Rawrabels-WPS Office
Rawrabels-WPS Office
Rawrabels-WPS Office
Birds, at
over 10,700 living species, are among the most diverse group of vertebrates. Using fossil evidence,
paleontologists have identified over 900 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-
avian dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species (birds) and fossil
remains. Through the first half of the 20th century, before birds were recognized as dinosaurs, most of
the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and cold-blooded. Most research
conducted since the 1970s, however, has indicated that dinosaurs were active animals with elevated
metabolisms and numerous adaptations for social interaction. Some were herbivorous, others
carnivorous. Evidence suggests that all dinosaurs were egg-laying, and that nest-building was a trait
shared by many dinosaurs, both avian and non-avian.
While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal, many extinct groups included quadrupedal species, and some
were able to shift between these stances. Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are
common to all dinosaur groups, and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony
armor and spines. While the dinosaurs' modern-day surviving avian lineage (birds) are generally small
due to the constraints of flight, many prehistoric dinosaurs (non-avian and avian) were large-bodied—
the largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39.7 meters (130 feet) and
heights of 18 m (59 ft) and were the largest land animals of all time. The misconception that non-avian
dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is based in part on preservation bias, as large, sturdy bones are more
likely to last until they are fossilized. Many dinosaurs were quite small, some measuring about 50
centimeters (20 inches) in length.