I.

From the Temple of the Kailas 8th Century

At Ellora, Hyderabad
 THE

KAMA SUTRA OF

VATSYAYANA
Translated from the Sanscrit

by

The Hindoo Kama Shastra Society

COMPLETE IN SEVEN PARTS

with
Preface, Introduction, and Concluding Remarks
Illustrated

Benares —^New York

Printed for the Society of the Friends of India
1883-1925
For Private Circulation Only
\ O \; MAR /c- /
 CONTENTS
The List of Illustrations with Notes ix

Preface xvi

Introduction xx

The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 1-175

Part I. Index, and General Consid-
eration OF THE Subject .... i

Part II. Of Sexual Union 29

Part III. About the Acquisition of a
Wife 69
Part IV. About a Wife 89
Part V. About the Wives of Other
People loi

Part VI. About Courtezans 131

Part VII. On the Means of Attracting
Others to Oneself 163

Concluding Remarks 175

 THE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS WITH NOTES
L When "Each is Both" — Frontispiece
The monolithic Temple of the Kailas has been char-
acterized as the most wonderful and interesting monu-
ment of architectural art in India. Certainly it is the
most splendid of those representing Buddhist, Brahmani-
cal, and Jain work near Ellora, a village of India in the
State of Hyderabad and north-east of the city of Bom-
bay. . . This cave-temple is not a mere interior cham-
.

ber cut in the rock. It is a model of a complete temple

such as might have been erected on the plain. That is,
a sloping hill has been hewn away externally as
well as internally, leaving the temple a solid mass of trap-
rock about a sunken, cloistered court measuring 276 by
154 feet. .
Though Moslem zealots have striven
. .

to destroy the carved figures, and time and earthquakes

have weathered and broken away parts here and there,
this great temple is still one of the most perfect examples
of Dravidian architecture. ... It was built by Krishna

I., Rashtrakuta, King of Malkhed in the incredibly short

period of twenty-three years, between 760 and 783

A. D.

II. From the Temple of Surya — Page i

With the exception of Number VI the remainder of

the reproductions are of stone sculptures from the Temi-
ple to Surya (the Sun-God) at Konarak, a small vil-
lage on the coast of Orissa, and 1 9 miles north-east of
the city of Puci. All of this temple, except the Jaga-
mohan or Audience Hall, is in unrecoverable ruin. Vari-
ous suggestions as to why worship in it was given up
have been offered. One is founded in a native legend
that the priests deserted it after mariners had profaned it
by stealing a great lode-stone which rumor had set in
the Vimana, (tower over the sanctuary) alleging the lode-
,

stone drew their vessels irresistibly toward the shore.

Others have blamed earthquakes, lightning, sinking of
the foundations in the sandy soil, etc. And, there is a
record in the Temple at Puri of an attempt by invading
vandals to destroy it. It is certain that its neglect be-

gan in the first half of the 1 7th Century when the tower,
which was 174 feet high, gave way. Its deterioration
continued unchecked until the opening of the 20th Cen-
tury when the British Archaeological Survey came to it.
They drove the snakes away, excavated, replaced what
they could, cleaned off the overgrowing vegetation, and
filled the Audience Hall with stones and sand, their
method of preventing its threatened collapse. . . .

It is from the Audience Hall that the subjects of these

reproductions come. Though the interior was quite

ix
X Illustrations

severe,the decoration of the exterior was amazingly elab-

orate. All who have seen it have lavished praise on it :

"the noblest specimen of medieval art;" "the most ex-

quisite memorial of sun-worship India;" and, from
in
Sir James Fergusson, "for the most richly orna-
mented building
'
—
externally at
its
least
size,
in the —
whole
world. It wrung unwilling tribute even from the
Mohammedans. But it is difficult for the imagination to
grasp from words the mere extent of the decoration that
covers like an embroidered veil all of the structure that
remains. To mention only one thing: the extant frieze
work varying from a foot to a foot and a half broad
amounts alone to nearly three thousand feet in length
and must contain at least six thousand figures. The
sculpture is remarkably free from that conventionalism
which, to the Western eye, frequently mars Eastern art.
In delicacy, power, breadth and appropriateness of treat-
ment, it represents one of the highest points ever reached
in stone sculpture. It demonstrates that there was a
time when the Hindoo artist worked from nature, as
did their gods themselves, in the enshrining of their
dreams in matter. Much of the stone used was very
hard (chlorite) and has every appearance of having re-
,

tained all its original clarity and strength of line. But,

unfortunately for us, many of the figures are in a soft
sandstone which has seriously suffered from the weather
.... The date of the construction of this glorious
monument to the religion that underlies all the religions
ofman is, according to the Annals of the temple itself,
S'aka 1200, i.e., A. D. 1278, under the King Lang-
uliya Narasinka Deva. Moreover the seal of this king
runs thus: "The lord of the earth, the tailed king
Narasinka, erected a temple for the ray-garlanded god
in the S'aka year 1200." Late research has fairly cer-
tainly set its construction between the years 1240 and
1280 A. D.

III. From the "Black Pagoda" — Page ig

The Jagamohan or Audience Hall of the Temple to
Surya Konarak has come to be more specifically known
at
as the "Black Pagoda." This has probably come about
through some association of the epithet kala, meaning
"black," which the Hindoos apply to all deserted or
desecrated religious edifices. The term is certainly not
derived from the general color of the building, for the
stone of which it is built is light The name
Konarak or Konarka comes from the vernacularized
forms of two Sanskrit, words (kona, "corner," and
arka, "the sun"), implying "the corner of the sun,"
i.e., the corner of the world dedicated to the sun. It

is thus to be surmised that this locality had for

ages been associated in men's minds as especially blessed
by the sun, and that long before this temple was built
Konarak had been a prominent center of Sun-worship.
. . This probability is also supported by the legend
.

of the founding of the temple. This legend, which is

quite characteristic of the great imagination and pictur-
 Illustrations xi

esqueness of the Hindoo mind, is, according to the Samba

Purana, as follows. Samba (one of the heroes of the
Mahabharat) the son of Krishna by Jambavati, is en-
,

joying life in the heavenly home of his father. A hand-

some young man, full of spirit and given to the dis-
play of it, he has become the object of the displeasure
of the sage, Narada, who believes him lacking in the
respect due alearned man. So that, in spite, Narada
maligns Samba to Krishna, insinuating that for a son
Samba is over-familiar with his step-mothers, the 1,600
present wives of the god. Krishna, quite proof against
this, disbelieves it. Narada does, however, soon after
find the opportunity to his revenge. One fine, warm
day the wives are all naked bathing in a great tub, and,
moreover, flushed with wine, they are rather unrestrained
in their dousing each other with water. The sage lures
Samba to the scene; then, contriving the presence of Krish-
na, accuses Samba with his pernicious beauty of having too
exciting an influence on the wives. Krishna, presented
with the evidence of this spectacle, in an instant anger
curses his son with the curse of leprosy. Although
Samba later proves his complete innocence the curse
cannot be revoked and the leprosy takes hold. Krishna
then does the best he can for his unfortunate boy: in-
structs him how he can be cured. Samba is to go to
earth, and by the river that runs through Konarak he
is to lead the life of an ascetic and put himself upon
the mercy of the one god, Surya, who can effect his
cure. For twelve years Samba prosecutes his devotion
to the Sun-god. In a vision Surya then appears to him
in all his glory. Samba has learned the twenty-one
laudatory epithets of the ray-garlanded One. He re-
peats them without fault. The god answers his prayer,
and makes him whole. The next day, Samba, bathing
with more than usual joy in the river, finds a marvellous
image of the god to whom he is so much indebted. Of
course, how the image came to be at the bottom of the
river was another point that had to be explained. That
went back to ages before that age, to the time when
Surya was married to Sanjna, a daughter of the metal-
worker Visuakarma. But so fierce and rough had the
god seemed to her that in disgust she would not suffer
his embraces. In dismay at this repulse Surya consulted
Brahma, and on that divinity's advice went to the father
of the girl, who evidently knew his daughter's likes and
dislikes, to get himself made over more to the form she
had been taught to appreciate. Visvakarma placed Surya
on his lathe, and worked over all of the god except the
feet. He pared off a full eighth of the body, and then
smoothed him down properly, according to the tradi-
tions of the family. Unwilling to scrap the divine refuse
Visvakarma fashioned out of it the discus of Vishnu,
the trident of Siva, the club of Kuvera, the lance of Kar-
tikeya. Of the great amount he still had left he made
a likeness of Surya himself. Thus came the image that
Samba recovered from the bed of the river and about
which in gratitude he built a sanctuary. And thus was
the beginning of the great temple at Konarak.
xii Illustrations

IV. From the Temple of Surya — Page 6g

This is another life-sized group of many in different
sizes on this temple frankly depicting the sexual epi-
sode. Though this subject has here perhaps attained
its most happy expression, it is the theme of many rep-
resentations on many Indian temples. For the Hindoo
mind openly faced the sexual function as the reality
it is, one of the expressions of the divine mind. They
held it as a peculiarly sacred and godlike function in
themselves. The great number of their religious law^s
dealing with the sexual, the place it occupies in secular
literature, show that its significance in the life of man
was recognized by them at its inherent importance. And,
as can be seen in these sculptures, they were not content
to classify and elucidate its manifestations in writing
alone. As though they would insure the uninitiate from
any mistake they even illustrated the subject in stone.
.... One commentator on work has been
so hardy
this
as to suggest it is merely an imaginative depiction of
the heavenly joys awaiting the faithful believer. But,
distinctive in Indian art as this work is, the Hindoos
were too serious artists and too bound up in the legends
of their theology to permit us to presume that these
sculptures were other than illustrations of religious sub-
jects taken from their mythology. One wonders, how-
ever, just why so much of the decorations on a temple
to the sun should depict the sexual. Neither the sect
of the Sauras (which had its origin in a Persian in-
fluence) nor that of Surya (the ancient Vedic divinity
of the sun) has as a principal part of its mysteries those
connected with the union of the sexes. There is. how-
ever, a sect, the Sahtas, worship of woman, which does
emphasize the sexual element. Many of the figures on
this Audience Hall suggest a fusion of the sect of Surya
with that of Naga (or some other sect of serpent wor-
shippers) as well as with that of Sahta.

V. Apsaras humbling an Ascetic — Page 8g

The subject of this group suggests the influence of
the ideas of a serpent cult. Serpent worship is still one
of the religions of India. It was formerly very wide-

spread, and influenced the decoration of many other

monuments, especially the Buddhist stupas of Sanchi and
Amravati. The intimate association of the serpent with
woman in the minds of all primitive peoples is not as
obvious as its association with the lingam (phallus).
Here the substitution of the serpent for the male organ
is suggested. . This group appears to illustrate
. .

a part of Brahmanical belief associated with the Apsaras.

They were originally spirits of the clouds and waters,
semi-divine nymphs said to have sprung from the churn-
ing of the ocean. In the Rig-Veda there is but one Ap-
saras, who, as the wife of Gandbarva, gave birth to the
first mortals Yama and Yami. In the heroic age there
are many Apsaras and many Candharvas who form part
of the retinue of Indra, the first as dancers, the second
as musicians. One of the uses the gods had for the
beautiful Apsaras was a means of humbling the over-
 Illustrations xiii

pious ascetic. So strongly did the Hindoo believe in

the efficacy of his ritual that he held a devotee could,
through austere practices, develop supernatural powers
that made him a rival and even a being superior to the
gods. Obviously, the gods could not have this. To
humble him through the symbolism of the sexual act
was both pertinent and suggestive. The figure . . .

behind the man may be another Apsaras who was sent

along to make certain the reduction of an especially ob-
durate case, or it may have been intended to represent
the god himself assisting at the rite. Or, again, the
group may represent two proselytes accompanied by an
instructor..

VI. A Naga from the Temple of Surya — Page loi

The Nagas were another of the Hindoo's many races
of a semi-divinecharacter who had the same standing
in relation to the universe as human beings themselves.
The details of life in their world were fully described
as known. Their element was Water, as that of the
Yakshas was Earth. The capital city of the Nagas
was under the sea. and was Bhogauati, "the city
called
of enjoyment." The namederived from naga mean-
is

ing either a "snake" or an "elephant," and has the earlier

connotations, a "tree" and a "mountain". This . . .

figure shows more definitely the influence of serpent wor-

ship. The substitution or confusion of the serpent
with the lingam is more obvious. There is substanti-
ation of this conjecture by the suggestion in the upper
part of the pedestal that the figure is standing on the
horned head of a great reptile.

VII. Monolithic Pillar from a Stupa — Page 131

This stupa (burial mound
of the ashes of some dis-
tinguished person) is at Bharahat, a village in the small
State of Nagod. The excavations instigated by Alex-
ander Cunningham in 1874 showed it to be one of the
most important and handsome in India. The mound
itself was found to be 70 feet in diameter, between 50
and 60 feet high, and was surmounted by an ornament
shaped like the letter T. About this mound ran a cir-
cular balustrade, a hundred feet in diameter, the ground
plan of which made a gigantic swastika. The whole of
this stood toward the east side of a paved and walled
quadrangle about 300 feet by 320 feet. . . . The pillar
shown, which is 7 feet 1 came from the
inch high,
balustrade. The elaborate ornament and large number
of inscriptions on this stupa have yielded valuable infor-
mation in regard to the art and social conditions of the
people of Buddhist India at that period. The subjects
were taken from the Buddhist Sacred Books, more es-
pecially from the accounts given in them of the life
of the Buddha in previous births. The figure shown
. . .

here (the motive is one very frequent in Hindoo art) has

been taken for Maya, mother of the Buddha, awaiting his
 Illustrations

birth under the tree Sala. It is much more probable that

it was intended to represent the guardian spirit of a
Yakshini, the females of one of their semi-divine races,
to which the nearest approach in Western thought is the
fairy and gnome people. . . This pillar is now in the
.

Indian Museum at Calcutta. Villagers had already car-

ried off the greater part of the stone and bricks with
which to make cottages when the monument was first
brought to Western notice. Only about half of the
original eighty pillars and about a third of the cross-
bars were recovered.

VIII. From the Temple of Surya — Page 163

One of the groups illustrating variant positions to be
assumed in the sexual act. (See Chapter 6 of Part II.)
 PREFACE
In the literature of all countries there willbe found a certain
number of works treating especially of love. Everywhere
the subject is dealt with differently, and from various points
of view. In the present publication it is proposed to give a
complete translation of what is considered the standard work
on love in Sanscrit literature, and which is called the "Vatsya-
yana Kama Sutra," or Aphorisms on Love, by Vatsyayana.
While the Introduction will deal with the evidence con-
cerning the date of the writing, and the commentaries written
upon it, the chapters following the Introduction will give a
translation of the work itself. It is, however, advisable to
furnish here a brief analysis of works of the same nature,
prepared by authors who lived and wrote years after Vatsya
had passed away, but who still considered him as the great
authority, and always quoted him as the chief guide to
Hindoo erotic literature.
Besides the treatise of Vatsyayana the following works on
the same subject are procurable in India: —
/ The Ratirahasya, or secrets of love.
2 The Panchasakya, or the five arrows.
J The Smara Pradipa, or the light of love.
4 The Ratimanjari, or the garland of love.
5 The Rasmanjari, or the sprout of love.
6 The Anunga Runga, or the stage of love also called
Kamaledhiplava, or a boat in the ocean of love.
The author of the "Secrets of Love" (No. i) was a poet
named Kukkoka. He composed his work to please one Venu-
dutta, who was perhaps a king. When writing his own name
at the end of each chapter he calls himself "Siddha patiya
pandita," i.e., an ingenious man among learned men. The
work was translated into Hindi years ago, and in this the
author's name was written as Koka. And as the same name
crept into all the translations into other languages in India,
the book became generally known, and the subject was popu-
larly called Koka Shastra, or doctrines of Koka, which is
identical with the Kama Shastra, or doctrines of love, and
the words Koka Shastra and Kama Shastra are used indis-
criminately.
The work contains nearly eight hundred verses, and is
divided into ten chapters, which are called Pachivedas. Some
XV
xvi Preface

of the things treated of in this work are not to be found in the

Vatsyayana, such as the four classes of women, viz., the
Padmini, Chitrini, Shankini, and Hastini, as also the enumera-
tion of the days and hours on which the women of the dif-
ferent classes become subject to love. The author adds that
he wrote these things from the opinions of Gonikaputra
and Nandikeshwara, both of whom are mentioned by Vats-
yayana, but their works are not now extant. It is difficult
to give any approximate idea as to the year in which the
work was composed. It is only to be presumed that it was
written after that of Vatsyayana, and previous to the other
works on this subject that are still extant. Vatsyayana gives
the names of ten authors on the subject, all of whose works
he had consulted, but none of which are extant, and does not
mention this one. This would tend to show that Kukkoka
wrote after Vatsya, otherwise Vatsya would assuredly have
mentioned him as an author in this branch of literature along
with the others.
The author of the "Five Arrows" (No. 2 in the list) was
one Jyotirisha. He is called the chief ornament of poets,
the treasure of the sixty-four arts, and the best teacher of the
rules of music. He says that he composed the work after
reflecting on the aphorisms of love as revealed by the gods,
and studying the opinions of Gonikaputra, Muladeva, Bab-
bravya, Ramtideva, Nundikcshwara and Kshemandra. It is
impossible to say whether he had perused all the works of
these authors, or had only heard about them; anyhow, none
of them appear to be in existence now. This work contains
nearly six hundred verses, and is divided into five chapters,
called Sayakas or Arrows.
The author of the "Light of Love" (No. ^) was the poet
Gunakara, the son of Vechapati. The work contains four
hundred verses, and gives only a short account of the doc-
trines of love, dealing more with other matters.
"The Garland of Love" (No. 4) is the work of the
famous poet Jayadeva, who said about himself that he is a
writer on all subjects. This treatise is, however, very short,
containing only one hundred and twenty-five verses.
The author of the "Sprout of Love" (No. 5) was a poet
called Bhanudatta. It appears from the last verse of the

manuscript that he was a resident of the province of Tirhoot,

and son of a Brahman named Ganeshwar, who was also a
poet. The work, written in Sanscrit, gives the descriptions
 Preface xvii

of different classes of men and women, their classes being

made out from their age, description, conduct, etc. It con-
tains three chapters, and its date is not known, and cannot
be ascertained.
. "The Stage of Love" (No, 6) was composed by the poet
.

Kullianmull, for the amusement of Ladkhan, the son of

Ahmed Lodi, the same Ladkhan being in some places spoken
of as Ladana Mull, and in others as Ladanaballa. He is sup-
posed to have been a relation or connection of the house of
Lodi, which reigned in Hindostan from A.D. 1450-1526.
The work would, therefore, have been written in the fifteenth
or sixteenth century. It contains ten chapters, and has been
translated into English but only six copies were printed for
private circulation. This is supposed to be the latest of the
Sanscrit works on the subject, and the ideas in it were evi-
dently taken from previous writings of the same nature.
The contents of these works are in themselves a literary
curiosity. There are to be found both in Sanscrit poetry and
in the Sanscrit drama a certain amount of poetical sentiment
end romance, which have, in every country and in every
language, thrown an immortal halo round the subject. But
here it is treated in a plain, simple, matter of fact sort of
way. Men and women are divided into classes and divisions
in the same way that Buffon and other writers on natural
history have classified and divided the animal world. As
Venus was represented by the Greeks to stand forth as the
type of the beauty of woman, so the Hindoos describe the
Padmini or Lotus- woman as the type of most perfect femi-
nine excellence, as fellows:
She in whom the following signs and symptoms appear is
called a Padmini. Her face is pleasing as the full moon; her
body, well clothed with flesh, is soft as the Shiras or mustard
flower, her skin is fine, tender, and fair as the yellow lotus,
never dark coloured. Her eyes are bright and beautiful as
the orbs of the fawn, well cut, and with reddish corners.
Her bosom is hard, full and high; she has a good neck; her
nose is straight and lovely, and three folds or wrinkles cross
her middle — about the umbilical region. Her yoni resembles
the opening lotus bud, and her love seed (^Kama salilaj is
perfumed like the lily that has newly burst. She walks with
swan-like gait, and her voice is low and musical as the note
of the Kokila bird, she delights in white raiments, in fine
jewels, and in rich dresses. She eats little, sleeps lightly, and
xviii Preface

being as respectful and religious as she is clever and courteous,

she is ever anxious to worship the gods, and to enjoy the
conversation of Brahmans. Such, then, is the Padmini or
Lotus-woman.
Detailed descriptions then follow of the Chitrini or Art-
woman; the Shankhini or Conch-woman, and the Hastini
or Elephant-woman, their days of enjoyment, their various
seats of passion, the manner in which they should be manipu-
lated and treated in sexual intercourse, along with the charac-
teristics of the men and women of the various countries in
Hindostan. The details are so numerous, and the subjects so
seriously dealt with, and at such length, that neither time
nor space will permit of their being given here.
One work in the English language is somewhat similar to
these works of the Hindoos. It is called "Kalogynomia; or
the Laws of Female Beauty," being the elementary principles
of that science, by T. Bell, M.D., with twenty -four plates,
and printed in London in 1821. It treats of Beauty, of
Love, of Sexual Intercourse, of the Laws regulating that
Intercourse, of Monogamy and Polygamy, of Prostitution,
of Infidelity, ending with a catalogue raisonne of the defects
of female beauty.
Another work in English also enters into great details of
private and domestic life. It is called "The Elements of
Social Science or Physical, Sexual and Natural Religion, with
a Solution of the Social Problem," by a Doctor of Medicine.
London, Edward Truelove, 256, High Holborn. To per-
sons interested in the above subjects this work wilt be found
to contain such details as have been seldom before published,
and which ought to be thoroughly understood by all philan-
thropists and benefactors of society.
After a perusal of the Hindoo work, and of the English
books above mentioned, the reader will understand the sub-
ject, at all events from a materialistic, realistic, and practical
point of view. If all science is founded more or less on a
stratum of facts, there can be no harm in making known to
mankind generally certain matters intimately connected with
their private, domestic, and social life.
Alas! complete ignorance of them has unfortunately
wrecked many a man and many a woman, while a little
knowledge of a subject generally ignored by the masses would
have enabled numbers of people to have understood many
things which they believed to be quite incomprehensible, or
which were not thought worthy of their consideration.
 INTRODUCTION
It may be interesting to some persons to team how it came
about that Vatsyayana was first brought to tight and trans-
lated into the English language. It happened thus. While
translating with the pundits the "Anunga runga, or the stage
of love," reference was frequently found to be made to one
Vatsya. The sage Vatsya was of this opinion, or of that
opinion. The sage Vatsya said this, and so on. Naturally
questions were asked who the sage was, and the pundits
replied that Vatsya was the author of the standard work on
love in Sanscrit literature, that no Sanscrit library was com-
plete without his work, and that it was most difficult now
to obtain in its entire state. The copy of the manuscript
obtained in Bombay was defective, and so the pundits wrote
to Benares, Calcutta, and Jeypoor for copies of the manu-
script from Sanscrit libraries in those places. Copies having
been obtained, they were then compared with each other, and
with the aid of a Commentary called "Jayamangla" a re-
vised copy of the entire manuscript was prepared, and from
this copy the English translation was made. The following
is the certificate of the chief pundit:—
"The accompanying manuscript is corrected by me after
comparing four different copies of the work. I had the assis-
tance of a Commentary called 'Jayamangla' for correcting
the portion in the first five parts, but found great difRculty
in correcting the remaining portion, because, with the excep-
tion of one copy thereof which was tolerably correct, all the
other copies I had were far too incorrect. However, I took
that portion as correct in which the majority of the copies
agreed with each other."
The "Aphorisms on Love," by Vatsyayana contain about
one thousand two hundred and fifty slokas or verses, and
are divided into parts, parts into chapters, and chapters into
paragraphs. The whole consists of seven parts, thirty-six
chapters, and sixty-four paragraphs. Hardly anything is
known about the author. His real name is supposed to be
Viallinaga or Mrillana, Vatsyayana being his family name.
At the close of the work this is what he writes about himself:
"After reading and considering the works of Babhravya
and other ancient authors, and thinking over the meaning of
the rules given by them, this treatise was composed, according

xix
XX Introduction

to the precepts of the Holy Writ, for the benefit of the world,
by Vatsyayana, white leading the life of a religious student
at Benares, and wholly engaged in the contemplation of the
Deity. This work is not to be used merely as an instrument
for satisfying our desires. A
person acquainted with the true
principles of this science, who preserves his Dharma (virtue
or religious merit), his Artha (worldly wealth), and his
Kama (pleasure or sensual gratification) and who has regard
,

to the customs of the people, is sure to obtain the mastery

over his senses. In short, an intelligent and knowing per-
son, attending to Dharma and Artha and also to Kama, with-
out becoming the slave of his passions, will obtain success in
everything that he may do."
It is impossible to fix the exact date either of the life of
Vatsyayana or of his work. It is supposed that he must have
lived between the first and sixth century of the Christian
era, on the following grounds: —
He mentions that Satkarni
Satvahan, a king of Kuntal, killed Malayevati his wife with
an instrument called kartari by striking her in the passion of
love, and Vatsya quotes this case to warn people of the danger
arising from some old customs of striking woman when under
the influence of this passion. Now this king of Kuntal is
believed to have lived and reigned during the first century
A.D. and consequently Vatsya must have lived after him. On
the other hand, Virahamihira, in the eighteenh chapter of his
"Brihatsanhita." treats of the science of love, and appears to
have borrowed largely from Vatsyayana on the subject.
Now Virahamihira is said to have lived during the sixth cen-
tury A.D., and as Vatsya must have written his works pre-
viously, therefore not earlier than the first century A.D., and
not later than the sixth century A.D., must be considered as
the approximate date of his existence.
On the text of the "Aphorisms on Love," by Vatsyayana,
only two commentaries have been found. One called "Jay-
amangla" or "Sutrabashya," and other other "Sutra vritti."
The date of the "Jayamangla" is fixed between the tenth and
thirteenth century A.D., because while treating of the sixty-
"
four arts an example is taken from the "Kavyaprakash?
which was written about the tenth century A.D. Again, the
copy of the commentary procured was evidently a t:anscript
of a manuscript which once had a place in the library of a
Chaulukyan king named Vishaladeva, a fact elicited from the
following sentence at the end of it: —
 Introduction xxi

"Here ends the part relating to the art of love in the com-
mentary on the "Vatsyayana Kama Sutra," a copy from the
library of the king of kings, Vishaladeva, who was a power-
ful hero, as it were a second Arjuna, and head jewel of the
Chaulukya family."
Now it is well known that this king ruled in Guzerat
from 1244 to 1262 A.D., and founded a city called Visal-
nagur. The date, therefore, of the commentary is taken
to be not earlier than the tenth and not later than the thir-
teenth century. The author of it is supposed to be one
Yashodhara, the name given him by his preceptor being
Indrapada. He seems to have written it during the time of
affliction caused by his separation from a clever and shrewd
woman, at least that is what he himself says at the end of
each chapter. It is presumed that he called his work after
the name of his absent mistress, or the word may have some
connection with the meaning of her name.
This commentary was most useful in explaining the true
meaning of Vatsyayana, for the commentator appears to
have had a considerable knowledge of the times of the older
author, and gives in some places very minute information.
This cannot be said of the other commentary, called "Sutra
vritti," which was written about A.D. lySg, by Narsing
Shastri, a pupil of a Sarveshwar Shastri; the latter was a
descendant of Bhaskur, and so also was our author, for at the
conclusion of every part he calls himself Bhaskur Narsing
Shastri. He was induced to write the work by order of the
learned Raja Vrijalala, while he was residing in Benares, but
as to the merits of this commentary it does not deserve much
commendation. In many cases the writer does not appear
to have understood the true meaning of the original author,
and has changed the text in many places to fit in with his
own explanations.
A complete translation of the original work now follows.
It has been prepared in complete accordance with the text of
the manuscript, and is given, without further comments, as
made from it.
II. From the Temple of Surya 13 th Century
At Konarak, Orissa
 THE KAMA SUTRA
of

VATSYAYANA
Part I

Index, and General Consideration of the Subject

 PART L
Index, and General Consideration of the Subject.

Chapter I. Salutation to Dharma, Artha, and Kama.

II. Observations on the three worldly attain-
ments of Virtue, Wealth, and Love.
III. On the study of the Sixty-four Arts.
IV. On the Arrangements of a House, and
Household Furniture; and about the
Daily Life of a Citizen, his Companions,
Amusements, etc.
V. About classesof Women fit and unfit for
Congress with the Citizen, and of
Friends, and Messengers.

PART II.

Of Sexual Union
Chapter I. Kinds of Union according to Dimensions,
Force of Desire, and Time; and on the
different kinds of Love.

II. Of the Embrace.

III. On Kissing.
IV. On Pressing or Marking with the Nails.
V. On Biting, and the ways of Love to be em-
ployed with regard to Women of dif-
ferent countries.
VI. On the various ways of Lying down, and
the different kinds of Congress.
VII. On the various ways of Striking, and of the
Sounds appropriate to them.
VIII. About Females acting the part of Males.
IX. On holding the Lingam in the Mouth.
"
X. How to begin and how to end the Congress.
Different kinds of Congress, and Love
Quarrels.
4 The Kama Sutra
PART III.

About the Acquisition of a Wife

Chapter I. Observations on Betrothal and Marriage.

"
II. About Creating Confidence in the Girl.
"
III. Courtship, and the manifestation of the
feelings by outward signs and deeds.
"
IV. On things to be done only by the Man, and
the acquisition of the Girl thereby. Also
what is to be done by a Girl to gain over
a Man and subject him to her.
"
V. On the different Forms of Marriage.

PART IV.
A^ouf a Wife
Chapter I. On the manner ofliving of a virtuous
Woman, and of her behaviour during
the absence of her Husband.
"
II. On the conduct of the eldest Wife towards
the other Wives of her Husband and of
the younger Wife towards the elder ones.
Also on the conduct of a Virgin Widow
re-married; of a Wife disliked by her
Husband; of the Women in the King's
Harem; and of a Husband who has more
than one Wife.

PART V.
About the Wives of Other People

Chapter I. On the Characteristics of Men and Women,

and the reason why Women reject the
Addresses of Men. About Men who have
Success with Women, and about Women
who are easily gained over.
**
II. About making Acquaintance with the
Woman, and of the efforts to gain her
over.
**
III. Examinations of the State of a Woman's
mind.
 of Vatsyayana 5

Chapter IV. The Business of a Go-between.

V. On the Love of Persons in authority with
the Wives of other People.
VI. About the Women of the Royal Harem, and
of the keeping of one's own Wife.

PART VI.
About Courtezans
Chapter I. Of the Causes of a Courtezan resorting to
Men; of the means of Attaching to her-
self the Man desired, and the kind of Man
that it is desirable to be acquainted with.
II. Of a Courtezan living with a Man as his
Wife.
**
III. Of the Means of getting Money; of the
Signs of a Lover who is beginning to be
Weary, and of the way to get rid of him.
IV. About a Re-union with a former Lover.
V. Of different kinds of Gain.
VI. Of Gains and Losses, attendant Gains and
Losses, and Doubts; and lastly, the dif-
ferent kinds of Courtezans.

PART VII.
On the Means of Attracting Others to One's Self

Chapter I. On Personal Adornment, subjugating the

hearts of others, and of tonic medicines.
II. Of means of exciting Desire, and of the
the
ways of enlarging the Lingam. Miscel-
laneous Experiments and Receipts.
 CHAPTER I.

Salutation to Dharma, Artha, and Kama.

In the beginning, the Lord of Beings created men and women,
and in the form of commandments in one hundred thousand
chapters laid down rules for regulating their existence with
regard to Dharma,* Artha, f and Kama.t Some of these
commandments, namely those which treated of Dharma,
were separately written by Swayambhu Manu; those that
related to Artha were compiled by Brihaspati ; and those that
referred to Kama were expounded by Nandi, the follower
of Mahadeva, in one thousand chapters.
Now these "Kama Sutra" (Aphorisms on Love), written
by Nundi in one thousand chapters, were reproduced by
Shvetaketu, the son of Uddvalaka, in an abbreviated form in
five hundred chapters, and this work was again similarly re-
produced in an abridged form, in one hundred and fifty
chapters, by Babhravya, an inheritant of the Punchala
(South of Delhi) country. These one hundred and fifty
chapters were then put together under seven heads or parts
named severally
—
I St. Sadharana (general topics) .

2nd. Samprayogika (embraces, etc.).

3rd. Kanya Samprayuktaka (union of males and females) .

4th. Bhatyadhikarika (on one's own wife) .

5th. Paradarika (on the wives of other people).

6th. Vaisika (on courtezans) .

7th. Aupamishadika (on the arts of seduction, tonic medi-

cines, etc.) .

The
sixth part of this last work was separately expounded
by Dattaka at the request of the public women of Pataliputra
(Patna) and in the same way Charayana explained the first
,

* Dharma is acquisition of religious merit, and is fully described in Chapter

5, Volume III, of Talboys Wheeler's "History of India," and in the edicts of
Asoka.
t Artha is acquisition of wealth and property, etc.
t Kama is love, pleasure and sensual gratification.
These three words are retained throughout in their original, as technical
terms. They may also be defined as virtue, wealth, and pleasure, the three
things repeatedly spoken of in the Laws of Manu.
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 7

part of it. The remaining parts, viz., the second, third,

and seventh were each separately expounded
—
fourth, fifth,
by:
Suvarnanabha (second part) .

Ghotakamukha (third part) .

Gonatdiya (fourth part).

Gonikaputra (fifth part) .

Kuchumara (seventh part) respectively.

,

Thus the work being written in part by different authors

was almost unobtainable, and as the parts which were ex-
pounded by Dattaka and the others treated only of the
particular branches of the subject to which each part related,
and moreover as the original work of Babhravya was dif-
ficult to be mastered on account of its length, Vatsyayana,
therefore, composed this work in a small volume as an
abstract of the whole of the works of the above-named
authors.
 CHAPTER II.

On the Acquisition of Dharma, Artha and Kama

Man, the period of whose life is one hundred years, should
practice Dharma, Artha, and Kama at different times and in
such a manner that they may harmonize together and not
clash in any way. He should acquire learning in his child-
hood, in his youth and middle age he should attend to Artha
and Kama, and in his old age he should perform Dharma, and
thus seek to gain Moksha, i.e., release from further transmi-
gration. Or, on account of the uncertainty of life, he may
practice them at times when they are enjoined to be prac-
ticed. But one thing is to be noted, he should lead the life
of a religious student until he finishes his education.
Dharma is obedience to the command of the Shastra or
Holy Writ of the Hindoos to do certain things, such as the
performance of sacrifices, which are not generally done, be-
cause they do not belong to this world, and produce no visible
effect; and not to do other things, such as eating meat, which
is often done because it belongs to this world, and has visible
effects.
Dharma should be learnt from the Shruti (Holy Writ) ,

and from those conversant with it.

Artha is the acquisition of arts, land, gold, cattle, wealth,
equipages, and friends. It is, further, the protection of what
is acquired, and the increase of what is protected.
Artha should be learnt from the king's officers, and from
merchants who may be versed in the ways of commerce.
Kama is the enjoyment of appropriate objects by the five
senses of hearing, feeling, seeing, tasting, and smelling, assisted
by the mind together with the soul. The ingredient in this is
a peculiar contact between the organ of sense and its object,
and the consciousness of pleasure which arises from that con-
tact is called Kama.
Kama to be learnt from the Kama Sutra (aphorisms
is

on love) and from the practice of citizens.

When all the three, viz., Dharma, Artha, and Kama come
together, the former is better than the one which follows it,
i.e., Dharma is better than Artha, and Artha is better than
Kama. But Artha should always be practiced by the king,
for the livelihood of men is to be obtained from it only.
8
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana g

Again, Kama being the occupation of public women, they

should prefer it to the other two, and these are exceptions to
the general rule.

Objection.
Some learned men say that as Dhacma is connected with
things not belonging to this world, it is appropriately treated
of in a book; and so also is Artha, because it is practiced only
by the application of proper means, and a knowledge of
those means can only be obtained by study and from books.
But Kama being a thing which is practiced even by the brute
creation, and which is to be found everywhere, does not want
any work on the subject.
Answer.
This is Sexual intercourse being a thing dependent
not so.
on man and woman requires the application of proper means
by them, and those means are to be learnt from the Kama
Shastra. The non-application of proper means, which we
see in the brute creation, is caused by their being unrestrained,
and by the females among them only being fit for sexual
intercourse at certain seasons and no more, and by their inter-
course not being preceded by thought of any kind.

Objection 2.

The
Lokayatikas* say: —
Religious ordinances should not
be observed, for they bear a future fruit, and at the same time
it is also doubtful whether they will bear any fruit at all.
What foolish person will give away that which is in his own
hands into the hands of another? Moreover, it is better to
have a pigeon today than a peacock tomorrow; and a copper
coin which we have the certainty of obtaining, is better than
a gold coin, the possession of which is doubtful.

Answer.
It is not so.Holy Writ, which ordains the practice
I St.

of Dharma, does not admit of a doubt.

2nd. Sacrifices such as those made for the destruction of
enemies, or for the fall of rain, are seen to bear fruit.
3rd. The sun, moon, stars, planets and other heavenly
bodies appear to work intentionally for the good of the
world.
* These were certainly materialists who seemed to think that a bird in the
li^nd was worth two in the bush.
 10 The Kama Sutra

4th. The existence of this world is effected by the observ-

ance of the rules respecting the four classes* of men and their
four stages of life.
5 th. We
see that seed is thrown into the ground with the
hope of future crops.
Vatsyayana is therefore of opinion that the ordinances of
religion must be obeyed.

Objection j.
Those who believe that destiny is the prime mover of all
things say: —We should not exert ourselves to acquire wealth,
for sometimes it is not acquired although we strive to get it,
while at other times it comes to us of itself without any ex-
ertion on our part. Everything is therefore in the power of
destiny, who is the lord of gain and loss, of success and de-
feat, of pleasure and pain. Thus we see that Balif was
raised to the throne of Indra by destiny, and was also put
down by the same power, and it is destiny only that can
reinstate him.
Answer.
not right to say so. As the acquisition of every object
It is

presupposes at all events some exertion on the part of man,

the application of proper means may be said to be the cause
of gaining all our ends, and this application of proper means
being thus necessary (even where a thing is destined to hap-
pen) it follows that a person who does nothing will enjoy
,

no happiness.
Objection 4.
Those who are inclined to think that Artha is the chief
object to be obtained argue thus. Pleasures should not be
sought for, because they are obstacles to the practice of
Dharma and Artha, which are both superior to them, and
are also disliked by meritorious persons. Pleasures also bring
a man into distress, and into contact with low persons; they
cause him to commit unrighteous deeds, and produce im-
purity in him; they make him regardless of the future, and
* the Hindoos the four classes of men are the Brahmans or priestly
Among
class, the Kshutrya or warlike class, the Vaishya or agricultural and mercantile
class, and the Shoodra or menial class. The four stages of life arc, the life of
a religious student, the life of a householder, the life of a hermit, and the life
of a Sunyasi or devotee.
t Bali was a demon who had conquered Indra and gained his throne, but
was afterwards overcome by Vishnu at the time of his fifth incarnation.
 of Vatsyayana ii

encourage carelessness and levity. And lastly, they cause him

to be disbelieved by all, received by none, and despised by
everybody, including himself. It is notorious, moreover,
that many men who have given themselves up to pleasure
alone, have been ruined along with their families and rela-
tions. Thus, King Dandakya,* of the Bhoja dynasty, car-
ried off a Brahman's daughter with evil intent, and was
eventually ruined and lost his kingdom. Indra, too, having
violated the chastity of AhalyaA was made to suffer for it.
In a like manner the mighty Kichaka,% who tried to seduce
Draupadi. and Havana,^ who attempted to gain over Sita,
were punished for their crimes. These and many others fell

by reason of their pleasures.

Answer 4.
This objection cannot be sustained, for pleasures, being as
necessary for the existence and well being of the body as
food, are consequently equally required. They are, more-
over, the results of Dhatma and Artha. Pleasures are
therefore, to be followed with moderation and caution. No
one refrains from cooking food because there are beggars to
ask for it, or from sowing seed because there are deer to
destroy the corn when it is grown up.
Thus man practicing Dharma, Artha, and Kama enjoys
a
happiness both in this world and in the world to come. The
good perform those actions in which there is no fear as to
what is to result from them in the next world, and in which
there is no danger to their welfare. Any action which con-
duces to the practice of Dharma, Artha, and Kama together,
or of any two, or even one of them, should be performed,
but an action which conduces to the practice of one of them
at the expense of the remaining two should not be performed.

*
Dandakya is said to have abducted from the forest the daughter of a
Brahman, named Bhargava, and being cursed by the Brahman, was buried with
his kingdom under a shower of dust. The place was called after his name the
Dandaka forest, celebrated in the Ramayana, but now unknown.
t Ahalya was the wife of the sage Gautama. Indra caused her to believe that
he was Gautama, and thus enjoyed her. He was cursed by Gautama and sub-
sequently afflicted with a thousand ulcers on his body.
I Kichaka was the brother-in-law of King Virata, with whom the Pan-
davas had taken refuge for one year. Kichaka was killed by Bhima, who as-
sumed the disguise of Draupadi. For this story the Mahabarata should be re-
ferred to.
§ The story of Ravana is told in the Ramayana, which with the Mahabarata
form the two great epic poems of the Hindoos; the latter was written by
Vyasa, and the former by Valmiki.
 CHAPTER III.

On the Arts and Sciences to be Studied,

Man should study the Kama Sutra and the arts and sciences
subordinate thereto, in addition to the study of the arts and
sciences contained in Dharma and Artha. Even young maids
should study this Kama Sutra along with its arts and sciences
before marriage, and after it they should continue to do so
with the consent of their husbands.
Here some learned men object, and say that females, not
being allowed to study any science, should not study the
Kama Sutra.
But Vatsyayana of opinion that this objection does not
is

hold good, for women

already know the practice of Kama
Sutra, and that practice is derived from the Kama Shastra,
'•r the science of Kama itself. Moreover, it is not only in this
but in many other cases that though the practice of a science
is known to all, only a few persons are acquainted with the
rulesand laws on which the science is based. Thus the Yad-
nikas or sacrificers, though ignorant of grammar, make use of
appropriate words when addressing the different Deities, and
do not know how these words are framed. Again, persons
do the duties required of them on auspicious days, which are
fixed by astrology, though they are not acquainted with the
science of astrology. In a like manner riders of horses and
elephants train these animals without knowing the science
of training animals, but from practice only. And similarly
the people of the most distant provinces obey the laws of
the kingdom from practice and because there is a king over
them, and without further reason.* And from experience
we find that some women, such as the daughters of princes
and their ministers, and public women, are actually versed in
the Kama Shastra.
A female, therefore, should learn the Kama Shastra, or at
least a part of it, practice from some con-
by studying its
fidential friend. She should study alone in private the sixty-
four practices that form a part of the Kama Shastra. Her
* The author
wishes to prove that a great many things are done by people
from and custom, without their being acquainted with the reason of
practise
things, or the laws on which they are based, and this is perfectly true.

-^ 12
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 13

teacher should be one of the following persons, viz., the

daughter of a nurse brought up with her and already mar-
ried,* or a female friend who can be trusted in everything,
or the sister of her mother (i.e., her aunt) or an old female ,

servant, or a female beggar who may have formerly lived in

the family, or her own sister, who can always be trusted.
The following are the arts to be studied, together with the
Kama Sutra: —
1 Singing.
2 Playing on musical instruments.
3 Dancing.
4 Union of dancing, singing, and playing instrumental
music.
5 Writing and drawing.
6 Tattooing.
7 Arraying and adorning an idol with rice and flowers.
8 Spreading and arranging beds or couches of flowers, or
flowers upon the ground.
9 Coloring the teeth, garments, hair, nails and bodies, i.e.,
staining, dyeing, coloring and painting the same.
10 Fixing stained glass into a floor.
1 1 The art of making beds, and spreading out carpets and
cushions for reclining.
12 Playing on musical glasses filled with water.
1 3 Storing and accumulating water in aqueducts, cisterns,
and reservoirs.
14 Picture making, trimming, and decorating.
1 5 Stringing of rosaries, necklaces, garlands, and wreaths.
16 Binding of turbans and chaplets, and making crests
and top-knots of flowers.
17 Scenic representations. Stage playing.
1 8 Art of making ear ornaments.

19 Art of preparing perfumes and odors.

20 Proper disposition of jewels and decorations, and
adornment in dress.
21 Magic or sorcery.
22 Quickness of hand or manual skill.
23 Culinary art, i.e., cooking and cookery.
24 Making lemonades, sherbets, acidulated drinks, and
spirituous extracts with proper flavor and color.
25 Tailor's work and sewing.
* The proviso of being married applies to all the teachers.
14 The Kama Sutra
26 Making parrots, flowers, tufts, tassels, bunches, bosses,
knobs, etc., out of yarn or thread.

27 Solution of riddles, enigmas, covert speeches, verbal

puzzles, and enigmatical questions.
28 A game, which consisted in repeating verses, and as
one person finished, another person had to commence at once,
repeating another verse, beginning with the same letter with
which the last speaker's verse ended, whoever failed to re-
peat, was considered to have lost and to be subject to pay a
forfeit or stake of some kind.
29 The art of
mimicry or imitation.
30 Reading, including chanting and intoning.
3 I Study of sentences difficult to pronounce. It is played
as a game chiefly by women and children, and consists of a
difficult sentence being given, and when repeated quickly,
the words are often transposed or badly pronounced.
32 Practice with sword, single stick, quarter staff, and bow
and arrow.
33 Drawing inferences, reasoning or infering.
34 Carpentry, or the work of a carpenter.
35 Architecture, or the art of building.
36 Knowledge about gold and silver coins, and jewels
and gems.
37 Chemistry and mineralogy.
38 Coloring jewels, gems and beads.
39 Knowledge of mines and quarries.
40 Gardening; knowledge of treating the diseases of trees
and plants, of nourishing them, and determining their ages.
41 Art of cock fighting, quail fighting, and ram fighting.
42 Art of teaching parrots and starlings to speak.
43 Art of applying perfumed ointments to the body, and
of dressing the hair with unguents and perfumes and braid-
ing it.

44 The art of understanding writing in cypher and the

writing of words in a peculiar way.
45 The art of speaking by changing the forms of words.
It is of various kinds. Some speak by changing the beginning
and end of words, others by adding unnecessary letters be-
tween every syllable of a word, and so on.
46 Knowledge of languages and of the vernacular dialects.
47 Art of making flower carriages.
48 Art of framing mystical diagrams, of addressing spells
and charms, and binding armlets.
 of Vatsyayana 15

49 Mental exercises, such as completing stanzas or verses

on receiving a part of them; or supplying one, two or three
lines when the remaining lines are given indiscriminately
from different verses, so as to make the whole an entire verse
with regard to its meaning; or arranging the words of a
verse written irregularly by separating the vowels from the
consonants, or leaving them out altogether; or putting into
verse or prose sentences represented by signs or symbols.
There are many other such exercises.
50 Composing poems.
5 I Knowledge of dictionaries and vocabularies.
52 Knowledge of ways of changing and disguising the ap-
pearance of persons.
53 Knowledge of the art of changing the appearance of
things, such as making cotton to appear as silk, coarse and
common things to appear as fine and good.
54 Various ways of gambling.
55 Art of obtaining possession of the property of others
by means of mantras or incantations.
56 Skill in youthful sports.
57 Knowledge of the rules of society, and of how to pay
respects and compliments to others.
58 Knowledge of the art of war, of arms, armies, etc.
59 Knowledge of gymnastics.
60 Art of knowing the character of a man from his
features.
61 Knowledge of scanning or constructing verses.
62 Arithmetical recreations.
63 Making artificial flowers.

64 Making figures and images in clay.

A public woman, endowed with a good disposition, beauty,
and other winning qualities, and also versed in the above
arts, obtains the name of a Ganika, or public woman of high

quality, and receives a seat of honor in an assemblage

of men.
She is, moreover, always respected by the king, and praised
by learned men, and her favor sought for by all, she becomes
an object of universal regard. The daughter of a king, too,
as well as the daughter of a minister, being learned in the
above arts can make their husbands favorable to them, even
though these may have thousands of other wives besides
themselves. And in the same manner, if a wife becomes
separated from her husband, and falls into distress, she can
support herself easily, even in a foreign country, by mea^s

/ y
1 6 The Kama Sutra of Vaisyayana

of her knowledge of these arts. Even the bare knowledge

of them gives attractiveness to a woman, though the practice
of them may be only possible or otherwise according to the
circumstances of each case. A man who is versed in these
arts, who is loquacious and acquainted with the arts of gal-
lantry, gains very soon the hearts of women, even though he
is only acquainted with them for a short time.

^^
 CHAPTER IV.
The Life of a Citizen*

Having thus acquired learning, a man, with the wealth that

he may have gained by gift, conquest, purchase, deposit,! or
inheritance from his ancestors, should become a householder,
and pass the life of a citizen. He should take a house in a
city, or large village, or in the vicinity of good men, or in a
place which is the resort of many persons. This abode should
be situated near some water, and divided into different com-
partments for different purposes. It should be surrounded

by a garden, and also contain two rooms, an outer and an

inner one. The inner room should be occupied by the
females, while the outer room, balmy with rich perfumes,
should contain a bed, soft, agreeable to the sight, covered
with a clean white cloth, low in the middle part, having gar-
lands and bunches of fiowersj upon it, and a canopy above
it, and two pillows, one at the top, another at the bottom.

There should be also a sort of couch besides, and at the head

of this a sort of stool, on which should be placed the fragrant
ointments for the night, as well as flowers, pots containing
collyrium and other fragrant substances, things used for per-
fuming the mouth, and the bark of the common citron tree.
Near the couch, on the ground, there should be a pot for
spitting, a box containing ornaments, and also a lute hang-
ing from peg made of the tooth of an elephant, a board
a
for drawing, a pot containing perfume, some books, and
some garlands of the yellow amaranth flowers. Not far
from the couch, and on the ground, there should be a round
seat, a toy cart, and a board for playing with dice; outside
the outer room there should be cages of birds,* and a
separate place for spinning, carving and such like diversons.
In the garden there should be a whirling swing and a com-
mon swing, as also a bower of creepers covered with flowers,
in which a raised parterre should be made for sitting.
* This term would appear to apply generally to an inhabitant of Hindoo-
stan. It is not meant only for a dweller in a city, like the Latin Urbanus as

opposed to Rusticus.
t Gift is peculiar to a Brahman, conquest to a Kshatrya, while purchase,
deposit, and other means of acquiring wealth belong to the Vaishya.
t Natural garden flowers.
* Such as etc.
quails, partridges, parrots, starlings,

17
i8 The Kama Sutra
Now
the householder, having got up in the morning and
performed his necessary duties,! should wash his teeth, ap-
ply a limited quantity of ointments and perfumes to his
body, put some ornaments on his person and coUyrium on
his eyelids and below his eyes, color his lips with alacktaka, J
and look at himself in the glass. Having then eaten betel
leaves, with other things that give fragrance to the mouth,
he should perform his usual business. He should bathe
daily, anoint his body with oil every other day, apply a
lathering § substance to his body every three days, get his
head (including face) shaved every four days, and the other
parts of his body every five or ten days.|| All these things
should be done without fail, and the sweat of the armpits
should also be removed. Meals should be taken in the fore-
noon, in the afternoon, and again at night, according to
Charayana. After breakfast, parrots and other birds should
be taught to speak, and the fighting of cocks, quails, and
rams should follow. A limited time should be devoted to
diversion with Pithamardas, Vitas, and Vidushakas,^ and
then should be taken the midday sleep.** After this the
householder, having put on his clothes and ornaments,
should, during the afternoon, converse with his friends.
In the evening there should be singing, and after that the
householder, along with his friend, should await in his
room, previously decorated and perfumed, the arrival of the
woman that may be attached to him, or he may send a
female messenger for her, or go to her himself. After her
arrival at his house, he and his friend should welcome her,
and entertain her with a loving and agreeable conversation.
Thus end the duties of the day.
The following are the things to be done occasionally as
diversions or amusements.
1
Holding festivals* in honor of different Deities.
2 Social gatherings of both sexes.
3 Drinking parties.

t The calls of nature always performed by the Hindoos the first thing in
the morning.
t A colour made from lac.

§ This would act instead of soap, which was not introduced until the rule
of the Mahomedans.
IITen days arc allowed when the hair is taken out with a pair of pincers.
^ These characters generally introduced
are in the Hindoo drama: their
characteristics will be explained further on.
** when
Noonday sleep is only allowed in summer, the nights are short.
* These are very common in all parts of India.

\
 of Vatsyayana 19

4 Picnics.
5 Other social diversions.

Festivals

On some auspicious day, an assembly of

particular
citizens should be convened in the temple of SarasivatiA
There the skill of singers, and of others who may have come
recently to the town, should be tested, and on the following
day they should always be given some rewards. After that
they may either be retained or dismissed, according as their
performances are liked or not by the assembly. The mem-
bers of the assembly should act in concert both in times of
distress as well as in times of posterity, and it is also the
duty of these citizens to show hospitality to strangers who
may have come to the assembly. What is said above should
be understood to apply to all the other festivals which may
be held in honor of the different Deities according to the
present rules.
Social Gatherings
When men of the same age, disposition and talents, fond
of the same diversions, and with the same degree of educa-
tion, sit together in company with public women, t or in an
assembly of citizens, or at the abode of one among them-
selves, and engage in agreeable discourse with each other,
such is called a sitting in company or a social gathering.
The subjects of discourse are to be the completion of verses
half composed by others, and the testing the knowledge of
one another in the various arts. The woman who may be
t In the "Astatic Miscellany," and in Sir W. Jones's works, will be found
a spirited hymnaddressed to this goddess, who is adored as the patroness of
the fine arts, especially of music and rhetoric, as the inventress of the Sanscrit
language, etc., etc. She is the goddess of harmony, eloquence, and language.
and is somewhat analogous to Minerva. For further information about her,
see Edward Moor's "Hindoo Pantheon."
t The public women, or courtezans (Vesya) ,of the early Hindoos have
often been compared with the Hetaerae of the Greeks. The subject is dealt with
at some length in H. H. V/ilson's "Select Specimens of the Theatre of the
Hindoos." in two volumes, Trubner K Co., 1871. It may be fairly consid-
ered that the courtezan was one of the elements, and an important element too,
of early Hindoo society, and that her education and intellect were both su-
perior to that of the women of the household. Wilson says, "By the Vesya
or courtezan, however, we are not to understand a female who has disregarded
the obligation of law or the precepts of virtue, but a character reared by a state
of manners unfriendly to the admission of wedded females into society, and
opening it only at the expense or reputation to women who were trained for
association with men by personal and rhental acquirements to which the matron
was a stranger."
20 The Kama Sutra
the most beautiful, who may like the same things that the
men like, and who may have power to attract the minds of
others, are here done homage to.

Drinking Parties
Men and women should drink in one another's houses.
And here the men should cause the public women to drink,
and should thenthemselves, liquors such as the
drink
Madhu, Aireya, Sara, and Asatva, which are of bitter and
sour taste; also drinks concocted from the barks of various
trees, wild fruits, and leaves.

Going to Gardens or Picnics

In the forenoon, men, having dressed themselves, should
go to gardens on horseback, accompanied by public women
and followed by servants. And having done there all the
duties of the day, and passed the time in various agreeable
diversions, such as the fighting of quails, cocks, and rams,
and other spectacles, they should return home in the after-
noon in the same manner, bringing with them bunches of
flowers, etc.
The same also applies to bathing in the summer in water
from which wicked or dangerous animals have previously
been taken out, and which has been built in on all sides.

Other Social Diversions

Spending nights playing with dice. Going out on moon-
light nights. Keeping the festive day in honor of spring.
Plucking the sprouts and fruits of the mangoe trees. Eating
the fibres of lotuses. Eating the tender ears of corn.
Pic-
nicing in the forests the trees get their new foliage.
when
U
The dakakshvedika or sporting in the water. Decorat-
ing each other with the flowers of some trees. Pelting each
other with the flowers of the Kadamba tree, and many other
sports which may either be known to the whole country,
or may be peculiar to particular parts of it. These and
similar other amusements should always be carried on by
citizens.
The above amusements should be followed by a person
who diverts himself alone in company with a courtezan, as
well as by a courtezan who can do the same in company with
her maid servants or with citizens.
 of Vatsyayana 21

A
Pithamarda* is a man without wealth, alone in the
world, whose only property consists of his MallikaA some
lathering substance, and a red cloth, who comes from a
good country, and who is skilled in all the arts; and by
teaching these arts is received in the company of citizens,
and in the abode of public women.
A Vitat is a man who
has enjoyed the pleasures of for-
tune, who compatriot of the citizens with whom he
is a
associates, who is possessed of the qualities of a householder,
who has his wife with him, and who is honored in the as-
sembly of citizens and in the abodes of public women, and
lives on their means and on them.
A Vidushaka% one who pro-
(also called a Vaihasaka, i.e.,
vokes laughter) is with some of
a person only acquainted
the arts, who is a jester, and who is trusted by all.
These persons are employed in matters of quarrels and
reconciliations between citizens and public women.
This remark applies also to female beggars, to women
with their heads shaved, to adulterous women, and to old
public women skilled in all the various arts.
Thus a citizen living in his town or village, respected by
all, call on the persons of his own caste who may
should
be worth knowing. He should converse in company and
gratify his friends by his society, and obliging others by
his
assistance in various matters, he should cause them to assist
one another in the same way.
There are some verses on this subject as follows: —
A citizen discoursing, not entirely in the Sanscrit langu-

*
According to this description a Pithamarda would be a sort of professor
of all the arts, and as such received as the friend and confidant of the citizens.
t A seat in the form of the letter T.
t The Vita supposed to represent somewhat the character of the Para-
is

site of the Greek comedy. It is possible that he was retained about the per-

son of the wealthy and dissipated as a kind of private instructor, as well as

an entertaining companion.
§ Vidushaka is evidently the buffoon and jester. Wilson says of him that
he is the humble companion, not the servant, of a prince or man of rank, and
it is a curious peculiarity that he is always a Brahman. He bears more affinity
to Sancho Panza, perhaps, than any other character in western fiction, imitating
him in his combination of shrewdness and simplicity, his fondness of good
living and his love of ease. In the dramas of intrigue he exhibits some of the
talents of Mercury, but with less activity and ingenuity, and occasionally suffers
by his interference. According to the technical definition of his attributes he
is to excite mirth by being ridiculous in person, age, and attire.
11 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

age,* nor wholly in the dialects of the country, on various

topics in society, obtains great respect. The wise should
not resort to a society disliked by the public, governed by
no rules, and intent on the destruction of others. But a
learned man living in a society which acts according to the
wishes of the people, and which has pleasure for its only
object is highly respected in this world.
* This means, presumed, that the citizen should be acquainted with
it is

several languages. The middle

part of this paragraph might apply to the
Nihilists and Fenians of the day, or to secret societies. It was perhaps a ref-
erence to the Thugs.
 CHAPTER V.
About the Kinds of Women Resorted to by the Citizens,
and of Friends and Messengers.
When Kama is practiced by men of the four castes accord-

ing to the rules of the Holy Writ (i.e., by lawful marriage)

with virgins of their own caste, it then becomes a means of
acquiring lawful progeny and good fame, and it is not also
opposed to the customs of the world. On the contrary the
practice of Kama with women of the higher castes, and with
those previously enjoyed by others, even though they be of
the same caste, is prohibited. But the practice of Kama with
women of the lower castes, with women excommunicated
from their own caste, with public women, and with women
twice married,* is neither enjoined nor prohibited. The
object of practicing Kama with such women is pleasure only.
NayikasA therefore, are of three kinds, viz., maids,
women twice married, and public women. Gonikaputra
has expressed an opinion that there is a fourth kind of
Nayika, viz., a woman who is resorted to on some special
occasion even though she be previously married to another.
These special occasions are when a man thinks thus: —
(a) This woman is and has been pre-
self-willed,
viously enjoyed by others besides myself.
many
I may, therefore, safely resort to her as to a

public woman though she belongs to a higher

caste than mine, and in so doing I shall not
be violating the ordinances of Dhavma.
Or thus: —
(6) This is a twice-married woman and has been

enjoyed by others before me, there is, there-

fore, no objection to my resorting to her.
* This term does not
apply to a widow, but to a woman who has prob»-
ably left her husband, and is living with some other person as a married woman,
maritalement, as they say in France.
t Any woman fit to be enjoyed without sin. The object of the enjoyment
of women is twofold, viz., pleasure and progeny. Any woman who can be
enjoyed without sin for the purpose of accomplishing either the one or the
other of these two objects is a Nayika. The fourth kind of Nayika which
Vatsya admits further on is neither enjoyed for pleasure or for progeny, but
merely for accomplishing some special purpose in hand. The word Nayika
is retained as a technical term throughout.

23
24 The Kama Sutra
Or thus: —
(c) This woman has gained the heart of her great
and powerful husband, and exercises a mas-
tery over him, who is a friend of my enemy;
if, therefore, she becomes united with me she
will cause her husband to abandon my enemy.
Or thus: —
(d) This woman will turn the mind of her husband,
who very powerful, in
is my
favor, he being
at present disaffected towards me, and intent on
me some harm.
Or thus: —doing
(e) By making this woman my friend I shall gain
the object of some friend of mine, or shall be
able to effect the ruin of some enemy, or shall
accomplish some other difficult purpose.
Or thus: —
(f) By being united with this woman, I shall kill
her husband, and so obtain his vast riches which
I covet.
Or thus: —
(g) The union of this woman with me is not attended
with any danger, and will bring me wealth, of
which, on account of my poverty and inability
to support myself, I am very much in need. I
shall,therefore obtain her vast riches in this

Or thus: —way without any difficulty.

(/?) This woman loves me ardently, and knows all

my weak points, if therefore, I am unwilling

to be united with make
her, she will faults my
public, and thus tarnish character and
my
reputation. Or she will bring some gross ac-
cusation against me, of which it may be hard
to clear myself, and I shall be ruined. Or per-
haps she will detach from me her husband who
is powerful, and yet under her control, and
will unite him to my enemy, or will herself
join the latter.
Or thus: —
(0 The husband of this woman has violated the
chastity of my wives, I shall therefore return
that injury by seducing his wives.
 of Vatsyayana 25

Or thus: —
(y) By the help of this woman I shall kill an enemy
of the king, who has taken shelter with her, and
whom I am ordered by the king to destroy.
Or thus: —
(k) The woman whom I love is under the control of

this woman. I shall, through the influence of

the latter, be able to get at the former.
Or thus: —
(/) This woman will bring to me a maid, who possesses
wealth and beauty, but who is hard to get at,
and under the control of another.
Or lastly thus:
—
(m) My enemy is a friend of this woman's husband,
I shall therefore cause her join him, and will
thus create an enmity between her husband and
him.
For these and similar other reasons the wives of other men
may be resorted to, but it must be distinctly understood that
ie only allowed for special reasons, and not for mere carnal

desire.
Charayana thinks that under these circumstances there is

also a fifth kind of of Nayika, viz., a woman who is kept by a

minister, or who repairs to him occasionally; or a widow
who accomplishes the purpose of a man with the person to
whom she resorts.
Suvarnanabha adds that a woman who passes the life of
an ascetic and in the condition of a widow may be con-
sidered as a sixth kind of Nayika.
Ghotakamukha says that the daughter of a public woman,
and a female servant, who are still virgins, form a seventh
kind of Nayika.
Gonardiya puts forth his doctrine that any woman born
of good family, after she has come of age, is an eighth kind
of Nayika.
But these four latter kinds of Nayikas do not differ much
from the first four kinds of them, as there is no separate
object in resorting to them. Therefore, Vatsyayana is of
opinion that there are only four kinds of Nayikas, i.e., the
maid, the twice-married woman, the public woman, and the
woman resorted to for a special purpose.
The following women are not to be enjoyed: —
A leper.
26 The Kama Sutra
A lunatic.
A woman turned out of caste.
A woman who reveals secrets.
A woman who publicly expresses a desire for sexual
intercourse.
A woman who is extremely white.
A woman who is extremely black.
A bad-smelling woman.
A woman who is a near relation.
A woman who is a female friend.
A woman who leads the life of an ascetic.
And, lastly thewife of a relation, of a friend, of a
learned Brahman, and of the king.
The followers of Babhravya say that any woman who
has been enjoyed by five men is a fit and proper person to
be enjoyed. But Gonikaputra is of opinion that even when
this is the case, the wives of a relation, of a learned Brahman
and of a king should be excepted.
The following are the kind of friends: —
One who has played with you in the dust, i.e., in
childhood.
One who is bound by an obligation.
One who is of the same disposition and fond of the
same things.
One who is a fellow student.
One who is acquainted with your secrets and faults,
and whose faults and secrets are also known to you.
One who is a child of your nurse.
One who is brought up with you.
One who is an hereditary friend.
These friends should possess the following qualities:
—
They should tell the truth.
They should not be changed by time.
They should be favorable to your designs.
They should be firm.
They should be free from covetousness.
They should not be ceapable of being gained over by
others.
They should not reveal your secrets.
Charayana says that citizens form friendships with washer-
men, barbers, cowherds, florists, druggists, betal-leaf sellers,
tavern keepers, beggars, Pithamardas, Vitas, and Vidushekas,
as also with the wives of all these people.
 of Vatsyayana 27

A messenger should possess the following qualities: —

Skilfulness.
Boldness.
Knowledge of the intention of men by their outward
signs.
Absence of confusion, i.e., no shyness.
Knowledge of the exact meaning of what others do
or say.
Good manners.
Knowledge of appropriate times and places for doing
different things.
Ingenuity in business.
Quick comprehension.
Quick application of remedies, i.e., quick and ready re-
sources.
And this part ends with a verse: —
The man who is ingenious and wise, who is accompanied
by a friend, and who knows the intentions of others, as also
the proper time and place for doing everything, can gain
over, very easily, even a woman who is very hard to be ob-
tained.

END OF PART I.
 ^ i^O^l

III. From the "Black

Pigoda" 13 th Century
Temple of Surya at Konarak
I
 PART II

of

Sexual Union
 CHAPTER I.

Kinds of Sexual Union According to

(a) Dimensions.
(b) Force of Desire or Passion,
(c) Time.

Kinds of Union.
Man is divided into three classes, viz., the
hare-man, the butt-
man, and the horse-man, according to the size of his lingam.
Woman also, according to the depth of her yoni, is either
a female-deer, a mare, or a female-elephant.
There are thus three unions between persons of corres-
ponding dimensions, and there are six unequal unions, when
the dimensions do not correspond, or nine in all, as the fol-
lowing table shows:

EQUAL.
32 The Kama Sutra

with a man most remote from her in size is called the lowest-
union, and is of one kind only.
In other words, the horse and mare, the bull and deer, form
the high-union, while the horse and deer form the highest-
union. On the female side, the elephant and bull, the mare
and /pare, form low-unions, while the elephant and the /lare
make the lowest-unions.
There are then, nine kinds of union according to dimen-
sions. Amongest all these, equal-unions are the best, those of
a superlative degree, i.e., the highest and lowest, are the
worst, and the rest arc middling, and with them the high* are
better than the low.
There are also nine kinds of union according to the force
of passion or carnal desire, as follows:—
Men.
 of Vatsyayana 33

But on this last head there is a difference of opinion about

the female,which should be stated.
Auddalika says, "Females do not emit as males do. The
males simply remove their desire, while the females, from
their consciousness of desire, feel a certain kind of pleasure,
which gives them satisfaction, but it is impossible for them
to tell you what kind of pleasure they feel. The fact from
which this becomes evident is, that males, when engaged in
coition, cease of themselves after emission, and are satisfied,
but it is not so with females."

This opinion is however objected to on the grounds, that

if a male be long-timed, the female loves him the more, but
if he be short-timed, she is dissatisfied with him. And this
circumstance, some say, would prove that the female emits
also.

But this opinion does not hold good, for if it takes a

long time to allay a woman's desire, and during this time
she is enjoying great pleasure, it is quite natural then that
she should wish for its continuation. And on this subject
there is a verse as follows: —
"By union with men the lust, desire, or passion of women
is satisfied, and the pleasure derived from the consciousness
of it is called their satisfaction."
The followers of Babhravya, however, say that the semen
of women continues to fall from the beginning of the sexual
union to its end, and it is right that it should be so, for if
they had no semen there would be no embryo.
To this there is an objection. In the beginning of coition
the passion of the woman is middling, and she cannot bear
the vigorous thrusts of her lover, but by degrees her passion
increases until she ceases to think about her body, and then
finally she wishes to stop from further coition.
This objection, however, does not hold good, for even in
ordinary things that revolve with great force, such as a
potter's wheel, or a top, we find that the motion at first is
slow, but by degrees it becomes very rapid. In the same
way the passion of the woman having gradually increased,
she has a desire to discontinue coition, when all the semen
has fallen away. And there is a verse with regard to this as
follows: —
"The fall of the semen of the man takes place only at
the end of coition, while the semen of the woman falls con-
34 The Kama Sutra

tinually, and after the semen of both has all fallen away
they wish for the discontinuance of coition."*
Lastly, Vatsyayana is of opinion that the semen of the
female, falls in the same way as that of the male.
Now some one may ask here: If men and women are
beings of the same kind, and are engaged in bringing about
the same result, why should they have different works to do.
Vatsya says that this is so, because the ways of working
as well as the consciousness of pleasure in men and women
are different. The difference in the ways of working, by
which men are the actors, and women are the persons acted
upon, is owing to the nature of the male and the female,
otherwise the actor would be sometimes the person acted
upon, and vice versa. And from this difference in the ways
of working follows the difference in the consciousness of
pleasure, for a man thinks, "this woman is united with me,"
and a woman thinks, "I am united with this man."
It may be said that if the ways of working in men and
women are different, why shouM not there be a difference,
even in the pleasure they feel, and which is the result of

those ways.
But this objection is groundless, for the person acting and
the person acted upon being of different kinds, there is a
reason for the difference in their ways of working; but there
is no reason for any difference in the pleasure they feel, be-
cause they both naturally derive pleasure from the act they
perform.!
On some may say that when different persons
this again
are engaged indoing the same work, we find that they ac-
complish the same end or purpose; while, on the contrary,
* The of passion with women varies a great deal, some being
strength
easily satisfied,and others eager and willing to go on for a long time. To
satisfy these last thoroughly a man must have recourse to art. It is certain
that a fluid flows from the woman in larger or smaller quantities, but her
satisfaction is not complete until she has experienced the "spasme genesique,"
as described in a French work recently published and called Breviare de I' Amour
Experimental par le Dr. Jules Guyot.
t This is a long dissertation very common among Sanscrit authors, both
when writing and talking socially. They start certain propositions, and then
argue for and against them. What it is presumed the author means, is. that
though both men and women derive pleasure from the act of coition, the way
it is produced is brought about by different means, each individual performing

his own work in the matter irrespective of the other, and each deriving in-
dividually their own consciousness of pleasure from the act they perform.
There is a difference in the work that each does, and a difference in the con-
sciousness of pleasure that each has, but no difference in the pleasure they feel,
for each feels that pleasure to a greater or lesser degree.
 of Vatsyayana \ 35

in the case of men and women we find that e.^ch of them

accomplishes his or her own end separate!/, and this is in-
consistent. But this is a mistake, for we find rhat sometimes
two things are done at the same time, as for i.istancc in the
fighting of rams, both the rams receive the shock at the same
time on their heads. Again, in throwing one wood a;:>ple
against another, and also in a fight or struggle of wrestkrs.
If it be said that in these cases the things employed are o^
the same kind, it is answered that even in the case of men
and women, the nature of the two persons is the same. And
as the difference in their ways of working arises from the
difference of their conformation only, it follows that men
experience the same kind of pleasure as women do.
There is also a verse on this subject as follows: —
"Men and women being of the same nature, feel the same
kind of pleasure, and therefore a man should marry such a
woman as will love him ever afterwards."
The pleasure of men and women being thus proved to
be of the same kind, it follows that in regard to time, there
are nine kinds of sexual intercourse, in the same way as there
are nine kinds according to the force of passion.
There being thus nine kinds of union with regard to
dimensions, force of passion, and time, respectively, by
making combinations of them, innumerable kinds of union
would be produced. Therefore in each particular kind of
sexual union, men should use such means as they may think
suitable for the occasion.*
At the first time of sexual union the passion of the male
is intense, and his time is short, but in subsequent unions

on the same day the reverse of this is the case. With the
female however it is the contrary, for at the first time her
passion is weak, and then her time long, but on subsequent
occassions on the same day, her passion is intense and her
time short, until her passion is satisfied.

On
the different Kinds of Love.
Men learned in the humanities are of opinion that love is

of four kinds, viz.:

* This paragraph should be particularly noted, for it specially applies to
married men and their wives. So many men utterly ignore the feelings of the
woman, and never pay the slightest attention to the passion of the latter. To
understand the subject thoroughjy, it is absolutely necessary to study it, and
then a person will know that, as dough is prepared for baking, so must a
woman be prepared for sexual intercourse, if she is to derive satisfaction from it.
36 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

1Love a -quired by continual habit.

2 Love resulting from the imagination.
3 Love resulting from belief.
4 Love resa'ting from the perception of external objects.
(tj Love resulting from the constant and continual per-
forrnance of some act, is called love acquired by constant
p-actice and habit, as for instance the love
of sexual inter-
jurse, the love of hunting, the love of drinking, the love
of gambling, etc., etc.

(2) Love which is felt for things to which we are not

habituated, and which proceeds entirely from ideas, is
called love resulting from imagination, as for instance, that
love which some men and women and eunuchs feel for the
Auparishtaka or mouth congress, and that which is felt
by all for such things as embracing, kissing, etc., etc.
(3) The love which is mutual on both sides, and proved
to be true, when each looks upon the other as his or her
very own, such is called love resulting from belief by the
learned.
(4) The love resulting from the perception of external
objects is quite evident and well known to the world, be-
cause the pleasure which it affords is superior to the pleasure
of the other kinds of love, which exist only for its sake.
What has been said in this chapter upon the subject of
sexual union is sufficient for the learned; but for the edifica-
tion of the ignorant, the same will now be treated of at
length and in detail.
 CHAPTER II.

Of the Embrace
This part of the Kama Shastra, which treats of sexual union,
is also called "Sixty-four." (Chatushshashti) Some old
.

authors say that it is called so, because it contains sixty-four

chapters. Others are of opinion that the author of this part
being a person named Panchala, and the person who recited
the part of the Rig Veda called Dashatapa, which contains
sixty-four verses, being also called Panchala, the name
"sixty- four" has been given to the part of the work in
honor of the Rig Vedas. The followers of Babhravya say
on the other hand that this part contains eight subjects, viz.,
the embrace, kissing, scratching with nails or fingers, biting,
lying down, making various sounds, playing the part of a
man and the Auparishtaka, or mouth congress. Each of
these subj cts being of eight kinds, and eight multiplied by
eight being sixty- four, this part is therefore named "sixty-
four." But Vatsyayana affirms that as this part contains
also the following subjects, viz., striking, crying, the acts
of a man during congress, the various kinds of congress, and
other subjects, the name "sixty-four" is given to it only
accidentally. As, for instance, we say this tree is "Sapta-
parna," or seven-leaved, this offering of rice is "Pancha-
varna," or five-colored, but the tree has not seven leaves,
neither has the rice seven colors.
However the part sixty- four is now treated of, and the
embrace, being the first subject, will now be considered.
Now the embrace which indicates the mutual love of a
man and woman who have come together is of four kinds,
viz. —
Touching.
Piercing.
Rubbing.
Pressing.
The action in each case is denoted by the meaning of
the word which stands for it.

(i) When a man under some pretext or other goes in

front or alongside of a woman and touches her body with
his own, it is called the "touching embrace."

37

/
 38 The Kama Sutra

(2) When a woman in a lonely place bends down, as if

to pick up something, and pierces, as it were, a man sitting
or standing, with her breasts, and the man in return takes
hold of them, it is called a "piercing embrace."
The above two kinds of embrace take place only between
persons who do not, as yet, speak freely with each other.
(3) When two lovers are walking slowly together, either
in the dark, or in a place of public resort, or in a lonely place,
and rub their bodies against each other, it is called a "rub-
bing embrace."
(4) When on the above occasion one of them presses the
other's body forcibly against a wall or pillar, it is called a
"pressing embrace."
These two last embraces are peculiar to those who know
the intentions of each other.
At the time of meeting the four following kinds of em-
brace are used, viz. —
Jataveshtitaka, or the twining of a creeper.
Vrikshadhirudhaka, or climbing a tree.
Tila-Tandulaka, or the mixture of sesamum seed with rice.
Kshiraniraka, or milk and water embrace.
( 1 ) When a woman, clinging to a man as a creeper
twines round a tree, bends his head down to hers with the
desire of kissing him and slightly makes the sound of sat
sut, embraces him, and looks lovingly towards him, it is
called an embrace like the "twining of a creeper."
(2) When a woman, having placed one of her feet on
the foot of her lover, and the other on one of his thighs,
passes one of her arms round his back, and the other on his
shoulders, makes slightly the sounds of singing and cooing,
and wishes, as it were, to climb up him in order to have a
kiss, it is called an embrace like the "climbing of a tree."
These two kinds of embrace take place when the lover is
standing.
(3) When lovers lie on a bed and embrace each other so
closely that the arms and thighs of the one are encircled by
the arms and thighs of the other, and are, as it were, rubbing
up against them, this is called an embrace like "the mixture
of sesamum seed with rice."
(4) When a man and a woman arc very much in love
with each other, and, not thinking of any pain or hurt, em-
brace each other as if they were entering into each other's
bodies either while the woman is sitting on the lap of the
 of Vatsyayana 39

man, or in front of him, or on a bed, then it is called an

embrace like a "mixture of milk and water."
These two kinds of embrace take place at the time of
sexual union.
Babhravya has thus related to us the above eight kinds
of embraces.
Suvarnanabha moreover gives us four ways of embrac-
ing simple members of the body, which are:
The embrace of the thighs.
The embrace of the jaghana, i.e., the part of the body
from the naval downwards to the thighs.
The embrace of the breasts.
The embrace of the forehead.
( 1 ) When one of two lovers presses forcibly one or
both of the thighs of the other between his or her own, it
is called the "embrace of thighs."

(2) When the man presses the jaghana or middle part

of the woman's body against his own, and mounts upon her
to practice, either scratching with the nail or finger, or bit-
ing, or striking, or kissing, the hair of the woman being
loose and flowing, it is caller the "embrace of the jaghana."
(3) When a man places his breast between the breasts
of a woman and presses her with it, it is called the "embrace
of the breasts."
(4) When either of the lovers touches the mouth, the
eyes and the forehead of the other with his or her own, it is
called the "embrace of the forehead."
Some say that even shampooing is a kind of embrace, be-
cause there is a touching of bodies in it. But Vatsyayana
thinks that shampooing is performed at a different time, and
for a different purpose, and as it is also of a different charac-
ter, it cannot be said to be included in the embrace.
There are also some verses on the subject as follows: —
"The whole subject of embracing is of such a nature
that men who ask questions about it, or who hear about it,
or who talk about it, acquire thereby a desire for enjoy-
ment. Even those embraces that are not mentioned in the
Kama Shastta should be practiced at the time of sexual en-
joyment, if they are in any way conducive to the increase
of love or passion. The rules of the Shastta apply so long
as the passion of man is middling, but when the wheel of
love is once set in motion, there is then no Shastra and no
order."
 CHAPTER III.

On Kissing
It is said by some that there is no fixed time or order be-
tween the embrace, the kiss, and the pressing or scratching
with the nails or fingers, but that all these things should be
done generally before sexual union takes place, while strik-
ing and making the various sounds generally takes place at
the time of the union. Vatsyayana, however, thinks that
anything may take place at any time, for love does not care
for time or order.
On the occasion of the first congress, kissing and the other
things mentioned above should be done moderately, they
should not be continued for a long time, and should be done
alternately. On subsequent occasions, however, the reverse
of all this may take place, and moderation will not be neces-
sary, they may continue for a long time, and for the pur-
pose of kindling love, they may be all done at the same time.
The following are the places for kissing, viz., the fore-
head, the eyes, the cheeks, the throat, the bosom, the breasts,
the lips, and the interior of the mouth. Moreover the peo-
ple of the Lat country kiss also the following places, viz.,
the joints of the thighs, the arms, and the navel. But Vats-
yayana thinks that though kissing is practiced by these people
in the above places on account of the intensity of their love,
and the customs of their country, it is not fit to be practiced
by all.

Now in a case of a young girl there are three sorts of kisses,

viz.:
The nominal kiss.
The throbbing kiss.
The touching kiss.
(i) When a girl only touches the mouth of her lover
with her own, but does not herself do anything, it is called
the "nominal kiss."
(2) When a girl, setting aside her bashfulness a little,
wishes to touch the lip that is pressed into her mouth, and
with that object moves her lower lip, but not the upper one,
it is called the "throbbing kiss."
(3) When a girl touches her lover's lip with her tongue,

40
 The Kama Sutra of Vat sy ay ana 41

and having shut her eyes, places her hands on those of her
lover, it iscalled the "touching kiss.'
Other authors describe four other kinds of kisses, viz.:
The straight kiss.
The bent kiss.
The turned kiss.
The
pressed kiss.
( 1 ) When
the lips of two lovers are brought into direct
contact with each other, it is called a "straight kiss."
(2) When the heads of two lovers are bent towards each
other, and when so bent, kissing takes place, it is called a
"bent kiss."
(3) When one of them turns up the face of the other by
holding the head and chin, and then kissing, it is called a
"turned kiss."
(4) Lastly when the lower lip is pressed with much
force, it is called a "pressed kiss."
There is also a fifth kind of kiss called the "greatly pressed
kiss," which is effected by taking hold of the lower lip be-
tween two fingers, and then after touching it with the tongue,
pressing it with great force with the lip.

As regards kissing, a wager may be laid as to which will

get hold of the lips of the other first. If the woman loses,
she should pretend to cry, should keep her lover off by shak-
ing her hands, and turn away from him and dispute with him
saying, "Let another wager be laid." If she loses this a
second time, she should appear doubly distressed, and when
her lover is off his guard or asleep, she should get hold of his
lower lip, and hold it in her teeth, so that it should not slip
away, and then she should laugh, make a loud noise, deride
him, dance about, and say whatever she likes in a joking way,
moving her eyebrows, and rolling her eyes. Such are the
wagers and quarrels as far as kissing is concerned, but the
same may be applied with regard to the pressing or scratching
with the nails and fingers, biting and striking. All these
however are only peculiar to men and women of intense
passion.
When a man kisses the upper lip of a woman, while she
in return kisses his lower lip, it is called the "kiss of the
upper lip."
When one of them takes both the lips of the other between
his or her own, it is called "a clasping kiss." A woman,
however, only takes this kind of kiss from a man who has
42 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

no moustache. And on the occasion of this kiss, if one of

them touches the teeth, the tongue, and the palate of the
other, with his or her tongue, it is called the "fighting of the
tongue." In the same way, the pressing of the teeth of the
one against the mouth of the other is to be practiced.
is of four kinds, viz., moderate, contracted, pressed,
Kissing
and according to the different parts of the body which
soft,
are kissed, for different kinds of kisses are appropriate for
different parts of the body.
When a woman looks at the face of her lover while he is
asleep, and kisses it to show her intention or desire, it is called
a "kiss that kindles love."
When a woman kisses her lover while he is engaged in
business, or while he is quarreling with her, or while he is
looking at something else, so that his mind may be turned
away, it is called a "kiss that turns away."
When a lover coming home late at night kisses his beloved
who is asleep on her bed in order to show her his desire, it
is called a "kiss that awakens." On such an occasion the
woman may pretend to be asleep at the time of her lover's
arrival, so that she may know his intention and obtain re-
spect from him.
When a person kisses the reflection of the person he loves
in a mirror, in water, or on a wall, it is called a "kiss showing
the intention."
When a person kisses a child sitting on his lap, or a pic-
ture, or an image, or figure, in the presence of the person be-
loved by him, it is called a "transferred kiss."
When at night at a theatre, or in an assembly of caste men,
a man coming up to a woman kisses a finger of her hand if
she be standing, or a toe of her foot if she be sitting, or when
a woman in shampooing her lover's body, places her face on
his thigh (as if she were sleepy) so as to inflame his passion,
and kisses his thigh or great toe, it is called a "demonstrative
kiss."
There is also a verse on this subject as follows:
"Whatever things may be done by one of the lovers to
the other, the same should be returned by the other, i.e., if
the woman kisses him he should kiss her in return, if she
strikes him he should also strike her in return."
 CHAPTER IV.
On Pressing, or Marking, or Scratching with the Nails
When love becomes intense, pressing with the nails or
scratching the body with them is practiced, and it is done on
the following occasions: On the first visit; at the time of
setting out on a journey; on the return from a journey; at
the time when an angry lover is reconciled; and lastly when
the woman is intoxicated.
But pressing with the nails is not an usual thing except
with those who are intensely passionate, i.e., full of passion.
It is employed together with biting, by those to whom the

practice is agreeable.
Pressing with the nails is of the eight following kinds, ac-
cording to the forms of the marks which are produced, viz:
1 Sounding.
2 Half moon.
3 A circle.

4 A line.

5 A tiger's nail or claw.

6 A peacock's foot.
7 The jump of a hare.
8 The leaf of a blue lotus.
The places that are to be pressed with the nails are as fol-
lows: the arm pit, the throat, the breasts, the lips, the jag-
hana, or middle parts of the body, and the thighs. But Su-
varnanabha is of opinion that when the impetuosity of pas-
sion is excessive, then the places need not be considered.
The qualities of good nails are that they should be bright,
well set, clean, entire, convex, soft, and glossy in appearance.
Nails are of three kinds according to their size, viz:
Small
Middling
Large
Large which give grace to the hands, and attract the
nails,
hearts of women from their appearance, are possessed by the
Bengalees.
Small nails, which can be used in various ways, and are
to be applied only with the object of giving pleasure, are
possessed by the people of the southern districts.

43
44 The Kama Sutra

Middling nails, which contain the properties of both the

above kinds, belong to the people of the Maharashtra.
( 1 ) When a person presses the chin, the breasts, the lower
lip, or the jaghana of another so softly that no scratch or
mark is left, but only the hair on the body becomes erect
from the touch of the nails, and the nails themselves make a
sound, it is called a "sounding or pressing with the nails."
This pressing is used in the case of a young girl when her
lover shampoos her, scratches her head, and wants to trouble
or frighten her.
(2) The curved mark with the nails, which is impressed
on the neck and the breasts is called the "half moon."
(3) When the half moons are impressed opposite to each
other, itcalled a "circle."
is This mark with the nails is
generally made on the navel, the small cavities about the but-
tocks, and on the joints of the thigh.
(4) A mark in the form of a small line, and which can
be made on any part of the body, is called a "line."
(5) This same line, when it is curved, and made on the
breast, is called a "tiger's nail."
(6) When
a curved mark is made on the breast by means
of the five nails, it is called a "peacock's foot." This mark
is made with the object of being praised, for it requires a great

deal of skill to make it properly.

(7) When five marks with the nails are made close to
one another near the nipple of the breast, it is called "the
jump of a hare."
(8) A
mark made on the breast or on the hips in the
form of a leaf of the blue lotus, is called the "leaf of a blue
lotus."
When a person is going on a journey, and makes a mark
on the thighs, or on the breast, it is called a "token of remem-
brance." On
such an occasion three or four lines are im-
pressed close to one another with the nails.
Here ends the marking with the nails. Marks of other
kinds than the above may also be made with the nails, for
the ancient authors say, that as there are innumerable degrees
of skill among men (the practice of this art being known to
all) so there are innumerable ways of making these marks.
,

And as pressing or marking with the nails is dependent on

love, no one can say with certainty how many different kinds
of marks with the nails do actually exist. The reason of this
is, Vatsyayana says, that as variety is necessary in love, so
 of Vatsyayana 45

love Is to be produced by means of variety. It is on this ac-

count that courtezans, who are well acquainted with various
ways and means, become so desirable, for if variety is sought
in all the arts and amusements, such as archery and others,
how much more should it be sought after in the present case.
The marks of the nails should not be made on married
women, but particular kinds of marks may be made on their
private parts for the remembrance and increase of love.
There are also some verses on the subject, as follows:
"The love of a woman who sees the marks of nails on the
private parts of her body, even though they are old and al-
most worn out, becomes again fresh and new. If there be
no marks of nails to remind a person of the passages of love,
then love is lessened in the same way as when no union takes
place for a long time."
Even when a stranger sees at a distance a young woman
with the marks of nails on her breast,* he is filled with love
and respect for her.
A man, also, who carries the marks of nails and teeth on
some parts of his body, influences the mind of a woman, even
though it be ever so firm. In short, nothing tends to in-
crease love so .nuch as the effects of marking with the nails,
and biting.
* From this it would appear that in ancient times the breasts of women were
not covered, and this is seen on the paintings of the Ajunta and other caves,
where we find that the breasts of even royal ladies and others are exposed.
 CHAPTER V.
On Biting, and the Means to be Employed with Regard to
Women of Different Countries.

All the places that can be kissed, are also the places that
can be bitten, except the upper lip, the interior of the mouth,
and the eyes.
The good teeth are as follows: They shouM
qualities of
be equal, possessed of a pleasing brightness, capable of being
colored, of proper proportions, unbroken, and with sharp
ends.
The on the other hand are, that they are
defects of teeth
blunt, protruding from the gums, rough, soft, large, and
loosely set. /
The following are the different kinds of biting, viz:
The hidden bite.
The swollen bite.
The point.
The line of points.
The coral and the jewel.
The line of jewels.
The broken cloud.
The biting of the boar.
(i) The biting which is shown only by the excessive
redness of the skin that is bitten, is called the "hidden bite."
(2) When the skin is pressed down on both sides, it is
called the "swollen bite."
(3) When a small portion of the skin is bitten with two
teeth only, it is called the "point."
(4) When such small portions of the skin are bitten
with all the teeth, it is called the "line of points."
(5) The biting which is done by bringing together the
teeth and the lips, is called the "coral and the jewel." The
lip is the coral, and the teeth the jewel.
(6) When biting is done with all the teeth, it is called the
line or jewels.
(7) The biting which consists of unequal risings in a
circle, and which comes from the space between the teeth, is
called the "broken cloud." This is impressed on the breasts.
(8) The biting which consists of many broad rows of
46
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 4

marks near to one another, and with red intervals, is calk

the "biting of a boar." This is impressed on the breasts an
the shoulders; and these two last modes of biting are peculh
to persons of intense passion.
The lower lip is the place on which the "hidden bite," th
"swollen bite," and the "point" are made; again the "swolle
bite," and the "coral and the jewel" bite are done on th
cheek. Kissing, pressing with the nails, and biting are th
ornaments of the left cheek, and when the word cheek i

used, it is to be understood as the left cheek.

Both the "line of points" and the "line of jewels" are tc
be impressed on the throat, the arm pit, and the joints of the
thighs; but the "line of points" alone is to be impressed on
the forehead and the thighs.
The marking with the nails, and the biting of the fol-
lowing things, viz., an ornament of the forehead, an ear
ornament, a bunch of flowers, a betel leaf, or a tamala leaf,
which are worn by, or belong to the woman that is beloved,
are signs of the desire of enjoyment.
Here end the different kinds of biting.

In the affairs of love a man should do such things as are

agreeable to the women of different countires.
The women of the central countries (i.e., between the
Ganges and the Jumna) are noble in their character, not
accustomed to disgraceful practices, and dislike pressing with
the nails and biting.
The women of the Balhika country are gained over by
striking.
The women of Avantika are fond of foul pleasures, and
have not good manners.
The women of the Maharashtra are fond of practicing
the sixty- four arts, they utter low and harsh words, and like
to be spoken to in the same way, and have an impetuous de-
sireof enjoyment.
The women of Pataliputra (i.e., the modern Patna) are
of the same nature as the women of the Maharashtra, but
show their likings only in secret.
The women of the Dravida country, though they are rub-
bed and pressed about at the time of sexual enjoyment, have
a slow fall of semen, that is they are very slow in the act
of coition.
 i8 The Kama Sutra
The women of Vanavasi are moderately passionate, they
o through every kind of enjoyment, cover their bodies, and
buse those who utter low, mean, and harsh words.
The women of Avanti hate kissing, marking with the
lails, and biting, but they have a fondness for various kinds
: sexual union.
The women of Malwa like embracing and kissing, but
lot wounding, and they are gained over by striking.
The women of Abhira, and those of the country about
the Indus and five rivers (i.e., the Punjab) are gained over
,

by the Auparishtaka or mouth congress.

The women of Apatatika are full of passion, and make
slowly the sound "Sit."
The women of the Lat country have even more impetuous
desire, and also make the sound "Sit."
The women of the Stri Rajya, and of Koshola (Oude) are
fullof impetuous desire, their semen falls in large quantities,
and they are fond of taking medicine to make it do so.
The women of the Audhra country have tender bodies,
they are fond of enjoyment, and have a liking for voluptuous
pleasures.
The women of Ganda have tender bodies, and speak
sweetly.
Now
Suvarnanabha is of opinion that that which is agree-
able to the nature of a particular person, is of more conse-
quence than that which is agreeable to a whole nation, and
that therefore the peculiarities of the country should not be
observed in such cases. The various pleasures, the dress, and
the sports of one country are in time borrowed by another,
and in such a case these things must be considered as belong-
ing originally to that country.
Among the things mentioned above, viz., embracing, kiss-
ing, etc., those which increase passion should be done first,
and those which are only for amusement or variety should
be done afterwards.
There are also some verses on this subject as follows:
"When a man bites a woman forcibly, she should angrily
do the same to him with double force. Thus a 'point' should
be returned with a 'line of points,' and a 'line of points' with
a 'broken cloud,' and if she be excessively chafed, she should
at once begin a love quarrel with him. At such a time she
should take hold of her lover by the hair, and bend his head
down, and kiss his lower lip, and then, being intoxicated
 of Vatsyayana 49

with love, she should shut her eyes and bite him in various
places. Even by day, and in a place of public resort, when
her lover shows her any mark that she may have inflicted on
his body, she should smile at the sight of it, and turning her
face as if she were going to chide him, she should show him
with an angry look the marks on her own body that have
been made by him. Thus if men and women act according
to each other's liking, their love for each other will not be
lessened even in one hundred years."
 CHAPTER VI.
Of the Different Ways of Lying Down, and Various Kinds
of Congress.

On the occasion of a "high congress" the Mrigi (deer-

woman) should lie down widen her yoni,
in such a way as to
while in a "low congress" the Hastini (elephant-woman)
should lie down so as to contract hers. But in an "equal
congress" they should lie down in the natural position.
What
is said above concerning the Mrigi and the Hastini applies

also to the Vadawa (mare-woman) In the "low congress"

.

the women should particularly make use of medicine, to

cause her desires to be satisfied quickly.
The deer-woman has the following three ways of lying
down.
The widely opened position.
The yawning position.
The position of the wife of Indra.
( 1 ) When she lowers her head and raises her middle parts,
it is called the
"widely opened position." At such a time the
man should apply some unguent, so as to make the entrance
easy.
(2) When she raises her thighs and keeps them wide apart
and engages in congress, it is called the
"yawning position."
(3) When she places her thighs with her legs doubled on
them upon her sides, and thus engages in congress, it is called
the position of Indrani, and this is learnt only by practice.
The position is also useful in the case of the "highest con-
gress."
The "clasping position" is used in "low congress," and
in the "lowest congress," together with the pressing posi-
tion," the "twining position," and the "mare's position."
When the legs of both the male and the female are stretched
straight out over each other, it is called the "clasping posi-
tion.". It is of two kinds, the side position and the supine

position, according to the way in which they lie down. In

the side position the male should invariably lie on his left side,
and cause the woman to lie on her right side, and this rule is
to be observed in lying down with all kinds of women.

50
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 5 1

When, after congress has begun in the clasping position,

the woman presses her lover with her thighs, it is called the
"pressing position."
When the woman places one of her thighs across the thigh
of her lover, it is called the "twining position,"
When the woman forcibly holds in her yoni the lingam
after it is in, it is called the "mare's position." This is learnt
by practice only, and is chiefly found among the women of
the Andra country.
The above are the different ways of lying down, men-
tioned by Babhravya; Suvarnanabha, however, gives the fol-
lowing in addition.
When the female raises both of her thighs straight up,
it is called the "rising position."
When she raises both of her legs, and places them on her
lover's shoulders, it is called the "yawning position."

When the legs are contracted, and thus held by the lover
before his bosom, it is called the "pressed position."
When only one of her legs is stretched out, it is called the
"

"half -pressed position.

When the woman places one of her legs on her lovers'
shoulder, and stretches the other out, and then places the lat-
ter on his shoulder, and stretches out the other, and continues
to do so alternately, it is called the "splitting of a bamboo."
When one of her legs is placed on the head, and the other
is stretched out, it is called the This is
"fixing of a nail."
learnt by practice only.
When both the legs of the woman are contracted, and
placed on her stomach, it is called the "crab's position."

When the thighs are raised and placed one upon the other,
it is called the "packed position."
When the shanks are placed one upon the other, it is called
the "lotus-like position."
When a man, during congress, turns round, and enjoys the
woman without leaving her, while she embraces him round
the back all the time, it is called the "turning position," and
is learnt only by practice.
Thus, says Suvarnanabha, these different ways of lying
dov/n, sitting, and standing should be practiced in water, be-
cause it is easy to do so therein. But Vatsyayana is of opinion
that congress in water is improper, because it is prohibited
by
tht religious law.
 52 The Kama Sutra
When a man and a woman support themselves on each
other's bodies, or on a wall, or pillar, and thus while stand-
ing engage in congress, it is called the "supported congress."
When a man supports himself against a wall, and the
woman, sitting on his hands joined together and held under-
neath her, throws her arms round his neck, and putting her
thighs alongside his waist, moves herself by her feet, which
are touching the wall against which the man is leaning, it is

called the "suspended congress."

When a woman stands on her hands and feet like a quad-
ruped, and her lover mounts her like a bull, it is called the
"congress of a cow." At this time every thing that is
ordinarily done on the bosom should be done on the back.
In the same way can be carried on the congress of a
dog, the congress of a goat, the congress of a deer, the forcible
mounting of an ass, the congress of a cat, the jump of a tiger,
the pressing of an elephant, the rubbing of a boar, and the
mounting of a horse. And in all these cases the chraacteris-
tics of these different animals should be manifested by acting
like them.
When a man enjoys two women at the same time, both of
whom love him equally, it is called the "united congress."
When a man enjoys many women together, it is called the
"congress of a herd of cows."
The following kinds of congress, viz., sporting in water,
or the congress of an elephant with many female elephants
which is said to take place only in the water, the congress of
a collection of goats, the congress of a collection of deer, take
place in imitation of these animals.
In Grarnaneri many young men enjoy a woman that may
be married to one of them, either one after the other, or at
the same time. Thus one of them holds her, another enjoys
her, a third uses her mouth, a fourth holds her middle part,
and in this way they go on enjoying her several parts alter-
nately.
things can be done when several men are sittina
The same
in company with one courtezan, or when one courteza^ is
alone with many men. In the same way this can be done by
the women of the King's harem when they accidentally get
hold of a man.
The people in the Southern countries have also a congress
in the anus, that is called the "lower congress."
 of Vatsyayana 53

Thus end the various kinds of congress. There are also

two verses on the subject as follows.
"An ingenious person should multiply the kinds cf con-
gress after the fashion of the different kinds of beasts and of
birds. For these different kinds of congress, performed ac-
cording to the usage of each country, and the liking of each
individual, generate love, friendship, and respect in the hearts
of women."
 CHAPTER VII.
Of the Various Modes of Striking, and of the Sounds
Appropriate to Them.
Sexual intercourse can be compared to a quarrel, on account
of the contrarieties of love and its tendency to dispute. The
place of striking with passion is the body, and on the body
the special places are:
The shoulders.
The head.
The space between the breasts.
The back.
The jaghana, or middle part of the body.
The sides.

Striking is of four kinds, viz. :

Striking with the back of the hand.

Striking with the fingers a little contracted.
Striking with the fist.
Striking with the open palm of the hand.
On account of its causing pain, striking gives rise to the
hissing sound, which is of various kinds, and to the eight

kinds of crying, viz. :

The sound Hin.

The thundering sound.
The cooing sound.
The weeping sound.
The sound Phut.
The sound Phat.
The sound Sut.
The sound Plat.
Besides these, there are also words having a meaning, such
as "mother," and those that are expressive of prohibition,
sufficiency, desire of liberation, pain or praise, and to which
may be added sounds like those of the dove, the cuckoo, the
green pigeon, the parrot, the bee, the sparrow, the flamingo,
the duck, and the quail, which arc all occasionally made
use of.
Blows with the fist should be given on the back of the
woman, which she is sitting on the lap of the man, and she
54
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 55

should give blows in return, abusing the man as if she were

angry, and making the cooing and the weeping sounds.
While the woman is engaged in congress the space between
the breasts should be struck with the back of the hand, slowly
at first, and then proportionately to the increasing excitement,
until the end.
At this time the sounds Hin and others may be made, alter-
nately or optionally, according to habit. When the man,
making the sound Phat, strikes the woman on the head, with
the fingers of his hand a little contracted, it is called Prasritaka,
which means striking with the fingers of the hand a little
contracted. In this case the appropriate sounds are the coo-
ing sound, the sound Phat, and the sound Phut in the interior
of the mouth, and at the end of congress the sighing and
weeping sounds. The sound Phat is an imitation of the
sound of a bamboo being split, while the sound Phut is like
the sound made by something falling into water. At all
times when kissing and such like things are begun, the
woman should give a reply with a hissing sound. During
the excitement when the woman is not accustomed to strik-
ing, she continually utters words expressive of prohibition,
sufficiency, or desire of liberation, as well as the words
"father," "mother," intermingled with the sighing, weep-
ing and thundering sounds.* Towards the conclusion of the
congress, the breasts, the jaghana, and the sides of the woman
should be pressed with the open palms of the hand, with some
force, until the end of it, and then sounds like those of the
quail, or the goose should be made.
There are also two on
the subject as follows:
verses
"The characteristics of manhood
are said to consist of
roughness and impetuosity, while weakness, tenderness, sen-
sibility, and an inclination to turn away from unpleasant
things are the distinguishing marks of womanhood. The
excitement of passion, and peculiarities of habit may some-
times cause contrary results to appear, but these do not last
long, and in the end the natural state is resumed."
The wedge on the bosom, the scissors on the head, the
acquainted with the art of love are well aware how
* Men who are well
often one woman differs from another in her sighs and sounds during the time
of congress. Some women like to be talked to in the most loving way, others
in the most lustful way, others in the most abusive way, and so on. Some
women enjoy themselves with closed eyes in silence, others make a great noise
over it, and some almost faint away. The great art is to ascertain what gives
them the greatest pleasure, and what specialities they like best.
56 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

piercing instrument on the cheeks, and the pinchers

on the
breasts and sides may also be taken into consideration with
the other four modes of striking, and thus give eight ways
altogether. But these four ways of striking with instruments
are peculiar to the people of the southern countries, and the
marks caused by them are seen on the breasts of their women.
They are local peculiarities, but Vatsyayana is of opinion
that the practice of them is painful, barbarous, and base, and
quite unworthy of imitation.
In the t-ame way anything that is a local peculiarity should
not always be adopted elsewhere, and even in the place where
the practice is prevalent, excess of it should always be
avoided. Instances of the dangerous use of them may be
given as follows. The King of the Panchalas killed the
courtezan Madhavasena by means of the wedge during con-
gress. King Shatakarni Shatavahana of the Kuntalas de-
prived his great Queen Malayavati of her life by a pair of
scissors, and Naradeva, whose hand was deformed, blinded
a dancing girl by directing a piercing instrument in a wrong
way.
There are also two verses on the subject as follows:
"About these things there cannot be either enumeration
or any definite rule. Congress having once commenced, pas-
sion alone gives birth to all the acts of the parties."
Such passionate actions and amorous gesticulations or
movements, which arise on the spur of the moment, and dur-
ing sexual intercourse, cannot be defined, and are as irregular
as dreams. A horse having once attained the fifth degree of
motion goes on with blind speed, regardless of pits, ditches,
and posts in his way; and in the same manner a loving pair
become blind with passion in the heat of congress, and go on
with great impetuosity paying not the least regard to excess.
For this reason one who is well acquainted with the science
of love, and knowing his own strength as also the tender-
ness, impetuosity, and strength of the young woman, should
act accordingly. The various modes of enjoyment are not
for all times or for all persons, but they should only be used
at the proper time, and in the proper countries and places.
 CHAPTER VIIL
About Women Acting the Part of a Man; and of the
Work of a Man.
When a woman sees that her lover is fatigued by constant
congress, without having his desire satisfied, she should, with
his permission, lay him down upon his back, and give him
assistance by acting his part. She may also do this to satisfy
the curiosity of her lover, or her own desire of novelty.
There are two ways of doing this, the first is when dur-
ing congress she turns round, and gets on the top of her
lover, in such a manner as to continue the congress, without
pbstructing the pleasure of it; and the other is when she acts
the man's part from the beginning. At such a time, with
flowers in her hair hanging loose, and her smiles broken by
hard breathings, she should press upon her lover's bosom with
her own breasts, and lowering her head frequently should do
in return the same actions which he used to do before, return-
ing his blows and chaffing him, should say, "I was laid down
by you, and fatigued with hard congress, I shall now there-
fore lay you down in return." She should then again mani-
fest her own bashfulness, her fatigue, and her desire of stop-
ping the congress. In this way she should do the work of
a man, which we shall presently relate.
Whatever is done by a man for giving pleasure to a woman
is called the work of a man, and is as follows: —
While the woman is lying on his bed, and is as it were
abstracted by his conversation, he should loosen the knot of
her under garments, and when she begins to dispute with
him, he should overwhelm her with kisses. Then when his
lingam is erect he should touch her with his hands in various
places, and gently manipulate various parts of the body. If
the woman is bashful, and if it is the first time that they have
come together, the man should place his hands between her
thighs, which she would probably keep close together, and
if she is a very young girl, he should first get his hands upon
her breasts, which she would probably cover with her own
hands, and under her armpits and on her neck. If however
she is a seasoned woman, he should do whatever is agree-
able either to him or to her, and whatever is fitting for the

57
58 The Kama Sutra
occasion. After this he should take hold of her hair, and
hold her chin in his fingers for the purpose of kissing her.
On this, if she is a young she will become bashful and
girl,
close her eyes. Any how he should gather from the action
of the woman what things would be pleasing to her during
congress.
Here Suvarnanabha says that while a man is doing to the
woman what he likes best during congress, he should always
make a point of pressing those parts of her body on which
she turns her eyes.
The signs of the enjoyment and satisfaction of the woman
are as follows: her body relaxes, she closes her eyes, she puts
aside all bashfulness, and shows increased willingness to unite
the two organs as closely together as possible. On the other
hand, the signs of her want of enjoyment and of failing to
be satisfied are as follows: she shakes her hands, she does not
let the man get up, feels dejected, bites the man, kicks him,
and continues to go on moving after the man has finished.
In such cases the man should rub the yoni of the woman with
his hand and fingers (as the elephant rubs anything with his
trunk) before engaging in congress, until it is softened, and
after that is done he should proceed to put his lingam into her.

The acts to be done by the man are:

Moving forward.
Friction or churning.
Piercing.
Rubbing.
Pressing.
Giving a blow.
The blow of a boar.
The blow of a bull.
The sporting of a sparrow.
( 1 ) When
the organs are brought together properly and
directly it is"moving the organ forward."
called
(2) When the lingam is held with the hand, and turned
all round in the yoni, it is called "churning."

(3) When the yoni is lowered, and the upper part of

it is struck with the lingam, it is called "piercing."
(4) When the same thing is done on the lower part of
the yoni, it is called "rubbing."
(5) When the yoni is pressed by the lingam for a long
time, it is called "pressing."
 of Vatsyayana 59

(6) When the lingam is removed to some distance from

the yoni, and then forcibly strikes it, it is called "giving a
blow."
(7) When only one part of the yoni is rubbed with the
lingam, it is called the "blow of a boar."
(8) When both yoni are rubbed in this way,
sides of the
it is called the "blow of
a bull."
(9) When the lingam is in the yoni, and is moved up and
down frequently, and without being taken out, it is called
the "sporting of a sparrow." This takes place at the end of
congress.
When a woman acts the part of a man, she has the fol-
lowing things to do in addition to the nine given above, viz.
The pair of tongs.
The top.
The
swing,
(i) When the woman
holds the lingam in her yoni,
draws it in, presses it, and keeps it thus in her for a long
time, it is called the "pair of tongs."
(2) When, while engaged in congress, she turns round
like a wheel, it is called the "top." This is learnt by prac-
tice only.
(3) When, on such an occasion, the man lifts up the
middle part of his body, and the woman turns round her
middle part, it is called the "swing."
When the woman is tired, she should place her forehead on
that of her lover, and should thus take rest without disturb-
ing the union of the organs, and when the woman has rested
herself the man should turn round and begin the congress
again.
There are also some verses on the subject as follows:

"Though a woman
reserved, and keeps her feelings con-
is

cealed, yet when she gets on the top of a man, she then shows
all her love and desire. A
man should gather from the ac-
tions of the woman of what disposition she is, and in what
way she likes to be enjoyed. A
woman during her monthly
courses, a woman who has been lately confined, and a fat
woman should not be made to act the part of a man."
 CHAPTER IX.

Of the Auparishtaka* or Mouth Congress

There are two kinds of eunuchs, those that are disguised as
males, and those that are disguised as females. Eunuchs dis-
guised as females imitate their dress, speech, gestures, tender-
ness, timidity, simplicity, softness and bashfulness. The acts
that are done on the jaghana or middle parts of women, are
done in the mouths of these eunuchs, and this is called Au-
parishtaka. These eunuchs derive their imaginative pleasure,
and their livelihood from this kind of congress, and they lead
the life of courtezans. So much concerning eunuchs dis-
guised as females.
Eunuchs disguised as males keep their desires secret, and
when they wish to do anything they lead the life of sham-
pooers. Under the pretence of shampooing, an eunuch of
this kind embraces and draws towards himself the thighs of
the man whom he is shampooing, and after this he touches
the joints of his thighs and his jaghana or central portions of
his body. Then, if he finds the lingam of the man erect, he
presses it with his hands, and chaffs him for getting into that
state. If after this, and after knowing his intention, the man
does not tell the eunuch to proceed, then the latter does it of
his own accord and begins the congress. If, however, he is
ordered by the man to do it, then he disputes with him, and
only consents at last with difficulty.
The following eight things are then done by the eunuch
one after the other, viz.
The nominal congress.
Biting the sides.
Pressing outside.

* This some parts of India from

practice appears to have been prevalent in a
very ancient time. The "Shusbruta," a work on medicine some two thousand
years old, describes the wounding of the lingam with the teeth as one of the
causes of a disease treated upon in that work. Traces of the practice are found
as far back as the eighth century, for various kinds of the Auparishtaka are
represented in the sculptures of many Shaiva temples at Bhuvaneshwara, near
Cuttack, in Orissa, and which were built about that period. From these
sculptures being found in such places, it would seem that this practice was
popular in that part of the country at that time. It does not seem to be so

prevalent now in Hindustan, its place perhaps is filled up by the practice of

sodomy introduced since the Mahomedan period.
60
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 6i

Pressing inside.
Kissing.
Rubbing.
Sucking a mangoe fruit.

Swallowing up.
At the end of each of these, the eunuch expresses his wish
to stop, but when one of them is finished, the man desires
him to do another, and after that is done, then the one that
follows it and so on.
(i) When, holding the man's lingam with his hand,
and placing it between his lips, the eunuch moves about his
mouth, it is called the "nominal congress."
(2) When, covering the end of the lingam with his
fingers collected together like the bud of a plant or flower,
the eunuch presses the sides of it with his lips, using his teeth
also, it is called "biting the sides."
(3) When, being desired to proceed, the eunuch presses
the end of the lingam with his lips closed together, and kisses
it as if he were drawing it out, it is called the "outside press-
• ft
ing.
(4) When, being asked to go on, he puts the lingam fur-
ther into his mouth, and presses it with his lips and then
takes it out, it is called the "inside pressing."
(5) When, holding the lingam in his hand, the eunuch
kisses it as if he were kissing the lower lip, it is called
kissing.
(6) When, after kissing it, he touches it with his tongue
everywhere, and passes the tongue over the end of it, it is
called "rubbing."
(7) When, in the same way, he puts the half of it into
his mouth, and forcibly kisses and sucks it, this is called "suck-
ing a mangoe fruit."
(8) And with the consent of the man, the eunuch
lastly,
puts the whole lingam into his mouth, and presses it to the
very end, as if he were going to swallow it up, it is called
"swallowing up."
Striking, scratching, and other things may also be done
during this kind of congress.
The Auparishtaka is practised only by unchaste and wan-
ton women, female attendants and serving maids, i.e., those
who are not married to any body, but who live by shampoo-
ing.
The Acharyas (i.e., ancient and venerable authors) are of
62 The Kama Sutra

opinion that this Auparishtaka is the work of a dog and not

of a man, because it is a low practice, and opposed to the
orders of the Holy Writ, and because the man himself suf-
fers by bringing his lingam into contact with the mouths of
eunuchs and women. But Vatsyayana says that the orders
of the Holy Writ do not affect those who resort to courtezans,
and the law prohibits the practice of the Auparishtaka with
married women only. As regards the injury to the male,
that can be easily remedied.
The people of Eastern India do not resort to women who
practice the Auparishtaka.
The people of Ahichhatra resort to such women, but do
nothing with them so far as the mouth is concerned.
The people of Saketa do with these women every kind of
mouth congress, while the people of Nagara do not practice
this, but do every other thing.
The people of the Shurasena country, on the southern
bank of the Jumna do everything without any hesitation, for
they say that women being naturally unclean, no one can be
certain about their character, their purity, their conduct, their
practices, their confidences, or their speech. They are not,
however, on this account to be abandoned, because religious
law, on the authority of which they are reckoned pure, lays
down that the udder of a cow is clean at the time of milk-
ing, though the mouth of a cow, and also the mouth of her
calf, are considered unclean by the Hindoos. Again a dog is
clean when he seizes a deer in hunting, though food touched
by a dog is otherwise considered very unclean. A
bird is
clean when it causes a fruit to fall from a tree by pecking
at it, though things eaten by crows and other birds are con-
sidered unclean. And the mouth of a woman is clean for
kissing and such like things at the time of sexual intercourse.
Vatsyayana moreover thinks that in all these things con-
nected with love, everybody should act according to the cus-
tom of his country, and his own inclination.
There are also the following verses on the subject.
The male servants of some men carry on the mouth con-
gress with their masters. It is also practiced by some citizens,
who know each other well, among themselves. Some women
of the harem, when they are amorous, do the acts of the
mouth on the yonis of one another, and some men do the
same thing with women. The way of doing this (i.e., of
kissing the yoni) should be known from kissing the mouth.
 of Vatsyayana 63

When a man and woman lie down in an inverted order, i.e.,

with the head of the one towards the feet of the other and
carry on this congress, it is called the "congress of a crow."
For the sake of such things courtezans abandon men pos-
sessed of good qualities, liberal and clever, and become at-
tached to low persons, such as slaves and elephant drivers.
The Auparishtaka, or mouth congress, should never be done
by a learned Brahman, by a minister that carries on the busi-
ness of a state, or by a man of good reputation, because
though the practice is allowed by the Shastras, there is no
reason why it should be carried on, and need only be practiced
in particular cases.As for instance the taste, and the strength,
and the digestive qualities of the flesh of dogs are mentioned
in works on medicine, but it does not therefore follow that
it should be eaten by the wise. In the same way there are
some men, some places, and some times, with respect to which
these practices can be made use of. A
man should therefore
pay regard to the place, to the time, and to the practice which
is to be carried out, as also as to whether it is agreeable to his
nature and to himself, and then he may or may not practice
these things according to circumstances. But after all, these
things being done secretly, and the mind of the man being
fickle,how can it be known what any person will do at any
particular time and for any particular purpose.
 CHAPTER X.
Of the Way How to Begin and How to End the Congress.
Different Kinds of Congress and Love Quarrels.
In the pleasure-room, decorated with flowers, and fragrant
with perfumes, attended by his friends and servants, the citi-
zen should receive the woman, who will come bathed and
dressed, and will invite her to take refreshment and to drink
freely. He should then seat her on his left side, and holding
her hair, and touching also the end and knot of her garment,
he should gently embrace her with his right arm. They
should then carry on an amusing conversation on various
subjects, and may also talk suggestively of things which
would be considered as coarse, or not to be mentioned gen-
erally in society. They may then sing, either with or with-
out gesticulations, and play on musical instrument, talk about
the arts, and persuade each other to drink. At last when the
woman is overcome with love and desire, the citizen should
dismiss the people that may be with him, giving them flowers,
ointments, and betel leaves, and then when the two are left
alone, they should proceed as has been already described in
the previous chapters.
Such is the beginning of sexual union. At the end of
the congress, the lovers, with modesty, and not looking at
each other, should go separately to the washing-room. After
this, sitting in their own
places, they should eat some betel
leaves, and the citizen should apply with his own hand to
the body of the woman some pure sandal wood ointment, or
ointment of some other kind. He should then embrace her
with his left arm, and with agreeable words should cause
her to drink from a cup held in his own hand, or he may
give her water to drink. They can then eat sweetmeats, or
anything else, according to their liking, and may drink fresh
juice,* soup, gruel, extracts of meat, sherbet, the juice of
mangoe fruits, the extract of the juice of the citron tree mixed
with sugar, or anything that may be liked in different count-
ries, and known to be sweet, soft, and pure. The lovers may

* Thefresh juice of the cocoa nut tree, the date tree, and other kinds of
palm drunk in India. It will not keep fresh very long, but ferments
trees are
rapidly, and is then distilled into liquor.

64
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 65

also sit on the terrace of the palace or house, and enjoy the
moonlight, and carry on an agreeable conversation. At this
time, too, while the woman lies in his lap, with her face
towards the moon, the citizen should show her the different
planets, the morning star, the polar star, and the seven Rishis
or Great Bear.
This is the end of sexual union.
Congress is of the following kinds, viz. :

Loving congress.
Congress of subsequent love.
Congress of artificial love.
Congress of transferred love.
Congress like that of eunuchs.
Deceitful congress.
Congress of spontaneous love,
(i) When a man and a woman, who have been in love
with each other for some time, come together with great dif-
ficulty, or when one of the two returns from a journey, or is
reconciled after having been separated on account of a quar-
rel, then congress is called the "loving congress." It is carried
on according to the liking of the lovers, and as long as they
choose.
(2) When two persons come together, while their love
for each other is still in its infancy, their congress is called
the "congress of subsequent love."
When a man carries on the congress by exciting him-
(3)
selfby means of the sixty-four ways, such as kissing, etc., etc.,
or when a man and a woman come together, though in reality
they are both attached to different persons, their congress is
then called "congress of artificial love." At this time all the
ways and means mentioned in the Kama Shastra should be
used.
(4) When a man, from the beginning to the end of the
congress, though having connection with the woman, thinks
all the time that he is enjoying another one whom he loves,
it is called the "congress of transferred love."

(5) Congress between a man and a female water carrier

or a female servant of a caste lower than his own, lasting
only until the desire is satisfied, is called "congress like that
of eunuchs." Here external touches, kisses, and manipula-
tions are not to be employed.
(6) The congress between a courtezan and a rustic, and
66 The Kama Sutra
that between citizens and the women of villages, and border-
ing countries, is called "deceitful congress."
(7) The congress that takes place between two persons
who are attached to one another, and which is done accord-
ing to their own liking is called "spontaneous congress."
Thus end the kinds of congress.
Weshall now speak of love quarrels.
A woman who is very much in love with a man cannot

bear to hear the name of her rival mentioned, or to have any

conversation regarding her, or to be addressed by her name
through mistake. If such takes place, a great quarrel arises,
and the woman cries, becomes angry, tosses her hair about,
strikes her lover, falls from her bed or seat, and, casting aside
her garlands and ornaments, throws herself down on the
ground.
At this time, the lover should attempt to reconcile her
with conciliatory words, and should take her up carefully
and place her on her bed. But she, not replying to his ques-
tions, and with increased anger, should bend down his head
by pulling his hair, and having kicked him once, twice, or
thrice on his arms, head, bosom or back, should then proceed
to the door of the room. Dattaka says that she should then
sit angrily near the door and shed tears, but should not
go
out, because she would be found fault with for going away.
After a time, when she thinks that the conciliatory words
and actions of her lover have reached their utmost, she should
then embrace him, talking to him with harsh and reproachful
words, but at the same time showing a loving desire for
congress.
When the woman is in her own house, and has quarrelled
with her lover, she should go to him and show how angry
she is, and leave him. Afterwards the citizen having sent the
Vita,^ the Vidushaka* or the Pithamurda* to pacify her, she
should accompany them back to the house, and spend the
night with her lover.
Thus end the love quarrels.
In conclusion.
A man, employing the sixty-four means mentioned by
Babhravya, obtains his object, and enjoys the woman of the
first quality. Though he may speak well on other subjects,
if he does not know the sixty-four divisions, no great respect
* The characteristics of these three individuals have been given in Part 1.,

page 21.
 of Vatsyayana 67

ispaid to him in the assembly of the learned. A man, de-

void of other knowledge, but well acquainted with the sixty-
four divisions, becomes a leader in any society of men and
women. What man will not respect the sixty-four parts, t
considering they are respected by the learned, by the cunning,
and by the courtezans. As the sixty- four parts are respected,
are charming, and add to the talent of women, they are called
by the Acharyas dear to women. A
man skilled in the sixty-
four parts is looked upon with love by his own wife, by the
wives of others, and by courtezans.

t A definition of the sixty-four parts, or divisions, is given in Chapter II,

page 37.

/"

^N^ Or Part II.

IV. From the Temple of Surya 13th Century
At Konarak, Orissa
 PART III

About the Acquisition of a Wife

 CHAPTER I.

On Marriage
When a girl of the same caste, and a virgin, is married in
accordance with the precepts of Holy Writ, the results of
such an union are: the acquisition of Dbarma and Art ha, off-
spring, affinity, increase of friends, and untarnished love.
For this reason a man should fix his affections upon a girl
who is of good family, whose parents are alive, and who is
three years or more younger than himself. She should be
born of a highly respectable family, possessed of wealth, well
connected, and with many relations and friends. She should
also be beautiful, of a good disposition, with lucky marks on
her body, and with good hair, nails, teeth, ears, eyes, and
breasts, neither more nor less than they ought to be, and no
one of them entirely wanting, and not troubled with a sickly
body. The man should, of course, also possess these quali-
ties himself. But at all events, says Ghotakamukha, a girl
who has been already joined with others (i.e., no longer a
maiden) should never be loved, for it would be reproachable
to do such a thing.
Now in order to bring about a marriage with such a girl
as described above, the parents and relations of the man
should exert themselves, as also such friends on both sides
as may be desired to assist in the matter. These friends should
bring to the notice of the girl's parents, the faults, both pres-
ent and future, of all the other men who may wish to marry
her, and should at the same time extol even to exaggeration
all the excellences, ancestral and paternal, of their friend, so
as to endear him to them, and particularly to those that may
be liked by the girl's mother. One of the friends should also
disguise himself as an astrologer, and declare the future good
fortune and wealth of his friend by showing the existence of
all the lucky omens* and signs, t the good influence of

planets, the auspicious entrance of the sun into a sign of the

* The
flight of a blue jay on a person's left side is considered a lucky omen
when one starts on any business; the appearance of a cat before anyone at
such a time is looked on as a bad omen. There are many omens of the same
kind.
t Such as the throbbing of the right eye of men and the left eye of
women, etc.

71
 72 The Kama Sutra
Zodiac, propitious stars and fortunate marks on his body.
Others again should rouse the jealousy of the girl's mother
by telling her that their friend has a chance of getting from
some other quarter even a better girl than hers.
A girl should be taken as a wife, as also given in marriage,
when fortune, signs, omens, and the wordsj of others are
favorable, for, says Ghotakarnukha, a man should not marry
at any time he likes. A girl who is asleep, crying, or gone
out of the house when sought in marriage, or who is be-
trothed to another, should not be married. The following
also should be avoided.
One who is kept concealed.
One who has an ill-sounding name.
One who has her nose depressed.
One who has her nostril turned up.
One who is formed like a male.
One who isbent down.
One who has crooked thighs.
One who has a projecting forehead.
One who has a bald head.
One who does not like purity.
One who has been polluted by another.
One who is affected with the Gulma.*
One who is disfigured in any way.
One who has fully arrived at puberty.
One who is a friend.

One who is a younger sister.

One who is a VarshakariA
In the same way a girl who
is called by the name of one

iof the twenty-seven or by the name of a tree, or of a

stars,
jiver, is considered worthless, as also a girl whose name ends
in "r" or "1." But some authors say that prosperity is gained
only by marrying that girl to whom one becomes attached,
.and that therefore no other girl but the one who is loved
should be married by anyone.
When a girl becomes marriageable her parents should
.dress her smartly, and should place her where she can be

J Before anything is begun it is a custom to go early in the morning to a

neighbor's house, and overhear the first words that may be spoken in his
family, and according as the words heard are of good or bad import, so draw
an inference as to the success or failure of the undertaking.
* A disease
consisting of any glandular enlargement in any part of the body.
f A woman, the palms of whose hands and the soles of whose feet are
.always perspiring.
 of Vatsyayana 73

easily seen by all. Every afternoon, having dressed her and

decorated her in a becoming manner, they should send her
with her female companions to sports, sacrifices, and mar-
riage ceremonies, and thus show her to advantage in society,
because she is a kind of merchandise. They should also re-
ceive with kinds words and signs of friendliness those of an
auspicious appearance who may come
accompanied by their
friends and relations purpose of marrying their
for the
daughter, and under some pretext or other having first
dressed her becomingly, should then present her to them.
After this they should await the pleasure of fortune, and
with this object should appoint a future day on which a
determination could be come to with regard to their
daughter's marriage. On this occasion when the persons
have come, the parents of the girl should ask them to bathe
and dine, and should say, "Everything will take place at
the proper time," and should not then comply with the re-
quest, but should settle the matter later.
When a girl is thus acquired either according to the custom
of the country, or according to his own desire, the man should
marry her in accordance with the precepts of the Holy Writ,
according to one of the four kinds of marriage.
Thus ends marriage.
There are also some verses on the subject as follows:
Amusement in society, such as completing verses begun
by others, marriages, and auspicious ceremonies should be
carried on neither with superiors, nor inferiors, but with our
equals. That should be known as a high connection when
a man, after marrying a girl, has to serve her and her rela-
tions afterwards like a servant, and such a connection is cen-
sured by the good. On the other hand, that reproachable con-
nection, where man, together with his relations, lords it
a
over his wife, is low connection by the wise. But
called a
when both the man and the women afford mutual pleasure
to each other, and where the relatives on both sides pay re-
spect to one another, such is called a connection in the proper
sense of the word. Therefore a man should contract neither
a high connection by which he is obliged to bow down after-
wards to his kinsmen, nor a low connection, which is uni-
versally reprehended by all.
 CHAPTER II.

Of Creating Confidence in the Girl.

For the first three days after marriage, the girl and her hus-
band should sleep on the floor, abstain from sexual pleasures,
and eat their food without seasoning it either with alkali or
salt. For the next seven days they should bathe amidst the
sounds of auspicious musical instruments, should decorate
themselves, dine together, and pay attention to their rela-
tions as well as to those who may have come to witness
their marriage. This is applicable to persons of all castes.
On the night of the tenth day the man should begin in a
lonely place with soft words, and thus create confidence in
the girl. Some authors say that for the purpose of winning
her over he should not speak to her for three days, but the
followers of Babbravya are of opinion that if the man
does not speak with her for three days, the girl may be dis-
couraged by seeing him spiritless like a pillar, and, becoming
dejected, she may begin to despise him as a eunuch. Vatsy-
ayana says that the man should begin to win her over, and
to create confidence in her, but should abstain at first from
sexual pleasures. Women being of a tender nature, want
tender beginnings, and when they are forcibly approached
by men with whom they are but slightly acquainted, they
sometimes suddenly become haters of sexual connection, and
sometimes even haters of the male sex. The man should
therefore approach the girl according to her liking, and
should make use of those devices by which he may be able
to establish himself more and more into her confidence.
These devices are as follows: —
He should embrace her first of all in the way she likes
most, because it does not last for a long time.
He should embrace her with the upper part of his body,
because that is easier and simpler. If the girl is grown up,
or if the man has known her for some time, he may embrace
her by the light of a lamp, but if he is not well acquainted
with her, or if she is a young girl, he should then embrace
her in darkness.
When the girl accepts the embrace, the man should put a
"tambula" or screw of betel nut and betel leaves in her

74
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 75

mouth, and if she will not take it, he should induce her to
do so by conciliatory words, entreaties, oaths, and kneeling
at her feet, for it is an universal rule that however bashful
or angry a woman may be, she never disregards a man's
kneeling at her feet. At the time of giving this "tambula"
he should kiss her mouth softly and gracefully without mak-
ing any sound. When she is gained over in this respect he
should then make her talk, and so that she may be induced
to talk he should ask her questions about things of which
he knows or pretends to know nothing, and which can be
answered in a few words. If she does not speak to him,
he should not frighten her, but should ask her the same
thing again and again in a conciliatory manner. If she does
not then speak he should urge her to give a reply, because
as Ghotakamukha says, "all girls hear everything said to
them by men, but do not themselves sometimes say a single
word." When she is thus importuned, the girl should give
replies by shakes of the head, but if she quarrelled with the
man she should not even do that. When she is asked by
the man whether she wishes for him, and whether she likes
him, she should remain silent for a long time, and when at
last importuned to reply, should give him a favorable answer
by a nod of her head. If the man is previously acquainted
with the girl he should converse with her by means of a
female friend, who may be favorable to him, and in the con-
fidence of both, and carry on the conversation on both sides.
On such an occasion the girl should smile with her head bent
down, and if the female friend say more on her part than
she was desired to do, she should chide her and dispute with
her. The female friend should say in jest even what she is
not desired to say by the girl, and add, "she says so," on
which the girl should say indistintly and prettly, "Oh no!
I did not say so," and she should then smile and throw an
occasional glance towards the man.
If the girl is familiar with the man, she should place near
him, without saying anything, the tambula, the ointment, or
the garland that he may have asked for, or she may tie them
up in his upper garment. While she is engaged in this, the
man should touch her young breasts in the sounding way of
pressing with the nails, and if she prevents him doing this
he should say to her, "I will not do it again if you will em-
brace me," and should in this way cause her to embrace him.
While he is being embraced by her he should pass his hand
76 The Kama Sutra

repeatedly over and about her body. By and by he should

place her in his lap, and try more and more to gain her con-
sent, and if she will not yield to him he should frighten her
by saying, "I shall impress marks of my teeth and nails on
your and breasts, and then make similar marks on my
lips
own body, and shall tell my friends that you did them. What
.will you say then?" In this and other ways, as fear and
confidence are created in the minds of children, so should
the mangain her over to his wishes.
On the second and third nights, after her confidence has
increased still more, he should feel the whole of her body
with his hands, and kiss her all over; he should also place
his hands upon her thighs and if he succeed in this he
should then shampoo the joints of her thighs. If she
tries to prevent him doing this he should say to her,
"What harm is there in doing it?" and should persuade
her to let him do it. After gaining this point he should
touch her private parts, should loosen her girdle and
the knot of her dress, and turning up her lower garment
should shampoo the joints of her naked thighs. Under
various pretences he should do all these things, but he should
not at that time begin actual congress. After this he should
teach her the sixty- four arts, should tell her how much he
loves her, and describe to her the hopes which he formerly
entertained regarding her. He should also promise to be
faithful to her in future, and should dispel all her fears with
respect to rival women, and, at last, after having overcome
her bashfulness, he should begin to enjoy her in a way so as
not to frighten her. So much about creating confidence in
the girl; and there are, moreover, some verses on the subject
as follows: —
Aman acting according to the inclinations of a girl should
try and gain her over so that she may love him and place her
confidence in him. A
man does not succeed either by im-
plicitly following the inclination of a girl, or by wholly
opposing her, and he should therefore adopt a middle course.
He who knows how to make himself beloved by women, as
well as to increase their honor and create confidence in them,
this an object of their love. But he, who neg-
man becomes
lects a girlthinking she is too bashful, is despised by her as
a beast ignorant of the working of the female mind. More-
over, a girl forcibly enjoyed by one who does not under-
stand the hearts of girls becomes nervous, uneasy, and de-
 of Vatsyayana 77

jected,and suddenly begins to hate the man who has taken

advantage of her; and then, when her love is not under-
stood or returned, she sinks into despondency, and becomes
either a hater of mankind altogether, or, hating her own
man, she has recourse to other men.*
* These few
last lines have been exemplified in many ways in many novels
of this century.
 CHAPTER III.

On Courtship, and the Manifestation of the Feelings by

Outward Signs and Deeds.
A POOR man possessed of good qualities, a man born of a low
family possessed of mediocre qualities, a neighbor possessed
of wealth, and one under the control of his father, mother
or brothers, should not marry without endeavoring to gain
over a girl from her childhood to love and esteem him. Thu.<!
a boy separated from his parents, and living in the house of
his uncle, should try to gain over the daughter of his uncle,
or some other girl, even though she be previously betrothed
to another. And this way of gaining over a girl, says Ghot-
akamukha, is unexceptionable, because Dharma can be ac-
complished by means of it, as well as by any other way of
marriage.
When a boy has thus begun to woo the girl he loves, he
should spend his time with her and and amuse her with
various games and diversions fitted for their age and acquain-
tanceship, such as picking and collecting flowers, making gar-
lands of flowers, playing the parts of members of a fictitious
family, cooking food, playing with dice, playing with cards,
the game of odd and even, the game of finding out the mid-
dle finger, the game of six pebbles, and such other games as
may be prevalent in the country, and agreeable to the dis-
position of the girl. In addition to this, he should carry
on various amusing games, played by several persons to-
gether, such as hide and seek, playing with seeds, hiding things
in several small heaps of wheat and looking for them, blind-
man's buff, gymnastic exercises, and other games of the same
sort in company with the girl, her friends and female at-
tendants. The man should also show great kindness to
any woman whom the girl thinks fit to be trusted, and
should also make new acquaintances, but above all he
should attach to himself by kindness and little services the
daughter of the girl's nurse, for if she be gained over, even
though she comes to know of his design, she does not cause
any obstruction, but is sometimes even able to effect an
union between him and the girl. And though she knows
the true character of the man, she always talks of his many

78
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 79

excellent qualities to the parents and relations of the girl,

even though she may not be desired to do so by him.
In this way the man
should do whatever the girl takes
most delight in, and he shouldget for her whatever she
may have a desire to possess. Thus he should procure
for her such playthings as may be hardly known to other
girls. He may also show her a ball dyed with various
colors, and other curiosities of the same sort; and should
give her dolls made of cloth, wood, buffalo-horn, ivory,
wax, flour, or earth; also utensils for cooking food, and
figures in wood, such as a man and woman standing, a
pair of rams, or goats, or sheep; also temples made of earth,
bamboo, or wood, dedicated to various goddesses; and
cages for parrots, cuckoos, starlings, quails, cocks, and part-
ridges; water- vessels of different sorts and of elegant forms,
machines for throwing water about, guitars, stands for put-
ting images upon, stools, lac, red arsenic, yellow ointment,
vermilion and collyrium, as well as sandal-wood, saffron,
betel nut and betel leaves. Such things should be given at
different times whenever he gets a good opportunity of
meeting her, and some of them should be given in private,
and some in public, according to circumstances. In short,
he should try in every way to make her look upon him as
one who would do for her everything that she wanted to
be done.
In the next place he should get her to meet him in some
place privately, and should then tell her that the reason of
his giving presents to her in secret was the fear that the
parents of both of them might be displeased, and then he
may add that the things which he had given her had been
much desired by other people. When her love beings to
show signs of increasing he should relate to her agreeable
stories if she expresses a wish to hear such narratives. Or
if she takes delight in legerdemain, he should amaze her by

performing various tricks of jugglery; or if she feels a great

curiosity to see a performance of the various arts, he should
show his own skill in them. When she is delighted with
singing he should entertain her with music, and on certain
days, and at the time of going together to moonlight fairs
and festivals, and at the time of her return after being ab-
sent from home, he should present her with bouquets of
flowers, and with chaplets for the head and with ear orna-
8o The Kama Sutra

ments and rings, for these are the proper occasions

on which
such things should be presented.
He should also teach the daughter of the girl's nurse all
the sixty-four means of pleasure practiced by men, and
under this pretext should also inform her of his great skill
in the art of sexual enjoyment. All this time he should
wear a fine dress, and make as good an appearance as pos-

sible, for young women love men who live with them, and
who are handsome, good looking, and well dressed. As for
the saying that though women may fall in love, they still
make no effort themselves to gain over the object of their
affections, that only a matter of idle talk.
is

Now a girl always shows her love by outward signs and

actions such as the following: —
She never looks the man
in the face, and becomes abashed when she is looked at by
him; under some pretext or other she shows her limbs to
him; she looks secretly at him though he has gone away
from her side; hangs down her head when she is asked some
question by him, and answers in indistinct words and un-
finished sentences, delights to be in his company for a long
time, speaks to her attendants in a peculiar tone with the
hope of attracting his attention towards her when she is at
a distance from him, does not wish to go from the place
where he is, under some pretext or other she makes him look
at different things, narrates to him tales and stories very
slowly, so that she may continue conversing with him for a
long time, kisses and embraces before him a child sitting in
her lap, draws ornamental marks on the foreheads of her
female servants, performs sportive and graceful movements
when her attendants speak jestingly to her in the presence
of her lover, confides in her lover's friends, and respects and
obeys them, shows kindness to his servants, converses with
them, and engages them to do her work as if she were their
mistress, and listens attentively to them when they tell
stories about her lover to somebody else, enters his house
when induced to do so by the daughter of her nurse, and
by her assistance manages to converse and play with him,
avoids being seen by her lover when she is not dressed
and decorated, gives him by t.'ie hand of her female friend
her ear ornament, ring, or garland of flowers that he may
have asked to see, always wears anything that he may have
presented to her, becomes dejected when any other bride-
groom is mentioned by her parents, and does not mix with
 of Vatsyayana 8i

those who may be of his party, or who may support his

claims.
There are also some verses on the subject as follows: —
A man, who has seen and perceived the feelings of the
girl towards him, and who has noticed the outward signs
and movements by which those feelings are expressed,
should do everything in his power to effect an union with
her. He should gain over a young girl by childlike sports,
a damsel come of age by his skill in the arts, and a girl that
loves him by having recourse to persons in whom she con-
fides.
 CHAPTER IV.
About Things to be Done Only by the Man, and the Acqui-
sitio\n of the Girl Thereby. Also, What is to be Done
by a Girl to Gain Over a Man, and Subject Him to Her.
Now when the girl begins to show her love by outward
signs and motions, as described in the last chapter, the lover
should try to gain her over entirely by various ways and
means, such as the following: —
When engaged with her in any game or sport he should
intentionally hold her hand. He should practice upon her
the various kinds of embraces, such as the touching em-
brace, and others already described in a preceding chapter
(Part II., Capter 2). He should show her a pair of human
beings cut out of the leaf of a tree, and such like things, at
intervals. When engaged in water sports, he should dive
at a distance from her, and come up close to her. He should
show an increased liking for the new foliage of trees and
such like things. He should describe to her the pangs he
suffers on her account. He should relate to her the beautiful
dream that he has had with reference to other women. At
parties and assemblies of his caste he should sit near her,
and touch her under some pretence or other, and having
placed his foot upon hers, he should slowly touch each
of her toes, and press the ends of the nails; if successful in
this, he should get hold of her foot with his hand and re-
peat the same thing. He should also press a finger of her
hand between his toes when she happens to be washing his
feet; and whenever he gives anything to her or takes any-
thing from her, he should show her by his manner and look
how much he loves her.
He should sprinkle upon her the water brought for rins-
ing his mouth; and when alone with her in a lonely place,
or in darkness, he should make love to her, and tell her the
true state of his mind without distressing her in any way.
Whenever he sits with her on the same seat or bed he
should say to her, "I have something to tell you in private,"
and then, when she comes to hear it in a quiet place, he
should express his love to her more by manner and signs
than by words. When he comes to know the state of her

82
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 83

feelings towards him he should pretend to be ill, and should

make her come to his house to speak to him. There he should
intentionally hold her hand and place it on his eyes and fore-
head, and under the pretence of preparing some medicine for
him he should ask her to do the work for his sake in the
following words: "This work must be done by you, and by
nobody else." When she wants to go away he should let
her go, with an earnest request to come and see him again.
This device of illness should be continued for three days and
three nights. After this, when she begins coming to see him
frequently, he should carry on long conversations with her,
for, says Ghotakamukha, "though a man loves a girl ever
so much, he never succeeds in winning her without a great
deal of talking." At last, when the man finds the girl com-
pletely gained over, he may then begin to enjoy her. As
for the saying that women grow less timid than usual during
the evening, at night, and in darkness, and are desirous of
congress at those times, and do not oppose men then, and
should only be enjoyed at these hours, it is a matter of talk
only.
When it is impossible for the man to carry on his en-
deavors alone, he should, by means of the daughter of her
nurse, or of a female friend in whom she confides, cause the
girl to be brought to him without making known to her his
design, and he should then proceed with her in the manner
above described. Or he should in the beginning send his
own female servant to live with the girl as her friend, and
should then gain her over by her means.
At last, when he knows the state of her feelings by her
outward manner and conduct towards him at religious cere-
monies, marriage ceremonies, fairs, festivals, theatres, public
assemblies, and such like occasions, he should begin to enjoy
her when she is alone, for Vatsyayana lays it down, that
women, when resorted to at proper times and in proper
places,do not turn away from their lovers.
When a girl, possessed of good qualities and well-bred,
though born in a humble family, or destitute of wealth, and
not therefore desired by her equals, or an orphan girl, or one
deprived of her parents, but observing the rules of her family
and caste, should wish to bring about her own marriage when
she comes of age, such a girl should endeavor to gain over
a strong and good looking young man, or a person whom
she thinks would marry her on account of the weakness of
84 The Kama Sutra
his mind, and even without the consent of his parents. She
should do this by such means as would endear her to the said
person, as well as by frequently seeing and meeting him. Her
mother also should constantly cause them to meet by means
of her female friends, and the daughter of her nurse. The
girl herself should try to get alone with her beloved in some
quiet place, and at odd times should give him flowers, betel
nut, betel leaves, and perfumes. She should also show her
of the arts, in shampooing, in scratching,
skill in the practice
and in pressing with the nails. She should also talk to him
on the subjects he likes best, and discuss with him the ways
and means of gaining over and winning the affections of
a girl.
But old authors say that although the girl loves the man
ever so much, she should not offer herself, or make the first
overtures, for a girl who does this loses her dignity, and is
liable to be scorned and rejected. But when the man shows
his wish to enjoy her, she should be favorable to him, and
should show no change in her demeanour when he embraces
her, and should receive all the manifestations of his love as
if she were ignorant of the state of his mind. But when he
tries to kiss her she should oppose him; when he begs to be
allowed to have sexual intercourse with her she should let
him touch her private parts only and with considerable dif-
ficulty; and though importuned by him, she should not yield
herself up to him as if of her own accord, but should resist
his attempts to have her. It is only, moreover, when she is
certain that she is truly loved, and that her lover is indeed
devoted to her, and will not change his mind, that she should
then give herself up to him, and persuade him to marry her
quickly. After losing her virginity she should tell her con-
fidential friends about it.
Here end the efforts of a gain over a man.
girl to
There are also some verses on
the subject as follows; A
girl who is much sought after should marry the man that
she likes, and whom she thinks would be obedient to her,
and capable of giving her pleasure. But when from the de-
sire of wealth a girl is married by her parents to a rich man
without taking into consideration the character or looks of
the bridegroom, or when given to a man who has several
wives, she never becomes attached to the man, even though
he be endowed with good qualities, obedient to her will, ac-
tive, strong, and healthy, and anxious to please her in every
 of Vatsyayana 85

way.* A husband who is obedient but yet master of him-

though he be poor and not good looking, is better than
self,
one who is common to many women, even though he be
handsome and attractive. The wives of rich men, where
there are many wives, are not generally attached to their hus-
bands, and are not confidential with them, and even though
they possess all the external enjoyments of life, still have re-
course to other men. A
man who is of a low mind, who has
fallen his social position, and who is much given to
from
travelling, does not deserve to be married; neither does one
who has many wives and children, or one who is devoted to
sport and gambling, and who comes to his wife only when
he likes. Of all the lovers of a girl he only is her true hus-
band who possesses the qualities that are liked by her, and
such a husband only enjoys real superiority over her, because
he is the husband of love.
* There a good deal of truth in the last few observations.
is Woman is a
monogamous animal, and loves but one, and likes to feel herself alone in the
affections of one man, and cannot bear rivals. It may also be taken as a
general rule that women either married to, or kept by, rich men, love them
for their w^ealth, but not for themselves.
 CHAPTER V.
On Certain Forms of Marriage*

When a girl cannot meet her lover frequently in private,

she should send the daughter of her nurse to him, it being
understood that she has confidence in her, and had previously-
gained her over to her interests. On seeing the man, the
daughter of the nurse should, in the course of conversation,
describe to him the noble birth, the good disposition, the
beauty, talent, skill, knowledge of human nature, and affec-
tion of the girl in such a way as not to let him suppose
that she had been sent by the girl, and should thus create
'affection for the girl in the heart of the man. To the girl
also she should speak about the excellent qualities of the man,
especially of those qualities which she knows are pleasing
to the girl. She should, moreover, speak with disparage-
ment of the other lovers of the girl, and talk about the avarice
and indiscretion of their parents, and the fickleness of their
relations. She should also quote samples of many girls of
ancient times, such as Sakuntala and others, who, having
united themselves with lovers of their own caste and their
own choice, were ever happy afterwards in their society. She
should also tell of other girls who married into great families,
and being troubled by rival wives became wretched and mis-
erable, and were finally abandoned. She should further
speak of the good fortune, the continual happiness, the chas-
tity, obedience, and affection of the man, and if the girl gets
amorous about him, she should endeavor to allay her shamef
and her fear as well as her suspicions about any disaster that
might result from her marriage. In a word, she should act
the whole part of a female messenger by telling the girl all
about the man's affection for her, the places he frequented,
and the endeavors he made to meet her, and by frequently
repeating, "It will be all right if the man will take you away
forcibly and unexpectedly."
* These forms of
marriage differ from the four kinds of marriage men-
tioned in Chapter 1 and are only to be made use of ^hen the girl is gained
,

over in the way mentioned in Chapters III and IV.

t About this, see a story on the fatal effects of love at page 114 of "Early
Ideas; A Croup Hindoo Stories,"
of collected and collated by Anaryan. W. H.
Allen « Co., London, 1881.

86
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 87

The forms of Marriage

When the girl is gained over, and acts openly with the man
as his wife, he should cause fire to be brought from the house
of a Brahman, and having spread the Kusha grass upon the
ground, and offered an oblation to the fire, he should marry
her according to the precepts of the religious law. After this
he should inform his parents of the fact, because it is the
opinion of ancient authors that a marriage solemnly con-
tracted in the presence of fire cannot afterwards be set aside.
After the consummation of the marriage, the relations of
the man should gradually be made acquainted with the af-
fair, and the relations of the girl should also be apprised of
it in such a way that they may consent to the marriage, and
overlook the manner in which it was brought about, and
when this is done they should afterwards be reconciled by
affectionate presents and favorable conduct. In this manner
the man should marry the girl according to the Gandharva
form of marriage.
When the girl cannot make up her mind, or will not ex-
press her readiness to marry, the man should obtain her in
any one of the following ways: —
( 1 ) On a fitting occasion, and under some excuse, he
should, by means of a female friend with whom he is well
acquainted and whom he can trust, and who also is well
known to the girl's family, get the girl brought unexpect-
edly to his house, and he should then bring fire from the
house of a Brahman, and proceed as before described.
(2) When the marriage of the girl with some other
person draws near, the man should disparage the future hus-
band to the utmost in the mind of the mother of the girl,
and then having got the girl to come with her mother's con-
sent to a neighbouring house, he should bring fire from the
house of a Brahman, and proceed as above.
(3) The man should become a great friend of the
brother of the girl, the said brother being of the same age
as himself, and addicted to courtezans, and to intrigues with
the wives of other people, and should give him assistance in
such matters, and also give him occasional presents. He
should then tell him about his great love for his sister, as
young men will sacrifice even their lives for the sake of those
who may be of the same age, habits, and dispositions as
themselves. After this the man should get the girl brought
by means of her brother to some secure place, and having
88 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

brought fire from the house of a Brahman should proceed as

before.
(4) The man should on the occasion of festivals get the
daughter of the nurse to give the girl some intoxicating sub-
stance, and then cause her to be brought to some secure place
under the pretense of some business, and there having enjoyed
her before she recovers from her intoxication, should bring
fire from the house of a Brahman, and proceed as before.

(5) The man should, with the connivance of the

daughter of the nurse, carry off the girl from her house while
she is asleep, and then, having enjoyed her before she recovers
from her sleep, should bring fire from the house of a Brah-
man, and proceed as before.
(6) When the girl goes to a garden, or to some village
in the neighborhood, the man should, with his friends, fall
on her guards, and having killed them, or frightened them
away, forcibly carry her off, and proceed as before.
There are verses on this subject as follows: —
In all the
forms of marriage given in this chapter of this work, the one
that precedes is better than the one that follows it on account
of its being more in accordance with the commands of re-
ligion, and therefore it is only when it is impossible to carry
the former into practice that the latter should be resorted to.
As the fruit of all good marriages is love, the Gandharva*
form of marriage is respected, even though it is formed under
unfavorable circumstances, because it fulfills the object sought
for. Another cause of the respect accorded to the Gandharva
form of marriage is, that it brings forth happiness, causes less
trouble in its performance than the other forms of marriage,
and is above all the result of previous love.
* About the Gandhacvavivaha form of
marriage, see note to page 28 of
Captain R. F. Burton's "Vickram and the Vampire or Tales of Hindu
Devilry." Longman's, Green Co., London, 1870. "This form of matri-
mony was recognized by the ancient Hindoos, and is frequent in books. It is
a kind of Scotch wedding — ultra Caledonian— taking place by mutual consent
without any form or ceremony. The Gandharvas are heavenly minstrels of
Indra's court, who are supposed to be witnesses."

END OF PART III.

V. From the Temple of Surya 13th Century
At Konarak, Orissa
 PART IV.

About a Wife
 CHAPTER I.

On the Manner of Living of a Virtuous Woman, and of

Her Behavior During the Abesence of Her Husband
A virtuous woman, who has affection for her husband,
should act in conformity with his wishes as if he were a
divine being, and with his consent should take upon herself
the whole care of his family. She should keep the whole
house well cleaned, and arrange flowers of various kinds in
different parts of it, and make the floor smooth and polished
so as to give the whole a neat and becoming appearance. She
should surround the house with a garden, and place ready in
it all the materials required for the morning, noon, and eve-

ning sacrifices. Moreover she should herself revere the sanc-

tuary of the Household Gods, for says Gonardiya, "nothing
so much attracts the heart of an householder to his wife as a
careful observance of the things mentioned above."
Towards the parents, relations, friends, sisters, and ser-
vants of her husband she should behave as they deserve. In
the garden she should plant beds of green vegetables, bunches
of the sugar cane, and clumps of the fig tree, the mustard
plant, the parsley plant, the fennel plant, and the xantho-
chymus pictorius. Clusters of various flowers such as the
trapa bispinosa, the jasmine, the gasminum grandiflorum, the
yellow amaranth, the wild jasmine, the tabernamontana
coronaria, the nadyaworta, the china rose and others, should
likewise be planted, together with the fragrant grass andro-
pogon, schasnanthus, and the fragrant root of the plant andro-
pogon miricatus. She should also have seats and arbors made
in the garden, in the middle of which a well, tank, or pool
should be dug.
The wife should always avoid the company of female
beggars, female buddhist mendicants, unchaste and rougish
women, female fortune tellers and witches. As regards meals
she should always consider what her husband likes and dis-
likes, and what things are good for him, and what are in-

jurious to him When she hears the sounds of his footsteps

coming home she should at once get up, and be ready to do
whatever he may command her, and either order her female
servant to wash his feet, or wash them herself. When going

91
92 The Kama Sutra

anywhere with her husband she should put on her ornaments,

and without his consent she should not either give or accept
invitations, or attend marriages and sacrifices, or sit in the
company of female friends, or visit the temples of the Gods.
And if wants to engage in any kind of games or sports,
she
she should not do it against his will. In the same way she
should always sit down after him, and get up before him,
and should never awaken him when he is asleep. The
kitchen should be situated in a quiet and retired place, so as
not to be accessible to strangers, and should always look clean.
In the event of any misconduct on the part of her husband,
she should not blame him excessively, though she be a little
displeased. She should not use abusive language towards
him, but rebuke him with conciliatory words, whether he
be in the company of friends or alone. Moreover, she should
not be a sco^ld, for says Gonardiya "there is no cause of dis-
like on the part of a husband so great as this characteristic
in a wife." Lastly she should avoid bad expressions, sulky
looks, speaking aside, standing in the doorway, and looking
at passers-by, conversing in pleasure groves, and remaining in
a lonely place for a long time; and finally she should always
keep her body, her teeth, her hair, and everything belonging
to her tidy, sweet, and clean.
When the wife wants to approach her husband in private
her dress should consist of many ornaments, various kinds
of flowers, and a cloth decorated with different colors, and
some sweet-smelling ointments or unguents. But her every-
day dress should be composed of a thin, close-textured cloth,
a few ornaments and flowers, and a little scent, not too much.
She should also observe the fasts and vows of her husband,
and when he tries to prevent her doing this, she should
persuade him to let her do it.
At appropriate times of the year, and when they happen
to be cheap, she should buy earth, bamboos, firewood, skins,
and iron pots, as also salt and oil. Fragrant substances, ves-
sels made of the fruit of the plant wrightea antidysenterica,
or oval leaved wrightea, medicines, and other things which
are always wanted, should be obtained when required and
kept in a secret place of the house. The seeds of the radish,
the potato, the common beet, the Indian wormwood, the
mangoe, the cucumber, the egg plant, the kushmanda, the
pumpkin gourd, the surana, the bignonia indica, the sandal
wood, the premna spinosa, the garlic plant, the onion, and
 of Vatsyayana 93

other vegetables, should be bought and sown at the proper

seasons.
The wife, moreover, should not tell to strangers the
amount of her wealth, nor the secrets which her husband has
confided to her. She should surpass all the women of her
own rank in her cleverness, her appearance, her knowl-
life in

edge of cookery, her pride, and her manner of serving her

husband. The expenditure of the year should be regulated
by the profits. The milk that remains after the meals should
be turned into ghee or clarified butter. Oil and sugar should
be prepared at home; spinning and weaving should also be
done there; and a store of ropes and cords, and barks of trees
for twisting into ropes should be kept. She should also at-
tend to the pounding and cleaning of rice, using its small
grain and chaff in some way or other. She should pay the
salaries of the servants, look after the tiling of the fields, the
keeping of the flocks and herds, superintend the making of
vehicles, and take care of the rams, cocks, quails, parrots,
starlings, cuckoos, peacocks, monkeys, and deer; and finally
adjust the income and expenditure of the day. The worn-
out clothes should be given to those servants who have done
good work, in order to show them that their services have
been appreciated, or they may be applied to some other use.
The vessels in which wine is prepared, as well as those in
which it is kept, should be carefully looked after, and put
away at the proper time. All sales and purchases should also
be well attended to. The friends of her husband she should
welcome by presenting them with flowers, ointment, incense,
betel leaves, and betel nut. Her father-in-law and mother-in-
law she should treat as they deserve, always remaining de-
pendent on their will, never contradicting them, speaking to
them in few and not harsh words, not laughing loudly in
their presence, and acting with their friends and enemies as
with her own. In addition to the above she should not be
vain, or too much taken up with her enjoyments. She
should be liberal towards her servants, and reward them on
holidays and festivals; and not give away anything without
:first making it known to her husband.

Thus ends the manner of living of a virtuous woman.

During husband on a journey the virtu-
the absence of her
ous woman should wear only her auspicious ornaments, and
observe the fasts in honor of the Gods. While anxious to
hear the news of her husband, she should still look after
94 T^^^ Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

her household affairs. She should sleep near the elder women
of the house, and make herself agreeable to them. She should
look after and keep in repair the things that are liked by
her husband, and continue the works that have been begun
by him. To the abode of her relations she should not go
except on occasions of joy and sorrow, and then she should
go in her usual travelling dress, accompanied by her husband's
servants, and not remain there for a long time. The fasts
and feasts should be observed with the consent of the elders
of the house. The resources should be increased by making
purchases and sales according to the practice of the merchants,
and by means of honest servants, superintended by herself.
The income should be increased, and the expenditure dimin-
ished as much as possible. And when her husband returns
from his journey, she should receive him at first in her ordi-
nary clothes, so that he may know in what way she has lived
during his absence, and should bring to him some presents,
as also materials for the worship of the Deity.
Thus ends the part relating to the behavior of a wife dur-
ing the absence of her husband on a journey.
There are also some verses on the subject as follows:
"The wife, whether she be a woman of noble family, or
a virgin widow* remarried, or a concubine, should lead a
chaste life, devoted to her husband, and doing every thing for
his welfare. Women acting thus, acquire Dharma, Artha,
and Kama, obtain a high position, and generally keep their
husbands devoted to them."

* This
probably refers to a girl married in her infancy, or when very young
and whose husband had died before she arrived at the age of puberty. Infant
marriages are still the common custom of the Hindoos.
 CHAPTER 11.

On theConduct of the Elder Wife Towards the Other Wives

of Her Husband, and on that of a Younger Wife towards
the Elder Ones. Also on the Conduct of a Virgin Widow
Re-married; of a Wife Disliked by Her Husband; of the
Women in the King's Harem; and Lastly on the Conduct
of a Husband Towards Many Wives.
The causes of re-marriage during the lifetime of the wife
are as follows:

( 1 ) The folly or ill temper of the wife.

(2) Her husband's dislike to her.
(3) The want of offspring.
(4) The continual birth of daughters.
(5) The incontinence of the husband.
From the very beginning a wife should endeavor to attract
the heart of her husband by showing to him continually her
devotion, her good temper, and her wisdom. If however,
she bears him no children, she should herself tell her hus-
band to marry another woman. And when the second wife
is married, and brought to the house, the first wife should

give her a position superior to her own, and look upon her
as a sister. In the morning the elder wife should forcibly
make the younger one decorate herself in the presence of their
husband, and should not mind all the husband's favor being
given to her. If the younger wife does anything to displease
her husband the elder one should not neglect her, but should
always be ready to give her the most careful advice, and
should teach her to do various things in the presence of her
husband. Her children she should treat as her own, her at-
tendants she should look upon with more regard even than
on her own servants, her friends she should cherish with love
and kindness, and her relations with great honor.
When there are many other wives besides herself, the elder
wife should associate with the one who is immediately next
to her in rank and age, and should instigate the wife who
has recently enjoyed her husband's favor to quarrel with the
present favorite. After this she should sympathize with the
former, and having collected all the other wives together,
should get them to denounce the favorite as a scheming and

95
g6 The Kama Sutra
wicked woman, without however committing herself in any
way. If the favorite wife happens to quarrel with the hus-
band, then the elder wife should take her part and give her
false encouragement, and thus cause the quarrel to be in-
creased. If there be only a little quarrel between the two,
the elder wife should do all she can to work it up into a large
quarrel. But if after all this she finds that her husband still
continues to love his favorite wife, she should then change
her tactics, and endeavor to bring about a conciliation be-
tween them, so as to avoid her husband's displeasure.
Thus ends the conduct of the elder wife.
The younger wife should regard the elder wife of her hus-
band as her mother, and should not give anything away, even
to her own relations, without her knowledge. She should
tell her everything about herself, and not approach her hus-
band without her permission. Whatever is told to her by
the elder wife she should not reveal to others, and she should
take care of the children of the senior even more than of her
own. When alone with her husband she should serve him
well, but should not tell him of the pain she suffers from the
existence of a rival wife. She may also obtain secretly from
her husband some marks of his particular regard for her, and
may tell him that she lives only for him, and for the regard
that he has for her. She should never reveal her love for
her husband, nor her husband's love for her to any person
either in pride or in anger, for a wife that reveals the secrets
of her husband is despised by him. As for seeking to obtain
the regard of her husband, Gonardiya says, that it should al-
ways be done in private, for fear of the elder wife. If the
elder wife be disliked by her husband, or be childless, she
should sympathize with her, and should ask her husband to
do the same, but should surpsass her in leading the life of a
chaste woman.
Thus ends the conduct of the younger wife towards the
elder.
A widow in poor circumstances, or of a weak nature, and
who allies herself again to a man, is called a widow re-
married.
The followers of Babhravya say that a virgin widow
should not marry a person whom she may be obliged to leave
on account of his bad character, or of his being destitute of
the excellent qualities of a man, she thus being obliged to
have recourse to another person. Gonardya is of opinion
 of Vatsyayana 97

that as the cause of a widow's marrying again is her desire

for happiness, and as happiness is secured by the possession
of excellent qualities in her husband, joined to a love of en-
joyment, it is better therefore to secure a person endowed with
such qualities in the first instance. Vatsyayana, however,
thinks that a widow may marry any person that she likes,
and that she thinks will suit her.
At the time of her marriage the widow should obtain
from her husband the money to pay the cost of drinking
parties, and picnics with her relations, and of giving them
and her friends kindly gifts and presents; or she may do
these things at her own cost if she likes. In the same way
she may wear either her husband's ornaments or her own.
As to the presents of affection mutually exchanged between
the husband and herself there is no fixed rule about them.
If she leaves her husband after marriage of her own accord,
she should restore to him whatever he may have given her,
with the exception of the mutual presents. If however, she
is driven out of the house by her husband she should not

return anything to him.

After her marriage she should live in the house of her hus-
band like one of the chief members of the family, but should
treat the other ladies of the family with kindness, the ser-
vants with generosity, and all the friends of the house with
familiarity and good temper. She should show that she is
better acquainted with the sixty-four arts than the other
ladies of the house, and in any quarrels with her husband she
should not rebuke him severely, but in private do everything
that he wishes, and make use of the sixty- four ways of
enjoyment. She should be obliging to the other wives of
her husband, and to their children she should give presents,
behave as their mistress, and make ornaments and play-things
for their use. In the friends and servants of her husband
she should confide more than in his other wives, and finally
she should have a liking for drinking parties, going to picnics,
attending fairs and festivals, and for carrying out all kinds
of games and amusements.
Thus ends the conduct of a virgin widow re-married.
A woman who is disliked by her husband, and annoyed
and distressed by his other wives, should associate with the
wife who is liked most by her husband, and who serves him
more than the others, and should teach her all the arts with
which she is acquainted. She should act as the nurse of her
 pS The Kama Sutra
husband's children, and having gained over his friends to her
side, should through them make him acquainted of her devo-
tion to him. In religious ceremonies she should be a leader,
as also in vows and fasts, and should not hold too good an
opinion of herself. When her husband is lying on his bed,
she should only go near him when it is agreeable to him,
and should never rebuke him, or show obstinacy in any way.
If her husband happens to quarrel with any of his other
wives, she should reconcile them to each other, and if he de-
sires to see any woman secretly, she should manage to bring
about the meeting between them. She should moreover
make herself acquainted with the weak points of her hus-
band's character, but always keep them secret, and on the
whole behave herself in such a way as may lead him to look
upon her as a good and devoted wife.
Here ends the conduct of a wife disliked by her husband.
The above sections will show how all the women of the
King's seraglio are to behave, and therefore we shall now
speak separately only about the king.
The female attendants in the harem (called severally Kan-
chukiyas* MahallarikasA and MahaUikas,%) should bring
flowers, ointments and clothes from the King's wives to the
King, and he having received these things should give them
as presents to the servants,along with the things worn by him
the previous day. In the afternoon the King having dressed
and put on his ornaments should interview the women of
the harem, who should also be dressed and decorated with
jewels. Then having given to each of them such a place
and such respect as may suit the occasion and as they may
deserve, he should carry on with them a cheerful conversa-
tion. After that he should see such of his wives as may be
virgin widows re-married, and after them the concubines and
dancing girls. All of these should be visited in their own
private rooms.
When the King rises from hisnoonday sleep, the woman
whose duty it is to inform the King regarding the wife who
* A name given to the maid servants of the zenana of the King in ancient
times, on account of their always keeping their breasts covered with a cloth
called kanchuki. It was customary in the olden time for the maid servants
to cover their breasts with a cloth, while the Queens kept their breasts un-
covered. This custom is distinctly to be seen in the Ajunta cave paintings.
t The meaning of this word is a superior woman, so it would seem that a
Mahallarika must be a person in authority over the maid servants of the harem.
X This was also appertaining to the rank of women employed in the harem.
In later times this place was given to eunuchs.
 of Vatsyayana 99

isto spend the night with him should come to him accom-
panied by the female attendants of that wife whose turn
may have arrived in the regular course, and of her who may
have been accidentally passed over as her turn arrived, and
of her who may have been unwell at the time of her turn.
These attendants should place before the King the ointments
and unguents sent by each of these wives, marked with the
seal of her ring, and their names and their reasons for sending
the ointments should be told to the King. After this the King
accepts the ointment of one of them, who then is informed
that her ointment has been accepted, and that her day has
been settled.*
At festivals, singing parties and exhibitions all the wives
of the King should be treated with respect and served with
drinks.
But the women of the harem should not be allowed to go
out alone, neither should any woman outside the harem be
allowed to enter it except those whose character is well
known. And lastly the work which the King's wives have
to do should not be too fatiguing.
Thus ends the conduct of the King towards the women of
the harem, and of their own conduct.
A man marrying many wives should act fairly towards
them all. He should neither disregard nor pass over their
faults, and should not reveal to one wife the love, passion,
bodily blemishes, and confidential reproaches of the other.
No opportunity should be given to any one of them of speak-
ing to him about their rivals, and if one of them should begin
to speak ill of another, he should chide her and tell her that
she has exactly the same blemishes in her character. One of
them he should please by secret confidence, another by secret
respect, and another by secret flattery, and he should please
them all by going to gardens, by amusements, by presents,
by honoring their relations, by telling them secrets, and lastly
by loving unions. A young woman who is of a good temper,
and who conducts herself according to the precepts of the
Holy Writ wins her husband's attachment, and obtains a
superiority over her rivals.
Thus ends the conduct of a husband towards many wives.
*As Kings generally had many wives, it was usual for them to enjoy their
wives by turns. But as it happened sometimes that some of them lost their
turns owing to the King's absence, or to their being unwell, then in such
cases the women whose turns had been passed over, and those whose turns had
come, used to have a sort of lottery, and the ointment of all the claimants
were sent to the King, who accepted the ointment of one of them, and thus
settled the question.
END OF PART IV.
 i%5» --Jbf
i^ \ ^>j

VI. A Naga from the Temple of Surya

At Konarak, Orissa 13 th Century
 PART V
About the Wives of Other People
 CHAPTER I.

Of the Characteristics of Men and Women. — The Reasons

Why Women Reject the Addresses of Men. —About Men
Who Have Success with Women, and About Women Who
Are Easily Gained Over.
The wives of other people may be resorted to on the oc-
casions already described in Part I, Chapter 5, of this work,
but the possibility of their acquisition, their fitness for cohabi-
tation, the danger to oneself in uniting with them, and the
future effect of these unions, should first of all be examined.
A man may resort to the wife of another, for the purpose
of saving his own life, when he perceives that his love for
her proceeds from one degree of intensity to another. These
degrees are ten in number, and are distinguished by the fol-
lowing marks:
1 Love of the eye.
2 Attachment of the mind.
3 Constant reflection.
4 Destruction of sleep.
5 Emaciation of the body.
6 Turning away from objects of enjoyment.
7 Removal of shame.
8 Madness.
9 Fainting.
10 Death.
Ancient authors say that a man should know the disposi-
tion, truthfulness, purity, and will of young woman, as
a
also the intensity, or weakness of her passions from the form
of her body, and from her characteristic marks and signs.
But Vatsyayana is of opinion that the forms of bodies, and
the characteristic marks or signs are but erring tests of char-
acter, and that women should be judged by their conduct,
by the outward expression of their thoughts, and by the
movements of their bodies.
Now as a general rule Gonikaputra says that a woman
falls in love with every handsome man she sees, and so does
every man at the sight of a beautiful woman, but frequently
they do not take any further steps owing to various con-
siderations. In love the following circumstances are peculiar

103
I04 The Kama Sutra
to the woman. She loves without regard to right or wrong,*
and does not try to gain over a man simply for the attain-
ment of some particular purpose. Moreover, when a man
first makes up to her she naturally shrinks from him, even

though she may be willing to unite herself with him. But

when the attempts to gain her are repeated and renewed, she
at last consents. But with a man, even though he may have
begun to love, he conquers his feelings from a regard for
morality and wisdom, and although his thoughts are often on
the woman, he does not yield, even though an attempt be
made to gain him over. He sometimes makes an attempt or
effort to win the object of his affections, and having failed,
he leaves her alone for the future. In the same way when a
woman is once gained, he often becomes indifferent about
her. As for the saying that a man does not care for what is
easily gained, and only desires a thing which cannot be ob-
tained without difficulty, it is only a matter of talk.
The causes of a woman rejecting the addresses of a man
are as follows:
1 Affection for her husband.
2 Desire of lawful progeny.
3 Want of opportunity.
4 Anger at being addressed by the man too familiarly.
5 Difference in rank of life.
6 Want of certainty on account of the man being devoted
to travelling.
7 Thinking that the man may be attached to some other
person.
8 Fear of the man's not keeping his intentions secret.
9 Thinking that the man is too devoted to his friends,
and has too great a regard for them.
10 The
apprehension that he is not in earnest.
Bashfulness on account of his being an illustrious man.
1 1

12 Fear on account of his being powerful, or

possessed
of too impetuous passion, in the case of the deer-woman.
13 Bashfulness on account of his being too clever.
14 The thought of having once lived with him on
friendly terms only.
15 Contempt of his want of knowledge of the world.
16 Distrust of his low character.
17 Disgust at his want of perception of her love for him.
* On peut tout attendre et tout supposer d'une femme amoureuse — Balzac,
 of Vatsyayana 105

18 In the case of an elephant-woman, the thought that he

is a hare-man, or a man of weak passion.
19 Compassion lest any thing should befall him on ac-
count of his passion.
20 Despair at her own imperfections.
21 Fear of discovery.
22 Disillusion at seeing his grey hair or shabby appear-
ance.
23 Fear that he may be employed by her husband to test
her chastity.
24 The thought that he has too much regard for morality.
Whichever of the above causes a man may detect, he should
endeavor to remove it from the very beginning. Thus, the
bashfulness that may arise from his greatness or his ability,
he should remove by showing his great love and affection for
her. The difficulty of the want of opportunity, or of his in-
accesibility, he should remove by showing her some easy way
of access. The excessive respect entertained by the woman
for him should be removed by making himself very familiar.
The difficulties that arise from his being thought a low charac-
ter he should remove by showing his valor and his wisdom;
those that come from neglect by extra attention; and those
that arise from fear by giving her proper encouragement.
The following are the men who generally obtain success
with women:
1 Men well versed in the science of love.
2 Men skilled in telling stories.
3 Men women from their childhood.
acquainted with
4 Men
who have secured their confidence.
5 Men
who send presents to them.
6 Men
who talk well.
7 Men
who do things that they like.
8 Men
who have not loved other women previously.
9 Men
who act as messengers.
10 Men
who know their weak points.
1 1 Men
who are desired by good women.
12 Men
who are united with their female friends.
13 Men
who are good looking.
14 Men
who have been brought up with them.
15 Men
who are their neighbors.
1 6 Men
who are devoted to sexual pleasures, even though
these be their own servants.
17 The lovers of the daughters of their nurse.
io6 The Kama Sutra
1 Men
8 who have been lately married.
19 Men who like picnics ancl pleasure parties.
20 Men who are liberal.
21 Men who are celebrated for being very strong (bull-
men) .

22 Enterprising and brave men.

23 Men who surpass their husbands in learning and good
looks, in good qualities, and in liberality.
24 Men whose dress and manner of living are magnificent.
The following are the women who are easily gained over:
1 Women who stand at the door of their houses.
2 Women who are always looking out on the street.
3 Women who sit conversing in their neighbor's house.
4 A woman who is always staring at you.
5 A female messenger.
6 A
woman who looks sideways at you.
7 A
woman whose husband has taken another wife
without any just cause.
8 A woman who hates her husband, or who is hated by
him.
9 woman A who has nobody to look after her, or keep
her in check.
10 woman A who has not had any children.
1 1 A woman whose family or caste is not well known.
12 A woman whose children are dead.
13 A woman who is very fond of society.
14 A woman who is apparently very affectionate with
with her husband.
1 5 The wife of an actor.
16 A widow.
17 A poor woman.
18 A woman fond of enjoyments.
19 The wife of a man with many younger brothers.
20 A vain woman.
21 A woman whose husband is inferior to her in rank
or abilities.

22 A woman who is proud of her skill in the arts.

23 A woman disturbed in mind by the folly of her hus-

band.
24 A woman who has been married in her infancy to a
rich man, and not liking him when she grows up, desires
a man possessing a disposition, talents, and wisdom suitable
to her own tastes.
 of Vatsyayana 107

25 A woman who is slighted by her husband without

any cause.
26 A woman who is not respected by other women of
the same rank or beauty as herself.
27 A woman whose husband is devoted to travelling.
28 The wife of a jeweller.
29 A jealous woman.
30 A covetous woman.
3 1 An immoral woman.
32 A woman.
barren
33 A woman.
lazy
34 A
cowardly woman.
35 A
humpbacked woman.
36 A
dwarfish woman.
37 A
deformed woman.
38 A
vulgar woman.
39 An ill-smelling woman.
40 A sick woman.
41 An old woman.
There are also two verses on the subject as follows:
"Desire, which springs from nature, and which is increased
by art, and from which all danger is taken away by wis-
dom, becomes firm and secure. A clever man, depending on
his own ability, and observing carefully the ideas and thoughts
of women, and removing the causes of their turning away
from men, is generally successful with them."
 CHAPTER II.

About Making Acquaintance with the Woman, and of the

Efforts to Gain Her Over

Ancient authors arc of opinion that girls are not so easily

seduced by employing female messengers as by the efforts of
the man himself, but that the wives of others are more easily
got at by the aid of female messengers than by the personal
efforts of the man. But Vatsyayana lays it down that when-
ever it is possible a man should always act himself in these
matters, and it is only when such is impracticable, or im-
possible, that female messengers should be employed. As for
the saying that women who act and talk boldly and freely
are to be won by the personal efforts of the man, and that
women who do not possses those qualities are to\ be got at by
female messengers, it is only a matter of talk.
Now when a man acts himself in the matter he should
first of all make the acquaintance of the woman he loves in
the following manner.
I St. He should arrange to be seen by the woman either on

a natural or special opportunity. A

natural opportunity is
when one of them goes to the house of the other, and a
special opportunity is when they meet either at the house
of a friend, or a caste-fellow, or a minister, or a physician,
as also on the occasion of marriage ceremonies, sacrifices,
and garden parties.
festivals, funerals,
2nd. Whenever they do meet, the man should be careful
to look at her in such a way as to cause the state of his mind
to be known to her; he should pull about his moustache,
make a sound with his nails, cause his own ornaments to
tinkle, bite his lower lip, and make various other signs of
that description. When she is looking at him he should
speak to his friends about her and other women, and should
show to her his liberality and his appreciation of enjoyments.
When sitting by the side of a female friend he should yawn
and twist his body, contract his eyebrows, speak very slowly
as if he was weary, and listen to her indifferently. A
con-
versation having two meanings should also be carried on with
a child or some other person, apparently having regard tol a
third person, but really having reference to the woman he

io8
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 109

loves, and in this way his love should be made manifest

under the pretext of referring to others rather than to herself.
He should make marks that have reference to her, on the
earth with his nails, or with a stick, and should embrace and
kiss a child in her presence, and give it the mixture of betel
nut and betel leaves with his tongue, and press its chin with
his fingers in a caressing way. All these things should be
done at the proper time and in proper places.
3rd. The man should fondle a child that may be sitting
on her lap, and give it something to play with, and also
take the same back again. Conversation with respect to the
child may also be held with her, and in this manner he should
gradually become well acquainted with her, and he should
also make himself agreeable to her relations. Afterwards,
this acquaintance should be made a pretext for visiting her
house frequently, and on such occasions he should converse
on the subject of love in her absence, but within her hearing.
As his intimacy with her increases he should place in her
charge some kind of deposit or trust, and take away from it
a small portion at a time; or he may give her some fragrant
substances, or betel nuts to be kept for him by her. After
this he should endeavor to make her well acquainted with his
own wife, and get to carry on confidential conversa-
them
tions, and to together in lonely places.
sit In order to see
her frequently he should arrange so that the same goldsmith,
the same jeweller, the same basket maker, the same dyer, and
the same washerman should be employed by the two families.
And he should also pay her long visits openly under the pre-
tence of being engaged with her on business, and one busi-
ness should lead to another, so as to keep up the intercourse
between them. Whenever she wants anything, or is in need
of money, or wishes to acquire skill in one of the arts, he
should cause her to understand that he is willing and able to
do anything that she wants, to give her money, or teach her
one of the arts, all these things being quite within his ability
and power. In the same way he should hold discussions with
her in company with other people, and they should talk of
the doings and sayings of other persons, and examine dif-
ferent things like jewellery, precious stones, etc. On such
occasions he should show her certain things with the values
of which she may be unacquainted, and if she begins to dis-
pute with him about the things or their value, he should not
no The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

contradict her, but point out that he agrees with her in every
way.
Thus end the ways of making the acquaintance of the
woman desired.
Now after a girl has become acquainted with the man as
above described, and has manifested her love to him by the
various outward signs, and by the motions of her body, the
man should make every effort to gain her over. But as
girls are not acquainted with sexual union they should be
treated with the greatest delicacy, and the man should pro-
ceed with considerable caution, though in the case of other
women accustomed to sexual intercourse this is not necessary.
When the intentions of the girl are known, and her bashful-
ness put aside, the man should begin to make use of her
money, and an interchange of clothes, rings, and flowers
should be made. In this the man should take particular care
that the things given by him are handsome and valuable. He
should moreover receive from her a mixture of betel nut and
betel leaves, and when he is going to a party he should ask
for the flower in her hair, or for the flower in her hand. If
he himself gives her a flower it should be a sweet-smelling
one, and marked with marks made by his nails or teeth.
With increasing assiduity he should dispel her fears, and by
degrees get her to go with him to some lonely place, and there
he should embrace and kiss her. And finally at the time of
giving her some betel nut, or of receiving the same from her,
or at the time of making an exchange of flowers, he should
touch and press her private parts, thus bringing his efforts
to a satisfactory conclusion.
When a man is endeavoring to seduce one woman, he
should not attempt to seduce any other at the same time. But
after he has succeeded with the first, and enjoyed her for a
considerable time, he can keep her affections by giving her
presents that she likes, and then commence making up to an-
other woman. When a man sees the husband of a woman
going to some place near his house, he should not enjoy the
woman then, even though she may be easily gained over at
that time. A wise man having a regard for his reputation
should not think of seducing a woman who is apprehensive,
timid, not to be trusted, well guarded, or possessed of a
father-in-law or mother-in-law.
 CHAPTER III.

Examination of the State of a Woman's Mind

When a man is woman he should
trying to gain over a
examine the mind, and act as follows.
state of her
If she listens to him, but does not manifest to him in any
way her own intentions, he should then try to gain her
over by means of a go-between.
If she meets him once, and again comes to meet him better
dressed than before, or comes to him in some lonely place, he
should be certain that she is capable of being enjoyed by the
use of a little force. A woman who lets a man make up to
her, but does not give herself up, even after a long time,
should be considered as a trifler in love, but owing to the
fickleness of the human mind, even such a woman can be con-
quered by always keeping up a close acquaintance with her.
When a woman avoids the attentions of a man, and on
account of respect for him, and pride in herself, will not meet
him or approach him, she can be gained over with difficulty,
either by endeavoring to keep on familiar terms with her, or
else by an exceedingly clever go-between.

When a man makes up to a woman, and she reproaches

him with harsh words, she should be abandoned at once.
When a woman reproaches a man, but at the same time
acts affectionately towards him, she should be made love to
in every way.
A woman, who meets a man in lonely places, and puts up
with the touch of his foot, but pretends, on account of the
indecision of her mind, not be aware of it, should be con-
quered by patience, and by continued efforts as follows:
If she happens to go to sleep in his vicinity he should put
his left arm around her, and see when she awakens whether
she repulses him in reality, or only repulses him in such a
way as if she was desirous of the same thing being done to
her again. And what is done by the arm can also be done
by the foot. If the man succeeds in this point he should cm-
brace her more closely, and if she will not stand the embrace
and gets up, but behaves with him as usual the next day, he
should consider then that she is not unwilling to be enjoyed
by him. If, however, she does not appear again, the man
III
 112 The Kama Sutra

should try to get over her by means of a go-between; and if,

after having disappeared for some time she again appears,
and behaves with him as usual, the man should then con-
sider that she would not object to be united with him.
When a woman gives a man an opportunity, and makes
her own love manifest to him, he should proceed to enjoy
her. And the signs of a woman manifesting her love are
these :

1 She calls out to a man without being addressed by him

in the first instance.
2 She shows herself to him in secret places.
3 She speaks to him tremblingly and inarticulately.
4 She has the fingers of her hand, and the toes of her feet
moistened with perspiration, and her face blooming with
delight.
5 She occupies herself with shampooing his body and
pressing his head.
6 When shampooing him she works with one hand only,
and with the other she touches and embraces parts of his
body.
7 She remains with both hands placed on his body mo-
tionless as if she had been surprised by something, or was
overcome by fatigue.
8 She sometimes bends down her face upon his thighs,
and when asked to shampoo them does not manifest any un-
willingness to do so.
9 She places one of her hands quite motionless on his
body, and even though the man should press it between two
members of his body, she does not remove it for a long time.
I o Lastly, when she has resisted all the efforts of the man
to gain her over, she returns to him the next day to shampoo
his body as before.
When a woman neither gives encouragement to a man, nor
avoids him, but hides herself and remains in some lonely
place, she must be got at by means of the female servant who
may be near her. If when called by the man she acts in the
same way, then she should be gained over by means of a
skillful go-bttween. But if she will have nothing tQ say to
the man, he should consider well about her before he begins
any further attempts to gain her over.
Thus ends the examination of the state of a woman's mind.
A man should first get himself introduced to a woman,
and then carry on a conversation with her. He should give
 of Vatsyayana 113

her hints of his love for her, and if he finds from her replies
that she receives these hints favorably, he should then set
to work to gain her over without any fear. A
woman who
shows her love by outward signs to the man at his first inter-
view should be gained over very easily. In the same way a
lascivious woman, who when addressed in loving words re-
plies openly in words expressive of her love, should be con-
sidered to have been gained over at that very moment. With
regard to all women, whether they be wise, simple, or con-
fiding, this rule is laid down that those who make an open
manifestation of their love are easily gained over.
 CHAPTER IV.
About the Business of a Go-Between
If a woman has manifested her love or desire either by signs
or by motions of the body, and is afterwards rarely or never
seen any where, or if a woman is met for the first time, the
man should get a go-between to approach her.
Now the go-between, having wheedled herself into the
confidence of the woman by acting according to her disposi-
tion, should try to make her hate or despise her hsuband by
holding artful conversations with her, by telling her about
medicines for getting children, by talking to her about other
the wives
people, by tales of various kinds, by stories about
of other men, and by praising her beauty, wisdom, generosity
and good nature, and saying to her: "It is indeed a pity that
you, who are so excellent a woman in every way, should be
possessed of a husband of this kind. Beautiful lady, he is
not
fit even to serve you." The go-between should further talk
to the woman about the weakness of the passion of her hus-
band, his jealousy, his roguery, his ingratitude, his aversion
to enjoyments, his dullness, his meanness, and all the other
faults that he may have, and with which she may be ac-
quainted. She should particularly harp upon that fault or
failing by which the wife may appear to be most affected.
If the wife be a deer-woman, and the husband a hare-man,
then there would be no fault in that direction, but in the
event of his being a hare-man, and she a mare-woman, or
elephant-woman, then this fault should be pointed out to
her.

Gonikaputra of opinion that when it is the first affair

is

of the woman, or whenher love has only been very secretly

shown, the man should then secure and send to her a go-
between, with whom she may be already acquainted, and
in whom she confides.
But to return to our subject. The go-between should tell
the woman about the obedience and love of the man, and as
her confidence and affection increase, she should then explain
to her the thing to be accomplished in the following way:
"Hear this, O beautiful lady, that this man, born of a good
family, having seen you, has gone mad on your account. The
1 14
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 115

poor young man, who Is tender by nature, has never been

distressed in such a way before, and it is highly probable that
he will succumb under his present affliction, and experience
the pains of death." If the woman listens with a favorable
ear, then on the following day the go-between, having ob-
served marks of good spirits in her face, in her eyes, and in
her manner of conversation, should again converse with her
on the subject of the man, and should tell her the stories of
Ahalya* and Indra, of Sakoontala^ and Dushyanti, and such
others as may be fitted for the occasion. She should also de-
scribe to her the strength of the man, his talents, his skill
in the sixty-four sorts of enjoyments mentioned by Babhrav-
ya, his good looks, and with some praiseworthy
his liaison
woman, no matter whether took place or not.
this last ever
In addition to this, the go-between should carefully note
the behavior of the woman, which if favorable would be as
follows: She would address her with a smiling look, would
seat herself close beside her and ask her, "Where have you
been? What have you been doing? Where did you dine?
Where did you sleep? Where have you been sitting?" More-
over the woman would meet the go-between in lonely places
and her stories there, would yawn contemplatively, draw
tell

long sighs, give her presents, remember her on occasions of

festivities, dismiss her with a wish to see her again, and say
to her jestingly, "O, well-speaking woman, why do you
speak these bad words to me?" would discourse on the sin
of her union with the man, would not tell her about any
previous visits or conversations that she may have had with
him, but wish to be asked about these, and lastly would
laugh at the man's desire, but would not reproach him in any
way.
Thus ends the behavior of the woman with the go-
between.
When the woman manifests her love in the manner above
described, the go-between should increase it by bringing to
her love-tokens from the man. But if the women be not
acquainted with the man personally, the go-between should
* The wife of the sage Gautama, she was seduced by Indra the king of the
Gods.
t The heroine of one of the best, if not the best, of Hindoo plays, and the
best known Sanscrit dramatic literature.
in It was first brought to notice by
5/r William Jones, and has been well and poetically translated by Dr. Moniec
Williams under the title of Sakoontala or The Lost Ring, an Indian drama,
translated into English prose and verse from the Sanscrit of Kalidasa.
ii6 The Kama Sutra
win her over by extolling and praising his good qualities, and
by telling stories about his love for her. Here Auddalaka
says that when a man or woman are not personally ac-
quainted with each other, and have not shown each other any
signs of affection, the employment of a go-between is useless.
The followers of Babhravya on the other hand, affirm that
even though they be personally unacquainted, but have
shown each other signs of affection there is an occasion for
the employment of a go-between. Gonikaputra asserts that
a go-between should be employed, provided they are ac-
quainted with each other, even though no signs of affection
may have passed between them. Vatsyayana, however, lays
it down that even though they may not be personally ac-

quainted with each other and may not have shown each other
any signs of affection, still they are both capable of placing
confidence in a go-between.
Now the go-between should show the woman the pres-
ents, such as the betel nut and the betel leaves, the perfumes,
the flowers, and the rings which the man may have given to
her for the sake of the woman, and on these presents should
be impressed the marks of the man's teeth, and nails, and
other signs. On the cloth that he may send he should draw
with saffron both his hands joined together as if in earnest
entreaty.
The go-between should also show to the woman orna-
mental figures of various kinds cut in leaves, together with
car ornaments, and chaplets made of flowers containing love
letters expressive of the desire of the man, and she should
cause her to send affectionate presents to the man in return.
After they have mutually accepted each other's presents, then
a meeting should be arranged between them on the faith of
the go-between.
The followers of Babhravya say that this meeting should
take place at the time of going to the temple of a Deity, or
on occasions of fairs, garden parties, theatrical performances,
marriages, sacrfices, festivals and funerals, as also at the time
of going to the river to bathe, or at times of natural calami-
ties,! fear of robbers or hostile invasions of the country.
Gonikaputra is of opinion, however, that these meetings
had better be brought about in the abodes of female friends,
mendicants, astrologers, and ascetics. But Vatasyayana de-

t It is supposed that storms, earthquakes, famines, and pestilent diseases are

here alluded to.
 of Vatsyayana 117

cides that that place is only well suited for the purpose which
has proper means of ingress and egress, and where arrange-
ments have been made to prevent any accidental occurrence,
and when a man who has once entered the house, can also
leave it at the proper time without any disagreeable encounter.
Now go-betweens or female messengers are of the follow-
ing different kinds, viz.:
( i) A go-between who takes upon herself the whole bur-
den of the business.
(2) A go-between who does only a limited part of the
business.
(3) A go-between who is the bearer of a letter only.
(4) A go-between acting on her own account.
(5) The go-between of an innocent young woman.
(6) A wife serving as a go-between.
(7) A mute go-between.
(8) A go-between who acts the part of the wind.
(i) A woman who, having observed the mutual passion
of a man and a woman, brings them together and arranges
itby the power of her own intellect, such an one is called a go-
between who takes upon herself the whole burden of the
business. This kind of go-between is chiefly employed when
the man and the woman are already acquainted with each
other, and have conversed together, and in such cases she is
sent not only by the man (as is always done in all other
cases) but by the woman also.
—
The above name is also
given to a go-between who, perceiving that the man and the
woman are suited to each other, tries to bring about a union
between them even though they be not acquainted with each
other.
(2) Ago-between who, perceiving that some part of
the affair is already done, or that the advances on the part
of the man are already made, completes the rest of the busi-
ness is called a go-between who performs only a limited part
of the business.
(3) A go-between, who simply carries messages between
a man and a woman who love each other, but who cannot
frequently meet, is called the bearer of a letter or message.
This name also given to one who is sent by either of
is
the lovers to acquaint either the one or the other with the
time and place of their meeting.
(4) A
woman who goes herself to a man, and tells him of
her having enjoyed sexual union with him in a dream, and
ii8 The Kama Sutra

expresses her anger at his wife having rebuked him for call-
ing her by the name of her rival instead of by her own name,
and gives him something bearing the marks of her teeth and
nails and informs him that she knew she was formerly de-
sired by him, and asks him privately whether she or his wife
is the better looking, such a person is called a woman who is a
go-between for herself. Now such a woman should be met
and interviewed by the man in private and secretly.
The above name is also given to a woman who having
made an agreement with some other woman to act as her go-
between, gains over the man to herself, by the means of mak-
ing him personally acquainted with herself, and thus causes
the other woman to fail. The same applies to a man who,
acting as a go-between for another, and having no previous
connection with the woman, gains her over for himself, and
thus causes the failure of the other man.
(5) A woman, who has gained the confidence of the in-
nocent young wife of any man, and who has learned her
secrets without exercising any pressure on her mind, and
found out from her how her husband behaves to her, if this
woman then teaches her the art of securing his favor, and
decorates her so as to show her love, and instructs her how
and when to be angry, or to pretend to be so, and then, hav-
ing herself made marks of the nails and teeth on the body
of the wife, gets the latter to send for her husband to show
these marks to him, and thus excite him for enjoyment, such
is called the go-between of an innocent young woman. In
such cases the man should send replies to his wife through
the same woman.
(6) When a man gets his wife to gain the confidence of a
woman whom he wants to enjoy, and to call on her and talk
to her about the wisdom and ability of her husband, that wife
is called a wife serving as a go-between. In this case the feel-
ings of the woman with regard to the man should also be
made known through the wife.
(7) When a man
sends a girl or a female servant to any
w^oman under some pretext or other, and places a letter in
her bouquet of flowers, or in her ear ornaments, or marks
something about her with his teeth or nails, that girl or female
servant is called a mute go-between. In this case the man
should expect an answer from the woman through the same
person.
 of Vatsyayana 119

(8) A person who carries a message to a woman which

has a double meaning, or which relates to some past transac-
tions, or which is unintelligible to other people, is called a
go-between who acts the part of the wind. In this case the
reply should be asked for through the same woman.
Thus end the different kinds of go-betweens.
A female astrologer, a female servant, a female begger, or
a female artist are well acquainted with the business of a
go-between, and very soon gain the confidence of other
women. Any one of them can raise enmity between any
two persons if she wishes to do so, or extol the loveliness of
any woman that she wishes to praise, or describe the arts
practiced by other women in sexual union. They can also
speak highly of the love of a man, of his skill in sexual enjoy-
ment, and of the desire of other women, more beautiful even
than the woman they are addressing, for him, and explain the
restraint under which he may be at home.
Lastly, a go-between can, by the artfulness of her conver-
sation unite a woman with a man, even though he may not
have been thought of by her, or may have been considered
beyond his aspirations. She can also bring back a man to
a woman, who owing to some cause or other, has separated
himself from her.
 CHAPTER V.
About the Love of Persons in Authority for the Wives of
Other Men.
Kings and their ministers have no access to the abodes of
others,and moreover their mode of living is constantly
watched and observed and imitated by the people at large,
just as the animal world, seeing the sun rise, get up after
him, and when he evening, lie down again in the
sets in the
same way. Persons in authority should not therefore do
any improper act in public, as such are impossible from their
position, and would be deserving of censure. But if they
find that such an act is necessary to be done, they should make
use of the proper means as described in the following para-
graphs.
The head man of the village, the Kings' officer employed
there, and the man* whose business it is to glean corn, can
gain over female villagers simply by asking them. It is on
this account that this class of woman are called unchaste
women by voluptuaries.
The union of the above mentioned men with this class of
woman takes place on the occasions of unpaid labor, of fill-
ing the graneries in their houses, of taking things in and out
of the house, of cleaning the houses, of working in the fields,
and of purchasing cotton, wool, flax, hemp, and thread, and
at the season of the purchase, sale, and exchange of various
other articles, as well as at the time of doing various other
works. In the same way the superintendents of cow pens
enjoy the women in the cow pens; and officers, who have the
superintendence of widows, of women who are without sup-
porters, and of women who have left their husbands, have
sexual intercourse with these women. The intelligent ac-
complish their object by wandering at night in the village,
while villagers also unite with the wives of their sons, being
much alone with them. Lastly the superintendents of mar-
kets have a great deal to do with female villagers at the time
of their making purchases in the market.
During the festival of the eighth moon, i.e., during the
* This is a phrase used for the man who does the work of everybody, and
who is fed by the whole village.

I 20
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 121

bright half of the month of Nargashirsha, as also during the

moonlight festival of the month of Kattika, and the spring
festival of Chaitva, the women of cities and towns generally
visit the women of the King's harem in the royal palace.
These visitors go to the several apartments of the women of
the harem, as they are acquainted with them, and pass the
night in conversation, and in proper sports, and amusement,
and go away in the morning. On such occasions, a female
attendant of the King, (previously acquainted with the
woman whom the King desires) should loiter about, and
,

accost this woman when she sets out to go home, and induce
her to come and see the amusing things in the palace. Pre-
vious to these festivals even, she should have caused it to be
intimated to this woman that on the occasion of this festival
she would show her all the interesting things in the royal
palace. Accordingly she should show her the bower of the
coral creeper, the garden house with its floor inlaid with prec-
ious stones, the bower of grapes, the building on the water,
the secret passages in the walls of the palace, the pictures, the
sporting animals, the machines, the birds, and the cages of
the lions and the tigers. After this, when alone with her, she
should tell her about the love of the King for her, and should
describe to her the good fortune which would attend uporv
her union with the King, giving her at the time a strict promise
of secrecy. If the woman does not accept the offer, she should
conciliate and please her with handsome presents befitting the
position of the King, and having accompanied her for some
distance should dismiss her with great affection.
(2) Or, having made the acquaintance of the husband of
the woman whom the King desires, the wives of the King
should get the wife to pay them a visit in the harem, and
on this occasion a female attendant of the king, having been
sent thither, should act as above described.
(3) Or, one of the King's wives should get acquainted
with the woman that the King desires, by sending one of the
female attendants to her, who should, on their becoming more
intimate, induce her to come and see the royal abode. After-
wards when she has visited the harem, and acquired con-
fidence, a female confidant of the King, sent thither, should
act as before described.

^(4) Or, the King's wife should invite the woman, whom
the King desires, to come to the royal palace, so that she might
see the practice of the art in which the King's wife may be
skilled, and after she has come to the harem, a female attend-
122 The Kama Sutra
ant of the King, sent thither, should act as before described.
(5) Or, a female beggar, in league with the King's wife,
should say to the woman desired by the King, and whose hus-
band may have lost his wealth, or may have some cause of
fear from the King: "This wife of the King has influence over
him, and she is, moreover, naturally kind-hearted, we must
therefore go to her in this matter. I shall arrange for your

entrance into the harem, and she will do away with all cause
of danger and fear from the King." If the woman accepts
this offer, the female beggar should take her two or three times
to the harem, and the King's wife there should give her a
promise of protection. After this, when the woman, de-
lighted with her reception and promise of protection, again
goes to the harem, then a female attendant of the King, sent
thither,should act as directed.
(6) Whathas been said above regarding the wife of one
who has some cause of fear from the King, applies also to the
wives of those who seek service under the King, or who are
oppressed by the King's ministers, or who are poor, or who
are not satisfied with their position, or who are desirous of
gaining the King's favor, or who wish to become famous
among the people, or who are oppressed by the members of
Iheir own caste, or who want to injure their caste fellows, or
who are spies of the King, or who have any other object to
attain.
(7) Lastly, if the woman desired by the King be living
with some person who is not her husband, then the King
should cause her to be arrested, and having made her a slave,
on account of her crime, should place her in the harem. Or
the King should cause his ambassador to quarrel with the hus-
band of the woman desired by him, and should then imprison
her as the wife of an enemy of the King, and by this means
should place her in the harem.
Thus end the means of gaining over the wives of others
secretly.
The above mentioned ways of gaining over the wives of
other men are chiefly practiced in the palaces of Kings. But
a King should never enter the abode of another person, for
Abhira* the King of the Kottas was killed by a washerman
while in the house of another, and in the same way Jayasana
the King of the Kashis was slain by the commandment of his
cavalry.
* The exact date of the known.
reign of these kings is not It is supposed
to have been about the beginning of the Christian era.
 of Vatsyayana 123

to the customs of some countries there are

But according
facilities forKings to make love to the wives of other men.
Thus in the country of the Andras\ the newly married daugh-
ters of the people thereof enter the King's harem with some
presents on the tenth day of their marriage, and having been
enjoyed by the King are then dismissed. In the country of
the Vatsagulmast the wives of the chief ministers approach
the King at night to serve him. In the country of the Vaidar-
bhas^ the beautiful wives of the inhabitants pass a month in
the King's harem under the pretence of affection for the
King. In the country of the Aparatakas\\ the people gave
their beautiful wives as presents to the ministers and the Kings.
And lastly in the country of the Saurashtras^i the women of
the city and country enter the royal harem for the King's
pleasure either together or separately.
Thereare also two verses on the subject as follows:
"The above and other ways are the means employed in
different countries by Kings with regards to the wives of
other persons. But a King, who has the welfare of his people
at heart,should not on any account put them into practice."
"A King, who has conquered the six* enemies of mankind,
becomes the master of the whole earth."

t The modern country of Tailangam which is to the South of Rajamun-

dry.
t Supposed to be a tract of the country to the South of Malwa.
§ Now known by the name of Berar. Its capital was Kundinpura, which
has been identified with the modern Oomravati.
II
Also called Aparantakas, being the northern and southern Concan.
^ The modern provinces of Katteeawar. Its capital was called Ginnaguda,
or the modern Junagurh.
* These are Lust,
Anger, Avarice, Spiritual Ignorance, Pride, and Envy.
 CHAPTER VI.
About the Women of the Royal Harem; and of the Keeping
of One's Own Wife.

The women of the royal harem cannot see or meet any men
on account of their being strictly guarded, neither do they
have their desires satisfied, because their only husband is com-
mon to many wives. For this reason among themselves they
give pleasure to each other in various ways as now described.
Having dressed the daughters of their nurses, or their fe-
male friends, or their female attendants, like men, they ac-
complish their object by means of bulbs, roots, and fruits
having the form of the lingam, or they lie down upon the
statue of the male figure, in which the lingam is visible and
erect.
Some Kings, who are compassionate, take or apply certain
medicines to enable them to enjoy many wives in one night,
simply for the purpose of satisfying the desire of their women,
though they perhaps have no desire of their own. Others en-
joy with great affection only those wives that they particularly
like, while others only take them, according as the turn of
each wife arrives, in due course. Such are the ways of en-
joyment prevalent in Eastern countries, and what is said about
the means of enjoyment of the females is also applicable to
the males.
By means of their female attendants the ladies of the royal
harem generally get men into their apartments in the disguise
or dress of women. Their female attendants, and the daugh-
ters of their nurses, who are acquainted with their secrets,
should exert themselves to get men to come to the harem in
thisway by telling them of the good fortune attending it, and
by describing the facilities of entering and leaving the palace,
the large size of the premises, the carelessness of the sentinels,
and the irregularities of the attendants about the persons of
the royal wives. But these women should never induce a man
to enter the harem by telling him falsehoods, for that would
probably lead to his destruction.
As for the man himself he had better not enter a royal
harem, even though it may be easily accessible, on account of
the numerous disasters to which he may be exposed there.
If however he wants to enter it, he should first ascertain

124
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 125

whether there is an easy way to get out, whether it is closely

surrounded by the pleasure garden, whether it has separate
enclosures belonging to it, whether the sentinels are careless,
whether the King has gone abroad, and then, when he is
called by the women of the harem, he should carefully ob-
serve the localities, and enter by the way pointed out by them.
If he is able to manage it, he should hang about the harem
every day, and, under some pretext or other, make friends
with the sentinels, and show himself attached to the female
attendants of the harem, who may have become acquainted
with his design, and to whom he should express his regret at
not being able to obtain the object of his desire. Lastly he
should cause the whole business of a go-between to be done
by the woman who may have access to the harem, and he
should be careful to be able to recognize the emissaries of the
King.
When a go-between has no access to the harem, then the
man should stand in some place where the lady, whom he
loves, and whom he is anxious to enjoy, can be seen.
If that place is occupied by the King's sentinels, he should
then disguise himself as a female attendant of the lady who
comes to the place, or passes by it. When she looks at him
he should let her know his feelings by outward signs and ges-
tures, and should show her pictures, things with double mean-
ings, chaplets of flowers, and rings. He should carefully
mark the answer she gives, whether by word or by sign, or by
gesture, and should then try and get
into the harem. If he
is certain of her coming to some particular place, he should
conceal himself there, and at the appointed time should enter
along with her as one of the guards. He may also go in and
out, concealed in a folded bed, or bed covering, or with his
body made invisible,* by means of external applications, a
receipt for one of which is as follows:
The heart of an ichneumon, the fruit of the long gourd
(tumbi) and the eyes of a serpent should all be burnt with-
,

out letting out the smoke, the ashes should then be ground
and mixed in equal quantities with water. By putting this
mixture upon the eyes a man can go about unseen.
Other means of invisibility are prescribed by Duyana,
Brahmans, and Jogashiras.
* The way to make oneself invisible: the knowledge of the art of transmi-
gration, or changing ourselves or others into any shape or form by the use o£
charms and spells: the power of being in two places at once, and other occult
sciences are frequently referred to in all oriental literature.
126 The Kama Sutra

Again the man may enter the harem during the festival of
the eighth moon in the month of Nargashirsha, and during
the moonlight festivals when the female attendants of the
harem are all busily occupied, or in confusion.
The following principles are laid down on this subject.
The entrance of young men into harems, and their exit
from them, generally take place when things are being brought
into the palace, or when things are being taken out of it, or
when drinking festivals are going on, or when the female at-
tendants are in a hurry, or when the residence of some of the
royal ladies is being changed, or when the King's wives go to
gardens, or to fairs, or when they enter the palace on their
return from them, or lastly, when the King is absent on a
long pilgrimage. The women of the royal harem know each
other's secrets, and having but one object to attain, they give
assistance to each other. A young man, who enjoys all of
them, and who is common to them all, can continue enjoy-
ing his union with them so long as it is kept quiet, and is not
known abroad.
Now in the country of the Aparatakas the royal ladies are
not well protected, and consequently many young men are
passed into the harem by the women who have access to the
royal palace. The wives of the King of the Ahira country
accomplish their objects with those sentinels in the harem
who bear the name of Kshtriyas. The royal ladies in the
country of the Vatsagulmas cause such men as are suitable
to enter into the harem along with their female messengers.
In the country of the Vaidarbhas the sons of the royal ladies
enter the royal harem when they please, and enjoy the women,
with the exception of their own mothers. In the Stri-rajya
the wives of the King are enjoyed by his caste fellows and
relations. In the Ganda country the royal wives are enjoyed
by Brahmans, friends, servants, and slaves. In the Samdhava
country, servants, foster children, and other persons like
them enjoy the women of the harem. In the country of the
Haimavatas adventurous citizens bribe the sentinels and enter
the harem. In the country the Vanyas and the Kalmyas,
Brahmans, with the knowledge of the King, enter the harem
under the pretence of giving flowers to the ladies, and speak
with them from behind a curtain, and from such conversa-
tion union afterwards takes place. Lastly the women in the
harem of the King of the Prachyas conceal one young man in
the harem for every batch of nine or ten of the women.
Thus act the wives of others.
 of Vatsyayana 127

For these reasons a man should guard his own wife. Old
authors say that a King should select for sentinels in his
harem such men as have had their freedom from carnal de-
sires well tested. But such men, though free themselves from
carnal desire, by reason of their fear or avarice, may cause
other persons to enter the harem, and therefore Gonikapu-
tra says, that Kings should place such men in the harem as
may have had their freedom from carnal desires, their fears,
and their avarice well tested. Lastly Vatsyayana says that
under the influence of Dharma* people might be admitted,
and therefore men should be selected who are free from carnal
desires, fear, avarice, and Dharmai.
The followers of Babhravya say that a man should cause
his wife to associate with a young woman who would tell
him the secrets of other people, and thus find out from her
about his wife's chastity. But Vatsyayana says, that as
wicked persons are always successful with women, a man
should not cause his innocent wife to be corrupted by bring-
ing her into the company of a deceitful woman.
The following are the causes of the destruction of a
woman's chastity.
Always going into society, and sitting in company.
Absence of restraint.
The loose habits of her husband.
Want of caution in her relations with other men.
Continued and long absence of her husband.
Living in a foreign country.
Destruction of her love and feelings by her husband.
The company of loose women.
The jealousy of her husband.
There are also the following verses on the subject.
"Aclever man, learning from the Shastras the ways of
winning over the wives of other people, is never deceived in
the case of his own wives. No
one, however, should make
use of these ways for seducing the wives of others, because
they do not always succeed, and, moreover, often cause dis-
asters, and the destruction of Dharma and Artha. This book,
which is intended for the good of the people, and to teach
them the ways of guarding their own wives, should not be
made use of merely for gaining over the wives of others."
* This may be consideredas meaning religious influence, and alludes to per-
sons who might be gained over by that means.
t It will be noted from the above remarks that eunuchs do not appear to
have been employed in the King's harem in those days, though they seem to
have been employed for other purposes. Sec Part 2, page 60.
END OF PART V.
 PART VI
About Courtezans
 -..•'3

VII. Monolithic pillar from

a stupa — Bharahat.
State of Nagod Cir. 200 B. C.
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
This Part VI., about courtezans, was prepared by Vatsyayana,
from a treatise on the subject, that was written by Dattaka,
for the women of Pataliputra (the modern Patna) some
,

two thousand years ago. Dattaka's u;or/i does not appear

to be extant now, but this abridgment of it is very clever,
and quite equal to any of the productions of Emile Zola, and
other writers of the realistic school of today.
Although a great deal has been written on the subject of
the courtezan, nowhere will be found a better description of
her, of her belongings, of her ideas, and of the working of
her mind, than is contained in the following pages.
The details of the domestic and social life of the early Hin-
doos would not be complete without mention of the courte-
zan, and Part VI, is entirely devoted to this subject. The
Hindoos have ever had the good sense to recognize courte-
zans as a part and portion of human society, and so long
as they behaved themselves with decency and propriety, they
were regarded with a certain respect. Anyhow, they have
never been treated in the East with that brutality and con-
tempt so common in the West, while their education has al-
ways been of a superior kind to that bestowed upon the rest of
womankind in Oriental countries.
In the earlier days the well-educated Hindoo dancing girt
and courtezan doubtless resembled the hetaera? of the Greeks,
and being educated and amusing, were far more acceptable as
companions than the generality of the married or unmarried
women of that period. At all times and in all countries, there
has ever been a little rivalry between the chaste and the un-
chaste. But while some women are born courtezans, and fol-
low the instincts of their nature in every class of society, it
has been truly said by some authors that every woman has
got an inkling of the profession in her nature, and does her
best, as a general rule, to make herself agreeable to the male
sex.
The subtlety of women, their wonderful perceptive powers,
their knowledge, and their intuitive appreciation of men. and
things, are all shown in the following paqes, which may be
looked upon as a concentrated essence that has been since
worked up into detail by many writers in every quarter of
the globe.

131
 CHAPTER I.

Of the Causes of a Courtezan Resorting to Men; of the Means

of Attaching to Herself the Man Desired; and of the Kind
of Man that it is Desirable to be Acquainted with.

By having intercourse with men courtezans obtain sexual

pleasure as well as their own maintenance. when a Now
courtezan takes up with a man from love, the action is na-
tural; but when she resorts to him for the purpose of getting
money, her action is artificial or forced. Even in this latter
case, however, she should conduct herself as if her love were
indeed natural, because men repose their confidence on those
women who apparently love them. In making known her
love to the man, she should show an entire freedom from
avarice, and for the sake of her future credit she should ab-
stain from acquiring money from him by unlawful means.
A courtezan, well dressed and wearing her ornaments,
should sit or stand at the door of her house, and without ex-
posing herself too much, should look on the public road so
as to be seen by the passers-by, she being like an object on
view for sale.* She should form friendships with such per-
sons as would enable her to separate men from other women,
and attach them to herself, to repair her own misfortunes, to
acquire wealth, and to protect her from being bullied, or set
upon by persons with whom she may have dealings of some
kind or another.
These persons are:
The guards of the town, or the police.
The of the courts of justice.
officers
Astrologers.
Powerful men, or men with interest.
Learned men.
Teachers of the sixty-four arts.
Pithamardas or confidants.
Vitas or parasites.
Vidushakas or jesters.
Flower sellers.
Perfumers.
* In England the lower classes of courtezans walk the streets; in India and
other places in the East, they sit at the windows, or at the doors of their
houses.

132
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 133

Vendors of spirits.
Washermen.
Barbers.
Beggars.
And such other persons as may be found necessary
for the particular object to be acquired.
The following kinds of men may be taken up with, simply
for the purpose of getting their money:
Men of independent income.
Young men.
Men who are free from any ties.
Men who hold places of authority under the King.
Men who have secured their means of livelihood with-
out difficulty.
Men possessed of unfailing sources of income.
Men who consider themselves handsome.
Men who are always praising themselves.
One who is an eunuch, but wishes to be thought a
man.
One who hates his equals.
One who is naturally liberal.
One who has influence with the King or his minis-
ters.
One who is always fortunate.
One who is proud of his wealth.
One who disobeys the orders of his elders.
One upon whom the members of his caste keep an
eye.
An only son whose father is wealthy.
An ascetic who is internally troubled with desire.
A brave man.
A physician of the King.
Previous acquaintances.
On the other hand, those who are possessed of excellent
qualities are to be resorted to for the sake of love and fame.
Such men are as follows:

Men of high birth, learned, with a good knowledge of the

world, and doing the proper things at the proper times, poets,
good story tellers, eloquent men, energetic men, skilled in
various arts, far-seeing into the future, possessed of great
minds, full of perseverance, of a firm devotion, free from
anger, liberal, affectionate to their parents, and with a liking
for all social gatherings, skilled in completing verses begun
 134 The Kama Sutra

by others and in various other sports, free from all disease,

possessed of a perfect body, strong, and not addicted to drink-
ing, powerful in sexual enjoyment, sociable, showing
love
towards women and attracting their hearts to himself but
not entirely devoted to them, possessed of independent means
of livelihood, free from envy, and last of all, free from sus-
picion.
Such are the good qualities of a man.
The woman also should have the following characteristics,
viz.:
She should be possessed of beauty, and amiability, with
auspicious body marks. She should have a liking for good
qualities in other people, as also a liking for wealth. She
should take delight in sexual unions resulting from love, and
should be of a firm mind, and of the same class as the man
with regard to sexual enjoyment.
She should always be anxious to acquire and obtain ex-
perience and knowledge, be free from avarice, and always
have a liking for social gatherings, and for the arts.
The following are the ordinary qualities of all women, viz. :

To
be possessed of intelligence, good disposition, and good
manners; to be straightforward in behavior, and to be grate-
ful; to consider well the future before doing anything; to
possess activity, to be of consistent behavior, and to have a
knowledge of the proper times and places for doing things;
to speak always without meanness, loud laughter, malignity,
anger, avarice, dullness, or stupidity, to have a knowledge of
the Kama Sutra, and to be skilled in all the arts connected with
it.

The faults of women are to be known by the absence

of any of the above mentioned good qualities.
The following kinds of men are not fit to be resorted to
by courtezans, viz.:
One who is consumptive; one who is sickly; one whose
mouth contains worms; one whose breath smells like human
excrement; one whose wife is dear to him; one who speaks
harshly; one who is always suspicious; one who is avari-
cious; one who is pitiless; one who is a thief; one who is self-
conceited; one who has a liking for sorcery; one who does not
care for respect or disrespect; one who can be gained over even
by his enemies by means of money; and, lastly, one who is
extremely bashful.
Ancient authors are of opinion that the causes of a cour-
tezan resorting to men are love, fear, money, pleasure, re-
 of Vatsyayana 135

turning some act of enmity, curiosity, sorrow, constant inter-

course, Dharma, celebrity, compassion, the desire of having a
friend, shame, the likeness of the man to some beloved per-
son, the search after good fortune, the getting rid of the love
of somebody else, the being of the same class as the man with
respect to sexual union, living in the same place, constancy,
and poverty. But Vatsyayana decides that desire of wealth,
freedom from misfortune, and love, are the only causes that
union of courtezans with men.
affect the
Now a courtezan should not sacrifice money to her love,
because money is the chief thing to be attended to. But in
cases of fear, etc., she should pay regard to strength and
other qualities. Moreover, even though she be invited by any
man to join him, she should not at once consent to an union,
because men are apt to despise things which are easily acquired.
On such occasions she should first send the shampooers, and
the singers, and the jesters, who may be in her service, or, in
their absence the Pitharnardas, or confidants, and others, to
find out the state of his feelings, and the condition of his
mind. By means of these persons she should ascertain whether
the man is pure or impure, affected, or the reverse, capable of
attachment, or indifferent, liberal or niggardly; and if she
finds him to her liking, she should then employ the Vita and
others to attach his mind to her.
Accordinly, the Pithamatda should bring the man to her
house, under the pretence of seeing the fights of quails, cocks,
and rams, of hearing the maina (a kind of starling) talk, or
of seeing some other spectacle, or the practice of some art; or
he may take the woman to the abode of the man. After
this, when the man comes to her house the woman should

give him something capable of producing curiosity and love

in his heart, such as an affectionate present, telling him that
it was specially designed for his use. She should also amuse
him for a long time by telling him such stories, and doing
such things as he may take most delight in. When he goes
away she should frequently send to him a female attendant,
skilled in carrying on a jesting conversation, and also a small
present at the same time. She should also sometimes go to
him herself under the pretence of some business, and accom-
panied by the Pithamarda.
Thus end the means of attaching to herself the man de-
sired.
There are also some verses on the subject as follows:
136 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

"When a lover comes to her abode, a courtezan should

give him a mixture of betel leaves and betel nut, garlands
of flowers, and perfumed ointments, and, showing her skill
in arts, should entertain him with a long conversation. She
should also give him some loving presents, and make an ex-
change of her own things with his, and at the same time
should show him her skill in sexual enjoyment. When a
courtezan is thus united with her lover she should always de-
light him by affectionate gifts, by conversation, and by the
application of tender means of enjoyment."
 CHAPTER II.

Of Living Like a Wife.

When a courtezan is living as a wife with her lover, she

should behave like a chaste woman, and do everything to his
satisfaction. Her duty in this respect, in short, is, that she
should give him pleasure, but should not become attached to
him, though behaving as if she were really attached.
Now the following is the manner in which she is to con-
duct herself, so as to accomplish the above mentioned pur-
pose. She should have a mother dependent on her, one who
should be represented as very harsh, and who looked upon
money as her chief object in life. In the event of there be-
ing no mother, then an old and confidential nurse should
play the same rdle. The mother or nurse, on their part,
should appear to be displeased with the lover, and forcibly
take her away from him. The woman herself should al-
ways show pretended anger, dejection, fear, and shame on
this account, but should not disobey the mother or nurse at
any time.
She should make out to the mother or nurse that the man
is suffering from bad health, and making this a pretext for

going to see him, she should go on that account. She is,

moreover, to do the following things for the purpose of
gaining the man's favor, viz.:
Sending her female attendant to bring the flowers used by
him on the previous day, in order that she may use them her-
self as a mark of affection, also asking for the mixture of
betel nut and leaves that have remained uneaten by him;
expressing wonder at his knowledge of sexual intercourse,
and the several means of enjoyment used by him; learning
from him the sixty- four kinds of pleasure mentioned by
Babhravya; continually practicing the ways of enjoyment as
taught by him, and according to his liking; keeping his se-
crets; telling him her own desires and secrets; concealing her
anger; never neglecting him on the bed when he turns his face
towards her; touching any parts of his body according to his
wish; kissing and embracing him when he is asleep; looking
at him with apparent anxiety when he is wrapt in thought,
or thinking of some other subject than herself; showing

137
138 The Kama Sutra
neither complete shamelessness, nor excessive bashfulness
when he meets her, or sees her standing on the terrace of her
house from the public road: hating his enemies; loving those
who are dear to him; showing a liking for that which he
likes; bemg in high or low spirits according to the state that
he in himself; expressing a curiosity to see his wives; not
is

continuing her anger for a long time; suspecting even the

marks and wounds made by herself with her nails and teeth
on his body to have been made by some other woman; keep-
ing her love for him unexpressed by words, but showing it
by deeds, and signs, and hints; remaining silent when he is
asleep, intoxicated, or sick; being very attentive when he
describes his good actions, and reciting them afterwards to
his praise and benefit; giving witty replies to him if he be
sufficiently attached to her; listening to all his stories except
those that relate to her rivals; expressing feelings of dejec-
tion and sorrow if he sighs, yawns, or falls down, pronounc-
ing the words "live long" when he sneezes; pretending to be
ill, or to have the desire of pregnancy when she feels de-

jected; abstaining from praising the good qualities of any

body else, and from censuring those who possess the same
faults as her own man; wearing anything that may have
been given to her by him; abstaining from putting on her
ornaments, and from taking food when he is in pain, sick,
low-spirited, or suffering from misfortune, and condoling
and lamenting with him over the same; wishing to accom-
pany him if he happens to leave the country himself or if he
be banished from it by the King; expressing a desire not to
live after him; telling him that the whole object and desire
of her life was to be united with him; offering previously
promised sacrifices to the Deity when he acquires wealth, or
has some desire fulfilled, or when he has recovered from some
illness or disease; putting on ornaments every day; not acting
too freely with him; reciting his name and the name of his
family in her songs; placing his hand on her loins, bosom
and forehead, and falling asleep after feeling the pleasure of
his touch; sitting on his lap and falling asleep there; wish-
ing to have a child by him; desiring not to live longer than
he does; abstaining from revealing his secrets to others; dis-
suading him from vows and fasts by saying "let the sin fall
upon me;" keeping vows and fasts along with him when it
is impossible to change his mind on the subject; telling him

that vows and fasts are difficult to be observed, even by her-

 of Vatsyayana 139

self,when she has any dispute with him about them; look-
ing on her own wealth and his without any distinction; ab-
staining from going to public assemblies without him, and
accompanying him when he desires her to do so; taking de-
light in using things previously used by him, and in eating
food that he has left uneaten; venerating his family, his dis-
position, his skill in the arts, his learning, his caste, his com-
plexion, his native country, his friends, his good qualities, his
age, and his sweet temper; asking him to sing, and to do
other such like things, if able to do them; going to him with-
out paying any regard to fear, to cold, to heat, or to rain;
saying with regard to the next world that he should be her
lover even there; adapting her tastes, disposition and actions
to his liking; abstaining from sorcery; disputing continually
with her mother on the subject of going to him, and, when
forcibly taken by her mother to some other place, express-
ing her desire to die by taking poison, by starving herself to
death, by stabbing herself with some weapon, or by hanging
herself; and lastly assuring the man of her constancy and love
by means of her agents, and receiving money herself, but ab-
staining from any dispute with her mother with regard to
pecuniary matters.
When the man sets out on a journey, she should make him
swear that he will return quickly, and in his absence should
put aside her vows of worshipping the Deity, and should
wear no ornaments except those that are lucky. If the time
fixed for his return has passed, she should endeavor to ascer-
tain the real time of his return from omens, from the re-
ports of the people, and from the position of the planets, the
moon and the stars. On occasions of amusement, and of aus-
picious dreams she should say, "Let me be soon united to
him." If, moreover, she feels melancholy, or sees any inaus-
picious omen, she should perform some rite to appease the
Deity.
When the man
does return home she should worship the
God Kama the Indian Cupid), and offer oblations to
(i.e.,
other Deities, and having caused a pot filled with water to
be brought by her friends, she should perform the worship in
honor of the crow who eats the offerings which we make
to the manes of deceased relations. After the first visit is
over she should ask her lover also to perform certain rites,
and this he will do if he is sufficiently attached to her.
Now a man is said to be sufficiently attached to a woman
140 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

when his love is disinterested; when he has the same object

in viewas his beloved one; when he is quite free from any
suspicions on her account; and when he is indifferent to
money with regard to her.
Such is the manner of a courtezan living with a man like
a wife, and set forth here for the sake of guidance from the
rules of Dattaka. What is not laid down here should be
practiced according to the custom of the people, and the
nature of each individual man.
There are also two verses on the subject as follows:
"The extent of the love of women is not known, even to
those who are the objects of their affection, on account of its
subtlety, and on account of the avarice, and natural intelli-
gence of womankind."
"Women are hardly ever known in their true light,
though they may love men, or become indifferent towards
them; may give them delight, or abandon them; or may ex-
tract from them all the wealth that they may possess."
 CHAPTER III.

Of the Means of Getting Money. Of the Signs of the Change

of a Lover's Feelings, and of the Way to Get Rid of Him.
Money got out of a lover in two ways, viz.:
is

By natural or lawful means, and by artifices. Old authors

are of opinion that when a courtezan can get as much money
as she wants from her lover, she should not make use of arti-
fice. But Vatsyayana lays down that though she may get
some money from him by natural means, yet when she makes
use of artifice he gives her doubly more, and therefore artifice
should be resorted to for the purpose of extorting money
from him at all events.
Now the artifices to be used for getting money from the
lover are as follows:
I St. Taking money from him on different occasions, for
the purpose of purchasing various articles, such as ornaments,
food, drink, flowers, perfumes and clothes, and either not
buying them, or getting from him more than their cost.
2nd. Praising his intelligence to his face.
3rd. Pretending to be obliged to make gifts on occasion of
festivals connected with vows, trees, gardens, temples, or
tanks.*
4th. Pretending that at the time of going to his house,
her jewels have been stolen either by the King's guards, or
by robbers.
5th. Alleging that her property has been destroyed by
fire,by the falling of her house, or by the carelessness of the
servants.
6th.Pretending to have lost the ornaments of her lover
along with her own.
7th. Causing him to hear through other people of the ex-
penses incurred by her in coming to see him.
8th. Contracting debts for the sake of her lover.
9th. Disputing with her mother on account of some ex-
* On the
completion of a vow a festival takes place. Some trees such as
the peepul and banyan trees are invested with sacred threads like the Brah-
mans, and on the occasion of this ceremony a festival is given. In the same
way when gardens are made, and tanks or temples built, then also festivals
are observed.

141
142 The Kama Sutra

pense incurred by her for the lover, and which was not ap-
proved of by her mother.
loth. Not going to parties and festivities in the houses of
her friends for the want of presents to make to them, she
having previously informed her lover of the valuable pres-
ents given to her by these very friends.
1 1 th. Not performing certain festive rites under the pre-
tence that she has no money to perform them with.
I 2th. Engaging artists to do something for her lover.
13 th. Entertaining physicians and ministers for the pur-
pose of attaining some object.
14th. Assisting friends and benefactors both on festive oc-
casions, and in misfortune.
15 th. Performing household rites.
1 6th. Having to pay the expenses of the ceremony of mar-
riage of the son of a female friend.
17th. Having to satisfy curious wishes during her state
of pregnancy.
1 8th. Pretending to be ill, and charging her cost of treat-
ment.
19th. Having to remove the troubles of a friend.
2oth. Selling some of her ornaments, so as to give her lover
a present.
2 1 St. Pretending to sell some of her ornaments, furniture,
or cooking utensils to a trader, who has been already tutored
how to behave in the matter.
22nd. Having to buy cooking utensils of greater value
than those of other people, so that they might be more easily
distinguished, and not changed for others of an inferior de-
scription.
23 rd. Remembering the former favors of her lover, and
causing them always to be spoken of by her friends and fol-
lowers.
24th. Informing her lover of the great gains of other
courtezans.
25th. Describing before them, and in the presence of her
lover, herown great gains, and making them out to be greater
even than theirs, though such may not have been really the
case.

26th. Openly opposing her mother when she endeavors

to persuade her to take up with men with whom she had
been formerly acquainted, on account of the great gains to
be got from them.
 of Vatsyayana 143

27th. Lastly, pointing out to her lover the liberality of his

rivals.
Thus end the ways and means of getting money.
t t t

A woman should always know the state of the mind, of

the feelings, and of the disposition of her lover towards her,
from the changes of his temper, his manner, and the color
of his face.
The behavior of a waning lover is as follows:
I St. He gives the woman than is wanted, or
either less
something elsethan that which is asked for.
2nd. He keeps her in hopes by promises.^/^'
3rd. He pretends to do one thing, and does something
else.

4th. He does not fulfill her desires.

5 th. He forgets his promises, or does something else than
that which he has promised.
6th. He speaks with his own servants in a mysterious way.
7th. He sleeps in some other house under the pretence of
having to do something for a friend.
8th. Lastly, he speaks in private with the attendants of a
woman with whom he was formerly acquainted.
Now when a courtezan finds that her lover's disposition
toward her is changing, she should get possession of all his
best things before he becomes aware of her intentions, and
allow a supposed creditor to take them away forcibly from
her in satisfaction of some pretended debt. After this, if the
lover is rich, and has always behaved well towards her, she
should ever treat him with respect; but if he is poor and
destitute, she should get rid of him as if she had never been
acquainted with him in any way before.
The means of getting rid of a lover are as follows:
I St. Describing the habits and vices of the lover as dis-
agreeable and censurable, with the sneer of the lip, and the
stamp of the foot.
2nd. Speaking on a subject with which he is not ac-
quainted.
3rd. Showing no admiration for his learning, and passing
a censure upon it.
4th. Putting down his pride.
5 th. Seeking the company of men who are superior to
liim in learning and wisdom.
144 The Kama Sutra
6th. Showing a disregard for him on all occasions.
yth. Censuring men possessed of the same faults as her
lover.
8th. Expressing dissatisfaction at the ways and means of
enjoyment used by him.
9th. Not giving him her mouth to kiss.
loth. Refusing access to her jaghana, i.e., the part of the
body between the navel and the thighs.
I ith. Showing a dislike for the wounds made by his nails
and teeth.
1 2th. Not pressing close up against him at the time when
he embraces her.
13 th. Keeping her limbs without movement at the time
of congress.
14th. Desiring him to enjoy her when he is fatigued.
15th. Laughing at his attachment to her.
1 6th. Not responding to his embraces.
1 7th. Turning away from him when he begins to em-
brace her.
1 8th.Pretending to be sleepy.
19th. Going out visiting, or into company, when she per-
ceives his desire to enjoy her during the day time.
20th. Misconstruing his words.
2 1 St. Laughing without any joke, or at the time of any
joke made by him laughing under some other pretence.
22nd. Looking with side glances at her own attendants,
and clapping her hands when he says anything.
23rd. Interrupting him in the middle of his stories, and
beginning to tell other stories herself.
24th. Reciting his faults and his vices, and declaring them
to be incurable.
25th. Saying words to her female attendants calculated
to cut the heart of her lover to the quick.
26th. Taking care not to look at him when he comes to
her.

27th. Asking from him what cannot be granted.

28th. And, after all, finally dismissing him.
There two verses on this subject as follows:
are also
"The duty of a courtezan consists in forming connections
with suitable men after due and full consideration, and at-
taching the person with whom she is united to herself; in
obtaining wealth from the person who is attached to her, and
 of Vatsyayana 145

then dismissing him after she has taken away all his pos-
sessions."
"A courtezan leading in this manner the life of a wife is
not troubled with too many lovers, and yet obtains abun-
dance of wealth."
 CHAPTER IV.
About Re-union with a Former Lover.
When a courtezan abandons her present lover after all his
wealth is exhausted, she may then consider about her re-
union with a former lover. But she should return to him
only if he has acquired fresh wealth, or is still wealthy, and
ifhe is still attached to her. And if this man be living at the
time with some other woman she should consider well before
she acts.
Now such a man can only be in one of the six following
conditions, viz. :

I St. He may have left the first woman of his own accord,
and may even have left another woman since then.
2nd. He may have been driven away from both women.
3rd. He may have left the one woman of his own ac-
cord, and been driven away by the other.
4th. He may have left the one woman of his own accord,
and be living with another woman.
5th. He may have been driven away from the one woman,
and left the other of his own accord.
6th. He may have been driven away by the one woman,
and may be living with another.
(i) Now if the man has left both women of his own
accord, he should not be resorted to, on account of the fickle-
ness of nis mind, and his indifference to the excellences of
both of them.
(2) As regards the man who may have been driven away
from both women, if he has been driven away from the last
one because the woman could get more money from some
other man, then he should be resorted to, for if attached to
the first woman he would give her more money through
vanity and emulation to spite the other woman. But if he
has been driven away by the woman on account of his
poverty, or stinginess, he should not then be resorted to.
(3) In the case of the man who may have left the one
woman of his own accord, and been driven away by the
other, if he agrees to return to the former and give her plenty
of money beforehand, then he should be resorted to.
(4) In the case of the man who may have left the one

146
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 147

woman of his own accord, and be living with another

woman, the former (wishing to take up with him again) ,

should first ascertain if he left her in the first instance in the

hope of finding some particular excellence in the other
woman, and that not having found any such excellence, he
was willing to come back to her, and to give her much money
on account of his conduct, and on account of his affection still
existing for her.
Or, whether, having discovered many faults in the other
woman, he would now see even more excellences in herself
than actually exist, and would be prepared to give her much
money for these qualities.
Or, consider whether he was a weak man, or a
lastly, to
man fond of enjoying many women, or one who liked a poor
woman, or one who never did anything for the woman that
he was with. After maturely considering all these things
she should resort to him or not, according to circumstances.
(5) As regards the man who may have been driven away
from the one woman, and left the other of his own accord,
the former woman (wishing to re-unite with him) should ,

first ascertain whether he still has any affection for her, and
would consequently spend much money upon her; or
whether, being attached to her excellent qualities, he did not
take delight in any other women; or whether, being driven
away from her formerly before completely satisfying his
sexual desires, he wished to get back to her, so as to be re-
venged for the injury done to him; or whether he wished to
create confidence in her mind, and then take back from her
the wealth which she formerly took from him, and finally
destroy her; or, lastly, whether he wished first to separate
her from her present lover, and then to break away from her
himself. If, after considering all these things, she is of
opinion that his intentions are really pure and honest, she
can re-unite herself with him. But if his mind be at all tainted
with evil intentions, he should be avoided.
(6) In the case of the man who may have been driven
away by one woman, and be living with another, if the
man makes overtures to return to the first one, the courtezan
should consider well before she acts, and while the other
woman is engaged in attracting him to herself, she should
try in her turn (though keeping herself behind the scenes)
to gain him over, on the grounds of any of the following
considerations, viz.:
148 The Kama Sutra
I St. That he was driven away unjustly and
for no proper
reason, and now that he has gone to another woman, every
effort must be used to bring him back to myself.
2nd. That if he were once to converse with me again, he
would break away from the other woman.
3rd. That
the pride of my present lover would be put
down by means of the former one.
4th. That he has become wealthy, has secured a higher
position, and holds a place of authority under the King.
5 th. That he is separate from his wife.
6th. That he is now independent.
7th. That he lives apart from his father, brother.
ci|r

8th. That by making peace with him, I shall be able to

get hold of a very rich man, who is now prevented from
coming to me by my
present lover.
9th. That as he is not respected by his wife, I shall now
be able to separate him from her.
loth. That the friend of this man loves rival, who
my
hates me cordially, I shall therefore by this means separate
the friend from his mistress.
iith. And lastly, I shall bring discredit upon him by
bringing him back to me, thus showing the fickleness of his
mind.
When a courtezan is resolved to take up again with a
former lover, her Pithamarda and other servants should tell
him that his former expulsion from the woman's house was
caused by the wickedness of her mother; that the woman
loved him just as much as ever at that time, but could not
help the occurrence on account of her deference to her
mother's will; that she hated the union of her present lover,
and disliked him excessively. In addition to this, they
should create confidence in his mind by speaking to him of
her former love for him, and should allude to the mark of
that love that she has ever remembered. This mark of her
love should be connected with some kind of pleasure that
may have been practiced by him, such as his way of kissing
her, or manner of having connection with her.
Thus end the ways of bringing about a re-union with a
former lover.
When a woman has to choose between two lovers, one
of whom was formerly united with her, while the other is
a stranger, the Acharyas (sages) are of opinion that the first
one is preferable, because his disposition and character being
 of Vatsyayana 149

already known by previous careful observation, he can be

easily pleased but Vatsyayana thinks that a
anci satisfied;
former lover, having already spent a great deal of his wealth,
is not able or willing to give much money again, and is not

therefore to be relied upon so much as a stranger. Particular

casesmay however, arise differing from this general rule on
account of the different natures of men.
There are also verses on the subject as follows:
"Re-union with a former lover may be desirable so as
to separate some particular woman from some particular
man, or some particular man from some particular woman,
or to have a certain effectupon the present lover."
"When a man excessively attached to a woman, he is
is

afraid of her coming into contact with other men; he does not
then regard or notice her faults; and he gives her much
wealth through fear of her leaving him."
"A courtezan should be agreeable to the man who is at-
tached to her, and despise the man who does not care for her.
If while she is living with one man, a messenger comes to
her from some other man, she may either refuse to listen to
any negotiations on his part, or appoint a fixed time for him
to visit her, but she should not leave the man who may be
living with her and who may be attached to her."
"A wise woman should only renew her connection with
a former lover if she is satisfied that good fortune, gain, love,
and friendship are likely to be the result of such a re-union."
 CHAPTER V.
Of Different Kinds of Gain.

When a courtezan is able to realize much money every day,

by reason of many customers, she should not confine herself
to a single lover; under such circumstances, she should fix her
rate for one night, after considering the place, the season, and
the condition of the people, also having regard to her own
good qualities and good looks, and after comparing her rates
with those of other courtezans. She can inform her lovers,
and friends, and acquaintances about these changes. If, how-
ever, she can obtain a great gain from a single lover, she may
resort to him alone, and live with him like a wife.
Now, the Sages are of opinion, that, when a courtezan has
the chance of an equal gain from two lovers at the same time,
a preference should be given to the one who would give her
the kind of thing which she wants. But Vatsyayana says
that the preference should be given to the one who gives her
gold, because it cannot be taken back like some other things,
it can be easily received, and is also the means of procuring

anything that may be wished for. Of such things as gold,

silver, copper, bell metal, iron, pots, furniture, beds, upper
garments, under vestments, fragrant substances, vessels made
of gourds, ghee, oil, corn, cattle, and other things of a like
nature, the first viz., gold, is superior to all the others.
When the same labor is required to gain any two lovers,
or when the same kind of thing is to be got from each of
them, the choice should be made by the advice of a friend,
or it may be made from their personal qualities, or from the
signs of good or bad fortune that may be connected with
them.
When there are two lovers, one of whom is attached to
the courtezan, and the other is simply very generous, the
Sages say that a preference should be given to the gener-
ous lover, but Vatsyayana is of opinion that the one who is
really attached to the courtezan should be preferred, because
he can be made to be generous, even as a miser gives money
if he becomes fond of a woman, but a man who is simply

generous cannot be made to love with real attachment. But

.among those who are attached to her, if there is one who is
150
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 151

poor, and one who is rich, the preference is of course to be

given to the latter.
When there are two lovers, one of whom is generous, and
the other ready to do any service for the courtezan, some
Sages say that the one who is ready to do the service should
be preferred, but Vatsyayana is of opinion that a man who
does a service thinks that he has gained his object when he
has done something once, but a generous man does not care
for what he has given before. Even here the choice should
be guided by the likelihood of the future good to be derived
from her union with either of them.
When one of two lovers is grateful, and the other liberal,
some Sages say that the liberal one should be preferred, but
Vatsyayana is of opinion that the former should be chosen,
because liberal men are generally haughty, plain spoken, and
wanting in consideration towards others. Even though
these liberal men have been on friendly terms for a long
time, yet if they see any fault in the courtezan, or are told lies
about her by some other woman, they do not care for past
services, but leave abruptly. On the other hand, the grate-
ful man does not at once break off from her, on account of
a regard for the pains she may have taken to please him. In
this case also the choice is to be guided with regard to what
may happen in future.
When an occasion for complying with the request of a
friend, and a chance of getting money come together, the
Sages say that the chance of getting money should be pre-
ferred. But Vatsyayana thinks that money can be obtained
tomorrow as well as today, but if the request of a friend be
not at once complied with, he may become disaffected. Even
here, in making the choice, regard must be paid to future good
fortune.
On such an occasion, however, the courtezan might pacify
her friend by pretending to have some work to do, and telling
him that his request will be compiled with next day, and in
this way secure the chance of getting the money that has been
offered her.
When the chance of getting money, and the chance of
avoiding some disaster come at the same time, the Sages are
of opinion that the chance of getting money should be pre-
ferred,but Vatsyayana says that money has only a limited
importance, while a disaster that is once averted may never
152 The Kama Sutra
occur again. Here however, the choice should be guided by
the greatness or smallness of the disaster.
The gains of the wealthiest and best kind of courtezans
are to be spent as follows:
Building temples, tanks, and gardens; giving a thousand
cows to different Brahmans; carrying on the worship of the
Gods, and celebrating festivals in their honor; and, lastly,
performing such vows as may be within their means.
The gains of other courtezans are to be spent as follows:
Having a white dress to wear every day; getting suf-
ficient food and drink to satisfy hunger and thirst; eating
daily a perfumed tambitla, i.e., a mixture of betel nut and
betel leaves; and wearing ornaments gilt with gold. The
Sages say that these represent the gains of all the middle and
lower classes of courtezans, but Vatsyayana is of opinion that
their gains cannot be calculated, or fixed in any way, as these
depend on the influences of the place, the customs of the
people, their own appearance, and many other things.
When a courtezan wants to keep some particular man
from some other woman; or wishes to get him away from
some woman to whom he may be attached; or to deprive
some woman of the gains realized by her from him; or if
she thinks that she would raise her position; or enjoy some
great good fortune; or become desirable to all men by uniting
herself with this man; or if she wishes to get his assistance in
averting some misfortune; or is really attached to him and
loves him or wishes to injure somebody through his means;
or has regard to some former favor conferred upon her by
him; or wishes to be united with him merely from desire;
for any of the above reasons, she should agree to take from
him only a small sum of money in a friendly way.
When a courtezan intends to abandon a particular lover,
and take up with another one; or when she has reason to
believe that her lover will shortly leave her, and return to
his wives; or that having squandered all his money, and be-
come penniless, his guardian, or master, or father would come
and take him away; or that her lover is about to lose his
position, or lastly, that he is of a very fickle mind, she should,
under any of these circumstances, endeavour to get as much
money as she can from him as soon as possible.
On the other hand, when the courtezan thinks that her
lover is about to receive valuable presents; or get a place of
authority from the King; or be near the time of inheriting
 of Vatsyayana 153

a fortune; or that his ship would soon arrive laden with

merchandise; or that he has large stocks of corn and other
commodities; or that if anything was done for him it would
not be done in vain; or that he is always true to his word;
then should she have regard to her future welfare, and live
with the man like a wife.
There are also verses on the subject as follows:
"In considering her present gains, and her future welfare,
a courtezan should avoid such persons as have gained their
means of subsistence with very great difficulty, as also those
who have become selfish and hard-hearted by becoming the
favorites of Kings."
"She should make every endeavor to unite herself with
prosperous and well to do people, and with those whom it is
dangerous to avoid, or to slight in any way. Even at some
cost to herself she should become acquainted with energetic
and liberal-minded men, who when pleased would give her
a large sum of money, even for very little service, or for
some small thing."
 CHAPTER VI.
Of Gains and Losses; Attendant Gains and Losses; and
Doubts; As Also of the Different Kinds of Courtezans.
It sometimes happens that while gains are being sought for,
or expected to be realized, losses only are the result of our
efforts; the causes of which losses are:
Weakness of intellect.
Excessive love.
Excessive pride.
Excessive self conceit.
Excessive simplicity.
Excessive confidence.
Excessive anger.
Carelessness.
Recklessness.
Influence of evil genius.
Accidental circumstances.
The results of these losses are:

Expense incurred without any result.

Destruction of future good fortune.
Stoppage of gains about to be realized.
Loss of what is already obtained.

Acquisition of a sour temper.

Becoming unamiable to everybody.
Injury to health.
Loss of hair, and other accidents.
Now gain is of three kinds, viz.: gain of wealth, gain
of religious merit, and gain of pleasure; and similarly, loss
is of three kinds, viz. :loss of wealth, loss of religious merit,
and loss of pleasure. At the time when gains are sought
for, if other gains come along with them, these are called
attendant gains. When gain is uncertain, the doubt of its
being a gain is called a simple doubt. When there is a
doubt whether either of two things will happen or not, it
is called a mixed doubt. If while one thing is being done
two results take place, it is called a combination of two
results, and if several results follow from the same action,
it is called a combination of results on every side.

154
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 155

We shall now
give examples of the above.
As already stated, gain is of three kinds, and loss, which is

opposed to gain, is also of three kinds.

(a) When by living with a great man a courtezan ac-
quires present wealth, and in addition to this becomes ac-
quainted with other people, and thus obtains a chance of
future fortune, and an accession of wealth, and becomes de-
sirable to all, this is called a gain of wealth attended by other
gain.
(b) When by living with a man a courtezan simply gets
money, this is called a gain of wealth not attended by any
other gain.
(c) When a courtezan receives money from other people
besides her lover, the results are: the chance of the loss of
future good from her present lover; the chance of disaffec-
tion of a man securely attached to her; the hatred of all; and
the chance of a union with some low person tending to
destroy her future good. This gain is called a gain of
wealth attended by losses.
(d) When a courtezan at her own expense, and without
any results in the shape of gain, has connection with a great
man, or an avaricious minister for the sake of diverting some
misfortune, or removing some cause that may be threatening
the destruction of a great gain, this loss is said to be a loss
of wealth attended by gains of the future good which it
may bring about.
(e) When a courtezan is kind, even at her own expense,

to a man who is very stingy, or to a man proud of his looks,

or to an ungrateful man skilled in gaining the heart of
others, without any good resulting from these connections
to her in the end, this loss is called a loss of wealth not at-
tended by any gain.
(f) When a courtezan is kind to any such men as de-
scribed above, but who in addition are favorites of the
King, and moreover cruel and powerful, without any good
result in the end, and with a chance of her being turned away
at any moment, this loss is called a loss of wealth attended
by other losses.
In this way gains and losses, and attendant gains and
losses in religious merit and in pleasures may become known
to the reader, and combinations of all of them may also be
made.
156 The Kama Sutra
Thus end the remarks on gains and losses, and attendant
gains and losses.
In the next place we come to doubts, which are again of
three kinds, viz.: doubts about wealth, doubts about relig-
ious merit, and doubts about pleasures.
The following are examples.
(a) When a courtezan is not certain how much a man
may give her, or spend upon her, this is called a doubt about
wealth.
(b) When a courtezan feels doubtful whether she is
right in entirely abandoning a lover from whom
she is un-
able to get money, she having taken all his wealth from him
in the first instance, this doubt is called a doubt about re-
ligious merit.
(c) When a courtezan is unable to get hold of a lover
to her liking, and is uncertain whether she will derive any
pleasure from a person surrounded by his family, or from
a low person, this is called a doubt about pleasure.
(d) When a courtezan is uncertain whether some pow-
erful but low principled fellow would cause loss to her
on account of her not being civil to him, this is called a
doubt about the loss of wealth.
(e) When a courtezan feels doubtful whether she would
lose religious merit by abandoning a man who is attached
to her without giving him the slightest favor, and thereby
causing him unhappiness in this world and the next,* this
doubt is called a doubt about the loss of religious merit.
(f) When a courtezan is uncertain as to whether she
might create disaffection by speaking out, and revealing her
love,and thus not get her desire satisfied, this is called a
doubt about the loss of pleasure.
Thus end the remarks on doubts.

Mixed Doubts
(a) The intercourse or with a stranger,
connection
whose disposition unknown,
is and who may have been
introduced by a lover, or by one who possessed authority,
may be productive either of gain or loss, and therefore this
is called a mixed doubt about the gain and loss of wealth.

(b) When a courtezan is requested by a friend, or is

impelled by pity to have intercourse with a learned Brah-
* The souls of men who die with their desires unfulfilled are said to go to
the world of the Manes, and not direct to the Supreme Spirit.
 of Vatsyayana 157

wan, a religious student, a sacrificer, a devotee, or an ascetic

who may have all fallen in love with her, and who may be
consequently at the point of death, by doing this she might
either gain or lose religious merit, and therefore this is
called a mixed doubt about the gain and loss of religious
merit.
(c) If a courtezan relies solely upon the report of
other
people (i.e., hearsay) about a man, and goes to him with-
out ascertaining herself whether he possesses good qualities
or not, she may either gain or lose pleasure in proportion
as he may be good or bad, and therefore this is called a
mixed doubt about the gain and loss of pleasure.
Uddalika has described the gains and losses on both sides
as follows.
(a) when living with a lover,
If, a courtezan gets both
wealth and pleasure from him, it is called a gain on both
sides.
(b) When a courtezan lives with a lover at her own ex-
pense without getting any profit out of it, and the lover
even takes back from her what he may have formerly given
her, it is called a loss on both sides.

(c) When a uncertain whether a new ac-

courtezan is

quaintance would become attached to her, and, moreover,

if he became attached to her, whether he would give her any

thing, it doubt on both sides about gains.

is called a
(d) When
courtezan is uncertain whether a former
a
enemy, if made up to by her at her own expense, would do
her some injury on account of his grudge against her; or,
if becoming attached to her, would take away angrily from
her anything that he may have given to her, this is called a
doubt on both sides about loss.

Babhravya has described the gains and losses on both sides

as follows:
(a) When a courtezan can get money from a man whom
she may go to see, and also money from a man whom she
may not go to see, this is called a gain on both sides.

(b) When a courtezan has to incur further expense if

she goes to see a man, and yet runs the risk of incurring an
irremediable loss if she does not go to see him, this is called
a loss on both sides.
(c) When a courtezan is uncertain, whether a particular
man would give her anything on her going to see him, with-
out incurring expense on her part, or whether on her ne-
158 The Kama Sutra

glcctinghim another man would give her something, this is

called a doubt on both sides about gain.
(d) When a courtezan is uncertain, whether, on going
at her own expense to see an old enemy, he would take back
from her what he may have given her, or whether by her
not going to see him he would cause some disaster to fall
upon her, this is called a doubt on both sides about loss.
By combining the above, the following six kinds of mixed
results are produced, viz.:
(a) Gain on one side, and loss on the other.
(b) Gain on one side, and doubt of gain on the other.
(c) Gain on one side, and doubt of loss on the other.
(d) Loss on one side, and doubt of gain on the other.
(e) Doubt of gain on one side, and doubt of loss on the
other.
(f) Doubt of loss on one side, and loss on the other.
A courtezan, having considered all the above things and
taken counsel with her friends, should act so as to acquire
gain, the chances of great gain, and the warding off of any
great disaster. Religious merit and pleasure should also be
formed into separate combinations like those of wealth, and
then all should be combined with each other, so as to form
new combinations.
When a courtezan consorts with men she should cause
each of them to give her money as well as pleasure. At
particular times, such as the Spring Festivals, etc., she should
make her mother announce to the various men, that on a
certain day her daughter would remain with the man who
would and such a desire of hers.
gratify such
When young men approach her with delight, she should
think of what she may accomplish through them.
The combination of gains and losses on all sides are: gain
on one side, and loss on all others; loss on one side and gain
on all others; gain on all sides, loss on all sides.
A courtezan should also consider doubts about gain and
doubts about loss with reference both to wealth, religious
merit, and pleasure.
Thus ends the consideration of gain, loss, attendant gains,
attendant losses, and doubts.
The different kinds of courtezans are:
A bawd.
A female attendant.
.
An unchaste woman.
 of Vatsyayana i59

A dancing girl.
A female artisan.
A woman who has left her family.
A woman living on her beauty.
And, finally, a regular courtezan.
All the above kinds of courtezans are acquainted with
various kinds of men, and should consider the ways of get-
ting money from them, of pleasing them, of separating them-
selves from them, and of re-uniting with them. They should
also take into consideration particular gains and losses, at-
tendant gains and losses, and doubts in accordance with their
several conditions.
Thus ends the consideration of courtezans.
There are also two verses on the subject as follows:
"Men want pleasure, while women want money, and
therefore this Part, which treats of the means of gaining
wealth, should be studied."
"There are some women who seek for love, and there are
others who seek for money; for the former the ways of
love are told in previous portions of this work, while the
ways of getting money, as practiced by courtezans, are de-
scribed in this Part."

END OF PART VI.

VIII. From the Temple of Surya 13th Century
Konarak, Orissa
 PART VII
On the Means of Attracting Others to Oneself
164 The Kama Sutra

(i) When a female attendant arrives at the age of pu-

berty, her master should keep her secluded, and when men
ardently desire her on account of her seclusion, and on ac-
count of the difficulty of approaching her, he should then
bestow her hand on such a person as may endow her with
wealth and happiness.
This is a means of increasing the loveliness of a person
in the eyes of others.
In the same way, when the daughter of a courtezan ar-
rives at the age of puberty, the mother should get together
a lot of young men of the same age, disposition, and knowl-
edge as her daughter, and tell them that she would give her
in marriage to the person who would
give her presents of a
particular kind.
After this the daughter should be kept in seclusion as far
as possible, and the mother should give her in marriage to the
man who may be ready to give her the presents agreed upon.
If the mother is unable to get so much out of the man, she
should show some of her own things as having been given
to the daughter by the bridegroom.
Or, the mother may allow her daughter to be married to
the man privately, as if she was ignorant of the whole affair,
and then pretending that it has come to her knowledge, she
may give her consent to the union.
The daughter, too, should make herself attractive to the
sons of wealthy citizens, unknown to her mother, and make
them attached to her, and for this purpose should meet them
at the time of learning to sing, and in places w^here music is
played, and at the houses of other people, and then request
her mother, through a female friend, or servant, to be al-
lowed to unite herself to the man who is most agreeable to
her.*
When the daughter of a courtezan is thus given to a man,
the ties of marriage should be observed for one year, and
after that she may do what she likes. But even after the end
of the year, when otherwise engaged, if she should be now
and then invited by her first husband to come and see him,
she should put aside her present gain, and go to him for the
night.
* It is a custom of the courtezans of Oriental countries to
give their
daughters temporarily in marriage when they come of age, and after they have
received an education in the Kama Sutra and other arts. Full details are given
of this at page 76 of "Early Ideas; A Group of Hindoo stories," collected and
collated by Anaryan, W. H. Allen iS Co., London, 1881.
 of Vatsyayana 165

Such is the mode of temporary marriage among courtezans,

anci of increasing their loveliness, and their value in the eyes
of others. What has been said about them should also be
understood to apply to the daughters of dancing women,
whose mothers should give them only to such persons as are
likely to become useful to them in various ways.
Thus end the ways of making oneself lovely in the eyes
of others.
(a) If a man, after anointing his lingam with a mixture
of the powders of the white thorn apple, the long pepper, and
the black pepper, and honey, engages in sexual union with
a woman, he makes her subject to his will.
(b) The application of a mixture of the leaf of the plant
vatodbhranta, of the flowers thrown on a human corpse when
carried out to be burnt, and of the powder of the bones of the
peacock, and of the jiwanjiva bird produces the same effect.
(c) The remains of a kite which has died a natural death,
ground into powder, and mixed with cowach and honey, has
also the same effect.
(d) Anointing oneself with an ointment made of the
plant emblica myrabolans has the power of subjecting women
to one's will.
(e) If a man cuts into small pieces the sprouts of the
vajnasunhi plant, and dips them into a mixture of red
arsenic and sulphur, and then dries them seven times, and
applies this powder mixed with honey to his lingam, he can
subjugate a woman to his will directly that he has had sexual
union with her, or, if, by burning these very sprouts at night
and looking at the smoke, he sees a golden moon behind, he
will then be successful with any woman; or if he throws some
of the powder of these same sprouts mixed with the excre-
ment of a monkey upon a maiden, she will not be given in
marriage to any body else.
(f) If pieces of the arris root are dressed with the oil
of the mango, and placed for six months in a hole made in
the trunk of the sisu tree, and are then taken out and made
up into an ointment, and applied to the lingam, this is said
to serve as the means of subjugating women.
(g) If the bone of a camel is dipped into the juice of the
plant eclipta prostata, and then burnt, and the black pig-
ment produced from its ashes is placed in a box also made
of the bone of a camel, and applied together with antimony to
the eye lashes with a pencil also made of the bone of a camel.
1 66 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

then that pigment is and wholesome for

said to be very pure,
the eyes, and servesmeans of subjugating others to the
as a
person who uses it. The same effect can be produced by black
pigment made of the bones of hawks, vultures, and pea-
cocks.
Thus end theways of subjugating others to one's own will.
Now the means of increasing sexual vigor are as follows:

(a) A man
obtains sexual vigor by drinking milk mixed
with sugar, the root of the uchchata plant, the piper chaba,
and liquorice.
(b) Drinking milk mixed with sugar, and having the
testicle of a ram or a goat boiled in it, is also productive of
vigor.
(c) The drinking of the juice of the hedysarum gange-
ticum, the kuili, and the kshirika plant mixed with milk,
produces the same effect.
(d) The seed of the long pepper along with the seeds
of the sanseviera roxburghiana, and the hedysarum gange-
ticum plant, all pounded together, and mixed with milk, is
productive of a similar result.
(e) According to ancient authors, if a man pounds the
seeds or roots of the trapa bispinosa, the kasurika, the tuscan
jasmine, and liquorice, together with the kshirakapoli (a kind
of onion) and puts the powder into milk mixed with sugar
,

and ghee, and having boiled the whole mixture on a mod-

crate fire, drinks the paste so formed, he will be able to enjoy
innumerable women.
(f) In the same way, if a man mixes rice with the eggs
of the sparrow, and having boiled this in milk, adds to it
ghee and honey, and drinks as much of it as is necessary, this
will produce the same effect.
(g) If a man takes the outer covering of sesamum seeds,
and soaks them with the eggs of sparrows, and then, having
boiled them in milk, mixed with sugar and ghee, along with
the fruits of the trapa bispinosa and the kasurika plant, and
adding to it the flour of wheat and beans, and then drinks
this composition, he is said to be able to enjoy many women.
(h) If ghee, honey, sugar and liquorice in equal quan-
tities, the juice of the fennel plant, and milk are mixed to-
gether, this nectar-like composition is said to be holy, and
provocative of sexual vigor, a preservative of life, and sweet
to the taste.
 of Vatsyayana 167

(i) The drinking of a paste composed of the asparagus

racemosus, the shvadaushtra plant, the guduchi plant, th€
long pepper, and liquorice, boiled in milk, honey, and ghee,
in the spring, is said to have the same effect as the above.
(j) Boiling the asparagus racemosus, and the shvadaush-
tra plant, along with the pounded fruits of the premna spin-
osa in water, and drinking the same, is said to act in the
same way.
(k) Drinking boiled ghee, or clarified butter, in the morn-
ing during the spring season, is said to be beneficial to health
and strength, and agreeable to the taste.
(1) If the powder of the seed of the shvadaushtra plant
and the flower of barley are mixed together in equal parts,
and a portion of it i.e., two' palas in weight, is eaten every
morning on getting up, it has the same efi^ect as the preced-
ing recipe.
There are also verses on the subject as follows:
"The means* of producing love and sexual vigor should
be learnt from the science of medicine, from the Vedas, from
those who are learned in the arts of magic, and from confiden-
tial relatives. No means should be tried which are doubtful
in their effects, which are likely to cause injury to the body,
which involve the death of animals, and which bring us in
contact with impure things. Such means should only be
used as are holy, acknowledged to be good, and approved of
by Brahmans and friends."

* From the earliest times Oriental authors have

occupied themselves about
aphrodisiacs. The following note on the subject is taken from page 29 of a
translation of the Hindoo Art of Love, otherwise the Anunga Runga alluded
to in the Preface of this work, pages xvi and xvii — "Most Eastern treatises
divide aphrodisiacs into two different kinds; 1, the mechanical or natural, such
as scarification, flagellation, etc., and, 2, the medicinal or artificial.To the
former belong the application of insects, as is practised by some savage races;
and all orientalists will remember the tale of the old Brahman, whose young
wife insisted upon his being again stung by a wasp."
 CHAPTER II.

Of the Ways of Exciting Desire, and Miscellaneous Expert

ments, and Recipes.
If a man is unable to satisfy a Hastini, or elephant-woman,
he should have recourse to various means to excite her pas-
sion. At the commencement he should rub her yoni with
his hand or fingers, and not begin to have intercourse with
her until she becomes excited, or experiences pleasure. This
is one way of exciting a woman.

Or, he may make use of certain Apadravyas, or things

which are put on or around the lingam to supplement its
length or its thickness, so as to fit it to the yoni. In the
opinion of Babhravya, these Apadravyas should be made of
gold, silver, copper, iron, ivory, buffalo's horn, various kinds
of wood, tin, or lead, and should be soft, cool, provocative
of sexual vigor, and well fitted to serve the intended purpose.
Vatsyayana, however, says that they may be made according
to the natural liking of each individual.
The following are the different kinds of Apadravyas.
(i) "The armlet" (Valaya) should be of the same size
as the lingam, and should have its outer surface made rough
with globules.
(2) "The couple" (Sanghati) is formed of two armlets.
(3) "The bracelet" (Chudaka) is made by joining three
or more armlets, until they come up to the required length
of the lingam.
(4) "The single bracelet" is formed by wrapping a single
wire around the lingam, according to its dimensions.
(5) The Kantuka or Jalaka is a tube open at both ends,
with a hole through it, outwardly rough and studded with
soft globules, and made to fit the size of the yoni, and tied
to the waist.
When such a thing cannot be obtained, then a tube made
of the woodapple, or tubular stalk of the bottle gourd, or
a reed made soft with oil and extracts of plants, and tied to
the waist with strings, may be made use of, as also a row
of soft pieces of wood tied together.
The above are the things that can be used in connection
with, or in the place of the lingam.
168
 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana 169

Thepeople of the southern countries think that true sexual

pleasure cannot be obtained without perforating the lingam,
and they therefore cause it to be pierced like the lobes of the
ears of an infant pierced for ear-rings.
Now, when a young man perforates his lingam he should
pierce it with a sharp instrument, and then stand in water
so long as the blood continues to flow. At night he should
engage in sexual intercourse, even with vigor, so as to clean
the hole. After this he should continue to wash the hole with
decoctions, and increase the size by putting into it small pieces
of cane, and the wrightia antidysenterica, thus gradually en-
larging the orifice. It may also be washed with liquorice
mixed with honey, and the size of the hole increased by the
fruit stalks of the sima-patra plant. The hole should also
be annointed with a small quantity of oil.
In the hole made in the lingam a man may put Apadrav-
yas of various forms, such as the "round," the "round on one
side," the "wooden mortar," the "flower," the "armlet." the
"bone of the heron," the "goad of the elephant," the "collec-
tion of eight balls," the "lock of hair," the "place where four
roads meet," and other things named according to their
forms and means of using them. All these Apadravyas
should be rough on the outside according to their require-
ments.
The ways of enlarging the lingam must be now related.
When a man wishes to enlarge his lingam, he should rub
it with the bristles of certain insects that live in trees, and
then, after rubbing it for ten nights with oils, he should
again rub itwith the bristles as before. By continuing to
do this a swelling will be gradually produced in the lingam,
and he should then lie on a cot, and cause his lingam to hang
down through a hole in the cot. After this he should take
away all the pain from the swelling by using cool concoc-
tions. The swelling, which is called Suka, and is often
brought about among the people of the Dravida country, lasts
for life.

If thelingam is rubbed with the following things, viz.,

the plant physalis flexuosa, the shavara-kandaka plant, the
jalasuka plant, the fruit of the egg plant, the butter of a she
buffalo, the hasti-charma plant, and the juice of the vajra-
rasa plant, a swelling lasting for one month will be produced.
ijo The Kama Sutra

By rubbing it with oil boiled in the concoctions of the

above things, the same effect will be produced, but lasting for
six months.
The enlargement of the lingam is also effected by rubbing
it or moistening it with oil boiled on a moderate fire along

with the seeds of the pomegranite, and the cucumber, the

juices of the valuka plant, the hasti-charma plant, and the
egg-plant.
In addition to the above, other means may be learnt from
experienced and confidential persons.
The miscellaneous experiments and recipes are as follows:
(a) If a man mixes the powder of the milk hedge plant,
and the kantaka plant with the excrement of a monkey and
the powdered root of the lanjalika plant, and throws this
mixture on a woman, she will not love anybody else after-
wards.
(b) If a man thickens the juice of the fruits of the cassia
fistula,and the eugenia jambolana by mixing them with the
powder of the soma plant, the vernonia anthelmintica, the
eclipta prostata, and the lohopa-jihirka, and applies this com-
position to the yoni of a woman, and then has sexual inter-
course with her, his love for her will be destroyed.
(c) The same effect is produced if a man has connection
with a woman who has bathed in the butter-milk of a she-
buffalo mixed with the powders of the gopalika plant, the
banu-padika plant, and the yellow amaranth.
(d) An ointment made of the flowers of the nauclea cad-
amba, the hog plum, and the eugenia jambolana, and used
by a woman, causes her to be disliked by her husband.
(e) Garlands made of the above flowers, when worn by
the woman, produce the same effect.
(f) An ointment made of the fruit of the asteracantha
longifolia (kokilaksha) will contract the yoni of a Hastini
or elephant -woman, and this contraction lasts for one night.
(g) An ointment made by pounding the roots of the ne-
lumbrium speciosum, and of the blue lotus, and the powder
of the plant physalis flexuosa mixed with ghee and honey,
will enlarge the yoni of the Mrigi or deer -woman.
(h) An ointment made of the fruit of the emblica myra-
bolans soaked in the milky juice of the milk hedge plant, of
the soma plant, the calotropis gigantea, and the juice of the
fruit of the vernonia anthelmintica, will make the hair white.

'{\ The juice of the roots of the madayantaka plant, the

 of Vatsyayana 171

yellow amaranth, the anjanika plant, the clitoria ternateea,

and the shlakshnaparni plant, used as a lotion, will make the
hair grow.
(j) An ointment made by boiling the above roots in oil,
and rubbed in, will make the hair black, and will also gradu-
ally restore hair that has fallen off.
If lac is saturated seven times in the sweat of the
(k)
of a white horse, and applied to a red lip, the lip will
testicle
become white.
(1) The color of the lips can be regained by means of
the madayantika and other plants mentioned above under (i) .

(m) A woman, who hears a man playing on a reed pipe

which has been dressed with the juices of the bahupadika
plant, the tabernamontana coronaria, the costus speciosus or
arabicus, the pinus deodora, the euphorbia antiquorum, the
vajra and the kantaka plant, becomes his slave.
(n) If food be mixed with the fruit of the thorn apple
(Dathura) it causes intoxication.
(o) If water be mixed with oil and the ashes of any kind
of grass except the kusha grass, it becomes the color of milk.
(p) If yellow myrabolans, the hog plum, the shrawana
plant, and the priyangu plant be all pounded together, and
applied to iron pots, these pots become red.
(q) If a lamp, trimmed with oil extracted from the shra-
wana and priyangu plants, its wick being made of cloth and
the slough of the skins of snakes, is lighted, and long pieces
of wood placed near it, those pieces of wood will resemble
so many snakes.
(r) Drinking the milk of a white cow who has a white
calf at her foot is auspicious, produces fame, and preserves
life.

(s) The blessings of venerable Brahmans, well propitiat-

ed, have the same effect.

t t t
Thus have I written in a few words the Science of Love,
after reading the texts of ancient authors, and following
the ways of enjoyment mentioned in them.
He who is acquainted with the true principles of this
science pays regard to Dharrna, Artha, Kama, and to his own
experiences, as well as to the teachings of others, and does
not act simply on the dictates of his own desire. As for
the errors in the science of love which I have mentioned in
172 The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana

this work, on my own authority as an author, I have,

immediately after mentioning them, carefully censured and
prohibited them.
An act is never looked upon with indulgence for the sim-
ple reason that it is authorized by the science, because it
ought to be remembered that it is the intention of the science
that the rules which it contains should only be acted upon
in particular cases. After reading and considering the works
of Babhravya and other ancient authors, and thinking over
the meaning of the rules given by them, the Kama Sutra
was composed, according to the precepts of Holy Writ, for
the benefit of the world, by Vatsyayana, while leading the
life of a religious student, and wholly engaged in the con-

templation of the Deity.

This work is not intended to be used merely as an instru-
ment for satisfying our desires. A person, acquainted with
the true principles of this science, and who preserves his
Dharma, Attha, and Kama, and has regard for the practices
of the people, is sure to obtain the mastery over his senses.
In short, an intelligent and prudent person, attending to
Dharma and Artha, and attending to Kama also, without
becoming the slave of his passions, obtains success in every-
thing that he may undertake.

END OF PART VII.

 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Thus ends, in Seven Parts, the Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana,
which might otherwise be called a treatise on men and
women, their mutual relationship, and connection with each
other.

It is a work that should be studied by all, both old and

young; the former will find in it real truths, gathered by
experience, and already tested by themselves, while the lat-
ter will derive the great advantage of learning things, which
some perhaps may otherwise never learn at all, or which
they may only learn when it is too late to profit by the
learning.
It can also be fairly commended to the student of social
scienceand of humanity, and above all to the student of
those early ideas, which have gradually filtered down
through the sands of time, and which seem to prove that
the human nature of today is much the same as the human
nature of the long ago.
It has been said of Balzac (the great, if not the greatest
of French novelists) that he seemed to have inherited a
natural and intuitive perception of the feelings of men and
women, and has described them with an analysis worthy
of a man of science. The author of the present work must
also have had a considerable knowledge of the humanities.
Many of his remarks are so full of simplicity and truth, that
they have stood the test of time, and stand out still as clear
and true as when they were first written, some eighteen
hundred years ago.
As
a collection of facts, told in plain and simple language,
it must be remembered that in those early days there was
apparently no idea of embellishing the work, either with a
literary style, a flow of language, or a quantity of super-
fluous padding. The author tells the world what he knows
in very concise language, without any attempt to produce
an interesting story. From his facts how many novels
could be written! Indeed much of the matter contained
in Parts III, IV, V, and VI, has formed the basis of many
of the stories and the tales of past centuries.

173
i 74 Concluding Remarks

There will be found in Part VII some curious recipes.

Many of them appear to be as primitive as the book itself,
but in later works of the same nature these recipes and pre-
scriptions appear to have increased, both as regards quality
and quantity. In the Anunga Runga or "The Stage of
Love," mentioned on page xvii of the Preface there are found
no less than thirty-three different subjects for which one
hundred and thirty recipes and prescriptions are given.
As the details may be interesting, these subjects are de-
scribed as follows:
1 For hastening the paroxysm of the woman,
2 For delaying the orgasm of the man.
J Aphrodisiacs.
4 For thickening and enlarging the lingam, rendering it

sound and and lusty.

strong, hard
5 For narrowing and contracting the yoni.
6 For perfuming the yoni.
7 For removing and destroying the hair of the body.
8 For removing the sudden stopping of the monthly
ailment.
g For abating the immoderate appearance of the month-
ly ailment.
10 For purifying the womb.
11 For causing pregnancy.
12 For preventing miscarriage and other accidents.
I ^ For ensuring easy labor and ready deliverance.

14 For limiting the number of children.

75 For thickening and beautifying the hair.
16 For obtaining a good black color to it.
I J For whitening and bleaching it.
18 For renewing it.
ig For clearing the skin of the face from eruptions that
break out and leave black spots upon it.
20 For removing the black color of the epidermis.
21 For enlarging the breasts of women.
22 For raising and hardening pendulous breasts.
25 For giving a fragrance to the skin.
24 For removing the evil savor of perspiration.
25 For anointing the body after bathing.
26 For causing a pleasant smell to the breath.
2-j Drugs and charms for
the purposes of fascinating,
overcoming, and subduing either men or women.
 Concluding Remarks 175

28 Recipes for enabling a woman to attract and pre-

serve her husband's Jove.
zg Magical colly riums for winning love and friendship.
JO Prescriptions for reducing other persons to submis-
sion.
J I Philter pills, and other charms.
J 2 Fascinating incense, or fumigation.
j^ Magical verses which have the power of fascination.
Of the one hundred and thirty recipes given, many of
them are absurd, but not more perhaps than many of the
recipes and prescriptions in use in Europe not so very long
ago. Love-philters, charms, and herbal remedies have been,
in early days, as freely used in Europe as in Asia, and doubt-
less some people believe in them still in many places.

And now, one word about the author of the work, the
good old sage Vatsyayana. It is much to be regretted that

nothing can be discovered about his life, his belongings, and

his surroundings. At the end of Part VII he states that he
wrote the work while leading the life of a religious student
(probably at Benaresj and while wholly engaged in the con-
templation of the Deity. He must have arrived at a certain
age at that time, for throughout he gives us the benefit of his
experience, and of his opinions, and these bear the stamp of
age rather than of youth; indeed the work could hardly have
been written by a young man.
In a beautiful verse of the Vedas of the Christians it has
been said of the peaceful dead, that they rest from their
labors, and that their works do follow them. Yes indeed,
the works of men of genius do follow them, and remain as
a lasting treasure. And though there may be disputes and
discussions about the immortality of the body or the soul,
nobody can deny the immortality of genius, which ever re-
mains as a bright and guiding star to the struggling humani-
ties of succeeding ages. This work, then, which has stood
the test of centuries, has placed Vatsyayana among the im-
mortals, and on this, and on him, no better elegy or eulogy
can be written than the following lines:

"So long as lips shall kiss, and eyes shall see.

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee."
FINIS
FEB 3 1993