of expiry dates. From ten til one he
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where you are to where you’re meant to be
Japan is a dynamic destination, one where you can immerse austerities in the wild in search of enlightenment. The tracks
yourself in the organised chaos and vibrant streetscapes of they laid became pilgrimage routes, some of which still exist.
one of the world’s great cities, Tokyo. But it is also a place One example is Kumano Kodo, one of only two UNESCO-
where you can elect to leave all of that behind, and instead listed ancient pilgrimage routes in the world. Located on
seek out experiences that contribute to a greater sense of the remote Kii Peninsula, the trails run through ancient
well-being and a more connected, centred sense of self. forests, past rivers and hot springs, connecting three
This could mean following trails into the mountains laid by temples that mark historic sights of nature worship. Once a
mountain ascetics well over a thousand years ago, soaking sacred pilgrimage reserved for emperors and samurai, the
outdoors in natural hot springs, or waking up to dewy vistas Kumano Kodo is open to all wanderers today. It presents a
of rice paddies and forested hills. spectacular opportunity to disconnect from modern life and
While nature is an obvious place to seek sanctuary, it can seek something more transcendent.
be found, too, in Japan’s man-made environment. Travel So, too, is a stay at Sasayuri-Ann, deep in the mountains
to Enoura Observatory, an expansive space designed by of Nara prefecture. Overseen by ascetic monk Tetsuji
artist Hiroshi Sugimoto, or to the island of Shikoku, where Matsubayashi, Sasayuri-Ann is composed of traditional
contemporary architect Kengo Kuma has designed several wooden villas with thatched roofs and pine floors. Here,
wooden structures that blend in harmoniously with the guests sleep on ‘futon’ bedding laid out on tatami straw
natural environment. Then there’s the food, and the numerous mats, delighting in the tranquillity of the landscaped
opportunities to taste the sublime: sample an ancient form gardens and views beyond of the mountains and rice
of sushi on the shores of Lake Biwa at Tokuyamazushi, or paddies spread out below. There are old yamabushi
a multicourse meal inspired by Japan’s traditional organic trails near here too. You can trek around the Akame 48
farming culture at Tokyo hotspot NARISAWA. Waterfalls—voted the most beautiful waterfall landscape in
Japan—and you may even see some modern-day ascetics
Wellness and nature clothed in traditional white robes.
Japan is full of awe-inspiring landscapes: metaphorical ‘seas’
of clouds settling among forested peaks; perfectly formed Wellness and culture
volcanic cones, iced with snow; and waterfalls plunging over Japan’s traditional culture has long been shaped by the
dramatic cliffs, to name a few. Some are so awe-inspiring that country’s natural environment. Take architecture, for
they were viewed by ancient Japanese as sacred—a feeling example: in a country with abundant forests, wood has long
that lingers to this day. For over a millennium, ascetic monks been the principle construction material, and carpentry
called yamabushi headed deep into the mountains, practicing an ancient art form. Kengo Kuma is one of Japan’s leading
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