Powers: Dental Materials, 10th Edition

Chapter 02: Properties of Materials

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. For which of the following materials do dimensional changes occur during setting as a
result of a chemical reaction?
A. Wax patterns
B. Gold restorations
C. Elastomeric impression materials
D. A and C
E. B and C
ANS: C

Feedback
A Wax patterns undergo dimensional changes from cooling during fabrication.
B Gold restorations undergo dimensional changes from cooling during fabrication.
C Dimensional changes occur during setting as a result of a chemical reaction with
elastomeric impression materials. Resin composite materials also set as a result
of a chemical reaction and undergo shrinkage.
D A and C are incorrect answers.
E B is an incorrect answer, and C is a correct answer.

REF: Pg. 15

2. Dimensional change usually is expressed as a percentage of:

A. the compressive strength.
B. the shear strength.
C. the tensile strength.
D. an original length or volume.
E. the final length or volume.
ANS: D

Feedback
A Compressive strength is a measure of stress that may result when force is applied
to a material.
B Shear strength is a measure of stress that may result when force is applied to a
material.
C Tensile strength is a measure of stress that may result when force is applied to a
material.
D The dimensional change usually is expressed as a percentage of an original
length or volume, not the final length or volume.

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E The dimensional change usually is expressed as a percentage of an original

length or volume, not the final length or volume.

REF: Pg. 15

3. The volumetric dimensional change is equal to _____ times the linear dimensional
change.
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. six
ANS: B

Feedback
A Two is a distracter.
B The volumetric dimensional change is equal to three times the linear
dimensional change. Volume is described as length times width times depth (or
height).
C Four is a distracter.
D Six is a distracter.

REF: Pg. 15

4. Because the thermal expansion of a restorative material usually does not match that of the
tooth structure, a differential expansion or contraction occurs that may result in leakage
of oral fluids between the restoration and tooth.
A. Both parts of the statement are true.
B. Both parts of the statement are false.
C. The first part of the statement is true; the second part is false.
D. The first part of the statement is false; the second part is true.
ANS: A

Feedback
A Both parts of the statement are true.
B Both parts of the statement are true.
C Both parts of the statement are true.
D Both parts of the statement are true.

REF: Pg. 15

5. A new addition silicone impression material is tested for linear dimensional change upon
setting. The result of –0.34% indicates that _____ took place within 24 hours after
setting.
A. linear expansion
B. linear shrinkage

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C. thermal expansion
D. thermal shrinkage
ANS: B

Feedback
A Linear thermal expansion is expressed as a coefficient of thermal expansion.
B The result is a negative number which indicates shrinkage took place.
C Thermal expansion is measured by determination of the difference in the length
of a specimen at two temperatures.
D Shrinkage is measured by determination of the difference in the length of a
specimen at two temperatures.

REF: Pg. 16

6. The thermal coefficient of expansion _____ uniform throughout the entire temperature
range and is usually _____ for liquids than solids.
A. is; lower
B. is; higher
C. is not; lower
D. is not; higher
ANS: D

Feedback
A The thermal coefficient of expansion for a solid generally increases at some
point as the temperature is increased.
B The thermal coefficient of expansion for a solid generally increases at some
point as the temperature is increased.
C The thermal coefficient of expansion for a solid generally increases at some
point as the temperature is increased.
D The thermal coefficient of expansion is not uniform throughout the entire
temperature range and is usually higher for liquids than solids.

REF: Pg. 16

7. Which of the following restorative materials has a linear thermal coefficient of expansion
that is smaller than that of human teeth?
A. Dental amalgam
B. Ceramics
C. Composites
D. Unfilled acrylics and sealants
ANS: B

Feedback
A The linear thermal coefficient of expansion of dental amalgam is 28.

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B Ceramics have a linear thermal coefficient of expansion of 14. Teeth have a

linear thermal coefficient of expansion of 15.
C The linear thermal coefficient of expansion of composites is 68.
D The linear thermal coefficient of expansion of unfilled acrylics and sealants is
100.

REF: Pg. 16

8. Which of the following dental restorative materials has a linear coefficient of thermal
expansion closest to teeth?
A. Glass ionomer base
B. Dental amalgam
C. Composites
D. Gold alloys
E. Unfilled acrylics and sealants
ANS: D

Feedback
A Glass ionomer base has a linear coefficient of thermal expansion of 10-11.
B Dental amalgam has a linear coefficient of thermal expansion of 22-28.
C Composites have a linear coefficient of thermal expansion of 25-68.
D Gold alloys have a linear coefficient of thermal expansion that is closest to teeth.
E Unfilled acrylics and sealants have a linear coefficient of thermal expansion of
70-100.

REF: Pg. 15

9. _____ occurs as the result of a discrepancy between the linear thermal coefficient of
expansion between teeth and the restorative material if there is no bonding.
A. Stress
B. Strain
C. Elastic modulus
D. Percolation
E. Yield strength
ANS: D

Feedback
A If the restoration is bonded, then stress occurs at the interface of the tooth and
restoration.
B Strain occurs as result of the change in length or deformation by unit.
C Elastic modulus equals the ratio of stress to strain.
D Percolation occurs as the result of a discrepancy between the linear thermal
coefficient of expansion between teeth and the restorative material. It is thought
to be undesirable due to possible irritation to the dental pulp and recurrent decay.
E Yield strength is affected by stress at some arbitrary value.

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REF: Pg. 17

10. Percolation is thought to decrease with time following insertion of which of the following
dental restorative materials?
A. Filled resin composite
B. Unfilled acrylic resin
C. Cast gold
D. Dental amalgam
E. Ceramic
ANS: D

Feedback
A Filled resin composite is restoration that is either bonded or cemented into place.
Percolation related to these restorations would place stress at the interface, which
over time would lead to failure of the bond.
B Unfilled acrylic resin is restoration that is either bonded or cemented into place.
Percolation related to these restorations would place stress at the interface, which
over time would lead to failure of the bond.
C Cast gold is restoration that is either bonded or cemented into place. Percolation
related to these restorations would place stress at the interface, which over time
would lead to failure of the bond.
D Percolation is thought to decrease with time with dental amalgam, presumably as
a result of the space being filled with corrosion products from the amalgam.
E Ceramic is restoration that is either bonded or cemented into place. Percolation
related to these restorations would place stress at the interface, which over time
would lead to failure of the bond.

REF: Pg. 18

11. _____ is used as a measure of heat transferred.

A. Linear coefficient of thermal expansion
B. Thermal conductivity
C. Galvanism
D. Absorption
E. Adsorption
ANS: B

Feedback
A Linear coefficient of thermal expansion is determined by the length of a
specimen at two temperatures.
B Thermal conductivity is used as a measure of heat transferred.
C Galvanism is the generation of an electric current a patient can feel.
D Absorption refers to uptake of liquid.
E Adsorption refers to concentration of molecules at the surface of a solid or

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liquid.

REF: Pg. 18

12. Which of the following dental restorative materials has the greatest thermal conductivity?
A. Dental amalgam
B. Resin composites
C. Gold alloys
D. Unfilled acrylics
E. Ceramic
ANS: C

Feedback
A The thermal conductivity of dental amalgam is substantially lower than gold.
B Resin composites have thermal conductivities comparable to tooth structure.
C Gold alloys have the greatest thermal conductivity.
D Unfilled acrylics have lower thermal conductivity than enamel.
E Ceramic has thermal conductivity comparable to tooth structure.

REF: Pg. 16

13. Which of the following restorative materials have thermal conductivity that is most
similar to tooth structure?
A. Dental amalgam
B. Composites
C. Gold alloys
D. Zinc phosphate cement
E. Zinc oxide–eugenol cement
ANS: B

Feedback
A Dental amalgam has some thermal conductivity but not at a level similar to tooth
structure.
B Composites have thermal conductivity most similar to tooth structure.
C Gold alloys have thermal conductivity higher than tooth structure.
D Zinc phosphate cement is a poor conductor of temperature and is used for
insulating bases.
E Zinc oxide–eugenol cement is a poor conductor of temperature and is used for
insulating bases.

REF: Pg. 16

14. Cavity varnishes and liners are ineffective as thermal insulators because they:
A. have high thermal conductivity.
B. have a high coefficient of thermal expansion.

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C. have a low coefficient of thermal expansion.

D. are used in thin layers.
ANS: D

Feedback
A Varnishes and liners have low thermal conductivity.
B High coefficient of thermal expansion is a measurement of how much a material
expands.
C Low coefficient of thermal expansion is a measurement of how much a material
expands.
D Cavity varnishes and liners have low thermal conductivities but are used in
layers so thin that they are ineffective as thermal insulators.

REF: Pg. 21

15. Which of the following is an electrical property of interest in the mouth?

A. Coefficient of thermal expansion
B. Ductility
C. Elastic modulus
D. Galvanism
E. Percolation
ANS: D

Feedback
A Coefficient of thermal expansion measures how much a material expands.
B Ductility is the percent of elongation.
C Elastic modulus is equal to the ratio of stress to strain in the liner portion of the
stress-strain curve.
D Galvanism is an electrical property. Galvanism results from the presence of
dissimilar metals in the mouth. Metals placed in an electrolyte have various
inherent tendencies to go into solution.
E Percolation occurs as the result of a discrepancy between the linear thermal
coefficient of expansion between teeth and the restorative material.

REF: Pg. 16

16. Given a schematic sketch of two opposing teeth, one with a temporary aluminum alloy
crown and the other with a gold crown, the electrolyte would be the:
A. temporary aluminum alloy crown.
B. gold crown.
C. saliva.
D. difference in electrical potential.
ANS: C

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Feedback
A Temporary aluminum alloy crown has a tendency to go into solution.
B Gold crown does not go into solution.
C The saliva functions as the electrolyte.
D The difference in electrical potential in this case would be 2.69 volts. The patient
experiences pain and a metallic taste.

REF: Pg. 16

17. _____ refers to the uptake of liquid by a bulk solid.

A. Absorption
B. Adsorption
C. Hydrophilic
D. Hydrophobic
ANS: A

Feedback
A Absorption refers to the uptake of liquid by a bulk solid.
B Adsorption indicates concentration of molecules at the surface of a solid or
liquid.
C Hydrophilic surface is readily wetted if the solution is water.
D Hydrophobic surface is resistant to wetting if the solution is water.

REF: Pg. 17

18. Which of the following terms indicates concentration of molecules at the surface of a
solid or liquid?
A. Corrosion
B. Hydrophilic
C. Absorption
D. Adsorption
ANS: D

Feedback
A Corrosion is the dissolution of metals in the mouth.
B Hydrophilic surface is readily wetted if the solution is water.
C Absorption is the uptake of liquid by a bulk solid.
D Adsorption indicates concentration of molecules at the surface of a solid or
liquid.

REF: Pg. 17

19. With regard to wettability and water, a low contact angle indicates:
A. the material is hydrophilic.
B. the material is hydrophobic.

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C. the contact angle is greater than 90°.

D. both A and C.
E. both B and C.
ANS: A

Feedback
A A low contact angle indicates the material is hydrophilic.
B If the contact angle is greater than 90°, poor wetting occurs
C The material is considered hydrophobic if the liquid is water.
D A is correct, and C is incorrect.
E B and C are incorrect.

REF: Pg. 17

20. Which of the following choices encourage good wetting?

A. High-energy solid
B. Low-energy solid
C. High-energy liquid
D. A and C
E. B and C
ANS: A

Feedback
A High-energy solids and low-energy liquids encourage good wetting.
B Liquids bead up on low-energy solids.
C High-energy liquids can be made more wettable by adding a wetting agent.
D A is correct, and C is incorrect
E B and C are incorrect.

REF: Pg. 17

21. The greatest biting forces are on:

A. molars.
B. bicuspids.
C. cuspids.
D. incisors.
ANS: A

Feedback
A The greatest biting forces are on molars.
B Bicuspids’ maximum biting forces decrease from the molar to the incisor region.
C Cuspids’ maximum biting forces decrease from the molar to the incisor region.
D Incisors’ maximum biting forces decrease from the molar to the incisor region.

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 Test Bank 2-10

REF: Pg. 17

22. Patients with dentures can apply about ____% of the force of those with normal dentition.
A. 10
B. 19
C. 50
D. 90
E. 150
ANS: B

Feedback
A Patients with dentures can apply about 19% of the force of those with normal
dentition.
B Patients with dentures can apply about 19% of the force of those with normal
dentition.
C Patients with dentures can apply about 19% of the force of those with normal
dentition.
D Patients with dentures can apply about 19% of the force of those with normal
dentition.
E Patients with dentures can apply about 19% of the force of those with normal
dentition.

REF: Pg. 17

23. The ratio of the force to the area is called:

A. stress.
B. strain.
C. elastic modulus.
D. tensile strength.
ANS: A

Feedback
A The ratio of the force to the area is called stress.
B Strain changes in length per unit of a material produced by stress.
C Elastic modulus is equal to the ratio of the stress to the strain.
D Tensile strength results when a material fractures from tensile stress.

REF: Pg. 17

24. For a given force, the _____ the area over which it is applied, the _____ the value of the
stress.
A. smaller; smaller
B. smaller; larger
C. larger; larger
D. A and C

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E. B and C
ANS: B

Feedback
A The smaller the area over which force is applied, the larger the value of stress.
B The smaller the area over which force is applied, the larger the value of stress.
C The smaller the area over which force is applied, the larger the value of stress.
D The smaller the area over which force is applied, the larger the value of stress.
E The smaller the area over which force is applied, the larger the value of stress.

REF: Pg. 17

25. Which of the following statements is true of the proportional limit?

A. Below the proportional limit a material is plastic, and above the proportional limit
it is elastic.
B. Below the proportional limit a material is elastic, and above the proportional limit
it is plastic.
C. A material is elastic both below and above the proportional limit.
D. A material is plastic both below and above the proportional limit.
ANS: B

Feedback
A A restoration can be classified as a clinical failure if deformation occurs beyond
set limits.
B Below the proportional limit a material is elastic, and above the proportional
limit it is plastic.
C A restoration can be classified as a clinical failure if deformation occurs beyond
set limits.
D A restoration can be classified as a clinical failure if deformation occurs beyond
set limits.

REF: Pg. 19

26. Which of the following statements is true of the tensile and compressive strengths of a
material?
A. They may be significantly different.
B. Brittle materials have small differences in tensile and compressive strength.
C. Brittle materials are stronger in tension than in compression.
D. A, B, and C are true.
E. A and C are true.
ANS: A

Feedback
A The tensile and compressive strength of a material may be significantly different.

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B Brittle materials such as human enamel, amalgam, and composites have large
differences and are stronger in compression than in tension.
C Brittle materials such as human enamel, amalgam, and composites have large
differences and are stronger in compression than in tension.
D Brittle materials such as human enamel, amalgam, and composites have large
differences and are stronger in compression than in tension.
E Brittle materials such as human enamel, amalgam, and composites have large
differences and are stronger in compression than in tension.

REF: Pg. 19

27. The energy required to fracture a material is a measure of its:

A. resilience.
B. toughness.
C. ductility.
D. malleability.
ANS: B

Feedback
A Resilience is the energy required to deform a material.
B The energy required to fracture a material is a measure of its toughness.
C Ductility is the percent of elongation.
D Malleability is the percent of compression.

REF: Pg. 20

28. Which of the following statements is true of the measure of Knoop hardness?
A. Hardness is directly related to yield strength and wear resistance.
B. It is obtained by measurement of the short diagonal of an indentation from a
diamond indenter.
C. The larger the indentation, the smaller the value.
D. Enamel has a lower Knoop hardness value than dentin and cementum.
ANS: C

Feedback
A In general, no direct relationship exists between hardness and yield strength and
wear resistance.
B In general, no direct relationship exists between hardness and yield strength and
wear resistance.
C The larger the indentation of the measurement of the long diagonal from a
diamond indenter, the smaller the Knoop hardness value.
D Enamel has a higher Knoop hardness value than dentin and cementum.

REF: Pg. 21

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29. Analysis of the strain–time curve indicates that the _____ the time and the _____ force
applied to the impression material, the lower the permanent strain and the more accurate
the impression.
A. shorter; less
B. longer; less
C. shorter; more
D. longer; more
ANS: A

Feedback
A The shorter the time and the less force applied to the impression material, the
lower the permanent strain and the more accurate the impression.
B Longer time will result in more force to the material.
C Shorter time will result in less force to the material.
D Longer time will result in more force to the material and compromise the
accuracy of the impression.

REF: Pg. 21

30. Dimensional change may occur during setting as a result of:

A. chemical reaction.
B. volumetric change.
C. cooling.
D. all of the above.
E. only A and C.
ANS: E

Feedback
A A and C are correct answers.
B Volumetric change is more difficult to measure.
C A and C are correct answers.
D A and C are correct answers.
E Dimensional changes may occur during setting as a result of a chemical reaction,
such as with elastomeric impression materials or resin composite restorative
materials, or from the cooling of wax patterns or gold restorations during
fabrication.

REF: Pg. 15

31. Expansion and contraction rates between dental materials and tooth structure caused by
temperature change vary. Gaps at the margins allow fluids to enter the space. This is
known as:
A. coefficient of thermal expansion.
B. thermal conductivity.
C. dimensional change.

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D. percolation.
ANS: D

Feedback
A Coefficient of thermal expansion is expressed as the linear difference of a
specimen at two temperatures.
B Thermal conductivity is used to measure heat transference.
C Dimensional change is expressed as a percent of the original length.
D Small gaps result at the junction between the two materials. Oral fluids can
penetrate this space. When the temperature returns to normal, this fluid is forced
out of the space. This phenomenon is called percolation.

REF: Pg. 15

32. Of the following materials, which has the closest coefficient of expansion to tooth
structure?
A. Amalgam
B. Ceramic
C. Filled polymers
D. Composite resins
ANS: B

Feedback
A Values for amalgam and composites are about two to five times those of human
teeth.
B Ceramic is the closest, being one half to one third, and gold alloys being
approximately the same as for human teeth.
C Values for unfilled polymers, however, are five to seven times those of teeth.
D Values for amalgam and composites are about two to five times those of human
teeth.

REF: Pg. 15

33. Which of the following materials has the highest rating related to thermal conductivity?
A. Enamel
B. Glass ionomer
C. Gold alloy
D. Dentin
ANS: C

Feedback
A Human enamel and dentin are poor thermal conductors.
B Glass ionomer cement bases closely replace lost tooth structure with respect to
thermal conductivity.

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C Human enamel and dentin are poor thermal conductors compared with gold
alloys and dental amalgam, although amalgam is substantially lower than gold.
D Human enamel and dentin are poor thermal conductors.

REF: Pg. 16

34. Corrosion is the result of:

A. contact of two dissimilar metals in the mouth.
B. poor oral hygiene around restorations.
C. acidic food and drink.
D. A and C only.
ANS: D

Feedback
A A and C are correct.
B Poor oral hygiene around restorations may result in recurrent caries formation.
C A and C are correct.
D Corrosion also can result from this same condition when adjacent restorations
are of dissimilar metals. Corrosion also may result from chemical attack of
metals by components in food or saliva.

REF: Pg. 16

35. A metallic taste in the mouth may be a result of:

A. galvanism.
B. corrosion.
C. contamination.
D. percolation.
ANS: A

Feedback
A When the two restorations touch, current flows because the potential difference
is 2.69 volts, and the patient experiences pain and frequently complains of a
metallic taste.
B Corrosion is a result of the same condition. As a result of the galvanic action,
material goes into solution, and roughness and pitting occur.
C Corrosion may occur if a gold alloy is contaminated with a metal such as iron
during handling in the dental laboratory
D Small gaps result at the junction between the two materials. Oral fluids can
penetrate this space. When the temperature returns to normal, this fluid is forced
out of the space. This phenomenon is called percolation.

REF: Pg. 16

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36. If a liquid presents a contact angle of wettability greater than 90°, the material is said to
be:
A. thixotropic.
B. hydrophilic.
C. hydrophobic.
D. viscous.
ANS: C

Feedback
A Thixotropic materials require force to be distributed.
B Hydrophilic materials flow readily.
C If a contact angle is greater than 90°, poor wetting occurs (hydrophobic if the
liquid is water).
D Viscosity is related to the thickness of a material and may be affected by
temperature.

REF: Pg. 17

37. Which of the following is not a form of stress?

A. Compressive
B. Flexure
C. Strain
D. Shear
ANS: C

Feedback
A Compressive is a type of stress that may result when a force is applied to a
material.
B Flexure is a type of stress that may result when a force is applied to a material.
C Strain is the change in length per unit length of a material produced by stress.
D Shear is a type of stress that may result when a force is applied to a material.

REF: Pg. 18

38. The change in the length or deformation of a material when subjected to force is:
A. flexure.
B. strain.
C. shear.
D. tensile.
ANS: B

Feedback
A Flexure is a type of stress.
B Strain is the change in length or deformation per unit length when a material is

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subjected to a force.
C Shear is a type of stress.
D Tensile is a type of stress.

REF: Pg. 17

39. Deformation of a material becomes permanent when the material reaches its:
A. elastic modulus.
B. stress-strain curve.
C. ultimate strength.
D. yield strength.
ANS: D

Feedback
A Elastic modulus is equal to the ratio of the stress to the strain.
B Stress-strain curve is the application of various forces to determine the
corresponding values of stress and strain.
C Ultimate strength is the stress at which fracture occurs.
D Yield strength is the measure of the stress allowed before permanent
deformation.

REF: Pg. 19

40. The hardness of a dental material is reported in:

A. Knoop hardness.
B. nano-indentation.
C. diamond indenter.
D. dynamic properties.
ANS: A

Feedback
A The hardness of dental materials generally is reported in Knoop hardness.
B Nano-indentation measures small indentations from small loads.
C Diamond indenter creates a length of the long diagonal of an indentation.
D Dynamic properties occur at extremely high rates of loading such as an impact.

REF: Pg. 21

SHORT ANSWER

1. Detail the significance of thermal dimensional change.

ANS:

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Restorative dental materials are subjected to temperature changes in the mouth. These
changes result in dimensional changes in the materials and to the neighboring tooth
structure. Because the thermal expansion of the restorative material usually does not
match that of the tooth structure, a differential expansion occurs that may result in
leakage of oral fluids between the restoration and the tooth.

REF: Pg. 15

2. Compare and contrast the terms absorption and adsorption.

ANS:
Absorption refers to the uptake of liquid by the bulk solid. For example, the equilibrium
absorption of water by acrylic polymers is in the range of 2%. Adsorption indicates
concentration of molecules at the surface of a solid or liquid.

REF: Pg. 17

3. Explain the difference between ductility and malleability.

ANS:
The percents of elongation and compression are important properties in that they are
measures of ductility and malleability, respectively. These two properties are indications
of the amount of plastic strain or deformation that can occur before the material fractures
and, as such, indicate the brittleness of the material.

REF: Pg. 20

Copyright © 2013, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.