Machine Learning

Machine learning
1) What is Machine learning?

● Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science
which focuses on the use of data and algorithms to imitate the way that humans learn,
gradually improving its accuracy.
● Machine learning (ML) is defined as a discipline of artificial intelligence (AI) that
provides machines the ability to automatically learn from data and past experiences
to identify patterns and make predictions with minimal human intervention.
● Machine learning methods enable computers to operate autonomously
without explicit programming. ML applications are fed with new data, and
they can independently learn, grow, develop, and adapt.
● Machine learning derives insightful information from large volumes of data

by leveraging algorithms to identify patterns and learn in an iterative
process. ML algorithms use computation methods to learn directly from data
instead of relying on any predetermined equation that may serve as a model.
●
● The performance of ML algorithms adaptively improves with an increase in
the number of available samples during the ‘learning’ processes.
2) How Does Machine Learning Work?

● Similar to how the human brain gains knowledge and understanding,
machine learning relies on input, such as training data or knowledge graphs,
to understand entities, domains and the connections between them. With
entities defined, deep learning can begin.
● The machine learning process begins with observations or data, such as
examples, direct experience or instruction. It looks for patterns in data so it
can later make inferences based on the examples provided. The primary aim
of ML is to allow computers to learn autonomously without human
intervention or assistance and adjust actions accordingly.
3) Applications of ML:
● Data security
● Retail
● Finance
● Healthcare
● Fraud detection
4) Types of machine learning:
Supervised learning:
● It is widely used for data where there is a
precise mapping between input-output data.
● The dataset, in this case, is labeled, meaning that the
algorithm identifies the features explicitly and carries out
predictions or classification accordingly.
● As the training period progresses, the algorithm is able
to identify the relationships between the two variables such that we
can predict a new outcome.
● Resulting Supervised learning algorithms are task-oriented.
● As we provide it with more and more examples, it is able to learn more
properly so that it can undertake the task and yield us the output more
accurately.
Supervised learning algorithms are good for the following tasks:
● Binary classification: Dividing data into two categories.

● Multi-class classification: Choosing between more than two types of
answers.
● Regression modeling: Predicting continuous values.
● Ensembling: Combining the predictions of multiple machine learning models
to produce an accurate prediction.
●
Unsupervised Learning
● In the case of an unsupervised learning algorithm, the data is not
explicitly labeled into different classes, that is, there are no labels. The
model is able to learn from the data by finding implicit patterns.
● Unsupervised Learning algorithms identify the data based on
their densities, structures, similar segments, and other similar features.
Unsupervised Learning Algorithms are based on Hebbian Learning.
They sift through unlabeled data to look for patterns that can be used to group
data points into subsets.
Unsupervised learning algorithms are good for the following tasks:
● Clustering: Splitting the dataset into groups based on similarity.

● Anomaly detection: Identifying unusual data points in a data set.
● Association mining: Identifying sets of items in a data set that frequently
occur together.
● Dimensionality reduction: Reducing the number of variables in a data set.
Reinforcement Learning:
Reinforcement Learning covers more area of Artificial Intelligence which allows
machines to interact with their dynamic environment in order to reach their
goals. With this, machines and software agents are able to evaluate the ideal
behavior in a specific context.
With the help of this reward feedback, agents are able to learn the
behavior and improve it in the longer run. This simple feedback reward is known
as a reinforcement signal.
Applications of ML:
● Recommendation Engine:
A recommendation engine, also known as a recommender system, is software
that analyzes available data to make suggestions for something that a website
user might be interested in, such as a book, a video or a job, among other
possibilities.
A search engine is one type of recommendation engine, responding to search

queries with pages of results that are (at least theoretically) the search engine's
best suggestions for websites that satisfy the user's query, based on the search
term plus other data, such as location and trending topics.
Recommendation engines are common among e-commerce, social media and

content-based websites. Amazon was one of the first sites to use a
recommendation system. When the company was essentially an online book
store, it began using software to suggest books the user might be interested in,
based on data gathered about their previous activity, as well as the activity of
other users who made similar choices.
Recommendation engines use a variety of technologies and techniques that

enable them to filter large amounts of data and provide a smaller, focused body
of suggestions for the user. Netflix, for example, uses metadata tagging on videos
in conjunction with data about user behavior to come up with recommended
movies and TV shows for specific members. LinkedIn uses the semi-structured
data provided by members, including things like locations, job titles, skill sets and
industries, to fuel their "Jobs you might be interested in" section.
Types of Recommendation Engines:
1] Collaborative filtering
Collaborative filtering focuses on collecting and analyzing data on user behavior, activities,
and preferences, to predict what a person will like, based on their similarity to other users.
To plot and calculate these similarities, collaborative filtering uses a matrix style formula. An
advantage of collaborative filtering is that it doesn’t need to analyze or understand the content
(products, films, books). It simply picks items to recommend based on what they know about
the user.
2] Content-based filtering
Content-based filtering works on the principle that if you like a particular item, you will also
like this other item. To make recommendations, algorithms use a profile of the customer’s
preferences and a description of an item (genre, product type, color, word length) to work out
the similarity of items using cosine and Euclidean distances.
The downside of content-based filtering is that the system is limited to recommending
products or content similar to what the person is already buying or using. It can’t go beyond
this to recommend other types of products or content. For example, it couldn’t recommend
products beyond homeware if the customer had only brought homeware.
3] Hybrid model
A hybrid recommendation engine looks at both the meta (collaborative) data and the
transactional (content-based) data. Because of this, it outperforms both.
In a hybrid recommendation engine, natural language processing tags can be generated for
each product or item (movie, song), and vector equations used to calculate the similarity of
products. A collaborative filtering matrix can then be used to recommend items to users
depending on their behaviors, activities, and preferences. Netflix is the perfect example of a
hybrid recommendation engine. It takes into account both the interests of the user
(collaborative) and the descriptions or features of the movie or show (content-based).
● How Does a Recommendation Engine Work?
A recommendation engine works using a combination of data and machine learning

technology. Data is crucial in the development of a recommendation engine – it is the
building blocks from which patterns are derived. The more data it has, the more efficient and
effective it will be in making relevant revenue-generating suggestions.
Recommendation engines complete a standard four-step process:
Step 1: Data collection
✔ Implicit Data: This includes information collected from activities such as web search
history, clicks, cart events, search log, and order history.
✔ Explicit Data: This is information gathered from customer input, such as reviews and
ratings, likes and dislikes, and product comments.
✔ Recommendation engines also use customer attribute data such as demographics (age,
gender) and psychographics (interests, values) to identify similar customers, as well
as feature data (genre, item type) to identify product similarity.
Step 2: Data storage
✔ Once the data is gathered, it needs to be stored. Over time, the amount of data will
grow to be vast. This means ample, scalable storage must be available. Depending on
the type of data you collect, different types of storage are available.
Step 3: Data analysis To be used, the data must then be drilled down into and analyzed. There
are several different ways in which you can analyze data. These include:
✔ Real-time analysis: Data is processed as it is created.
✔ Batch analysis: Data is processed periodically.
✔ Near-real-time analysis : Data is processed in minutes instead of seconds when you
don’t need it immediately.
Step 4: Data filtering

✔ The final step is filtering. Different matrixes or mathematical rules and formulas are
applied to the data depending on whether collaborative, content-based, or hybrid
model recommendation filtering is being used. The outcome of this filtering is the
recommendations.
Recommendation engines are a powerful marketing tool with the potential to boost revenues,
click-through rates, conversions, and even customer satisfaction. Learn more about how to
use recommendations to better up-sell, cross-sell, and boost your business, download our
white paper 'The Complete Guide to Finding the Right Recommendation Strategy'.

Machine Learning

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Machine learning

1) What is Machine learning?

● Machine learning derives insightful information from large volumes of data

2) How Does Machine Learning Work?

Supervised learning algorithms are good for the following tasks:

● Binary classification: Dividing data into two categories.

● Clustering: Splitting the dataset into groups based on similarity.

A search engine is one type of recommendation engine, responding to search

Recommendation engines are common among e-commerce, social media and

Recommendation engines use a variety of technologies and techniques that

Types of Recommendation Engines:

● How Does a Recommendation Engine Work?

A recommendation engine works using a combination of data and machine learning

Step 1: Data collection

Step 4: Data filtering

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